Yongle
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97.jpg/300px-%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ming_divisions.png/300px-Ming_divisions.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Yongle_Emperor.png/300px-Yongle_Emperor.png)
Kaisari Yongle (tamka: yong-luh; 2 Mei 1360 - 12 Agosti 1424) - jina la binafsi Zhu Di (WG: Chu Ti) - alikuwa kaisari wa tatu wa nasaba ya Ming, aliyetawala kuanzia mwaka 1402 hadi 1424.
Zhu Di alikuwa mtoto wa nne wa Kaisari Hongwu aliyeanzisha nasaba ya Ming . Cheo chake cha kwanza kilikuwa Mwanamfalme wa Yan akipewa utawala juu ya eneo la Beijing kaskazini mwa ufalme wa Ming mnamo Mei 1370. Huko alipaswa kupigana dhidi ya Wamongolia wa nasaba ya Yuan ya Kaskazini. Katika mapigano hayo Zhu Di aliweza kuweka msingi wa jeshi lake la binafsi. Baba yake alipomteua mpwa wake Zhu Yunwen kama mfalme mteule alikubali mwanzoni. Lakini baada ya Zhu Yunwen kushika utawala kwa jina la Jianwen na kuanza kuwaua wajomba wake, Zhu Di aliamua kuasi dhidi ya mpwa wake. Mnamo 1402, alifanikiwa kupindua mpwa wake na kuteka mji mkuu wa ufalme Nanjing. Hapo alitangazwa Kaisari akachukua jina la Yongle, inayomaanisha "furaha ya milele".
Ili kuimarisha utawala wake na kukazia uhalali wake mwenyewe, Zhu Di alijaribu kufuta kumbukumbu ya enzi ya Kaisari Jianwen akaamuru kuteketeza au kubadilisha taarifa na hati zilizohusu utoto na uasi wake. Alifukuza wataalamu wengi waliowahi kuhudumia serikali huko Nanjing akatoa mamlaka kubwa kwa polisi wa siri. [1] Kati ya watumishi wapya waliopanda sasa ngazi chini yake alikuwa Zheng He, aliyeendelea baadaye kuzindua safari kubwa za upelelezi katika Bahari ya Pasifiki Kusini na Bahari Hindi hadi Afrika ya Mashariki.
Kaisari aliamua pia kuhamisha mji mkuu kurudi tena Beijing.
Aliagiza kufanya matengenezo kwenye Mfereji Mkubwa wa China ulioendelea kuinua uchumi wa himaya yake. Beijing alielekeza ujenzi wa Mji Haramu.
Kwa kusudi la kuimarisha utawala wake alipanua mfumo wa mitihani ambako kila mgombea kwa huduma ya serikali alipaswa kupita.
Aliagiza pia kutungwa kwa Kamusi Elezo ya Yongle (Yongle Encyclopedia) iliyokuwa kamusi elezo kubwa duniani hadi mwaka 2007 ilipopitiwa na Wikipedia.
Kaisari Yongle aliaga dunia wakati alipoongoza mapigano ya kijeshi dhidi ya Wamongolia. Alizikwa kwenye kaburi la Changling, ambalo ni kaburi la kifalme kubwa zaidi kati ya makaburi ya Ming yaliyopo upande wa kaskazini mwa Beijing.
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ Crawford, Robert B. "Eunuch Power in the Ming Dynasty". T'oung Pao, 2d Series, Vol. 49, Livr. 3 (1961), pp. 115–148. Accessed 9 Oct 2012.
Viungo vya Nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Agoncillo, Teodoro A.; Guerrero, Milagros (1975). History of the Filipino People (toleo la 4). R. P. Garcia. ISBN 9712345386. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1962). Philippine History. Inang Wika Publishing Company. ISBN 9712345386. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Alip, Eufronio Melo (1954). Political and Cultural History of the Philippines, Volumes 1-2 (toleo la revised). Alip & Sons. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Antonio, Eleanor D.; Dallo, Evangeline M.; Imperial, Consuelo M.; Samson, Maria Carmelita B.; Soriano, Celia D. (2007). Turning Points I' 2007 Ed (toleo la unabridged). Rex Bookstore, Inc. ISBN 978-9712345388. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Bishop, Carl Whiting (1942). War Background Studies. Contributor Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Institution. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Bishop, Carl Whiting (1942). Origin of Far Astern Civilizations: A Brief Handbook, Issues 1-7. Contributor Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Institution. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Brook, Timothy. (1998). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22154-0ISBN 0-520-22154-0
- Brown, Mick. (2004). The Dance of 17 Lives: The Incredible True Story of Tibet's 17th Karmapa, p. 34. Bloomsbury Publishing, New York and London. ISBN 1-58234-177-XISBN 1-58234-177-X.
- Corpuz, Onofre D. (1957). The bureaucracy in the Philippines. Institute of Public Administration, University of the Philippines. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Demetrio, Francisco R. (1981). Myths and Symbols: Philippines (toleo la 2). National Book Store. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Del Castillo y Tuazon, Antonio (1988). Princess Urduja, Queen of the Orient Seas: Before and After Her Time in the Political Orbit of the Shri-vi-ja-ya and Madjapahit Maritime Empire : a Pre-Hispanic History of the Philippines. A. del. Castillo y Tuazon. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Farwell, George (1967). Mask of Asia: The Philippines Today. Praeger. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Fitzgerald, Charles Patrick (1966). A concise history of East Asia. Praeger. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Ho, Khai Leong, mhr. (2009). Connecting and Distancing: Southeast Asia and China (toleo la illustrated). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9812308566. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Karnow, Stanley (2010). In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines (toleo la unabridged). Random House LLC. ISBN 978-0307775436. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Krieger, Herbert William (1942). Peoples of the Philippines, Issue 4. Juz. Volume 3694 of Publication (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Lucman, Norodin Alonto (2000). Moro Archives: A History of Armed Conflicts in Mindanao and East Asia. FLC Press. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Liao, Shubert S. C., mhr. (1964). Chinese participation in Philippine culture and economy. Bookman. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo Nov 9, 2006. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Manuel, Esperidion Arsenio (1948). Chinese Elements in the Tagalog Language: With Some Indication of Chinese Influence on Other Philippine Languages and Cultures, and an Excursion Into Austronesian Linguistics. Contributor Henry Otley Beyer. Filipiniana Publications. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Ostelius, Hans Arvid (1963). Islands of Pleasure: A Guide to the Philippines. G. Allen & Unwin. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Panganiban, José Villa; Panganiban, Consuelo Torres (1965). The literature of the Pilipinos: a survey (toleo la 5). Limbagang Pilipino. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Panganiban, José Villa; Panganiban, Consuelo Torres- (1962). A Survey of the Literature of the Filipinos (toleo la 4). Limbagang Pilipino. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Quirino, Carlos (1963). Philippine Cartography, 1320–1899 (toleo la 2). N. Israel. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Ravenholt, Albert (1962). The Philippines: A Young Republic on the Move. Van Nostrand. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Sevilla, Fred; Balagtas, Francisco (1997). Francisco Balagtas and the roots of Filipino nationalism: life and times of the great Filipino poet and his legacy of literary excellence and political activism. Trademark Pub. Corp. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Spencer, Cornelia (1951). Seven Thousand Islands: The Story of the Philippines. Aladdin Books. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Sperling, Elliot. "The 5th Karma-pa and some aspects of the relationship between Tibet and the early Ming." In: Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson. Edited by Michael Aris and Aung San Suu Kyi, pp. 283–284. (1979). Vikas Publishing house, New Delhi.
- Tan, Antonio S. (1972). The Chinese in the Philippines, 1898–1935: A Study of Their National Awakening. R. P. Garcia Publishing Company. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Yust, Walter, mhr. (1949). Encyclopædia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 9. Encyclopædia Britannica. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 9. Juz. Volume 9 of EncyclopÆdia Britannica: A New Survey of Universal Knowledge. Contributor Walter Yust. EncyclopÆdia Britannica. 1954. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - Zaide, Gregorio F. (1957). The Philippines since pre-Spanish times.-v. 2. The Philippines since the British invasion. Juz. Volume 1 of Philippine Political and Cultural History (toleo la revised). Philippine Education Company. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Zaide, Gregorio F. (1979). The Pageant of Philippine History: Political, Economic, and Socio-cultural, Volume 1. Philippine Education Company. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Philippines (Republic). Office of Cultural Affairs (1965). The Philippines: a Handbook of Information. Contributor National Economic Council (Philippines) (toleo la revised). Republic of the Philippines, Department of Foreign Affairs. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Philippine Chinese Historical Association (1975). The Annals of Philippine Chinese Historical Association, Volumes 5-8 (toleo la revised). Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - IAHA Conference (1962). Biennial Conference Proceedings, Issue 1. Philippine Historical Association. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - The Philippines: A Handbook of Information. Contributor Philippine Information Agency. Philippine Information Agency. 1955. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies, Volume 7. Contributors Manila (Philippines) University, University of Manila (toleo la revised). University of Manila. 1959. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - Unitas, Volume 30, Issues 1-2. Contributor University of Santo Tomás. University of Santo Tomás. 1957. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - The Researcher, Volume 2, Issue 2. Contributors University of Pangasinan, Dagupan Colleges. Dagupan Colleges. 1970. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Review, Volumes 24–25. Contributor University of the Philippines. College of Liberal Arts. 1959. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Reviews, Volume 24, Issues 1–2. Contributors Philippine Academy of Social Sciences, Manila, University of the Philippines. College of Liberal Arts. College of Liberal Arts, University of the Philippines. 1959. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - Studies in Public Administration, Issue 4. Contributor University of the Philippines. Institute of Public Administration. Institute of Public Administration, University of the Philippines. 1957. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - Proceedings [of The] Second Biennial Conference, Held at Taiwan Provincial Museum, Taipei, Taiwan. Republic of China, October 6–9, 1962. Tʻai-pei. 1963. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Yearbook. 1965. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Philippine Almanac & Handbook of Facts. 1977. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - International Institute of Differing Civilizations (1961). Compte rendu. Contributor International Colonial Institute. The Institute. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2014.
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