Succeed in English 11-14 Years
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About this ebook
Specifically designed to help parents support their children's work at home, and concise and accessible so both parent and child can follow the principles easily and at their own pace, this book provides in-depth coverage of the essential English topics for school children aged 11-14. With a simple attractive layout, the books provide a comprehensive examination of each topic and a wealth of exercises to test the reader's understanding.
The bestselling Succeed In series has already sold over 350,000 copies. Titles in this series: Succeed In ... English 7-9, Maths 7-9, English 9-11, Maths 9-11, English 11-14, Maths 11-14, Science 11-14, English 14-16 (GCSE), Maths 14-16 (GCSE), Science 14-16 (GCSE)
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Succeed in English 11-14 Years - Katharine Watson
DISCOVER WRITING
INTRODUCTION
During this part of your time at school you discover how to write for a whole range of purposes.
• You begin to develop a personal style of writing which is attractive and pleasing to the reader.
• You learn to present thoughts, ideas and information clearly and logically.
• As you understand more and more about how words and language work, you discover how to produce writing that is interesting, lively and original.
The kind of writing you will need to do in English falls into four broad categories.
CREATIVE WRITING
This is where you use your imagination to delight your reader, creating stories, poems or plays out of your own head.
INFORMATIVE WRITING
Here you learn to find, select and present facts and information in a lively and interesting way in articles, reports, leaflets etc.
PERSUASIVE WRITING
The purpose of this kind of writing is to persuade your readers to accept a particular point of view, putting the case for something or against something. You learn how to present a logical argument. (Note: look up the word ‘argument’ in your dictionary. It has more than one meaning.)
REFLECTIVE OR ANALYTICAL WRITING
For this kind of writing you may be asked to reflect on your own experiences and feelings, and write about them. Or you might think about something someone else has said or written, and comment on it. You will also need to learn how to analyse poems, plays and stories, and write detailed commentaries on them.
In this book you will find instructions and hints on how to tackle all these different kinds of writing. There are also exercises for you to practise for yourself.
Writing is a wonderful way to discover what you actually think about things. It helps you to sort your thoughts out and also find out how much you really know. It’s also great fun and brilliantly satisfying.
So enjoy it!
TEN RULES FOR GOOD WRITING
INTRODUCTION
Some people say it’s impossible to teach a person to write; they either have a talent for it, or they don’t. It is true that some people have a natural ability for writing, because they have an ‘ear’ for the sound and rhythm of language, just as a musical person has an ‘ear’ for music. But anyone, so long as he or she follows these few simple principles, can become, if not a brilliant writer, at least a very good one.
1. BEFORE YOU START, LISTEN
Wait for the words to come to you. Be patient. Don’t try to force anything. When you can hear the first sentence, write it down.
2. FIND THE RIGHT WORD
Be sure you choose exactly the right word for the job. That means it must carry the precise meaning you want, and it must sound right in your sentence. Don’t be satisfied with just any old word. Always treat words with respect. If you’re not completely happy with a word, try using your thesaurus to see if you can find a better one.
3. SIMPLE IS BEAUTIFUL
Aim to write simply and clearly. On the whole, it is better not to use a long word when a short one will do just as well.
4. NO UNNECESSARY WORDS
If you don’t really need a word, cross it out. (For example, the word ‘very’ is almost always unnecessary. It doesn’t really add anything, and it takes away from the force of what you are saying.) Be strict with yourself about this.
5. BE BRIEF
Say what you want to say in as few words as possible. Try different ways of expressing it until you find the neatest and most satisfying one.
6. BE GENEROUS
Write fully. Don’t hold back. Think carefully whether you have covered all appropriate aspects of what you are writing about.
7. VARY YOUR SENTENCE STRUCTURE
If you have written several long, involved sentences, follow them with a short snappy one. If your writing tends to consist of a series of short, jerky little sentences, practise writing longer ones using subordinate clauses.
8. BE LOGICAL
Divide your material into topics, with a separate paragraph for each one.
9. GET THE FLOW
Link your paragraphs so that each one follows on smoothly and logically from the last one. That way your reader can easily follow your train of thought.
10. LISTEN
Listen to every word. Only by listening can you judge whether what you are writing is ‘just right’ or not. Listen to each sentence. Hear the whole sentence. Hear how it sounds in relation to the next sentence. Listen to each paragraph – to its beginning and ending. Listen to your piece as a whole. Hear it to the very last full stop.
FIRST THINGS FISRT
INTRODUCTION
Let’s begin with the most basic kind of writing – the sort of thing you are probably asked to do quite a lot – writing about personal experiences. How often have you been given a title like ‘My visit to the zoo’, or ‘What I did in the holidays’ to write about in English? Oh dear, how boring.
But it needn’t be boring – not if you give it a little thought. The key is to decide which were the really interesting or unusual bits, and write about them.
WHERE TO START?
If you shut your eyes and think back to the experience itself – what stands out? What picture comes to your mind? You could start with that. Suppose, for instance, on your zoo visit, you particularly liked the elephants. You might start your piece like this:
‘There is something about elephants. I’m not sure exactly what it is. Maybe it’s because they are so big, and so wrinkly. Or perhaps it’s the way they look so wise. Or the fact that they have been around on this earth for such a very long time. Whatever it is, somehow you can’t help liking an elephant…’
And then you could go on to write about the particular elephant you saw.
Another way to start might be to say how much you REALLY didn’t want to go on that trip – and then explain how in the end it turned out much better than you expected.
Or begin by describing a moment, or an incident that happened during the course of your visit:
‘Suddenly the lion roared. It was an extraordinary sound, like nothing I had ever heard before. For a moment, everyone fell respectfully silent. The king of the jungle had spoken…’
GRABBING YOUR READER’S ATTENTION
In any piece of writing, you should always aim to get your reader hooked from the first sentence. Try to think of a striking or unusual way to begin. You can slip in the more ordinary details later. But you should never begin your piece with the kind of routine ‘We went to the station and we got on the train’ introduction that teachers unfortunately have to plough through all too often. After all what else would you do at a station? Now if you had written, ‘We went to the station and there was an earthquake’, that would be something.
LEAVE OUT THE DULL STUFF
Nobody really needs to know how you got to the zoo, or wherever you went. We don’t need to know what time you arrived, or what you ate for lunch either. Leave out all that kind of thing. Concentrate on what matters. Similarly, if what you did in the holidays was visit your aunt and uncle in Delhi or New York, we don’t want to read about how long you spent at the airport and how you fastened your seatbelt. Tell us about the place! (Of course, if you travelled by hot air balloon or on the back of a camel, that would be a different matter.)
SO WHAT SHOULD YOU WRITE ABOUT?
Tell us about the sights, the sounds, the smells, the people you met, the things you did. Bring it all alive for us. Remember – we haven’t been there. Your own experience, no matter how seemingly ordinary, is unique. We want to know about it. Another thing: tell us about your own reactions. What were your thoughts and feelings? Looking back, how do you feel about it now?
DOING NOTHING IS VERY NEARLY IMPOSSIBLE
‘What did you do in the holidays?’
‘Nothing.’
How often have you heard that little exchange? Perhaps you have even given the answer ‘nothing’ yourself. Well, it’s not true that you did nothing. Go on, try and do nothing for five minutes. You must not move, hear anything, see anything, think anything, feel anything for five whole minutes. Try it now…
Not possible, is it? Even if you only sat watching television most of the time, you could write about the room you sat in, the other people who shared it with you, the way the light slanted in through the window… You could write about the thoughts that went through your mind, what made you choose one programme rather than another. Or the noises in the street outside, or the spider that crawled across the floor. All you need to do is wake up a little, and there’s a whole world, right under your nose. And it’s just waiting for you to write about it.
FOR PRACTICE
1. Challenge yourself: write a really lively account of one of these:
a. A visit to a friend’s house
b. Going to the local park
c. A day by yourself at home.
2. Think back over your life so far. What occasion stands out most vividly in your memory? Write about it.
3. What is the most exciting and memorable trip you have ever been on? Write about that. (Remember – leave out any dull bits.)
4. Write a piece called ‘My Favourite Place’. Really bring it alive. Make your reader feel he or she is really there, seeing it with you.
CREATIVE WRITING
WRITING A STORY
INTRODUCTION
So you have been asked to write a story. How are you supposed to set about it? Where do you get ideas from? How do you put your ideas together into the right kind of shape to make a story that works?
GENRE
There are many different kinds of story. Here are some of them. Perhaps you can think of more:
• Adventure stories
• Fantasy or mystery stories
• Crime or murder stories
• War stories
• Science fiction stories, or stories about the future
• Stories about ships and the sea
• Historical stories about the lives of people in the past
• Stories about families, friendships, or relationships
• Stories about growing up
• Animal stories
• Love stories
• Funny stories
We call these different types of story different GENRES. (‘Genre’ is a French word; it means ‘kind’ or ‘type’.)
WRITING TO SUIT YOUR CHOSEN GENRE
One of the first things you have to decide is what your genre is going to be. This will affect the style in which you write, and what kinds of things can sensibly happen in your story. For example, if you are writing about two friends at school, and what happens when a new pupil arrives in their class, you wouldn’t suddenly want to introduce monsters, spaceships, aliens or a murder. (In fact, it is best to avoid monsters, aliens and murders altogether, unless you have been specifically asked to write about them. It is very difficult to write fantasy, science fiction or crime writing well unless you have had a lot of practice at other kinds of writing first.)
DO AS THE PROFESSIONALS DO
If you open any book and read the first page or so, you should be able to tell at once what kind of story it is – what genre the author has chosen. And you’ll find that