True Names and the Opening of the Cyberspace Frontier
By Vernor Vinge
4/5
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About this ebook
Since its first publication in 1981, the short novel True Names by Vernor Vinge has been considered one of the most seminal science fiction works to present a fully fleshed-out concept of cyberspace. A finalist for the Hugo and Nebula Awards for best novella and winner of the Prometheus Hall of Fame Award, True Names was an inspiration to many innovators who have helped shape the world wide web as we know it today.
The paperback edition of True Names and the Opening of the Cyberspace Frontier, published in 2001, also contained a feast of articles by computer scientists on the cutting edge of digital science, including Danny Hillis, the founder of Thinking Machines and the first Disney Fellow; Timothy C. May, former chief scientist at Intel; Marvin Minsky, co-founder of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab, considered by many to be the "father" of AI; Chip Morningstar and F. Randall Farmer, co-developers of habitat, the first real computer interactive environment; Mark Pesce, co-creator of VRML and the author of the Playful World: How Technology Transforms Our Imagination; and others.
This first e-book edition includes all this, plus:
a preface written especially for this edition by editor James Frenkel.
an article on the difficulty of keeping information secure by Internet security expert Bruce Schneier.
a passionate plea regarding the right to privacy by Richard Stallman, founder of the project to develop the free/libre GNU operating system and one of the most important advocates of free/libre software.
True Names itself is the heart of this important book: an exciting, suspenseful science fiction tale still as fresh and intriguing as when it was first published nearly thirty-five years ago.
At the Publisher's request, this title is being sold without Digital Rights Management Software (DRM) applied.
Vernor Vinge
Vernor Vinge has won five Hugo Awards, two of them for novels in the Zones of Thought series, A Fire Upon the Deep and A Deepness in the Sky. Known for his rigorous hard-science approach to science fiction, he became an iconic figure among cybernetic scientists with the publication in 1981 of his novella “True Names,” which is considered a seminal, visionary work of Internet fiction. His many novels also include Marooned in Realtime, Rainbows End and The Peace War.
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Reviews for True Names and the Opening of the Cyberspace Frontier
95 ratings3 reviews
- Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Very interesting ideas collected here. The characters are fine, but not nearly as interesting as the world Vinge conceives and contemplates.
- Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5This update includes the original True names, and commentary from everyone from Timothy May to Marvin Minsky.
- Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5This book is, in a sense, two different things.One is the 1981 story by Vernor Vinge. It is a little fantabulous, taking place partly in "cyberspace"--but a cyberspace that, despite its level of detail, acknowledges its dependence on the imagination of a community of users. The story revolves around one individual, a successful writer who is also a successful protester within cyberspace, who must deal with the myriad threats to the safety of this cyberspace, including both the government and "rogue" threats.The rest--the bulk--of the volume is a number of essays written throughout the 1990's that respond to, critique, or extend the story from a socio-technological viewpoint. Reading this for the first time in 2008, I was amazed at the prescience of these essays and their importance for our time. Danny Hillis takes a quick stab at a coming technological symbiosis, something that is coming true as certain white-collar groups are now always on, all the time, via cell phones, blackberries, Twitter linkages, etc. Timothy May describes several different applications of strong cryptography, and rants a bit. John M. Ford muses on what the computers of the future will think of us. Alan Wexelblat compares the datamining techniques of government and industry to a panopticon prison, where we do not own our own identity profiles. Pattie Maes mentions software agents. The next few pieces are, to my mind, essential. RMS writes a beautiful parable on "the right to read," i.e. a right to be able to own anything that contains intellectual property--a right that has been limited in a post DMCA age where people no longer have physical books and the like but can only license individual access for a short time. Leonard Foner describes the history of cryptography policy and its pitfalls. Morningstar & Farmer give an account of the late-80's Habitat community, sharing the technological (separate content and presentation!) and social lessons (don't break the conventions) they learned.Mark Pesce wraps up the essay section with a meditation on symbol, mearnings, and animism. Then the Vinge story is reprinted (with only typographical corrections made), followed by the 1983 afterword by Marvin Minsky, which tackles consciousness, language, and the human mind as computer. This is a whole topic of its own, but his piece was not a bad entrée into this area.A couple of different essays point out that during and after crises, citizens usually lose rights, being watched more closely for tinier infringements (such as wrong-thinking) by more powerful governments. They further suggest that there are two attractor basins: one towards a free, possibly slightly anarchist, society where people have speech and privacy rights supported by high technology, the other towards a totalitarian society run by individuals who are terrified by high technology and strictly regulate its use. Optimists believed that we were heading towards the former; in the wake of the September 11, 2001 killings, it is not so clear. How can we preserve the rights of man in a post-human world?Highly recommended.
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True Names and the Opening of the Cyberspace Frontier - Vernor Vinge
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Contents
Title Page
Copyright Notice
Dedication
Preface to the E-book Edition: James Frenkel
Preface: James Frenkel
Introduction: Vernor Vinge
A Time of Transition/The Human Connection
: Danny Hillis
True Nyms and Crypto Anarchy
: Timothy C. May
Eventful History: Version 1.x
: John M. Ford
Satan’s Computer: Why Security Products Fail Us
: Bruce Schneier
How Is the NII Like a Prison
: Alan Wexelblat
Intelligent Software
: Pattie Maes
Special Note: The Right to Read
: Richard Stallman
Cryptography and the Politics of One’s True Name
: Leonard N. Foner
Habitat: Reports from an Online Community
: Chip Morningstar and F. Randall Farmer
True Magic
: Mark Pesce
True Names: Vernor Vinge
Afterword: Marvin Minsky
Books by Vernor Vinge
About the Editor
Copyright Acknowledgments
Copyright
To Marvin Minsky,
godfather to a new age
Preface to the E-book Edition
It is not without a certain irony that this first e-book edition of True Names and the Opening of the Cyberspace Frontier is being published in 2015. When the novella True Names
was published in 1981, the setting of the story in 2014 was undeniably the future.
A lot has changed since then.
In 1981, the ARPA net had yet to be expanded to become the Internet. When this book was published in 2001, the Internet had been up and running for well over a decade; the World Wide Web had been in operation for more than five years. E-commerce had already begun to develop into the business environment it has become.
What hasn’t changed? The contributions of the scientists and advanced thinkers whose articles and stories comprise this book are still impressive in their evidence of original thinking and bold innovation. Their seminal ideas contributed to the development of the Internet and the enormous variety of applications that have blossomed into the unique digital sphere that continues to evolve and expand in ways nobody can entirely predict.
As science fiction readers have known for decades, while SF is very often set in the future, the themes are most often firmly rooted in contemporary reality, or in the recent past. Stories written in the 1950s were full of thinly veiled cold-war scenarios; mid-and late 1960s SF was chock-a-block with overpopulated future Earths inspired by the nascent ecological movement and concerns raised by such books as Paul Erlich’s The Population Bomb; many SF tales of the late 1960s and early 1970s contained terms like galacticreds
and other jargon inspired by early credit card initiatives of the time.
Conversely, as I write this new preface in 2014, we have Google Glass, cloud computing, and advanced AI. Add the specter of the technological Singularity that some—including Vernor Vinge—see just around the corner, and it seems like we are living in a science fictional age. Whereas decades ago, science fiction was a genre known and loved by those who loved the idea of the future, we have gone past the point where the future used to be an unknown country, to a reality with a texture so science fictional that the boundary between the present and what one might read about or see in a work of science fiction is all but invisible.
Think about it for a minute. If you’re under the age of twenty-five and grew up in a middle class family, you don’t remember a time when computers were not a normal part of your life. You may spend most of your waking hours online, checking your e-mail, paying your bills, Instant Messaging, dealing with Facebook, or doing by digital means just about anything else you may once have done using non-digital means. The point is very simple: what once was recognizably strange, futuristic or just plain science fictional is now nothing more than everyday reality.
People have short memories, and there are those who are convinced that, just as sociologists and psychologists in the 1950s and 1960s were sure that television was going to turn our minds into dysfunctional organs no longer capable of higher thought, the Internet is destroying the attention span of this generation. And maybe they’re right. With Twitter implanting 140-character thoughts, and the blogosphere filled with short posts followed by an almost immediate deluge of responses, it’s an arguable point.
Computer dating, credit services, insurance companies, shopping—local or global—streaming downloads of films, podcasts, webinars, you name it. The Internet is the eternal now.
All these services could easily have been features of a richly imagined future world conjured by a science fiction writer in the 1960s, 1970s or even 1980s. But today, they are merely some of the many aspects of twenty-first century reality that would seem utterly strange to anyone whose baseline reality is pre-1980. That year, 1980, ushered in the first desktop computers—the first personal computers. Prior to that time, the giants of the computer industry did not seriously consider the possibility that non-computer-industry people might be interested in having computers for their personal use. There wasn’t even a lot of SF about personal computers in the sixties.
Most science fiction writers make no serious claims to be predicting the future. They’re spinning scenarios, some of which turn out to be better educated guesses than others. Isaac Asimov didn’t foresee the miniaturization of computers that has developed over the past thirty-plus years. He wrote stories about computers so powerful and so huge that they were the size of whole planets. Unless one of those is hiding on the dark side of the moon, that hasn’t happened. On the other hand, Arthur C. Clarke was, for a long time, famous for having written about communications satellites in a story from the early 1950s at least a decade before the launch of the first such satellite.
And of course, there are many developments in science, technology and society that science fiction in previous decades, and True Names
in particular, didn’t really guess about at all.
In our 2014, which is also the fictional setting of True Names,
net neutrality
is being threatened by the most fearsome monster to have been unleashed on an unsuspecting world, a scourge so old that the framers of the United States Constitution worried about it, even including in the preamble the phrase describing one of the main purposes for the Constitution: to promote the general welfare.
I refer to big business, the most dangerously powerful of which in the late eighteenth century was the East India Company. I won’t name modern analogues to the East India Company. It would be silly to do that. Company names inevitably change as they merge, are bought or sold, and otherwise morph into new, ever-larger multi-national colossuses with financial resources that beggar the imagination. Suffice it to say that companies in entertainment or communications media are, as any corporations will do, acting to optimize their profit. Their Internet-based business interests drive them to seek the advantage of greater bandwidth and faster download speeds for their offerings.
The Federal Communications Commission has been wrestling with the issue of net neutrality since 2002. In that year, they redefined Internet Service Providers, changing the classification of their function from that of conduits of information—like those companies that operate telephone transmission lines or water pipes, public utilities—to suppliers of content, a very different animal, and one which has been considered by the FCC to merit special consideration because of this re-classification.
The problem this poses for the Internet is all too clear. As of right now, anyone can start a new Internet service. If you want to blog, if you have a service of any sort you can perform or provide via the Internet, you have the same access to the Internet as anyone else, whether they are individuals or huge corporations. If the major Internet players get their way, their download speeds will be much faster than the speed of downloads from less high-powered and well-funded sites.
In other words, the level playing field that has enabled innumerable Internet businesses to get started up from nothing would change completely so that any new startups would be at a competitive disadvantage. The freedom of expression and entrepreneurship that have characterized the Internet to date would be a thing of the past, and the Internet, which has until now resisted the forces of corporate clout, and has maintained open and equal access for individuals as well as for corporate entities, would become a failed dream for small-fry entrepreneurs who try to start something new or different online.
In addition to the threat of corporate domination of the web, another threat has come into public consciousness, and that is the rise of surveillance in society at all levels. Whether it’s cameras monitoring traffic or human traffic in public places indoors and out, or the monitoring of phone calls and email by the National Security Agency, the lives of everyone in the United States and other digitally developed countries have become an open book to those—in government or otherwise—who want to track our communications and other actions. Even the simple action of buying an e-book is something that cannot be accomplished without the customer leaving a digital footprint.
Richard Stallman, a free software advocate and the head developer of the GNU operating system, is rightly concerned about the loss of privacy that has steadily grown into a web of information that is available to the government and other organizations with an interest in the details of our lives. For a single simple example, consider Internet companies like Google and Amazon. Every time someone sends an e-mail through Gmail; every time someone searches for a book on Amazon; every search initiated via Google—they all provide information about our habits, our interests, our buying patterns. Before the digital age in which we live, governments had to physically spy on people to find out this kind of information. Now, the simple act of ordering any book—even this book—leaves a digital imprint of the identity of every single person who has done so.
If you bought a copy of this book in a bookstore, you could have paid cash for it, and nobody would have to know about it except you and the clerk who made the sale. There is no good reason why governments or other organizations should be able to know what books you buy … or about anything you do that isn’t illegal or that somehow threatens the security of the United States. In protest against the pervasive encroachment on our privacy, Stallman has withdrawn from this e-book edition the article of his that appears in the print edition of this book. In place of that article, The Right to Read,
he has provided a note explaining his stance on this issue of privacy.
The other change in this e-book edition is the inclusion of an article that was not in the original print edition of this volume, Satan’s Computer: Why Security Products Fail Us,
by Bruce Schneier. It’s a thought-provoking exploration of the difficulty inherent in creating completely secure digital systems.
As you read True Names
and the other works that comprise this e-book you are, with the exception of this new preface and Richard Stallman’s statement, viewing historical documents. We have not materially altered any of the contributed articles here and, of course, True Names
stands as originally presented in the print edition as well. Immediately following this preface you’ll see the original preface to the print edition of this book, and it will be immediately obvious that it, too, is now a historical document, having been written more than a decade before this new preface.
Earlier in this new preface I mentioned that we live in a science fictional age. That cuts both ways. The non-fiction written for this book reflected reality that in some cases was based in the 1980s, more than a full decade before its first publication. Just as science fiction sometimes deals with reality of a previous era, so do the non-fiction articles contained herein. They offer a unique perspective on where we came from in the dawning age of the Internet. And perhaps they will inspire a new generation of visionaries to innovations we cannot yet conceive.
—James Frenkel, August, 2014
Preface
Work on the volume you hold in your hands was begun in 1995. As Vernor Vinge’s editor at Tor Books (and elsewhere, beginning, appropriately, with the Dell Books publication of True Names
in Binary Star 5 in 1981), I had long been aware of the great interest in that novella.
However, since its first publication, True Names
had been difficult to keep in print, for reasons Vernor explains in his Introduction, which follows this Preface. By 1995 it had become quite apparent that the Internet, which was the core of or at least the environment in which the majority of the story took place, had become an integral part of modern life.
Both within and outside the field of science fiction, people discuss the notion that there are times when reality catches up
with science fiction. Often this is said by those who don’t understand science fiction. Some think that somehow SF writers are going to run out of new ideas, simply because developments in the real world either have brought into being something that was once written about in some science fiction tale, or because something that had been speculated about in some science fiction tale has been shown to be quite unlikely in the face of some entirely unpredictable development that makes the science fictional notion seem suddenly quaint, or worse.
My favorite instance of the latter is the development of smaller, more powerful computers. In the 1940s and ’50s Isaac Asimov wrote a few stories in which he posited that computers would get more powerful—and bigger—until they were as big as whole planets. I personally found this vision pretty cool, though also a little daunting, since the ultimate result of this trend was a computer that essentially became God.
Then the microchip was developed, and since then computers have gotten increasingly powerful … but smaller. Which brings us back to this book.
When my then-assistant, Jim Minz, and I set out to get articles or essays that related to or were inspired by True Names,
we received many excellent pieces, a number of which are included here. Then the project was delayed by a number of factors that had nothing to do with the material itself. Therefore this book is being published nearly six years after its inception.
The articles and essays here were written at various times, the oldest being True Names
itself and then Marvin Minsky’s Afterword, and the most recent being Richard M. Stallman’s addendum to his The Right to Read.
During the editing it became clear that some of the articles contain material that seems somewhat dated in the face of more recent developments. In a way, it’s like science fiction from a previous time which has been superseded by (contradictory) reality.
The other thing that became clear during the editorial process, however, was that the one constant in cyberspace is rapid change. Things that were new and unique just a few years ago are old hat today, and the rate of change doesn’t seem likely to slow down any time soon. So it’s quite likely that all the nonfiction in this book will seem like outdated science fiction within just another few years.
But this book isn’t intended to provide a report on what’s about to happen in cyberspace, or necessarily on what’s happening at the moment we go to press. Our intention from the start has been to provide something of a historical perspective, and to give readers a window on developments and theories that have contributed to some of the more intriguing aspects of the Internet and the World Wide Web, set against a story that provided the first seriously imaginative depiction of what the Internet could become. When True Names was written, it was considered visionary. And it was read by some of those who have had a great deal to do with shaping the Internet to date. Therefore, we’ve chosen to do the only really sensible thing—let the authors’ ideas speak for themselves, without attempting to second-guess them.
—JAMES FRENKEL
August 2001
Introduction
Vernor Vinge
I’m writing this in August 1999. It’s almost exactly twenty years since I wrote the first draft of True Names. This new appearance of the story as part of True Names and the Opening of the Cyberspace Frontier is the first that has included multiple essays by other people. And these are very interesting people. All but one I’ve met, in one way or another, because of True Names. If there were no other reason for writing the story, these friendships would suffice. I’m very grateful to Jim Frenkel for bringing all these essays together.
Word for word, True Names was one of the easiest projects I’ve ever worked on. I think there were several reasons for this. I went to college back before there were computers. Well, not really—but my college days are so far back along the exponential run of technology, it almost seems that way. In the early 1960s there were computers but as far as I know there were no computer-science departments. It’s so far back that many of the computer services we use every day were not even imagined—and that is a terrible thing for a science-fiction writer to confess.
From well before the 1960s, however, there was one computer application that was imagined, and that still waits in our future: machine intelligence, in particular, superhuman machine intelligence. That did catch my attention. From the early 1960s onward, computer technology joined space travel as my central speculative interest.
And yet, in college I never took any computer courses. Sometimes, I wonder if this ignorance was an advantage, saving me from getting lost in the irrelevancies of the moment. After all, I figured I knew where things were ultimately going! (John Ford’s essay here is an interesting look back on this. What of the machine archaeologists in our future, digging around in their prehistory trying to make sense of things as bizarre as human cinema?)
By 1979, I did know a little about contemporary computing. I had been teaching computer-science courses at San Diego State University for several years; I did a lot of what is now called telecommuting. One night I was working at home, logged on to SDSU’s principal computer (a PDP-11/45 running RSTS; it had about the computing power of the digital camera I have sitting on my desk today). As usual, I sneaked around in anonymous accounts—no need for the whole world to see I was on the machine. Every so often, I’d take a look at the other users, or surface in my official account. Suddenly I was accosted by another user via the TALK program (which for some reason I had left enabled). The TALKer claimed some implausible name, and I responded in kind. We chatted for a bit, each trying to figure out the other’s true name. Finally I gave up, and told the other person I had to go—that I was actually a personality simulator, and if I kept talking my artificial nature would become obvious.
Afterward, I realized that I had just lived a science-fiction story, at least by the standards of my childhood. For several years (ever since reading Ursula K. Le Guin’s A Wizard of Earthsea) I’d had the idea that the true names
of fantasy were like object ID numbers in a large database. Now I saw how that could be turned into a story.
* * *
It was the summer of 1979. True Names was the first story I ever wrote with a word processor: a TECO editor running on a Heathkit LSI 11/03. For me, the writing environment was heaven on earth! (And somewhere in the following years, in upgrading from RT-11 8-inch floppies to IBM 5.25-inch floppies to my first hard disk … the machine-readable form of the original manuscript was lost. Sigh.) I sent the manuscript around—in hardcopy, of course. Jim Frenkel suggested that I make it longer, mainly to have additional action after the battle with the Mailman and provide a satisfying denouement. I think that rewrite was done in early 1980, producing the form of the story that you see here. Dell published True Names early in 1981 as half of a Binary Star double novel
book (the other half being George R. R. Martin’s Nightflyers
), all illustrated by Jack Gaughan.
In the years after the Dell Books edition, True Names was in and out of print: Jim Frenkel’s Bluejay Books had an edition illustrated by Bob Walters with an afterword by Marvin Minsky (which has been recaptured here). Jim Baen published the story in a collection of my other short fiction, True Names and Other Dangers. The only other U.S. publication is in Hartwell and Wolf’s Visions of Wonder from Tor Books. This on-again, off-again publishing history has been frustrating to some readers—and it has certainly been frustrating to me! Part of the problem is that True Names is thirty thousand words long, too small to be a stand-alone novel but too large for most story collections.
As the years pass, I’ve been very interested in the reaction of readers to True Names. I have a knowledgeable friend who first read it in 1980. At that time she liked it, but thought the story was a bit off the wall.
She reread it several years later and still liked it, but by then it seemed much less radical. By the middle 1980s, the ideas in the story had appeared (independently) in a number of other places. By the late 1980s, there were television shows with these ideas. In the early 1990s I noticed another kind of interest—not inspired by the Internet aspects of the story so much as by the autonomous sprites and guardians that inhabited the Other Plane. This was largely because such things were actually being made (and that is so much more impressive than any fiction!). Both Pattie Maes and Lenny Foner (Pattie’s PhD student, now graduated) are in the middle of this research, and they both have essays here.
* * *
I’ve also looked for antecedents to True Names. There’s Poul Anderson’s Kings Who Die
(1962) and John Brunner’s Shockwave Rider (1975). In the late 1970s, I believe there was an interactive role-playing program being marketed for use on a computer network (and I’d be grateful for a solid reference on this). And, of course, there’s Vannevar Bush’s incredible essay As We May Think
(1945) and Theodor Nelson’s Xanadu system (1965–).
Many of the best things about True Names grew almost subconsciously as I worked on the story; others came out of the constraints that the plot put on me. (So some of the following is undocumented archeology on my recollections of the time!) The network aspect was inspired by my interactions on SDSU’s dial-in computer. Scaling up from that and imagining consequences was easy, and pointed to many important things. I was aware of Moore’s Law in some form when I wrote True Names. I think I had the raw hardware power fairly well targeted. The story took place just on the near side of a network-mediated Technological Singularity, but superhuman automation was still mostly offstage. (There were numerous things about the future that the story misses—or that have not yet happened. The version of True Names appearing in this book contains some small corrections, but as far as I know they are all spelling, punctuation, and typography. For this story, I felt that larger fixes
would not be as interesting as seeing what went right and what went wrong.)
Some things in True Names were simply very happy accidents. For instance, the Vandals used fifty thousand baud
connections from their home machines. The baud
was just a misuse of jargon; I should have said bits per second.
But fifty thousand bits per second
is correct, even though many home users in 1999 already have better connections to the Net. Home connections in True Names were much much larger, but it seemed to me that covert, untraceable channels would be very small by comparison, because of all the overhead involved in hiding one’s tracks. (Actually, latencies would probably be a lot worse on the covert connections, but I didn’t get that.) It was this low bit rate that made me put the responsibility for picture generation at the user end (the EEG Portal,
mediated by the user’s imagination). It was fascinating, at Hackers several years later, to talk to Chip Morningstar and Randy Farmer about what they had done with Habitat. Chip and Randy did the real thing, using a 300-bit-per-second link and a protocol that evoked image fragments stored on the user’s local disk.
The user environment of the 1999-era Internet is not nearly as magical as the one in True Names (which was targeted to take place around 2014). But in writing the story, magic was everywhere I looked. The concept of true names
is entrenched in fantasy and seemed an excellent fit to the real importance of true names in a network environment. And even in serious commerical programming, the magic metaphors are very common, partly as humor, partly because they provide useful terminology to hang reasoning on. (Interestingly, there is even a rational reemergence of superstition. Very few people nowadays believe that if you spill salt, then—to avoid bad luck—you should throw a pinch of it over your shoulder. But I’ll bet almost every computer user notices and acts on correlations that are almost as unsubstantiated. For example, a user notes, My VeryComplexApplication often crashes when I pop up a calendar window in this other application
—and therefore avoids looking at the calendar when running the VeryComplexApplication. Before computers, things moved slowly enough that such correlations could be tested and verified, and lead to logical insights. With computer programs, things are very complex and interrelated, and in many situations we don’t have time to go beyond the superstition stage in analyzing coincidences.)
So the magical terminology fit with some things that go on in real programming. And of course, magical imagery was a ready tool for me as author in describing the Other Plane. There are many ironies that grew from the magic—and what it represented in the real world. In fact, these ironies may be the most important reason that it was easy to write the story. The magic metaphor was a powerful guide in the choosing of terms (for instance, true names
). But even a good metaphor cuts you off from other insights, and I ended up providing an excellent example of Mark Twain’s notion that the difference between the right word and the almost right word is the difference between lightning and a lightning bug.
One of the central features of True Names is the notion that a worldwide computer network would be a kind of place for its users. I needed a word for that place, and the best I came up with was the Other Plane.
Alas, that is a lightning bug compared with the lightning bolt that is cyberspace.
(Heh, heh: And yet there is still hope for the term the Other Plane
… the folks working with the movie option on True Names talk in terms of being on TOP
—that is, being on The Other Plane.) In the long run, I think the inhabitants (users) of cyberspace will adapt different metaphors for dealing with what they find there and how they access it: almost offstage in True Names, we saw the werebots and other groups with other visions. In their essays, Marvin Minsky and Mark Pesce do a much better job with these ideas than I can. And the essay of Chip Morningstar and Randy Farmer illustrates some of these issues with an actual implementation.
The appearance of True Names revealed to me a new virtue of writing hard science fiction. Omni magazine wanted to send some science fiction writers to the 1982 conference of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (Jim Hogan, Fred Pohl, Bob Sheckley, and me, as it worked out). There I met Marvin Minsky and Hans Moravec. In later years, Marvin invited me to MIT for talks and meetings. Between the MIT Media Lab and Thinking Machines and Hackers and Aether Wire, I’ve had marvelous opportunities to talk to people who are at the edge of wonderful things. Asking them questions, listening to them, has been an inspiration. Sometimes the witness-to-history feeling gets to be very very strong!
I notice that four of the essays in this book are strongly focused on political and crypto issues. There is certainly a lot of political attitude in True Names. The political situation of the era is a pervasive background noise: people live with it. Lots of problems are envisaged—and many of them have turned out to be very real—but I provide very little in the way of solutions. One amusing misprediction (at least I hope it is a misprediction) is that network access would be licensed: having your license to operate
revoked was as effective a career-ender as losing your automobile driver’s license is in the twentieth century. The idea is