Illustrated Guide to Door Hardware: Design, Specification, Selection

Cover Design: Thomas Nery

Cover Images: Courtesy of Scott J. Tobias, AHC

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Copyright © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Tobias, Scott, 1967-

Graphic standards guide to commercial doors and door hardware / Scott Tobias.

pages cm

ISBN 978-1-118-11261-8 (pbk.); ISBN 978-1-118-33310-5 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-33027-2 (ebk)

1. Doors. 2. Commercial buildings—Equipment and supplies. 3. Door fittings. I. Title.

TH2278.T63 2014

694′.6—dc23

2014034440

Foreword

Have you ever heard the statement, Doors and hardware are easy or Doors and hardware are unimportant? Perhaps you've even made those statements yourself. Are those statements true?

Let's consider the first statement. I made that same statement before I researched the facts. There are thousands of products with millions of application combinations with building code compliance requirements. Suffice to say, doors and hardware are very complicated. Although they comprise approximately 2 to 3 percent of overall construction cost, doors and hardware typically comprise 25 to 30 percent of all punch list items.

Doors and hardware are also very important. Not only do they provide a protective barrier for people and property but more importantly, they save our lives! Think about what would happen if a raging fire would not be stopped by a secure fire door. Or how many times do we feel safe because we are behind a door locked to the outside? If we were in a building on fire, we would go directly to the nearest exit. What if that exit didn't open? Thousands of people in the twentieth century lost their lives because of nonexistent fire and life safety codes and hundreds lost their lives as a result of noncompliance with existing codes. Yes, doors and hardware are very important—they save lives!

This publication is a guide on selecting proper doors and hardware by discussing functional options; building, fire, and life safety codes; proper materials; durability grades; and materials, as well as aesthetic finishes. Read this publication and use it as a reference when designing a building. You too can save countless lives.

David Pedreira, AOC, CSI, CDT, CSPM, FDAI, LEED Green Associate

Architectural Development Manager

ASSA ABLOY Door Security Solutions

Acknowledgments

Thank you to my family, friends, coworkers, and business associates who contributed to my experience, knowledge, and understanding of the door and hardware industry, which allowed me to create this manuscript. I would like to give a special thank you to my mom, Eileen Tobias, and to her brother, my Uncle Michael Haren for their support, guidance, and the time taken to introduce me to the industry and a new career over a summer break from college. Thank you to the many instructors, trainers, mentors, associations, and companies that have given me the opportunity to learn and grow while contributing to their businesses’ success.

Thank you to Kathryn Malm Bourgoine, and the team at John Wiley & Sons for their patience and the opportunity to create this manuscript. Their guidance and support has been invaluable with the learning, understanding, and time that it took to complete this book—all truly appreciated.

As with everything that I do, I would like to thank my life partner and wife, Kathleen Knapp, for her love and support through the many years of research, stress, extensive traveling, and time away spent in my office in the evenings, weekends, and vacations to complete this project. I love you very much, wish for a life of health and happiness together, and dedicate this book to you.

User Guide

We know that when you are on a jobsite or in a meeting, questions come up. Even the most seasoned professionals may wish they could look up that one piece of information that is just outside of their instant recall or just beyond their current experience. There is a real need to make immediate onsite decisions to access information on the spot, no matter where you are.

Illustrated Guide to Door Hardware is designed to be a quick and potable reference for busy professionals like you. It focuses on the information you need away from the design desk, no matter where you are.

WHO THIS BOOK IS FOR

This book was written with the intent of assisting anyone in the construction industry working with architectural door hardware. By providing a basic understanding of components and how they are applied to work with the total door opening and information for a field review of existing or newly installed elements. This guide can also help with specifying and creating submittals for approval.

If you are an apprentice entering the door opening industry or an experienced door hardware professional studying for your Architectural Hardware Consultant (AHC) exam, a student in the profession of construction, an architect, a specification writer, a designer, an engineer, a general contractor, a construction manager, a carpenter installing door hardware, a manufacturer's representative or sales professional of door hardware, a distributor or subcontractor of door hardware, a locksmith, building maintenance staff, a building manager or facilities personnel, an owner, a user, or anyone else needing information regarding door hardware, this book is for you.

HOW THIS BOOK IS ORGANIZED

This book is based on the Door and Hardware Institute (DHI) Standard Sequence and Format for the Hardware Schedule. Although this standard states the information and format required of door hardware schedules, it is also typically the same sequence and format used for specifying door hardware sets in project specifications.

There are many products, functions, applications, and component combinations that are available to be specified, furnished, and installed. The DHI Sequence and Format for the Hardware Schedule helps put order to the scheduling process to ensure that all applications, codes, and components are reviewed for proper operation, compliance, and function.

The Introduction describes the various associations, codes, standards, and practices of the industry, while the individual chapters follow the DHI Sequence and Format as follows:

Hanging devices

Securing devices

Operating trim

Accessories for pairs of doors only

Closing and control devices

Protective plates and trim

Stops and holders

Accessories

Miscellaneous items

Miscellaneous items (Yes, there are two categories for miscellaneous items.)

Each hardware device has the following sections, at minimum, with some devices having additional information:

Also Known As—Any other industry or slang terms for the device

Description—A brief overview of the device

Properties—Various aspects of the device that create the whole

Finishes—Color of the device

Grades—Quality of the device

Materials—Metal, plastic, or other

Types—Various kinds of the device

Options—Variations of the device

Quantities—How many of each device

Applications—How the device is typically used

Installation—How the device is installed

Fasteners—How the device is installed

Locations—Where the device is installed

Preparations—What the device is installed into

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

Use the guide to:

Learn door hardware components

Learn how door hardware is applied

Identify existing field conditions

Review newly installed hardware

Specify door hardware

Create detailed door hardware submittals for approval

Have insight on installation issues and best practices

Make better decisions when reviewing substitution requests

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Scott Tobias is currently the Vice President of Architectural Development for ASSA ABLOY Door Security Solutions, the global leader in door opening solutions. Scott leads a national team of Door Opening Consultants, who assist the architectural and construction industries with architectural door and hardware education and total specification writing services, including the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) MasterFormat®® sections in Division 08, with coordination of other related divisions and sections. With many committee and task team roles, Scott is also a past president for the NY Chapters of the Door and Hardware Institute (DHI) and Construction Specification Institute (CSI), and past president for the Northeast Region of CSI. Most recently serving 5 years on the Institute's national board for CSI, Scott is the current chairman of the Mid-Hudson chapter of ASIS International and serves on the Board of Governors for the Door and Hardware Institute.

Having earned employee awards, including the People Making a Difference Award, Scott has also received DHI's Award of Merit and two CSI Metro NY Special Commendation Awards. Chosen repeatedly for annual events such as CSI National Convention, CONSTRUCT, and AIA NYS Convention, Scott has also spoken at other industry events and provided continuing education to over 200 individual architectural firms throughout the country. Scott has eleven published articles in various magazines, including CSI's The Construction Specifier, DHI's Door & Hardware, and Life Safety, and Cleaning and Maintenance.

The rationale for this project is that there is currently no consolidated resource for the architectural door opening industry and related professionals’ reference guide/handbook available. This type of resource would benefit the construction-related community by providing centralized information in order to expedite, verify, and limit the errors with the desired end result of a door opening.

Introduction

The door opening industry affects many parts of the construction process as well as the everyday user of the door opening. To be effective, one needs to understand how each of the entities contributes and works individually and as part of the whole process. This Introduction will talk about various industry associations, such as the Door and Hardware Institute and the Construction Specifications Institute, and how they can help with the entire life cycle of a door opening and all of its touch points in the construction industry, from specification writing and substitution requests to door hardware schedule writing and submittal reviews.

ASSOCIATIONS

With the continuous changes in the world of architecture, design, sustainability, energy efficiency, technology, and product improvement, associations are becoming a more important part of our everyday responsibilities in the workplace. Associations are where we go to meet people with different roles and responsibilities who have the knowledge, experience, resources, products, networks, and connections to help us succeed in our professions.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS (AIA)

Founded in 1857, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) is a paid membership association for licensed architects, emerging professionals, and allied industry partners. With approximately 300 state and local chapters in the United States, the AIA hosts a continuing education program, and provides licensing, conventions, and networking events for its members.

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE (ANSI)

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) was formed in 1916 and was the combined effort of numerous entities, including the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (IEEE), the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers (AIME), the American Society for Testing Materials (now ASTM International), and The U.S. Departments of War, Navy, and Commerce. The association was created to establish a national body to coordinate standards development and consensus approval of minimum standards.

The standards that ANSI develops are the minimum standards required for compliance. Some manufacturers go above and beyond the testing required, which can lead to a longer life cycle, fewer replacements, less cost to the owner, less labor, and fewer materials in a landfill, contributing to a sustainable world.

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF INTERIOR DESIGNERS (ASID)

Founded in 1975, the American Society of Interior Designers (ASID) is the oldest and largest paid member association, with over 30,000 members with careers primarily in interior design, industry product representation, and design education, and students of design. The association and its 48 chapters throughout the United States and Canada provide networking opportunities, educational events, and conventions for their members and guests of the industry.

ASIS INTERNATIONAL

Founded in 1955 and formerly known as the American Society of Industrial Security, ASIS International is a paid member association with over 38,000 members in 232 chapters worldwide. ASIS International is dedicated to providing education, conventions, and networking events in order to increase the effectiveness and productivity of security professionals around the world.

ASTM INTERNATIONAL (ASTM)

Founded in 1898 as the International Association for Testing Materials (IATM), ASTM International is committed to building a consensus on standards for industrial materials. The association sets the standards for testing of materials that are used in construction, including some door hardware.

BUILDERS HARDWARE MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION (BHMA)

Founded in 1925 as the Builders Hardware Manufacturers Statistical Association, the BHMA is known for its leadership with setting the minimum standards for door hardware. Most door hardware manufacturers are members of the BHMA and test their products to meet the minimum standards. With that said, there are manufacturers who test their products well above and beyond the minimum standards. This is an important fact to know when choosing door hardware to specify and install, as a proven longer life cycle will mean fewer replacements of product, which means less labor and less cost, and is sustainable by contributing less waste in a landfill.

The BHMA has partnered with the American National Standards Association (ANSI) to publish the ANSI/BHMA A156 Series Standards, which are a numbered series of standards that address all door hardware and its minimum testing requirements to meet those standards. In order to be BHMA certified, you must adhere to and pass third-party testing to ensure the products meet the standards. If a product fails, it is no longer certified. It is important to verify that products are BHMA certified and not just tested to meet the requirements of BHMA.

CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS INSTITUTE (CSI)

Founded in 1948 by government agency specification writers, the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) was formed to improve the quality of construction specifications, which in turn means better-quality construction. The institute expanded into the private sector and included design professionals, contractors, product representatives, and owners from the United States, who come together through chapter meetings, continuing education, conventions, and networking events to help each other share information beneficial to the quality of construction. CSI has a sister organization in Canada by the name of Construction Specification Canada (CSC).

In addition to other standards and formats, such as Page Format and UniFormat™, which is the organization of construction information based on function rather than material or method, OmniClass™ is a classification system used to organize project information. CSI is probably most known for creating the specifications standard MasterFormat®, which is a master list of numbers and titles used to organize specifications and other project information by material type for most commercial projects. MasterFormat® Section 08 71 00 Door Hardware is where all of the materials discussed in these chapters reside. Older versions of MasterFormat®, dated 1995 and prior, referred to the section as Finish Hardware or Door Hardware, and the numbering was only five digits, or 08710.

DOOR AND HARDWARE INSTITUTE (DHI)

With the roots of the institute dating back to 1934, the Door and Hardware Institute (DHI) is a paid annual membership–based association offering discounts for all education, services, and literature to their members. DHI was formed from other industry associations, namely the National Builders Hardware Association (NBHA) and the American Society of Architectural Hardware Consultants (ASAHC). As the industry resource for door opening standards, all industry professionals, including contractors, manufacturers, distributors, sales representatives, building officials, facility managers, architects, and others turn to DHI for education and certification. Any person or company entering or working in the door opening industry would be wise to join the DHI.

DHI offers certification programs, which require an individual to attend and pass a minimum number of educational courses offered by the organization. Once credentialed, members are required to take a minimum number of continuing education hours over a certain period of time to maintain the certification.

Those who obtained their certification prior to the continuing education requirements are grandfathered in and do not have to take continuing education courses to maintain their certification status. In addition to the Architectural Hardware Consultant (AHC) certification, DHI offers a Certified Door Consultant (CDC) and a Electrified Hardware Consultant (EHC), and if one obtains all three certifications, they are replaced with one Architectural Openings Consultant (AOC) certification, of which there are not many in the world today.

DHI also offers certification for other expertise such as the Fire Door Assembly Inspector (FDAI) program. In 2007, NFPA 80 put into place an annual inspection of fire doors, and soon after NFPA 101 followed. Another, later, component to the annual inspection included Egress, and the standards state that a knowledgeable person is allowed to inspect these openings. The Door and Hardware Institute, along with Warnock Hersey/Intertek, have put into place a certification and licensing program that teaches, and requires continuing education in, the proficiency that is required to be an expert in, such inspections.

INTERNATIONAL INTERIOR DESIGN ASSOCIATION (IIDA)

Founded in 1994, the International Interior Design Association (IIDA) is a paid membership association of 13,000 members and 33 chapters around the world. The IIDA is the result of the merging of three associations: the Institute of Business Designers (IBD), the International Society of Interior Designers (ISID), and the Council of Federal Interior Designers (CFID). The intent of the merger was to create a unified association with one mission: to represent interior designers around the world.

UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES

Formed in 1894, Underwriters Laboratories (UL) was founded as the Underwriters' Electrical Bureau, the Electrical Bureau of the National Board of Fire Underwriters, and was formed to test materials for safety. Today UL is a global third-party testing entity that continues to test materials for safe living and work environments.

UNITED STATES GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL (USGBC)

Formed in 1993, the United States Green Building Council (USGBC) is a paid membership association that was formed to promote sustainable building design and construction. Today, the USGBC includes architectural firms, nonprofit associations, manufacturers, designers, and anyone else concerned with sustainability and how to improve our construction processes to save the earth's resources and our lives. The USGBC formed the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system to help those involved in the construction process to select, design, and build projects to a set of minimum standards. Today these voluntary standards are becoming more and more a code requirement.

WARNOCK HERSEY

Warnock Hersey is a third-party testing entity that tests products to meet the minimum requirements of fire testing, fire door labeling, performance, and other testing. You would most commonly find a Warnock Hersey label on a fire rated door or frame.

CODES

Codes and standards are available to set the minimum requirements of door openings. Some local jurisdictions have specific codes and standards, which were either modified from another existing code, typically the International Building Code, for their own use.

Language and section numbers can change slightly or drastically when the codes are updated. Look for an outline, if available, of the changes that took place in the respective update. Many code updates occur on a three-year cycle, although some might be updated more or less often. Also, codes might not be adopted in their original version or in their entirety, but rather parts of the whole may be incorporated.

INTERNATIONAL GREEN CONSTRUCTION CODE (IGCC)

The International Green Construction Code (IGCC) is published by the International Code Council (ICC), which was formed in 1994 as a nonprofit organization dedicated to developing a single set of comprehensive and coordinated national model construction codes. The ICC was a combination of the Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc. (BOCA), the International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO), and the Southern Building Code Congress International, Inc. (SBCCI).

The International Green Construction Code was created as the first model code to include sustainability measures for the entire construction project and site from design through construction and beyond through the entire building life cycle. The intent of the code is to make the design, construction, and maintenance of the buildings more efficient. Reduced waste and positive impacts on health, safety, and welfare are the expected outcomes of sustainably focused construction.

INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE (IBC)

The International Building Code (IBC) is published by the International Code Council (ICC), which was formed in 1994 as a nonprofit organization dedicated to developing a single set of comprehensive and coordinated national model construction codes. The ICC was a combination of the Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc. (BOCA), the International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO), and the Southern Building Code Congress International, Inc. (SBCCI).

The International Building Code is the standard building code typically used as a basis of design for a local jurisdiction to modify and adopt partially or as a whole. The code provides a standard consistent guideline for construction for all to adhere to as the minimum standard.

FINISHES

Hinges and pivots are available in just about every standard architectural hardware finish, from non-lacquered raw metal and primed for painting to satin chromium electro-plated and custom matched powder coat. Electro-plated clear coated/lacquered finishes are the most typically specified and installed, and can be manufactured as polished (a mirror finish look) or brushed (a textured brushed look).

ANSI and the BHMA publish ANSI/BHMA A156.18 American National Standard for Materials and Finishes, 2006, and they refer to three finish designation systems: The National Bureau of Standards of the U.S. Department of Commerce (U.S.), Canadian (C), and Builders Hardware Manufacturers Association (BHMA). The BHMA finish designations give us more information in their number by not only telling us what the finish of the item is, but also including the base metal that was used to manufacture the product. This is important when specifying fire rated openings, so that we have a steel-based metal as required by NFPA 80. Any other base metal, such as brass or bronze, would melt long before the time required by code, leaving the door vulnerable to fire hazard.

For example, US26D is the U.S. designation for Satin Chromium Plated, while 626 is the BHMA designation for Satin Chromium Plated on Brass or Bronze base metal, and 652 is the BHMA designation for Satin Chromium Plated on Steel base metal. This is important to know when specifying, ordering, and installing hinges on fire rated doors, as they require steel-based hinges per NFPA 80 (see Standards—NFPA 80).

Figure I.1 Tables of Finish Descriptions and Equivalents, A156.18-2012. A full-size image of this figure is available at www.wiley.com/go/doorhardware.

* Vacuum applied finishes are generally applied over stainless steel base, or a chrome substrate on various base materials

(Source: Copyright © 2012 by the Builders Hardware Manufacturers Association, Inc.)

GRADES

Most hardware devices are tested to meet multiple minimum criteria, and depending on the levels met, grades are applied. Grade 1 is the best-performing device passing the highest minimum standards, grade 2 is the next, and grade 3 is the lowest quality of the three.

Testing includes cycle testing, which is the performance of how many times a device can be used. For example, one cycle of a test would include a lever handle of a lockset being rotated to retract and extend a latchbolt. Another example is a door closer cycle; each time the door closer opens and closes is one cycle. Other tests include impact, where the devices are struck; weather or salt tests, where the devices are exposed to outdoor weather to see how long they will last, and the finish test to see how long the architectural finish on the device will resist wear and the test of time.

HANDING

Although many door hardware devices are not handed, there are many devices that are. Handing a device is determined by which way a door swings. A door hanging on the left and pushing away from you is a left-hand door and a door, hanging on the right and pushing away from you is a right-hand door. Reverse handed doors are the opposite, when a door is hanging on the left and pulls toward you, it is a left-hand reverse, and a door hanging on the right and pulling toward you is a right-hand reverse door.

Figure I.2 Hands of Doors

(Source: The Graphics Standards Guide to Architectural Finishes, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)

MATERIALS

CAST

A cast hardware device or component has typically been manufactured by melting metal or combinations of metals to form a liquid, then pouring the liquid into a mold to create the device. Once the liquid cools, it creates a new solid object.

FORGED

A forged hardware device or component has typically been manufactured similarly to a wrought device by starting with a cast, then shaping the metal into either another object or a different shape than the original. The difference between forged and wrought is that a wrought object is formed or rolled into its new shape while a forged object is hammered into shape, which causes the steel to become harder than wrought and less likely to crack when struck or striking another object. Forging can be done at different temperatures and is known by its type, for example, cold forging, warm forging, or hot forging.

STAMPED

A stamped hardware device or component has typically been manufactured by punching or stamping an object, usually metal, in order to bend, remove, or emboss the original object into another object or different shape than the original. The process might take place with one object or device or multiple objects that are then attached to create the end result.

WROUGHT

A wrought hardware device or component has typically been manufactured similarly to a forged device by starting with a cast, then shaping the metal into either another object or different shape from the original. The difference between wrought and forged is the fact that forged is hammered into shape, which causes the steel to become harder than wrought and less likely to crack when struck or striking another object, while wrought is formed or rolled into its new shape.

FIRE RATING

LABELS

Doors and Frames are typically installed into walls of a structure. Depending on the structure's type, size, and occupancy, various fire rated walls are required to compartmentalize the structure so that fire does not spread through the entire structure without some type of protection to stop it from spreading from one area to another.

As such, doors, frames, and hardware must also carry a fire rating also known as a fire label. These ratings are typically matched to the wall and ceiling ratings so that they have the same resistance as the surrounding elements. Labels are different than listings; see Listings in this section.

Although doors must have a label to match a specific time frame as the walls do, such as a 3-hour or 45-minute rating, frames and hardware are required to be fire rated in general. Following are the most common fire door ratings:

A

An A label door, also known as a three-hour (3-hour) rated door, has been tested to withstand a fire from penetrating or moving from one side of the door to the other, if closed and latched properly, for a minimum of three hours. As of today, only metal doors can be manufactured to meet this rating.

B

A B label door, also known as a one-and-a-half hour (1-1/2-hour) rated door has been tested to keep a fire from penetrating or moving from one side of the door to the other, if closed and latched properly, for a minimum of one-and-one-half hours.

C

A C label door, also known as a 45-minute rated door, has been tested to keep a fire from penetrating or moving from one side of the door to the other, if closed and latched properly, for a minimum of 45 minutes.

20 Minute

Twenty-minute (20-minute) doors were most typically used in corridors of educational facilities, but in current construction of these types of facilities, at a minimum 45-minute-rated doors are more typically required.

Smoke

Some fire rated doors require a Smoke (S) rating in addition or in lieu of a fire rating, depending on the construction, facility, and code type. This type of opening would prohibit or limit the amount of smoke being transferred from one side of the opening to the other.

LISTING

A hardware device most typically has a listing, which is usually governed and applied by the Underwriters Laboratories (UL), (see UL under Standards earlier in this Introduction.) The listing requires certain devices to operate in a certain manner for certain applications; one example is panic hardware on egress doors being required in places of occupancy by more than 50 people at a time.

SPECIFICATIONS

Specifications can be written many different ways using many different methods, and there can be many right answers. Following are some specification types, methods, and mediums by which a project can be specified.

FORMATS

The Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) developed and continues to maintain various documentation standards that are used by the architect to create project specification documents to complement the drawings or visual representation of the drawings. A typical specification is created in three-part format, either in MasterFormat® 95 or 2004, and can be written as proprietary, open, or ANSI, and in a 2D or 3D medium.

PageFormat

PageFormat is a standard arrangement of information through consistent numbering in each division, in each section, and on each page of a specification manual. For example, each section starts with PART 1—GENERAL, 1.1 Summary, A. Section Includes or relevant instructions, and ends with PART 2—EXECUTION, 3.3 Adjusting or the relevant instructions.

MasterFormat®

MasterFormat® is a standard that uses a unique numbering system to organize information for building projects. This format went through a major update in 2004, referred to as MasterFormat® 2004, and receives updates every couple of years. Although created long before with many updates since, the version prior to 2004 is typically referred to as MasterFormat® 95.

95

MasterFormat® 95 is a 16 Division format with five-number sections. For example, door hardware is located in Division 8, Section 08700, and is named Hardware. Within this division and section, there are other formats used to create consistent page layout and references, known as OmniClass™, PageFormat.

2004

MasterFormat® 2004 is a 50-division format with six-number sections. For example, door hardware is located in Division 08, Section 08 71 00, and is named Door Hardware. Within this division and section, there are other formats used to create consistent page layout and references, known as OmniClass™, PageFormat. MasterFormat® 2004 allows for all of the technological and product advancements made over the years, and now has a place for them to be specified, whereas in the older versions some of these newer products had to be specified in sections where they did not belong, or in what was known as the Phantom Division 17, which was created randomly by various firms or entities to have a place for items that did not have a place of their own.

Three Parts

Each specification document section typically has three parts in order to categorize the data consistently throughout the project specification documents; this way the data is in the same area each time you look, no matter what type of product or process you are looking at. Specifications for