Alaska Native Tribes,ANCSA Corporations, and Other Organizations: Origins, Purposes, and Relationships
By Lydia Hays
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About this ebook
Lydia Hays
Lydia L. Hays, Ed. D., taught secondary classes at Nome-Beltz High School, Alaska and was a substitute teacher at Kamehameha Schools in Honolulu, Hawaii. She authored the student workbook and teacher's guide and provided technical support for the Alaska Native Land Claims, edited by Robert D. Arnold, Alaska Native Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska. She has taught more than 30 university credit classes on the Alaska Native land claims settlement and other workshops and seminars on Alaska Native tribes, ANCSA corporations, and other organizations. Ms. Hays is a former vice president of Cook Inlet Region, Inc., executive director of The CIRI Foundation, vice president at Cook Inlet Tribal Council, Inc, and CITC project director and village liaison. Ms. Hays also assisted CIRI in the formation of Cook Inlet Tribal Council, Inc., The CIRI Foundation, Alaska Native Heritage Center / Anchorage, and Koahnic Broadcast Corporation. Ms. Hays has lived in Alaska for more than 50 years. She, her husband, and three sons and their families live in Anchorage, Alaska.
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Alaska Native Tribes,ANCSA Corporations, and Other Organizations - Lydia Hays
Alaska
Native Tribes, ANCSA Corporations, and Other Organizations
Origins, Purposes, and Relationships
Lydia L. Hays
PO Box 221974 Anchorage, Alaska 99522-1974
[email protected]—www.publicationconsultants.com
ISBN 978-1-59433-541-9
eBook ISBN 978-1-59433-542-6
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2015942158
Copyright 2015 Lydia L. Hays
—First Edition—
All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in any form, or by any mechanical or electronic means including photocopying or recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, in whole or in part in any form, and in any case not without the written permission of the author and publisher.
Manufactured in the United States of America.
Symbols of the Front Cover Graphic
The grass, common to all of the Alaska Native geographic areas, have been used for many purposes such as baskets, medicines, wicks, and clothing. The green is for growth, health, vigor and a natural part of the Alaska environment. Tribes, ANCSA corporations and other organizations are also reflective of growth, good health, and vigor in their service to Alaska Native people and all Alaska communities.
Table of Contents
Part I: Background
1.Earliest Times
2.Early Contact
3.The Village – A Family-Based Society
Part II: Legal Foundations
1.Sovereignty
2.Doctrine of Vitoria
3.U.S. Constitution (adopted 1787)
4.Arrival of 18th and 19th Century Newcomers to Alaska
5.Formal Recognition of Alaska Native Tribes (Villages)
6.State Laws
7.Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood (CDIB)
Part III: Tribes in Alaska: Definitions
Part IV: Special Relationship between the U.S. Federal Government and the Alaska Native People
1.Promote Self-Government
2.Protect Aboriginal Lands
3.Protect Aboriginal Subsistence
4.Provide Social Services
5.Promote Tribal Judicial Systems
6.Protect Indian Children
Part V: Tribes and Descriptions
1.Demographics - Alaska Native and American Indian Tribes
2.Description of Traditional and IRA Tribes
2.a.Authority
2.b.Members (Citizens)
2.c.Organization Structure
2.d.Funding
2.e.Tax Status
2.f.Land Base, Before 1971
2.g.Land Base, After 1971
2.h.Service Area or Jurisdiction
2.i.Programs and Services
Part VI: Unique Tribal Status: Central Council Tlingit Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska (CCTHITA)
1.Authority
2.Members (Citizens)
3.Organization Structure
4.Funding
5.Tax Status
6.Land Base
7.Programs and Services
Part VII: ANCSA Corporations
1.What the Settlement Act Did and Did Not Do
1.a.What It Did
1.b.What It Did Not Do
2.Features of the Settlement Act
2.a.Authority
2.b.Purpose
2.c.Incorporation
2.d.Enrollment
2.e.ANCSA Regions
3.ANCSA Corporations, General
3.a.ANCSA Regional Corporations
3.b.ANCSA Village Corporations
3.c.ANCSA Opt-Out Reserves
3.d.Land Ownership
3.e.Land Bank
3.f.Alaska’s Lands Summary
4.Settlement Compensation
5.Governance
5.a.Board of Directors
5.b.Elections
5.c.Shareholders
5.d.Shareholder Benefits
6.Business Operations
6.a.Types of Businesses
6.b.Revenue-Sharing
6.c.Headquarters
6.d.Social Conscience
Part VIII: Nonprofit Tribal Social Service Organizations
1.Background
2.Governance and Operations
2.a.Standard
2.b.Central Council Tlingit Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska
2.c.Cook Inlet Tribal Council, Inc
Part IX: Nonprofit Tribal Health Organizations
1.Indian Health Service (IHS): Alaska Area
2.Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium
3.Southcentral Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska
4.Alaska Native Regional Health Organizations
5.Metlakatla Indian Community, Annette Island Reserve
6.Village Community Health Services
Part X: Nonprofit Tribal Housing Authorities
Part XI: ANCSA Corporation-Established Foundations
Part XII: Culture and Museum Centers
Part XIII: Other Alaska Native Nonprofit Organizations
1.Advocacy
2.Communication
3.Cooperatives
4.Education
Part XIV: Summary
Appendices
A.States that Recognize Tribes in the United States
B.ANCSA Village Corporations by Region
C.Merged and Consolidated ANCSA Corporations and Dates
D.Alaska Native Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) Tribes
Resource References
Books
Websites
Maps
1.Indigenous Peoples and Languages of Alaska
2.Regions Established by the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971
Timeline
Alaska’s Earliest People
Charts
1.Alaska Native and American Indian Population and Tribes, 2015
2.Tribal Reservation and ANCSA Corporation Lands, 2015
Lists
1.ANCSA Regional Corporations
2.ANCSA Opt-Out Reserves
3.Pre-ANCSA Regional Nonprofit Organizations
4.Regional Nonprofit Organizations
5.Alaska Native Regional Health Organizations
6.Alaska Native Housing Authorities
7.ANCSA Corporation-Established Foundations
8.Alaska Native-Operated Public Radio Stations
Part I
Background
Do Alaska Native tribes still exist?
What do Alaska Native tribes do?
I don’t understand Alaska Native corporations and other organizations.
Wasn’t Alaska Native sovereignty extinguished by the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA)?
This guidebook is an introduction to Alaska Native organizations – tribes, ANCSA corporations, and other Alaska Native organizations in response to those questions. Since the 1950s there has been a dramatic growth in Alaska Native organizations. This growth has been the result of new laws, federal self-determination policies, the needs of Alaska Native people in the areas of health, education, employment, and a compelling will to sustain their cultural traditions and lands.
For some perspective, there are a few basic facts that are necessary to understand Alaska Native cultures that have evolved from the traditional subsistence family unit in Alaska over the past many centuries. For more in depth information, it is important to consult the internet, other publications, and resource people.
1.Earliest Times
Archaeological evidence indicates that aboriginal ¹ people migrated and settled in Alaska probably as far back as 30,000 years ago. These earliest settlers arrived at different times, mainly from the west, traveling by sea and over the most recent land bridge, perhaps the tenth one, between Siberia and Alaska 9,000–20,000 years ago.²
These earliest subsistence travelers came by foot or canoe. Many archaeological sites throughout Alaska confirm their presence. Some of these sites are identified on the timeline, entitled Alaska’s Earliest People,
compiled over the past 30 years by this writer. (See page 11.)
2.Early Contact
Alaska’s indigenous people first encountered the Russian sea otter fur hunters who arrived in the Aleutian Islands chain and moved eastward to Alaska’s southwestern region in the 1700s. There were about 74,000 indigenous people in Alaska during that time. Part of the legacy of the Russian period between 1746 and 1867 was the decline in the Alaska Native population. By the 1890 U.S. Census, the Alaska Native population had dropped to 23,531,