CLEP® History of the U.S. II Book + Online
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Everything you need to pass the exam and get the college credit you deserve.
REA leads the way in helping students pass their College Board CLEP exams and earn college credit while reducing their tuition costs.
With 25+ years of experience in test prep for the College-Level Examination Program (CLEP), REA is your trusted source for the most up-to-date test-aligned content. Whether you’re an adult returning to finish your degree, a traditional-age college student, a military service member, or a high school or home-schooled student looking to get a head start on college and shorten your path to graduation, CLEP is perfect for you.
REA’s expert authors know the CLEP tests inside out. And thanks to our partners at Proctortrack (proctortrack.com/clep), you can now take your exam at your convenience, from the comfort of home.
Prep for success on the CLEP History of the United States II exam with REA’s personalized three-step plan: (1) focus your study, (2) review with the book, and (3) measure your test-readiness.
Our Book + Online prep gives you all the tools you need to make the most of your study time:
- Diagnostic exam: Pinpoint what you already know and what you need to study.
- Targeted subject review: Learn what you’ll be tested on.
- Two full-length practice exams: Zero in on the topics that give you trouble now so you’ll be confident and prepared on test day.
- Glossary of key terms: Round out your prep with must-know vocabulary.
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CLEP® History of the U.S. II Book + Online - Lynn E Marlowe
REA: THE LEADER IN CLEP TEST PREP
Lynn Marlowe, M.A.
And the Staff of
Research & Education Association
Research & Education Association
61 Ethel Road West
Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
E-mail: [email protected]
CLEP History of the United States II: 1865 to the Present with Online Practice Exams
Copyright © 2013 by Research & Education Association, Inc.
Prior edition copyright © 2004 by Research & Education Association, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Control Number 2013930175
eISBN-13: 978-0-7386-8392-8
All trademarks cited in this publication are the property of their respective owners.
LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: Publication of this work is for the purpose of test preparation and related use and subjects as set forth herein. While every effort has been made to achieve a work of high quality, neither Research & Education Association, Inc., nor the authors and other contributors of this work guarantee the accuracy or completeness of or assume any liability in connection with the information and opinions contained herein and in REA’s software and/ or online materials. REA and the authors and other contributors shall in no event be liable for any personal injury, property or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use or reliance upon this work.
Cover image: © istockphoto.com/GBlakeley
CLEP* HISTORY OF
THE UNITED STATES II
Access Your Online Exams
by following the instructions
found at the back of this book.
CONTENTS
About Our Author
About Research & Education Association
Acknowledgments
CHAPTER 1
Passing the CLEP History of the United States II Exam
Getting Started
The REA Study Center
An Overview of the Exam
All About the CLEP Program
Options for Military Personnel and Veterans
SSD Accommodations for Candidates with Disabilities
6-Week Study Plan
Test-Taking Tips
The Day of the Exam
Online Diagnostic Test www.rea.com/studycenter
CHAPTER 2
American History Review: 1865–Present
1. Reconstruction
2. Expansion of the Nation
3. Imperialism and War
4. Prosperity and Depression
5. Isolation and War
6. The Cold War
7. Cold War Politics and Society
8. The Post–Cold War Period
Practice Test 1 (also available online at www.rea.com/studycenter)
Answer Key
Detailed Explanations of Answers
Practice Test 2 (also available online at www.rea.com/studycenter)
Answer Key
Detailed Explanations of Answers
Bibliography
Glossary
Index
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Lynn Elizabeth Marlowe obtained her master’s degree in history from New York University in 1995, specializing in Modern American and Modern European history. She has taught history at several Los Angeles-area colleges, including Los Angeles City College (American history), Pasadena City College (American history), and Chaffey College (world history, European history). She also holds a teacher’s certificate in secondary history and English, and has taught English as a Second Language to adults in the Los Angeles Unified School District. She has contributed to several REA publications.
ABOUT RESEARCH & EDUCATION ASSOCIATION
Founded in 1959, Research & Education Association (REA) is dedicated to publishing the finest and most effective educational materials—including study guides and test preps—for students in middle school, high school, college, graduate school, and beyond.
Today, REA’s wide-ranging catalog is a leading resource for teachers, students, and professionals. Visit www.rea.com to see a complete listing of all our titles.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank Pam Weston, Publisher, for setting the quality standards for production integrity and managing the publication to completion; John Paul Cording, Vice President, Technology, for coordinating the design and development of the REA Study Center; Larry B. Kling, Vice President, Editorial, for his supervision of revisions and overall direction; Diane Goldschmidt and Michael Reynolds, Managing Editors, for coordinating development of this edition; Transcend Creative Services for typesetting this edition; and Weymouth Design and Christine Saul, Senior Graphic Designer, for designing our cover.
CHAPTER 1
Passing the CLEP
History of the United
States II Exam
CHAPTER 1
PASSING THE CLEP
HISTORY OF THE
UNITED STATES II EXAM
Congratulations! You’re joining the millions of people who have discovered the value and educational advantage offered by the College Board’s College-Level Examination Program, or CLEP. This test prep covers everything you need to know about the CLEP History of the United States II exam, and will help you earn the college credit you deserve while reducing your tuition costs.
GETTING STARTED
There are many different ways to prepare for a CLEP exam. What’s best for you depends on how much time you have to study and how comfortable you are with the subject matter. To score your highest, you need a system that can be customized to fit you: your schedule, your learning style, and your current level of knowledge.
This book, and the online tools in the CLEP package, allow you to create a personalized study plan through three simple steps: assessment of your knowledge, targeted review of exam content, and reinforcement in the areas where you need the most help.
Let’s get started and see how this system works.
THE REA STUDY CENTER
The best way to personalize your study plan and focus on your weaknesses is to get feedback on what you know and what you don’t know. At the online REA Study Center, you can access two types of assessment: a diagnostic exam and full-length practice exams. Each of these tools provides true-to-format questions and delivers a detailed score report that follows the topics set by the College Board.
Diagnostic Exam
Before you begin your review with the book, take the online diagnostic exam. Use your score report to help evaluate your overall understanding of the subject, so you can focus your study on the topics where you need the most review.
Full-Length Practice Exams
These practice tests give you the most complete picture of your strengths and weaknesses. After you’ve finished reviewing with the book, test what you’ve learned by taking the first of the two online practice exams. Review your score report, then go back and study any topics you missed. Take the second practice test to ensure you have mastered the material and are ready for test day.
If you’re studying and don’t have Internet access, you can take the printed tests in the book. These are the same practice tests offered at the REA Study Center, but without the added benefits of timed testing conditions and diagnostic score reports. Because the actual exam is computer-based, we recommend you take at least one practice test online to simulate test-day conditions.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE EXAM
The CLEP History of the United States II exam consists of approximately 120 multiple-choice questions, each with five possible answer choices, to be answered in 90 minutes.
The exam covers the material one would find in the second semester of what is often a two-semester class in United States History. The covers the period of United States history form the end of the Civil War to the present and focuses on the twentieth century.
The approximate breakdown of topics is as follows:
ALL ABOUT THE CLEP PROGRAM
What is the CLEP?
CLEP is the most widely accepted credit-by-examination program in North America. CLEP exams are available in 33 subjects and test the material commonly required in an introductory-level college course. Examinees can earn from three to twelve credits at more than 2,900 colleges and universities in the U.S. and Canada. For a complete list of the CLEP subject examinations offered, visit the College Board website: www.collegeboard.org/clep.
Who takes CLEP exams?
CLEP exams are typically taken by people who have acquired knowledge outside the classroom and who wish to bypass certain college courses and earn college credit. The CLEP program is designed to reward examinees for learning—no matter where or how that knowledge was acquired.
Although most CLEP examinees are adults returning to college, many graduating high school seniors, enrolled college students, military personnel, veterans, and international students take CLEP exams to earn college credit or to demonstrate their ability to perform at the college level. There are no prerequisites, such as age or educational status, for taking CLEP examinations. However, because policies on granting credits vary among colleges, you should contact the particular institution from which you wish to receive CLEP credit.
Who administers the exam?
CLEP exams are developed by the College Board, administered by Educational Testing Service (ETS), and involve the assistance of educators from throughout the United States. The test development process is designed and implemented to ensure that the content and difficulty level of the test are appropriate.
When and where is the exam given?
CLEP exams are administered year-round at more than 1,200 test centers in the United States and can be arranged for candidates abroad on request. To find the test center nearest you and to register for the exam, contact the CLEP Program:
CLEP Services
P.O. Box 6600
Princeton, NJ 08541-6600
Phone: (800) 257–9558 (8 A.M. to 6 P.M. ET)
Fax: (609) 771–7088
Website: www.collegeboard.org
OPTIONS FOR MILITARY PERSONNEL
AND VETERANS
CLEP exams are available free of charge to eligible military personnel and eligible civilian employees. All the CLEP exams are available at test centers on college campuses and military bases. Contact your Educational Services Officer or Navy College Education Specialist for more information. Visit the DANTES or College Board websites for details about CLEP opportunities for military personnel.
Eligible U.S. veterans can claim reimbursement for CLEP exams and administration fees pursuant to provisions of the Veterans Benefits Improvement Act of 2004. For details on eligibility and submitting a claim for reimbursement, visit the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs website at www.gibill.va.gov.
CLEP can be used in conjunction with the Post-9/11 GI Bill, which applies to veterans returning from the Iraq and Afghanistan theaters of operation. Because the GI Bill provides tuition for up to 36 months, earning college credits with CLEP exams expedites academic progress and degree completion within the funded timeframe.
SSD ACCOMMODATIONS FOR CANDIDATES
WITH DISABILITIES
Many test candidates qualify for extra time to take the CLEP exams, but you must make these arrangements in advance. For information, contact:
College Board Services for Students with Disabilities
P.O. Box 6226
Princeton, NJ 08541-6226
Phone: (609) 771–7137 (Monday through Friday, 8 A.M. to 6 P.M. ET)
TTY: (609) 882–4118
Fax: (609) 771–7944
E-mail: [email protected]
6-WEEK STUDY PLAN
Although our study plan is designed to be used in the six weeks before your exam, it can be condensed to three weeks by combining each two-week period into one.
Be sure to set aside enough time—at least two hours each day—to study. The more time you spend studying, the more prepared and relaxed you will feel on the day of the exam.
TEST-TAKING TIPS
Know the format of the test. CLEP computer-based tests are fixed-length tests. This makes them similar to the paper-and-pencil type of exam because you have the flexibility to go back and review your work in each section.
Learn the test structure, the time allotted for each section of the test, and the directions for each section. By learning this, you will know what is expected of you on test day, and you’ll relieve your test anxiety.
Read all the questions—completely. Make sure you understand each question before looking for the right answer. Reread the question if it doesn’t make sense.
Annotate the questions. Highlighting the key words in the questions will help you find the right answer choice.
Read all of the answers to a question. Just because you think you found the correct response right away, do not assume that it’s the best answer. The last answer choice might be the correct answer.
Work quickly and steadily. You will have 90 minutes to answer 120 questions, so work quickly and steadily. Taking the timed practice tests online will help you learn how to budget your time.
Use the process of elimination. Stumped by a question? Don’t make a random guess. Eliminate as many of the answer choices as possible. By eliminating just two answer choices, you give yourself a better chance of getting the item correct, since there will only be three choices left from which to make your guess. Remember, your score is based only on the number of questions you answer correctly.
Don’t waste time! Don’t spend too much time on any one question. Remember, your time is limited and pacing yourself is very important. Work on the easier questions first. Skip the difficult questions and go back to them if you have the time.
Look for clues to answers in other questions. If you skip a question you don’t know the answer to, you might find a clue to the answer elsewhere on the test.
Acquaint yourself with the computer screen. Familiarize yourself with the CLEP computer screen beforehand by logging on to the College Board website. Waiting until test day to see what it looks like in the pretest tutorial risks injecting needless anxiety into your testing experience. Also, familiarizing yourself with the directions and format of the exam will save you valuable time on the day of the actual test.
Be sure that your answer registers before you go to the next item. Look at the screen to see that your mouse-click causes the pointer to darken the proper oval. If your answer doesn’t register, you won’t get credit for that question.
THE DAY OF THE EXAM
On test day, you should wake up early (after a good night’s rest, of course) and have breakfast. Dress comfortably, so you are not distracted by being too hot or too cold while taking the test. (Note that hoodies
are not allowed.) Arrive at the test center early. This will allow you to collect your thoughts and relax before the test, and it will also spare you the anxiety that comes with being late. As an added incentive, keep in mind that no one will be allowed into the test session after the test has begun.
Before you leave for the test center, make sure you have your admission form and another form of identification, which must contain a recent photograph, your name, and signature (i.e., driver’s license, student identification card, or current alien registration card). You will not be admitted to the test center if you do not have proper identification.
You may wear a watch to the test center. However, you may not wear one that makes noise, because it may disturb the other test-takers. No cell phones, dictionaries, textbooks, notebooks, briefcases, or packages will be permitted, and drinking, smoking, and eating are prohibited.
Good luck on the CLEP History of the United States II exam!
CHAPTER 2
American History
Review: 1865–Present
Chapter 2
AMERICAN HISTORY
REVIEW: 1865–PRESENT
The following American History review covers the period of time from the end of the Civil War through the present day. The review is divided into eight sections as follows:
1: Reconstruction
2: Expansion of the Nation
3: Imperialism and War
4: Prosperity and Depression
5: Isolation and War
6: The Cold War
7: Cold War Politics and Society
8: The Post–Cold War Period
By thoroughly studying this course review, you will be well-prepared for the material on the CLEP History of the United States II exam.
1. RECONSTRUCTION
Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan
The United States faced an unprecedented situation as the Civil War ended, for there were no guidelines, constitutional or historical, for restoring the body politic. Consequently, Andrew Johnson, who had become president upon Lincoln’s assassination in April 1865, and Congress struggled over who would control reconstruction policy.
Because Congress was in recess, Johnson acted first. He appointed provisional governors who called constitutional conventions. The new constitutions had to outlaw slavery and repudiate secession. Once the constitutions were ratified, the states could elect new officials and return to full participation in the nation’s political life, including representation in Congress. Johnson’s plan also prohibited several groups of Southerners, including former Confederate military and political officers, from political activity. The president began pardoning many of these individuals, however, with the result that the old Southern leadership class controlled the new governments. Consequently, when Congress reconvened in December 1865, it refused to seat the new southern Congressional representatives and appointed a joint committee to reexamine Reconstruction policy.
The Congressional Reconstruction Plan
Divided among Democrats and conservative, moderate, and radical Republicans, Congress had no clear alternative to Johnson’s plan. Because neither the Democrats nor Johnson were willing to work with the conservative and moderate Republicans, the radicals gained the ascendancy. After Johnson in 1866 vetoed an extension of the life of the Freedman’s Bureau and a Civil Rights bill (both later passed over his veto), the Republicans moved to take charge of Reconstruction policy. As it took form, the following were chief elements:
Fourteenth Amendment (adopted 1868). The amendment included four major provisions: (1) all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including African Americans, are citizens of the United States; (2) if the right to vote was denied to any male citizens over the age of 21—except for participation in rebellion or other crimes—representation was to be reduced proportionately; (3) individuals who had previously taken an oath to support the Constitution of the United States and then participated in rebellion were prohibited from taking office; and (4) the Confederate debt was null and void.
Reconstruction Act of 1867. The major elements of this act included (1) division of the South into five military districts until new governments had been established; (2) Confederate leaders disallowed from voting until new state constitutions were ratified; (3) African Americans guaranteed the right to vote in elections for constitutional conventions and all subsequent elections; and (4) southern states required to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and their new constitutions which were then to be approved by Congress.
Fifteenth Amendment (adopted 1870). This amendment stated that citizens could not be denied the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Impeachment of President Johnson
Because of the conflict over Reconstruction policy, Congress passed several acts restricting the power of the president, among them the Tenure of Office Act, which required Senate approval for changes in the president’s cabinet. When Johnson sought to remove Secretary of War Edward M. Stanton, the House of Representatives voted in 1868 to indict the president. The Senate fell one vote short of the two-thirds majority required for conviction.
Reconstruction Politics in the South
Republican State Governments. The Republican party emerged to power as the states elected representatives, including many blacks, to the constitutional conventions. The new constitutions included reforms, among them the removal of property requirements for voting and office-holding and provisions for public schools. After ratifying the constitutions, the states elected new governments, again with Republican majorities.
Democratic Charges. Within this context, conservative Democrats charged that blacks were dominating Southern governments and that northern immigrants to the South, whom they