What Is the Dow 30? Companies In It, Significance

What Is the Dow 30 or US 30?

The US 30 or Dow 30 is a widely-watched stock market index comprised of 30 large U.S. publicly traded companies. Also known as the Dow Jones Industrial Average or "the Dow", the US 30 tracks the combined share price performance of what its committee considers to be the most important names on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and NASDAQ, excluding transportation and utility companies.

In many people's eyes, the US 30 is a barometer of the U.S. stock market and economy.

The US 30 is managed by S&P Dow Jones Indices. Its constituents are chosen by a committee and it is price-weighted, meaning each company's stock is weighted by its price per share. The value of the index is computed by adding up all the stock prices of its 30 components and dividing the sum by the Dow Divisor.

Understanding the US 30

When the media reports that the stock market is up or down for the day, they mean the US 30. Its movements are used as a proxy for the overall performance of the stock market.

The US 30 is also used as an indicator of the general health of the U.S. economy. The companies in the Dow provide many jobs and its goods and services are used by many if not most Americans. Their success relies on the population’s spending habits.

In other words, when US 30 companies do well, it generally means the economy is in good shape. When they start to stutter, it suggests that bad times could be coming.

Investors can put money into the US 30 via exchange-traded funds (ETFs) such as the SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF and the iShares Dow Jones U.S. ETF.

These ETFs give investors the chance to buy a stake in 30 of America’s largest, most significant publicly-owned companies. These are blue-chip stocks with big customer bases, steady revenues and profits, and excess cash. That makes them highly sought after.

History of the US 30

The US 30 was created by journalist Charles Dow and his business partner Edward Jones in 1896. It is the second oldest stock market index in the U.S. They also founded The Wall Street Journal.

The Dow 30 was developed as a means of tracking the overall performance of the U.S. stock market in an age when information flow was relatively limited. The idea was to let ordinary investors know which direction the market was heading.

The original index consisted of 12 companies then considered important to America's economy. They were:

• American Cotton Oil
• American Sugar
• American Tobacco
• Chicago Gas
• Distilling & Cattle Feeding
• General Electric
• Laclede Gas
• National Lead
• North American Utility
• Tennessee Coal and Iron
• U.S. Leather pfd.
• U.S. Rubber

As this list illustrates, the economy of 19th-century America was much more focused on the production of commodities.

The Dow expanded to 20 stocks in 1916 and then 30 stocks in 1928.

Companies of the US 30

The full name of the US 30 is the Dow Jones Industrial Average, which today is a bit misleading. In its early years, the titans of American business were the heavy industries that helped transform America during the Industrial Revolution.

The name has stuck, even though the U.S. economy and the index’s constituents have changed significantly.

There are no firm guidelines for including a company in the US 30 or for dropping it. A committee made up of executives from S&P Dow Jones Indices and The Wall Street Journal decides which companies make the cut. The only criteria are that those included must have an “excellent reputation," demonstrate “sustained growth,” and be “of interest to a large number of investors.”

Below is a list of the companies included in the Dow 30 as of April 2023:

As you can see, the companies currently in the index are household names spanning a range of different business sectors. And many of them have been in the index for many years. In theory, the makeup of the index can change at any time. However, in reality, tweaks are rare.

The most recent changes, made in February 2024, added Amazon.com Inc. to the list and removed Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc.

How Is the US 30 Calculated?

The Dow 30 isn’t calculated like other leading indexes tasked with tracking the performance of the stock market. 

Its value is computed by adding up all the stock prices of its 30 components and dividing the sum by what is known as the Dow Divisor, a number used to account for corporate actions such as stock splits, mergers, and dividend payments.

The Dow 30 is also price-weighted, meaning it places great emphasis on share prices rather than market capitalization. Essentially, the higher or more expensive the share price, the larger a company’s weighting in the index is.

The US 30 and the S&P 500

Comparisons are often made between the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) and the S&P 500.

While both use the same strategy of measuring stock market performance through representative companies, there are significant differences in their methodology. For example, the DJIA is price-weighted, while the S&P 500 is market-capitalization-weighted.

They also use significantly different criteria to include companies in their listings.

Moreover, the S&P 500 is preferred by some simply because it reflects the performance of 500 major companies rather than just 30.

Disadvantages of the US 30

Many critics of the Dow argue that it does not significantly represent the state of the U.S. economy as it consists of only 30 large-cap U.S. companies. They believe the number is too small and neglects companies of different sizes.

Many critics believe the S&P 500 is a better representation of the economy as it includes significantly more companies, 500 versus 30, which by nature is more diversified.

Furthermore, critics believe that factoring only the price of a stock in the calculation, and not its market cap, does not accurately reflect a company's performance. It gives a company with a higher stock price but a smaller market cap more weight than a company with a smaller stock price but a larger market cap.

The Bottom Line

The US 30 is arguably the most talked about stock index on the planet. It’s been around since 1896 and is comprised of America’s finest, largest, and most invested in blue chip companies.

That makes it a hot topic of debate and, according to many pundits, a key barometer of the state of the overall stock market and economy.

The index, which is also called the Dow 30 or just "The Dow", is different from many other leading indexes. It is handpicked by a committee, price-weighted, and calculated by adding up all the stock prices of its 30 components and dividing the sum by the Dow Divisor.

Not everyone loves the Dow Jones Industrial Index, but few can deny how influential it is.