HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS ISSUE EMPLOYEE PLANS INCOME TAX The IRS Mission Introduction Part I Rev. Rul. 2020-14 Part III Notice 2020-50 Part IV Qualified Transportation Fringe, Transportation and Commuting Expenses under Section 274 Definition of Terms Abbreviations Numerical Finding List Numerical Finding List Finding List of Current Actions on Previously Published Items1 How to get the Internal Revenue Bulletin INTERNAL REVENUE BULLETIN We Welcome Comments About the Internal Revenue Bulletin Internal Revenue Bulletin: 2020-28 July 6, 2020 HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS ISSUE These synopses are intended only as aids to the reader in identifying the subject matter covered. They may not be relied upon as authoritative interpretations. EMPLOYEE PLANS Notice 2020-50, page 35. This notice provides guidance relating to the application of section 2202 of the CARES Act for qualified individuals and eligible retirement plans. Under section 2202 of the CARES Act, qualified individuals receive favorable tax treatment with respect to distributions from eligible retirement plans that are coronavirus-related distributions. A coronavirus-related distribution is not subject to the 10% additional tax under § 72(t) of the Code, generally is includible in income over a 3-year period, and, to the extent the distribution is eligible for tax-free rollover treatment and is contributed to an eligible retirement plan within a 3-year period, will not be includible in income. Section 2202 of the CARES Act also increases the allowable plan loan amount under § 72(p) of the Code and permits a suspension of payments for plan loans that are made to qualified individuals. The guidance in this notice is intended to assist employers and plan administrators, trustees and custodians, and qualified individuals in applying section 2202 of the CARES Act, including by providing guidance on how plans may report coronavirus-related distributions and how individuals may report these distributions on their individual federal income tax returns. INCOME TAX REG-119307-19, page 44. These proposed regulations provide guidance under section 274 of the Internal Revenue Code (Code) regarding certain amendments made to section 274 by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA). These proposed regulations address the elimination of the deduction under section 274 for expenses related to certain transportation and commuting benefits provided by employers to their employees in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. The proposed regulations provide guidance to determine the amount of such expenses that is nondeductible and apply certain exceptions under section 274(e) that may allow such expenses to be deductible. These proposed regulations affect taxpayers who pay or incur expenses for transportation and commuting benefits in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Rev. Rul. 2020-14, page 33. Federal rates; adjusted federal rates; adjusted federal long-term rate, the long-term exempt rate, and the blended annual rate. For purposes of sections 382, 1274, 1288, 7872 and other sections of the Code, tables set forth the rates for July 2020. (Also Sections 42, 280G, 382, 467, 468, 482, 483, 1288, 7520, 7872.) The IRS Mission Provide America’s taxpayers top-quality service by helping them understand and meet their tax responsibilities and enforce the law with integrity and fairness to all. Introduction The Internal Revenue Bulletin is the authoritative instrument of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue for announcing official rulings and procedures of the Internal Revenue Service and for publishing Treasury Decisions, Executive Orders, Tax Conventions, legislation, court decisions, and other items of general interest. It is published weekly. It is the policy of the Service to publish in the Bulletin all substantive rulings necessary to promote a uniform application of the tax laws, including all rulings that supersede, revoke, modify, or amend any of those previously published in the Bulletin. All published rulings apply retroactively unless otherwise indicated. Procedures relating solely to matters of internal management are not published; however, statements of internal practices and procedures that affect the rights and duties of taxpayers are published. Revenue rulings represent the conclusions of the Service on the application of the law to the pivotal facts stated in the revenue ruling. In those based on positions taken in rulings to taxpayers or technical advice to Service field offices, identifying details and information of a confidential nature are deleted to prevent unwarranted invasions of privacy and to comply with statutory requirements. Rulings and procedures reported in the Bulletin do not have the force and effect of Treasury Department Regulations, but they may be used as precedents. Unpublished rulings will not be relied on, used, or cited as precedents by Service personnel in the disposition of other cases. In applying published rulings and procedures, the effect of subsequent legislation, regulations, court decisions, rulings, and procedures must be considered, and Service personnel and others concerned are cautioned against reaching the same conclusions in other cases unless the facts and circumstances are substantially the same. The Bulletin is divided into four parts as follows: Part I.—1986 Code. This part includes rulings and decisions based on provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. Part II.—Treaties and Tax Legislation. This part is divided into two subparts as follows: Subpart A, Tax Conventions and Other Related Items, and Subpart B, Legislation and Related Committee Reports. Part III.—Administrative, Procedural, and Miscellaneous. To the extent practicable, pertinent cross references to these subjects are contained in the other Parts and Subparts. Also included in this part are Bank Secrecy Act Administrative Rulings. Bank Secrecy Act Administrative Rulings are issued by the Department of the Treasury’s Office of the Assistant Secretary (Enforcement). Part IV.—Items of General Interest. This part includes notices of proposed rulemakings, disbarment and suspension lists, and announcements. The last Bulletin for each month includes a cumulative index for the matters published during the preceding months. These monthly indexes are cumulated on a semiannual basis, and are published in the last Bulletin of each semiannual period. Part I Section 1274.—Determination of Issue Price in the Case of Certain Debt Instruments Issued for Property Rev. Rul. 2020-14 This revenue ruling provides various prescribed rates for federal income tax purposes for July 2020 (the current month). Table 1 contains the short-term, mid-term, and long-term applicable federal rates (AFR) for the current month for purposes of section 1274(d) of the Internal Revenue Code. Table 2 contains the short-term, mid-term, and long-term adjusted applicable federal rates (adjusted AFR) for the current month for purposes of section 1288(b). Table 3 sets forth the adjusted federal long-term rate and the long-term tax-exempt rate described in section 382(f). Table 4 contains the appropriate percentages for determining the low-income housing credit described in section 42(b)(1) for buildings placed in service during the current month. However, under section 42(b)(2), the applicable percentage for non-federally subsidized new buildings placed in service after July 30, 2008, shall not be less than 9%. Table 5 contains the federal rate for determining the present value of an annuity, an interest for life or for a term of years, or a remainder or a reversionary interest for purposes of section 7520. Finally, Table 6 contains the blended annual rate for 2020 for purposes of section 7872. REV. RUL. 2020-14 TABLE 1 Applicable Federal Rates (AFR) for July 2020 Period for Compounding Annual Semiannual Quarterly Monthly Short-term AFR 0.18% 0.18% 0.18% 0.18% 110% AFR 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 120% AFR 0.22% 0.22% 0.22% 0.22% 130% AFR 0.23% 0.23% 0.23% 0.23% Mid-term AFR 0.45% 0.45% 0.45% 0.45% 110% AFR 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 120% AFR 0.54% 0.54% 0.54% 0.54% 130% AFR 0.59% 0.59% 0.59% 0.59% 150% AFR 0.68% 0.68% 0.68% 0.68% 175% AFR 0.79% 0.79% 0.79% 0.79% Long-term AFR 1.17% 1.17% 1.17% 1.17% 110% AFR 1.29% 1.29% 1.29% 1.29% 120% AFR 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 130% AFR 1.53% 1.52% 1.52% 1.52% REV. RUL. 2020-14 TABLE 2 Adjusted AFR for July 2020 Period for Compounding Annual Semiannual Quarterly Monthly Short-term adjusted AFR 0.14% 0.14% 0.14% 0.14% Mid-term adjusted AFR 0.34% 0.34% 0.34% 0.34% Long-term adjusted AFR 0.89% 0.89% 0.89% 0.89% REV. RUL. 2020-14 TABLE 3 Rates Under Section 382 for July 2020 Adjusted federal long-term rate for the current month .89% Long-term tax-exempt rate for ownership changes during the current month (the highest of the adjusted federal long-term rates for the current month and the prior two months.) .89% REV. RUL. 2020-14 TABLE 4 Appropriate Percentages Under Section 42(b)(1) for July 2020 Note: Under section 42(b)(2), the applicable percentage for non-federally subsidized new buildings placed in service after July 30, 2008, shall not be less than 9%. Appropriate percentage for the 70% present value low-income housing credit 7.18% Appropriate percentage for the 30% present value low-income housing credit 3.08% REV. RUL. 2020-14 TABLE 5 Rate Under Section 7520 for July 2020 Applicable federal rate for determining the present value of an annuity, an interest for life or a term of years, or a remainder or reversionary interest .6% REV. RUL. 2020-14 TABLE 6 Blended Annual Rate for 2020 Section 7872(e)(2) blended annual rate for 2020 .89% Section 42.—Low-Income Housing Credit The applicable federal short-term, mid-term, and long-term rates are set forth for the month of July 2020. See Rev. Rul. 2020-14, page 33. Section 280G.—Golden Parachute Payments The applicable federal short-term, mid-term, and long-term rates are set forth for the month of July 2020. See Rev. Rul. 2020-14, page 33. Section 382.—Limitation on Net Operating Loss Carryforwards and Certain Built-In Losses Following Ownership Change The adjusted applicable federal long-term rate is set forth for the month of July 2020. See Rev. Rul. 2020-14, page 33. Section 467.—Certain Payments for the Use of Property or Services The applicable federal short-term, mid-term, and long-term rates are set forth for the month of July 2020. See Rev. Rul. 2020-14, page 33. Section 468.—Special Rules for Mining and Solid Waste Reclamation and Closing Costs The applicable federal short-term rates are set forth for the month of July 2020. See Rev. Rul. 2020-14, page 33. Section 482.—Allocation of Income and Deductions Among Taxpayers The applicable federal short-term, mid-term, and long-term rates are set forth for the month of July 2020. See Rev. Rul. 2020-14, page 33. Section 483.—Interest on Certain Deferred Payments The applicable federal short-term, mid-term, and long-term rates are set forth for the month of July 2020. See Rev. Rul. 2020-14, page 33. Section 1288.—Treatment of Original Issue Discount on Tax-Exempt Obligations The adjusted applicable federal short-term, mid-term, and long-term rates are set forth for the month of July 2020. See Rev. Rul. 2020-14, page 33. Section 7520.—Valuation Tables The applicable federal mid-term rates are set forth for the month of July 2020. See Rev. Rul. 2020-14, page 33. Section 7872.—Treatment of Loans With Below-Market Interest Rates The applicable federal short-term, mid-term, and long-term rates are set forth for the month of July 2020. See Rev. Rul. 2020-14, page 33. Part III Guidance for Coronavirus-Related Distributions and Loans from Retirement Plans Under the CARES Act Notice 2020-50 PURPOSE This notice provides guidance relating to the application of section 2202 of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, Pub. L. 116-136, 134 Stat. 281 (2020) (CARES Act) for qualified individuals and eligible retirement plans. The CARES Act was enacted on March 27, 2020. Under section 2202 of the CARES Act, qualified individuals receive favorable tax treatment with respect to distributions from eligible retirement plans that are coronavirus-related distributions. A coronavirus-related distribution is not subject to the 10% additional tax under § 72(t) of the Internal Revenue Code (Code) (including the 25% additional tax under § 72(t)(6) for certain distributions from SIMPLE IRAs), generally is includible in income over a 3-year period, and, to the extent the distribution is eligible for tax-free rollover treatment and is contributed to an eligible retirement plan within a 3-year period, will not be includible in income. Section 2202 of the CARES Act also increases the allowable plan loan amount under § 72(p) of the Code and permits a suspension of payments for plan loans outstanding on or after March 27, 2020, that are made to qualified individuals. The guidance in this notice is intended to assist employers and plan administrators, trustees and custodians, and qualified individuals in applying section 2202 of the CARES Act, including by providing guidance on how plans may report coronavirus-related distributions and how individuals may report these distributions on their individual federal income tax returns. BACKGROUND A. Distributions Under § 402(c)(8), an eligible retirement plan includes an individual retirement arrangement (IRA) under § 408(a) or (b), a qualified plan under § 401(a), an annuity plan under § 403(a), a § 403(b) plan, and a governmental deferred compensation plan under § 457(b). Distributions from these plans generally are includible in the distributee’s gross income in the year of the distribution. For example, for qualified plans, § 402(a) provides that any amount actually distributed to a distributee is taxable to the distributee in the taxable year of the distribution under § 72. Similar rules apply to § 403(b) plans under § 403(b)(1), governmental § 457(b) plans under § 457(a), and IRAs under § 408(d)(1). Section 402(c)(4) provides that any distribution of all or a portion of the balance to the credit of an employee under a qualified plan is an eligible rollover distribution with certain exceptions. These exceptions include substantially equal periodic payments over a specified period of at least 10 years, or for the life or the life expectancy of the employee (or the employee and the employee’s designated beneficiary); minimum distributions required under § 401(a)(9); and any distribution that is made upon the hardship of an employee. This same definition of eligible rollover distribution applies to distributions from § 403(b) plans under § 403(b)(8) and governmental § 457(b) plans under § 457(e)(16). Generally, any distribution from an IRA is eligible for rollover except a required minimum distribution or certain distributions from inherited IRAs. Section 2203 of the CARES Act provides that, for eligible retirement plans other than defined benefit plans, no minimum distributions under § 401(a)(9) are required for 2020. Under § 401(a)(31)(A), if a distributee elects to have an eligible rollover distribution paid directly to an eligible retirement plan and specifies the eligible retirement plan to receive the distribution, a qualified plan must pay the distribution to that eligible retirement plan in a direct rollover. Similar rules apply to § 403(b) plans under § 403(b)(10) and governmental § 457(b) plans under § 457(d)(1). Q&A-14 of § 1.401(a)(31)-1 provides that if a plan accepts an invalid rollover contribution, for purposes of applying the qualification requirements to the receiving plan, the contribution will be treated as if it were a valid rollover contribution if two conditions are satisfied. First, when accepting the amount from the employee as a rollover contribution, the plan administrator of the receiving plan reasonably concludes that the contribution is a valid rollover contribution. Second, if the plan administrator later determines that the rollover contribution was an invalid rollover contribution, any amount attributable to the invalid rollover contribution (including earnings) must be distributed to the employee within a reasonable amount of time after the determination. Under § 402(c), if an eligible rollover distribution is contributed to an eligible retirement plan in a direct rollover or within 60 days from the date of distribution as a rollover contribution, the amount rolled over is not includible in the distributee’s gross income. In certain situations, the 60-day rollover period is extended; for example, under § 402(c)(3), the rollover period for qualified plan loan offsets is extended to the federal income tax return deadline for the year of the distribution. Section 401(k)(2)(B)(i) generally provides that amounts attributable to elective contributions under a qualified cash or deferred arrangement may not be distributable to participants or beneficiaries earlier than severance from employment, death or disability, plan termination, attainment of age 59½, hardship of the employee, entitlement to a qualified reservist distribution, or, for amounts held in lifetime income investments, 90 days prior to the date that the lifetime income investment is no longer held by the arrangement. Similar rules apply to custodial accounts under § 403(b)(7)(A)(i), to annuity contracts under § 403(b)(11), and to governmental § 457(b) plans under § 457(d)(1)(A). Section 72(t)(1) imposes an additional tax on early distributions from eligible retirement plans (other than governmental § 457(b) plans, unless a distribution is attributable to an amount that was transferred to the § 457(b) plan from a plan that was subject to § 72(t)). In general, this additional tax is equal to 10% of the portion of the distribution that is includible in income. For any amount distributed from a SIMPLE IRA during the 2-year period described in § 72(t)(6), the rate of the additional tax is increased from 10% to 25%. Section 72(t)(2) provides a number of exceptions to this additional tax, including, for example, exceptions for distributions made on or after the date on which the employee attains age 59½, distributions made to a beneficiary on or after the employee’s death, distributions made because of the employee’s disability, and distributions that are part of substantially equal periodic payments made over the employee’s life or life expectancy. Section 402(f) provides that a plan is required to provide a distributee, within a reasonable period of time before an eligible rollover distribution is made, a written explanation of the distributee’s rollover rights and the tax and other potential consequences of the distribution or rollover. B. Plan loans Section 72(p) imposes certain requirements relating to plan loans. Unless these requirements are satisfied, an amount received by a participant as a loan is treated as having been received as a distribution from the plan (deemed distribution). Deemed distributions are includible in income and are subject to the 10% additional tax under § 72(t), unless an exception applies. Under § 72(p)(2)(A), a plan loan (when added to the outstanding balance of all other loans outstanding) must not exceed the lesser of (1) $50,000, reduced by the excess of the highest outstanding balance of loans from the plan during the 1-year period ending on the day before the date on which the loan is made over the outstanding balance of loans from the plan on the date that the loan is made, or (2) the greater of $10,000 or one-half of the present value of the participant’s nonforfeitable accrued benefit under the plan. Section 72(p)(2)(B) provides that a loan must be repaid within 5 years. However, an exception to the 5-year repayment rule applies for loans used to acquire any dwelling unit that will be used (determined at the time the loan is made) as the participant’s principal residence. Section 72(p)(2)(C) requires substantially level amortization of a plan loan (with payments not less frequently than quarterly) over the term of the loan. Q&A-10(a) of § 1.72(p)-1 provides that the failure to make any installment payment when due, in accordance with the terms of a loan, violates § 72(p)(2)(C) and, accordingly, results in a deemed distribution at the time of the failure. However, the plan administrator may allow a cure period, and § 72(p)(2)(C) will not be considered to have been violated if the installment payment is made not later than the end of the cure period, which cannot continue beyond the last day of the calendar quarter following the calendar quarter in which the required installment payment was due. If there is a failure to pay the installment payments required under the terms of the loan (taking into account any cure period allowed under Q&A-10(a)), then the amount of the deemed distribution equals the entire outstanding balance of the loan (including accrued interest) at the time of the failure. Under Q&A-13(b) of § 1.72(p)-1 and Q&A-9(b) of § 1.402(c)-2, a distribution of a plan loan offset amount occurs when, under the terms governing a plan loan, the accrued benefit of a participant or beneficiary is reduced (or offset) in order to repay the loan (including the enforcement of the plan’s security interest in the accrued benefit). In the event of a plan loan offset, including a qualified plan loan offset described in § 402(c)(3)(C), the amount of the account balance that is offset against the loan is an actual distribution, not a deemed distribution. SECTION 1. CORONAVIRUS-RELATED DISTRIBUTIONS A. Special tax treatment for coronavirus-related distributions Section 2202(a) of the CARES Act provides for special tax treatment for a coronavirus-related distribution. The section provides an exception to the 10% additional tax under § 72(t) of the Code (including the 25% additional tax under § 72(t)(6) for certain distributions from SIMPLE IRAs), allows the distribution to be included in income ratably over 3 years, and provides that the distribution will be treated as though it were paid in a direct rollover to an eligible retirement plan if the distribution is eligible for tax-free rollover treatment and is recontributed to an eligible retirement plan within the 3-year period beginning on the day after the date on which the distribution was received. The section also permits special treatment for coronavirus-related distributions under employer retirement plans (eligible retirement plans other than IRAs), as described in section 2 of this notice. B. Definition of qualified individual Pursuant to section 2202(a)(4)(A)(ii) of the CARES Act, a qualified individual for purposes of this notice is an individual: who is diagnosed with the virus SARS-CoV-2 or with coronavirus disease 2019 (referred to collectively in this notice as COVID-19) by a test approved by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (including a test authorized under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act); whose spouse or dependent (as defined in section 152 of the Code) is diagnosed with COVID-19 by a test approved by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (including a test authorized under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act); or who experiences adverse financial consequences as a result of: o the individual being quarantined, being furloughed or laid off, or having work hours reduced due to COVID-19; o the individual being unable to work due to lack of childcare due to COVID-19; or o closing or reducing hours of a business owned or operated by the individual due to COVID-19. In addition, pursuant to the authority of the Secretary to issue guidance to provide for other factors under section 2202(a)(4)(A)(ii)(III) of the CARES Act, a qualified individual for purposes of this notice is an individual who experiences adverse financial consequences as a result of: the individual having a reduction in pay (or self-employment income) due to COVID-19 or having a job offer rescinded or start date for a job delayed due to COVID-19; the individual’s spouse or a member of the individual’s household (as defined below) being quarantined, being furloughed or laid off, or having work hours reduced due to COVID-19, being unable to work due to lack of childcare due to COVID-19, having a reduction in pay (or self-employment income) due to COVID-19, or having a job offer rescinded or start date for a job delayed due to COVID-19; or closing or reducing hours of a business owned or operated by the individual’s spouse or a member of the individual’s household due to COVID-19. For purposes of applying these additional factors, a member of the individual’s household is someone who shares the individual’s principal residence. C. Definition of coronavirus-related distribution Section 2202(a)(4)(A) of the CARES Act defines a coronavirus-related distribution as any distribution from an eligible retirement plan made on or after January 1, 2020, and before December 31, 2020, to a qualified individual. Section 2202(a)(2) of the CARES Act limits the amount of aggregate distributions from all eligible retirement plans that can be treated as coronavirus-related distributions to no more than $100,000. In general, a qualified individual is permitted to designate a distribution described in the preceding paragraph as a coronavirus-related distribution. This designation is permitted to be made with respect to any distribution to a qualified individual that would meet the requirements of a coronavirus-related distribution without regard to whether the plan treated the distribution as a coronavirus-related distribution. Thus, periodic payments and distributions that would have been required minimum distributions but for section 2203 of the CARES Act, received by a qualified individual from an eligible retirement plan on or after January 1, 2020, and before December 31, 2020, are permitted to be treated as coronavirus-related distributions and, therefore, permitted to be included in income ratably over 3 years. Similarly, any distribution received by a qualified individual as a beneficiary can be treated as a coronavirus-related distribution. In addition, a reduction or offset of a qualified individual’s account balance in order to repay a plan loan, as described in Q&A-9(b) of § 1.402(c)-2, including a qualified plan loan offset, is permitted to be treated as a coronavirus-related distribution. See section 1.D of this notice for rules relating to which coronavirus-related distributions are permitted to be recontributed to an eligible retirement plan. However, any amount described in Q&A-4 of § 1.402(c)-2 is not permitted to be treated as a coronavirus-related distribution. Thus, the following amounts are not coronavirus-related distributions: corrective distributions of elective deferrals and employee contributions that are returned to the employee (together with the income allocable thereto) in order to comply with the § 415 limitations, excess elective deferrals under § 402(g), excess contributions under § 401(k), and excess aggregate contributions under § 401(m); loans that are treated as deemed distributions pursuant to § 72(p); dividends paid on applicable employer securities under § 404(k); the costs of current life insurance protection; prohibited allocations that are treated as deemed distributions pursuant to § 409(p); distributions that are permissible withdrawals from an eligible automatic contribution arrangement within the meaning of § 414(w); and distributions of premiums for accident or health insurance under § 1.402(a)-1(e)(1)(i). The definition of a coronavirus-related distribution under section 2202(a)(4) of the CARES Act does not limit these distributions to amounts withdrawn solely to meet a need arising from COVID-19. Thus, for example, for an individual who is a qualified individual as a result of experiencing adverse financial consequences as described above, coronavirus-related distributions are permitted without regard to the qualified individual’s need for funds, and the amount of the distribution is not required to correspond to the extent of the adverse financial consequences experienced by the qualified individual. As explained in section 2.C of this notice, an employer retirement plan also is permitted, but not required, to treat a plan distribution meeting the conditions described in this section 1.C as a coronavirus-related distribution. It is possible that a qualified individual’s designation of a coronavirus-related distribution may be different from the employer retirement plan’s treatment of the distribution. This different treatment could occur, for example, if a qualified individual has more than one plan distribution that meets the requirements of a coronavirus-related distribution, but one of those distributions occurs before the effective date of the plan amendment providing for coronavirus-related distributions. The different treatment could also occur, for example, if a qualified individual has distributions from more than one eligible retirement plan, and the aggregate amount of those distributions exceeds $100,000. D. Certain coronavirus-related distributions are permitted to be recontributed Coronavirus-related distributions may be included in income ratably over 3 years and are not subject to the 10% additional tax under § 72(t). However, only a coronavirus-related distribution that is eligible for tax-free rollover treatment under § 402(c), 403(a)(4), 403(b)(8), 408(d)(3), or 457(e)(16) is permitted to be recontributed to an eligible retirement plan, and that recontribution will be treated as having been made in a trustee-to-trustee transfer to that eligible retirement plan. Any coronavirus-related distribution (whether from an employer retirement plan or an IRA) paid to a qualified individual as a beneficiary of an employee or IRA owner (other than the surviving spouse of the employee or IRA owner) cannot be recontributed. In general, a distribution from an employer retirement plan made on account of hardship is not an eligible rollover distribution. However, if the distribution satisfies the requirements under section 1.C of this notice, then, except as otherwise provided in section 6 of this notice (relating to nonqualified deferred compensation plans), the distribution is not treated as made on account of hardship for purposes of this notice and, thus, any portion of the distribution is permitted to be recontributed to an eligible retirement plan. See section 4.C of this notice for rules relating to recontributions of coronavirus-related distributions. SECTION 2. GUIDANCE FOR EMPLOYER RETIREMENT PLANS MAKING CORONAVIRUS-RELATED DISTRIBUTIONS A. Coronavirus-related distributions generally are treated as satisfying certain plan distribution restrictions Under section 2202(a)(6) of the CARES Act, a distribution designated as a coronavirus-related distribution by an employer retirement plan is treated as meeting the distribution restrictions for qualified cash or deferred arrangements under § 401(k)(2)(B)(i), custodial accounts under § 403(b)(7)(A)(i), annuity contracts under § 403(b)(11), governmental deferred compensation plans under § 457(d)(1)(A), and the Thrift Savings Plan under 5 U.S.C. 8433(h)(1). Thus, for example, an employer may expand the distribution options under its plan to allow an amount attributable to an elective, qualified nonelective, qualified matching, or safe harbor contribution under a qualified cash or deferred arrangement to be distributed as a coronavirus-related distribution even though it is distributed before an otherwise permitted distributable event, such as severance from employment, disability, or attainment of age 59½. Except as described above, section 2202 of the CARES Act does not change the rules for when plan distributions are permitted to be made from employer retirement plans. Thus, for example, a qualified plan that is a pension plan (such as a money purchase pension plan) is not permitted to make a distribution before an otherwise permitted distributable event merely because the distribution, if made, would qualify as a coronavirus-related distribution. Further, a pension plan is not permitted to make a distribution under a distribution form that is not a qualified joint and survivor annuity without spousal consent merely because the distribution, if made, could be treated as a coronavirus-related distribution. B. Direct rollover, § 402(f) notice, and 20% withholding requirements are not applicable to coronavirus-related distributions If a distribution is treated as a coronavirus-related distribution by an employer retirement plan, the rules for eligible rollover distributions under §§ 401(a)(31), 402(f), and 3405 are not applicable to the distribution. Thus, the plan is not required to offer the qualified individual a direct rollover with respect to the distribution. In addition, the plan administrator is not required to provide a § 402(f) notice. Finally, the plan administrator or payor of the coronavirus-related distribution is not required to withhold an amount equal to 20% of the distribution, as is usually required under § 3405(c)(1). However, a coronavirus-related distribution is subject to the voluntary withholding requirements of § 3405(b) and § 35.3405-1T. C. Treatment of distributions as coronavirus-related distributions An employer is permitted to choose whether, and to what extent, to treat distributions under its plans as coronavirus-related distributions (as well as whether, and to what extent, to apply coronavirus-related plan loan rules described in section 5 of this notice). Thus, for example, an employer may choose to provide for coronavirus-related distributions but choose not to change its plan loan provisions or loan repayment schedules. Further, the employer (or plan administrator) is permitted to develop any reasonable procedures for identifying which distributions are treated as coronavirus-related distributions under its retirement plans. However, if, under an employer retirement plan, any distribution of an amount subject to § 401(k)(2)(B)(i), 403(b)(7)(A)(i), 403(b)(11) or 457(d)(1)(A) is treated as a coronavirus-related distribution, the plan must be consistent in its treatment of similar distributions. Accordingly, the amount of the distribution must be taken into account in determining the $100,000 limit on coronavirus-related distributions made under all the retirement plans maintained by the employer. Even if, under a plan, a distribution is not treated as coronavirus-related, a qualified individual may treat a distribution that meets the requirements of section 1.C of this notice as a coronavirus-related distribution on the individual’s federal income tax return. D. Distribution limits on coronavirus-related distributions The total amount of distributions treated by an employer as coronavirus-related distributions under all its retirement plans with respect to a qualified individual is not permitted to exceed $100,000. For purposes of this rule, the term “employer” means the employer maintaining the plan and those employers required to be aggregated with the employer under § 414(b), (c), (m), or (o). However, a plan will not fail to satisfy any requirement under the Code merely because a qualified individual’s total coronavirus-related distributions exceed $100,000 taking into account distributions from IRAs or other eligible retirement plans maintained by unrelated employers. E. Reliance on certifications The administrator of an eligible retirement plan may rely on an individual’s certification that the individual satisfies the conditions to be a qualified individual in determining whether a distribution is a coronavirus-related distribution, unless the administrator has actual knowledge to the contrary. The requirement that an administrator not have “actual knowledge” that is contrary to an individual’s certification does not mean that the administrator has an obligation to inquire into whether an individual has satisfied the conditions described in section 1.B of this notice to be a qualified individual. Rather, this requirement is limited to situations in which the administrator already possesses sufficiently accurate information to determine the veracity of a certification. The following is an example of an acceptable certification: Name: _______________________ (and other identifying information requested by the employer for administrative purposes). I certify that I meet at least one of the following conditions: (1) I was diagnosed with the virus SARS-CoV-2 or with coronavirus disease 2019 (referred to collectively as COVID-19) by a test approved by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (including a test authorized under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act); (2) my spouse or my dependent was diagnosed with COVID-19 by a test approved by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (including a test authorized under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act); or (3) I have experienced adverse financial consequences because: (i) I, my spouse, or a member of my household was quarantined, furloughed or laid off, or had work hours reduced due to COVID-19; (ii) I, my spouse, or a member of my household was unable to work due to lack of childcare due to COVID-19; (iii) a business owned or operated by me, my spouse, or a member of my household closed or reduced hours due to COVID-19; or (iv) I, my spouse, or a member of my household had a reduction in pay (or self-employment income) due to COVID-19 or had a job offer rescinded or start date for a job delayed due to COVID-19. Signature: ______________________ Although an administrator may rely on an individual’s certification in making and reporting a distribution, the individual is entitled to treat the distribution as a coronavirus-related distribution for purposes of the individual’s federal income tax return only if the individual actually meets the eligibility requirements for that treatment under section 1 of this notice. F. An employer retirement plan will be treated as operating in accordance with its terms if certain requirements are satisfied An employer retirement plan will not be treated as failing to operate in accordance with its terms merely because the plan implements the provisions of section 2202 of the CARES Act if the employer amends its plan by the dates described in this paragraph. For employer retirement plans other than governmental plans under § 414(d) of the Code, the date by which any plan amendment to reflect the CARES Act is required to be made is the last day of the first plan year beginning on or after January 1, 2022. For governmental plans under § 414(d) of the Code, the date by which any plan amendment to reflect the CARES Act is required to be made is the last day of the first plan year beginning on or after January 1, 2024. Pursuant to the authority of the Secretary under section 2202(c)(2) of the CARES Act, these dates may be extended in future guidance. SECTION 3. GUIDANCE FOR ELIGIBLE RETIREMENT PLANS MAKING OR ACCEPTING RECONTRIBUTION OF CORONAVIRUS-RELATED DISTRIBUTIONS This section provides guidance for eligible retirement plans (that is, employer retirement plans and IRAs) making, or accepting recontribution of, coronavirus-related distributions. A. Tax reporting on coronavirus-related distributions An eligible retirement plan must report the payment of a coronavirus-related distribution to a qualified individual on Form 1099-R, Distributions from Pensions, Annuities, Retirement or Profit-Sharing Plans, IRAs, Insurance Contracts, etc. This reporting is required even if the qualified individual recontributes the coronavirus-related distribution to the same eligible retirement plan in the same year. If a payor is treating the payment as a coronavirus-related distribution and no other appropriate code applies, the payor is permitted to use distribution code 2 (early distribution, exception applies) in box 7 of Form 1099-R. However, a payor also is permitted to use distribution code 1 (early distribution, no known exception) in box 7 of Form 1099-R. B. Accepting recontributions of coronavirus-related distributions In general, a qualified individual who receives a coronavirus-related distribution that is eligible for tax-free rollover treatment is permitted to recontribute, at any time in a 3-year period, any portion of the distribution to an eligible retirement plan that is permitted to accept eligible rollover contributions. The relief in Q&A-14 of § 1.401(a)(31)-1 applies to an employer retirement plan accepting recontributions of coronavirus-related distributions. In order to obtain the relief described in Q&A-14 of § 1.401(a)(31)-1, a plan administrator accepting the recontribution of a coronavirus-related distribution must reasonably conclude that the recontribution is eligible for direct rollover treatment under section 2202(a)(3) of the CARES Act and that the recontribution is made in accordance with the rules under section 4.C of this notice. In making this determination, the rule in section 2.E of this notice applies. Thus, the administrator of an eligible retirement plan may rely on an individual’s certification that the individual satisfies the conditions to be a qualified individual in determining whether a distribution is a coronavirus-related distribution, unless the administrator has actual knowledge to the contrary. In general, it is anticipated that eligible retirement plans will accept recontributions of coronavirus-related distributions, which are to be treated as rollover contributions. However, eligible retirement plans generally are not required to accept rollover contributions. For example, if a plan does not accept any rollover contributions, the plan is not required to change its terms or procedures to accept recontributions of coronavirus-related distributions. SECTION 4. GUIDANCE FOR INDIVIDUALS RECEIVING CORONAVIRUS-RELATED DISTRIBUTIONS UNDER SECTION 2202 OF THE CARES ACT This section provides guidance for qualified individuals requesting and receiving coronavirus-related distributions. A qualified individual receiving a coronavirus-related distribution is entitled to the following favorable tax treatment with respect to the distribution by reporting the distribution on the individual’s federal income tax return for 2020 and on Form 8915-E, Qualified 2020 Disaster Retirement Plan Distributions and Repayments (or if there is no federal income tax return for 2020, by filing just Form 8915-E).1 First, the 10% additional tax under § 72(t) (including the 25% additional tax under § 72(t)(6) for certain distributions from SIMPLE IRAs) does not apply to any coronavirus-related distribution. Second, a coronavirus-related distribution is permitted to be included in income ratably over 3 years. Third, a qualified individual is permitted to recontribute any portion of a coronavirus-related distribution that is eligible for tax-free rollover treatment to an eligible retirement plan within the 3-year period beginning on the day after the date on which the distribution was received, and the recontribution will be treated as if it were paid in a trustee-to-trustee transfer to an eligible retirement plan. See section 1.D of this notice for rules relating to which coronavirus-related distributions are permitted to be recontributed. Qualified individuals will use Form 8915-E to report any recontribution made during the taxable year and to determine the amount of the coronavirus-related distribution includible in income for the taxable year. A. Election to designate a distribution as a coronavirus-related distribution A qualified individual is permitted to designate any distribution described in section 1.C of this notice as a coronavirus-related distribution provided the total amount treated by the individual as coronavirus-related distributions from all eligible retirement plans does not exceed $100,000. Example 1. If a qualified individual receives a distribution of $50,000 in August of 2020 and a distribution of $75,000 in September of 2020 and both distributions satisfy the definition of a coronavirus-related distribution, only $100,000 of the $125,000 received by the qualified individual can be treated as a coronavirus-related distribution. Thus, the individual can only treat $100,000 of the August and September distributions as coronavirus-related distributions on the individual’s 2020 federal income tax return. Assuming no § 72(t)(2) exception applies, the remaining $25,000 of the distribution is an early distribution that is subject to the 10% additional tax. This amount must be included on the individual’s 2020 federal income tax return and will not be eligible for 3-year recontribution to an eligible retirement plan. Example 2. A § 401(k) plan distributes $35,000 to a qualified individual on December 1, 2020. The qualified individual also receives a distribution from the individual’s IRA on December 1, 2020, of $15,000. The individual is permitted to treat both the $35,000 from the plan and the $15,000 from the IRA as coronavirus-related distributions on the individual’s 2020 federal income tax return. B. Income inclusion for coronavirus-related distributions There are two methods for a qualified individual to include the taxable portion of a coronavirus-related distribution in income. A qualified individual who receives a coronavirus-related distribution is permitted to include the taxable portion of the distribution in income ratably over a 3-year period that begins in the year of the distribution. Alternatively, a qualified individual is permitted to elect out of the 3-year ratable income inclusion and include the entire amount of the taxable portion of the distribution in income in the year of the distribution. This election cannot be made or changed after the timely filing of the individual’s federal income tax return (including extensions) for the year of the distribution. All coronavirus-related distributions received in a taxable year must be treated consistently (either all distributions must be included in income over a 3-year period or all distributions must be included in income in the current year). Example. Taxpayer A receives a $30,000 distribution from his or her IRA on October 1, 2020. Taxpayer A is a qualified individual and elects to treat the distribution as a coronavirus-related distribution. Taxpayer A uses the 3-year ratable income inclusion method for the $30,000 distribution. Taxpayer A should include $10,000 in income with respect to the coronavirus-related distribution on each of the individual’s 2020, 2021, and 2022 federal income tax returns. C. Tax treatment of recontributions of coronavirus-related distributions If a coronavirus-related distribution is eligible for tax-free rollover treatment (taking into account section 1.D of this notice), a qualified individual is permitted, at any time in the 3-year period beginning the day after the date of a coronavirus-related distribution, to recontribute any portion of the distribution, but not an amount in excess of the amount of the distribution, to an eligible retirement plan. A recontribution of a coronavirus-related distribution will not be treated as a rollover contribution for purposes of the one-rollover-per-year limitation under § 408(d)(3)(B). D. Tax treatment of recontributions of a coronavirus-related distribution made to a taxpayer who uses the 1-year income inclusion method If a qualified individual elects to include all coronavirus-related distributions received in a year in gross income for that year and recontributes any portion of the coronavirus-related distributions to an eligible retirement plan at any time during the 3-year recontribution period, then the amount of the recontribution will reduce the amount of the coronavirus-related distribution included in gross income for the year of the distribution. The qualified individual will report the amount of the recontribution on Form 8915-E (which will be filed with the individual’s federal income tax return, if applicable). If a qualified individual includes a coronavirus-related distribution in gross income in the year of the distribution and recontributes the distribution to an eligible retirement plan after the timely filing of the individual’s federal income tax return for the year of the distribution (that is, after the due date, including extensions), the individual will need to file an amended federal income tax return for the year of the distribution. The qualified individual will need to file a revised Form 8915-E (with his or her amended federal income tax return) to report the amount of the recontribution and should reduce his or her gross income by the amount of the recontribution, but not in an amount exceeding the amount of the coronavirus-related distribution. Example 1. Taxpayer B receives a $45,000 distribution from a § 403(b) plan on November 1, 2020. Taxpayer B is a qualified individual and treats the distribution as a coronavirus-related distribution. Taxpayer B receives no other coronavirus-related distribution from any eligible retirement plan. Taxpayer B recontributes $45,000 to an IRA on March 31, 2021. Taxpayer B reports the recontribution on Form 8915-E and files the 2020 federal income tax return on April 10, 2021. For Taxpayer B, no portion of the coronavirus-related distribution is includible as income for the 2020 tax year. Example 2. The facts are the same as in Example 1 of this section 4.D, except that Taxpayer B timely requests an extension of time to file the 2020 federal income tax return and makes a recontribution on August 2, 2021, before filing the 2020 federal income tax return. Taxpayer B files the 2020 federal income tax return on August 10, 2021. As in Example 1, no portion of the coronavirus-related distribution is includible in income for the 2020 tax year because Taxpayer B made the recontribution before the timely filing of the 2020 federal income tax return. Example 3. Taxpayer C receives a $15,000 distribution from a governmental § 457(b) plan on March 30, 2020. Taxpayer C is a qualified individual and treats the distribution as a coronavirus-related distribution. Taxpayer C elects out of the 3-year ratable income inclusion method on Form 8915-E and includes the entire $15,000 in gross income for the 2020 taxable year. On December 31, 2022, Taxpayer C recontributes $15,000 to the § 457(b) plan. Taxpayer C will need to file an amended federal income tax return for the 2020 tax year to report the amount of the recontribution and reduce the gross income by $15,000 with respect to the coronavirus-related distribution included on the 2020 original federal income tax return. E. Tax treatment for year of recontribution of a coronavirus-related distribution made to a taxpayer who uses the 3-year ratable income inclusion method As explained above, a qualified individual is permitted to include a coronavirus-related distribution in income ratably over a 3-year period. If a qualified individual includes a coronavirus-related distribution ratably over a 3-year period and the individual recontributes any portion of the coronavirus-related distribution to an eligible retirement plan at any date before the timely filing of the individual’s federal income tax return (that is, by the due date, including extensions) for a tax year in the 3-year period, the amount of the recontribution will reduce the ratable portion of the coronavirus-related distribution that is includible in gross income for that tax year. See section 4.F of this notice for recontributions that affect income inclusion in other tax years. Example 1. Taxpayer D receives $75,000 from a § 401(k) plan on December 1, 2020. Taxpayer D is a qualified individual and treats the $75,000 distribution as a coronavirus-related distribution. Taxpayer D uses the 3-year ratable income inclusion method for the distribution. Taxpayer D makes one recontribution of $25,000 to the § 401(k) plan on April 10, 2022. Taxpayer D files the 2021 federal income tax return on April 15, 2022. Without the recontribution, Taxpayer D should include $25,000 in income with respect to the coronavirus-related distribution on each of D’s 2020, 2021, and 2022 federal income tax returns. However, as a result of the recontribution to the § 401(k) plan, Taxpayer D should include $25,000 in income with respect to the coronavirus-related distribution on the 2020 federal income tax return, $0 in income with respect to the coronavirus-related distribution on the 2021 federal income tax return, and $25,000 in income with respect to the coronavirus-related distribution on the 2022 federal income tax return. Example 2. The facts are the same as in Example 1 of this section 4.E, except that Taxpayer D recontributes $25,000 to the § 401(k) plan on August 10, 2022. Taxpayer D files the 2021 federal income tax return on April 15, 2022, and does not request an extension of time to file that federal income tax return. As a result of the recontribution to the § 401(k) plan, Taxpayer D should include $25,000 in income with respect to the coronavirus-related distribution on the 2020 federal income tax return, $25,000 in income with respect to the coronavirus-related distribution on the 2021 federal income tax return, and $0 in income with respect to the coronavirus-related distribution on the 2022 federal income tax return. F. Recontributions of a coronavirus-related distribution may be carried back or forward when using the 3-year ratable income inclusion method If a qualified individual using the 3-year ratable income inclusion method recontributes an amount of a coronavirus-related distribution for a tax year in the 3-year period that exceeds the amount that is otherwise includible in gross income for that tax year, as described in section 4.E of this notice, the excess amount of the recontribution is permitted to be carried forward to reduce the amount of the coronavirus-related distribution that is includible in gross income in the next tax year in the 3-year period. Alternatively, the qualified individual is permitted to carry back the excess amount of the recontribution to a prior taxable year or years in which the individual included income attributable to a coronavirus-related distribution. The individual will need to file an amended federal income tax return for the prior taxable year or years to report the amount of the recontribution on Form 8915-E and reduce his or her gross income by the excess amount of the recontribution. Example. Taxpayer E receives a distribution of $90,000 from his or her IRA on November 15, 2020. Taxpayer E is a qualified individual and treats the distribution as a coronavirus-related distribution. Taxpayer E ratably includes the $90,000 distribution in income over a 3-year period. Without any recontribution, Taxpayer E will include $30,000 in income with respect to the coronavirus-related distribution on each of the 2020, 2021, and 2022 federal income tax returns. Taxpayer E includes $30,000 in income with respect to the coronavirus-related distribution on the 2020 federal income tax return. Taxpayer E then recontributes $40,000 to an IRA on November 10, 2021 (and makes no other recontribution in the 3-year period). Taxpayer E is permitted to do either of the following: Option 1. Taxpayer E includes $0 in income with respect to the coronavirus-related distribution on the 2021 federal income tax return. Taxpayer E carries forward the excess recontribution of $10,000 to 2022 and includes $20,000 in income with respect to the coronavirus-related distribution on E’s 2022 federal income tax return. Option 2. Taxpayer E includes $0 in income with respect to the coronavirus-related distribution on the 2021 tax return and $30,000 in income on the 2022 federal income tax return. Taxpayer E also files an amended federal income tax return for 2020 to reduce the amount included in income as a result of the coronavirus-related distribution to $20,000 (that is, the $30,000 original amount includible in income for 2020 minus the remaining $10,000 recontribution that is not offset on either the 2021 or 2022 federal tax return). G. Special rule for 3-year ratable income inclusion method for coronavirus-related distributions If a qualified individual dies before the full taxable amount of the coronavirus-related distribution has been included in gross income, then the remainder must be included in gross income for the taxable year that includes the individual’s death. H. Coronavirus-related distributions will not be treated as a change in substantially equal periodic payments In the case of an individual receiving substantially equal periodic payments from an eligible retirement plan, the receipt of a coronavirus-related distribution from that plan will not be treated as a change in substantially equal payments as described in § 72(t)(4) merely because of the coronavirus-related distribution. SECTION 5. APPLICATION OF SECTION 2202 OF THE CARES ACT TO PLAN LOANS This section provides guidance regarding the application of section 2202(b) of the CARES Act to plan loans, including a safe harbor under which suspensions of payments and extensions of loan terms will be treated as satisfying section 2202(b)(2) of the CARES Act. As described in section 2.C of this notice, an employer is permitted to choose whether, and to what extent, to apply coronavirus-related plan loan rules described in this section (regardless of how coronavirus-related distributions are treated). A. Increase in the allowable loan amount Special rules apply to a loan made from a qualified employer plan (as defined in § 1.72(p)-1, Q&A-2) to a qualified individual on or after March 27, 2020 (the date of enactment of the CARES Act) and before September 23, 2020. For these loans, section 2202(b)(1) of the CARES Act changes the limits under § 72(p)(2)(A) of the Code. In applying § 72(p) to a plan loan, the $50,000 aggregate limit in § 72(p)(2)(A)(i) is increased to $100,000 and the rule in § 72(p)(2)(A)(ii) limiting the aggregate amount of loans to 50 percent of the employee’s vested accrued benefit is increased to 100 percent of the employee’s vested accrued benefit.2 B. Suspension of payments and extension of term of loan A special rule applies if a qualified individual has an outstanding loan from a qualified employer plan on or after March 27, 2020. Section 2202(b)(2) of the CARES Act provides that, for purposes of § 72(p), in the case of a qualified individual with a loan from a qualified employer plan outstanding on or after March 27, 2020, if the due date pursuant to § 72(p)(2)(B) or (C) for any repayment with respect to the loan occurs during the period beginning on March 27, 2020, and ending on December 31, 2020, the due date shall be delayed for 1 year. In addition, any subsequent repayments of the loan shall be adjusted appropriately to reflect the delay and any interest accruing during the delay, and the period of delay must be disregarded in determining the 5-year period and the term of the loan under § 72(p)(2)(B) and (C). The effect of section 2202(b)(2) of the CARES Act is to permit a delay in certain plan loan repayments without causing the loans to violate § 72(p)(2)(B) and (C). It does not, however, require a delay in plan loan repayments in order to satisfy § 72(p)(2)(B) and (C). Thus, an employer is permitted to choose to allow this delay in loan repayments under its plan with respect to qualified individuals, and, if it does, there will not be a deemed distribution to those individuals under § 72(p) due to the delay. For example, each repayment that becomes due during the period from March 27, 2020, through December 31, 2020, may be delayed for up to 1 year and then reamortized (taking into account interest) over a period that is up to 1 year longer than the original term of the loan. Each reamortized repayment may then be added to other reamortized repayments and to non-reamortized repayments to construct an overall loan reamortization schedule. This notice provides a safe harbor for satisfying section 2202(b)(2) of the CARES Act. Under this safe harbor, a qualified employer plan will be treated as satisfying the requirements of § 72(p) pursuant to section 2202(b)(2) of the CARES Act if a qualified individual’s obligation to repay a plan loan is suspended under the plan for any period beginning not earlier than March 27, 2020, and ending not later than December 31, 2020 (suspension period). The loan repayments must resume after the end of the suspension period, and the term of the loan may be extended by up to 1 year from the date the loan was originally due to be repaid. If a qualified employer plan suspends loan repayments during the suspension period, the suspension will not cause the loan to be deemed distributed even if, due solely to the suspension, the term of the loan is extended beyond 5 years. Interest accruing during the suspension period must be added to the remaining principal of the loan. A plan satisfies these rules if the loan is reamortized and repaid in substantially level installments over the remaining period of the loan (that is, 5 years from the date of the loan, assuming that the loan is not a principal residence loan, plus up to 1 year from the date the loan was originally due to be repaid). If an employer, under its plan, chooses to permit a suspension period that is less than the maximum suspension period described above, the employer is permitted to extend the suspension period subsequently, but not beyond December 31, 2020. Example applying the safe harbor. On April 1, 2020, a participant with a nonforfeitable account balance of $40,000 borrowed $20,000 to be repaid in level monthly installments of $368.33 each over 5 years, with the repayments to be made by payroll withholding. The participant makes payments for 3 months through June 30, 2020. The participant is a qualified individual (as described in section 1.B of this notice). The participant’s employer takes action to suspend payroll withholding repayments, for the period from July 1, 2020, through December 31, 2020, for loans to qualified individuals that are outstanding on or after March 27, 2020. Because the participant is a qualified individual, no further repayments are made on the participant’s loan until January 1, 2021 (when the balance is $19,477). At that time, repayments on the loan resume, with the amount of each monthly installment reamortized to be $343.27 in order for the loan to be repaid by March 31, 2026 (which is the date the loan originally would have been fully repaid, plus 1 year). The Department of the Treasury and the IRS recognize that there may be additional reasonable, if more complex, ways to administer section 2202(b) of the CARES Act. For example, in a plan with a suspension period beginning April 1, 2020, each repayment that becomes due during the suspension period may be delayed to April 1, 2021 (the 1-year anniversary of the beginning of the suspension period). After originally scheduled repayments for January through March of 2021 are made, the outstanding balance of the loan on April 1, 2021, including the delayed repayments with interest, may be reamortized over a period that is up to 1 year longer than the original term of the loan. C. Reliance on certifications The administrator of a qualified employer plan may rely on an individual’s certification that the individual satisfies the conditions to be a qualified individual, and therefore qualifies for the special treatment for loans under section 2202(b) of the CARES Act, unless the administrator has actual knowledge to the contrary under the standard described in section 2.E of this notice. See section 2.E of this notice for an example of an acceptable certification. SECTION 6. PERMITTED CANCELLATION OF DEFERRAL ELECTION UNDER NONQUALIFIED DEFERRED COMPENSATION PLAN Under § 1.409A-3(j)(4)(viii), a nonqualified deferred compensation plan subject to § 409A may provide for a cancellation of a service provider’s deferral election, or such a cancellation may be made, due to an unforeseeable emergency or a hardship distribution pursuant to § 1.401(k)-1(d)(3). If a service provider receives a distribution from an eligible retirement plan that constitutes a coronavirus-related distribution, that distribution will be considered a hardship distribution pursuant to § 1.401(k)-1(d)(3) for purposes of § 1.409A-3(j)(4)(viii). As a result, a nonqualified deferred compensation plan may provide for a cancellation of the service provider’s deferral election, or such a cancellation may be made, due to a coronavirus-related distribution described in section 1.C of this notice. The deferral election must be cancelled, not merely postponed or otherwise delayed. DRAFTING INFORMATION The principal author of this notice is Jamie Dvoretzky of the Office of the Associate Chief Counsel (Employee Benefits, Exempt Organizations, and Employment Taxes). For further information regarding this notice, contact Ms. Dvoretzky at (202) 317-4102 (not a toll-free number). <?>The Department of Labor has advised the Department of the Treasury and the IRS that it will not treat any person as having violated the provisions of Title I of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), including the adequate security and reasonably equivalent basis requirements in ERISA section 408(b)(1) and 29 CFR 2550.408b-1, solely because the person made a plan loan to a qualified individual during the period beginning on March 27, 2020, and ending on September 22, 2020, in compliance with CARES Act section 2202(b)(1) and the provisions of this notice. See EBSA Disaster Relief Notice 2020-01. Part IV Notice of Proposed Rulemaking Qualified Transportation Fringe, Transportation and Commuting Expenses under Section 274 REG-119307-19 AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury. ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking. SUMMARY: This document contains proposed regulations to implement legislative changes to section 274 of the Internal Revenue Code (Code) effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Specifically, the proposed regulations address the elimination of the deduction under section 274 for expenses related to certain transportation and commuting benefits provided by employers to their employees in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. The proposed regulations provide guidance to determine the amount of such expenses that is nondeductible and apply certain exceptions under section 274(e) that may allow such expenses to be deductible. These proposed regulations affect taxpayers who pay or incur such expenses. DATES: Written or electronic comments and requests for a public hearing must be received by August 24, 2020. Requests for a public hearing must be submitted as prescribed in the “Comments and Requests for a Public Hearing” section. ADDRESSES: Commenters are strongly encouraged to submit public comments electronically. Submit electronic submissions via the Federal Rulemaking Portal at www.regulations.gov (indicate IRS and REG-119307-19) by following the online instructions for submitting comments. Once submitted to the Federal Rulemaking Portal, comments cannot be edited or withdrawn. The IRS expects to have limited personnel available to process public comments that are submitted on paper through mail. Until further notice, any comments submitted on paper will be considered to the extent practicable. The Department of the Treasury (Treasury Department) and the IRS will publish for public availability any comment submitted electronically, and to the extent practicable any comment submitted on paper, to its public docket. Send paper submissions to: CC:PA:LPD:PR (REG-119307-19), room 5203, Internal Revenue Service, PO Box 7604, Ben Franklin Station, Washington, DC 20044. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Concerning the proposed regulations, call Patrick Clinton of the Office of Associate Chief Counsel (Income Tax and Accounting), (202) 317-7005; concerning the submission of comments and/or requests for a public hearing, Regina L. Johnson, (202) 317-5177 (not toll-free numbers). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Background This notice of proposed rulemaking contains proposed amendments to the Income Tax Regulations (26 CFR part 1) under section 274 of the Code. 1. Statutory Framework Section 274 was added to the Code by section 4 of the Revenue Act of 1962, Public Law 87-834 (76 Stat. 960) and has been amended numerous times over the years. In general, section 274 limits or disallows deductions for certain expenditures that otherwise would be allowable under chapter 1 of the Code (chapter 1), primarily under section 162(a), which allows a deduction for ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in carrying on any trade or business. On December 22, 2017, section 274 was amended by section 13304 of Public Law 115-97 (131 Stat. 2054), commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), to disallow a deduction for the expense of any qualified transportation fringe (QTF) as defined in section 132(f) provided to an employee of the taxpayer, effective for amounts paid or incurred after December 31, 2017. The TCJA also added section 512(a)(7) providing that a tax-exempt organization’s unrelated business taxable income (UBTI) is increased by the amount of the QTF expense for which a deduction is not allowable under section 274, effective for amounts paid or incurred after December 31, 2017. However, on December 20, 2019, section 512(a)(7) was repealed retroactive to the original date of enactment of the TCJA by section 302 of the Taxpayer Certainty and Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2019, enacted as part of the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, Pub. L. No. 116-94, 133 Stat. 2534, Div. Q, Title III (2019). Although section 512(a)(7) was retroactively repealed, the rules of section 274 and these proposed regulations apply to tax exempt organizations to the extent the amount of the QTF expenses paid or incurred by an exempt organization is directly connected with an unrelated trade or business conducted by the exempt organization. In such case, the amount of the QTF expenses directly connected with the unrelated trade or business is subject to the disallowance under section 274(a)(4) and, thus, is disallowed as a deduction in calculating the UBTI attributable to such unrelated trade or business under the general rule of section 512(a)(1). While the examples set forth in proposed §1.274-13 involve taxable entities, tax exempt organizations with unrelated trades or businesses may use the examples to assist in determining the amount of the section 274(a)(4) disallowance for purposes of calculating their UBTI under section 512(a)(1). Finally, the TCJA added section 274(l), which provides that no deduction is allowed under chapter 1 for any expense incurred for providing any transportation, or any payment or reimbursement, to an employee of the taxpayer in connection with travel between the employee’s residence and place of employment, except as necessary for ensuring the safety of the employee, effective for transportation and commuting expenses paid or incurred after December 31, 2017. 2. Qualified Transportation Fringes Section 132 generally excludes from employees’ gross income the value of certain fringe benefits. Section 132(a)(5) generally provides that gross income does not include any fringe benefit that qualifies as a QTF under section 132(f). QTFs are defined in section 132(f)(1) to mean any of the following provided by an employer to an employee: (1) transportation in a commuter highway vehicle between the employee’s residence and place of employment, (2) any transit pass, (3) qualified parking, and (4) any qualified bicycle commuting reimbursement. Section 132(f)(5)(A), (B), (C), and (F)(i) define transit pass, commuter highway vehicle, qualified parking, and qualified bicycle commuting reimbursement, respectively. Section 132(f)(2) provides that the amount of QTFs provided by an employer to any employee that can be excluded from gross income under section 132(a)(5) cannot exceed a maximum monthly dollar amount, adjusted for inflation. The adjusted maximum monthly excludable amount for 2020 is $270. Although section 132(f)(1) includes qualified bicycle commuting reimbursements as a QTF, section 132(f)(8) provides that the inclusion of qualified bicycle commuting reimbursements in the definition of a QTF is suspended for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2026. Accordingly, for such taxable years, qualified bicycle commuting reimbursements are not excluded from an employee’s income as a QTF. Section 274(a)(4), as added by the TCJA, provides that no deduction is allowed under chapter 1 for the expense of any QTF (as defined in section 132(f)) provided by taxpayers to their employees for expenses paid or incurred after December 31, 2017. Although the value of a QTF is relevant in determining the exclusion under section 132(f) and whether the section 274(e)(2) exception for expenses treated as compensation applies, the deduction disallowed under section 274(a)(4) relates to the expense of providing a QTF, not its value. In addition, the disallowance of a deduction for commuting and transportation expenses under section 274(l) is suspended for any qualified bicycle commuting reimbursement (described in section 132(f)(5)(F)) paid or incurred after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2026. Thus, for such period, deductions for qualified bicycle commuting reimbursements are not disallowed under sections 274(a)(4) and 274(l). A. Section 274(e) Exceptions to Section 274(a)(4) Section 274(e) enumerates nine specific exceptions to section 274(a), three of which, sections 274(e)(2), (e)(7), and (e)(8), are relevant for QTFs. Deductions for expenses that are within any of the three exceptions in section 274(e) are not disallowed under section 274(a)(4). Section 274(e)(2) applies to expenses for goods, services, and facilities, to the extent that the expenses are treated by the taxpayer, with respect to the recipient of the entertainment, amusement, or recreation, as compensation to its employees under chapter 1 and as wages to its employees under chapter 24 of the Code (chapter 24). Although the language in section 274(e)(2) refers to a recipient of entertainment, amusement, or recreation, it applies as a specific exception to the application of section 274(a), which, as amended by the TCJA, includes the QTF expense disallowance in section 274(a)(4). Thus, the Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that QTF expenses are included in this exception to the extent that the fair market value of the QTF exceeds the section 132(f)(2) limitation on exclusion and such excess amount is treated by the taxpayer as compensation to the employee on the taxpayer’s return of tax under chapter 1 and wages to such employee for purposes of chapter 24. See §1.132-9(b), Q/A-8. This interpretation is consistent with Congressional intent. See H.R. Rep. No.115-409, at 266 (2017) (“As part of its broader tax reform effort, the Committee believes that certain nontaxable fringe benefits should not be deductible by employers if not includible in income of employees.”). Section 274(e)(7) applies to expenses for goods, services, and facilities made available by the taxpayer to the general public. Section 274(e)(8) applies to expenses for goods or services (including the use of facilities) which are sold by the taxpayer in a bona fide transaction for an adequate full consideration in money or money’s worth. B. Qualified parking As explained earlier in part 2 of this Background, QTFs are defined in section 132(f)(1) to include qualified parking. The term “qualified parking” is defined in section 132(f)(5)(C) as parking provided to an employee on or near the business premises of the employer or on or near a location from which the employee commutes to work. The term does not include any parking on or near property used by the employee for residential purposes. On December 24, 2018, the Treasury Department and the IRS published Notice 2018-99, 2018-52 I.R.B. 1067, “Parking Expenses for Qualified Transportation Fringes under § 274(a)(4) and § 512(a)(7) of the Internal Revenue Code”. Notice 2018-99 explains that the Treasury Department and the IRS have received questions about how to determine the amount of parking expenses that is nondeductible or treated as UBTI. Notice 2018-99 provides interim guidance for taxpayers to determine the amount of parking expenses for QTFs that is nondeductible under section 274(a)(4) (nondeductible amount) and for tax exempt organizations to determine the corresponding increase in the amount of UBTI under section 512(a)(7) attributable to the nondeductible parking expenses. Because section 512(a)(7) was retroactively repealed, as noted in part 1 of this Background, the following discussion of Notice 2018-99 focuses only on section 274(a)(4). Under Notice 2018-99, the method for determining the nondeductible amount depends on whether the taxpayer pays a third party to provide parking for its employees or the taxpayer owns or leases a parking facility where its employees park. If a taxpayer pays a third party an amount so that its employees may park at the third party’s parking facility, the section 274(a)(4) disallowance generally is calculated as the taxpayer’s total annual cost of employee parking paid to the third party. However, if the amount the taxpayer pays to a third party for an employee’s parking exceeds the section 132(f)(2) monthly limitation on exclusion, which for 2020 is $270 per employee, that excess amount generally must be treated by the taxpayer as compensation and wages to the employee. As a result, the total of the monthly amount in excess of $270 per employee that is treated as compensation and wages is excepted from the taxpayer’s section 274(a) disallowance amount by section 274(e)(2). Notice 2018-99 provides that if a taxpayer owns or leases all or a portion of one or more parking facilities where its employees park, the section 274(a)(4) disallowance may be calculated using any reasonable method and provides a four-step methodology that is deemed to be a reasonable method. However, using the value of employee parking to determine expenses allocable to employee parking in a parking facility owned or leased by the taxpayer is not a reasonable method because section 274(a)(4) disallows a deduction for the expense of providing a QTF, regardless of its value. Furthermore, for taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2019, a method under Notice 2018-99 that fails to allocate expenses to reserved employee spaces cannot be a reasonable method. For purposes of Notice 2018-99, a “parking facility” includes indoor and outdoor garages and other structures, as well as parking lots and other areas, where employees may park on or near the business premises of the employer or on or near a location from which the employee commutes to work. The term does not include any parking on or near property used by the employee for residential purposes. If a taxpayer owns or leases more than one parking facility in a single geographic location, the taxpayer may aggregate the number of spaces in those parking facilities. However, if a taxpayer owns or leases parking facilities in more than one geographic location, the taxpayer may not aggregate the spaces in parking facilities that are in different geographic locations. Also for purposes of Notice 2018-99, “total parking expenses” include, but are not limited to, repairs, maintenance, utility costs, insurance, property taxes, interest, snow and ice removal, leaf removal, trash removal, cleaning, landscape costs, parking lot attendant expenses, security, and rent or lease payments or a portion of a rent or lease payment (if not broken out separately). A deduction for an allowance for depreciation on a parking structure owned by a taxpayer and used for parking by the taxpayer’s employees is an allowance for the exhaustion, wear and tear, and obsolescence of property, and not a parking expense for purposes of Notice 2018-99. Compare section 274(a)(1) (disallowing deductions for any “item” with respect to entertainment activities or facilities) with section 274(a)(4) (disallowing deductions for the “expense” of any QTF). See also W.L. Schautz v. United States, 567 F.2d 373, 376 (Ct. Cl. 1977) (noting that section 274(a)(1) applies to deductions broadly, not to expenses), and Gordon v. Commissioner, 37 T.C. 986, 987 (1962) (“Any allowance for depreciation is not an ‘expense paid’ or ‘amount paid.’”). Expenses paid or incurred for items not located on or in the parking facility, including items related to property next to the parking facility, such as landscaping or lighting, also are not included. The term “employee”, as used in Notice 2018-99, is defined in §§1.132-1(b)(2)(i) and 1.132-9(b), Q/A-5, as any individual who is currently employed by the employer; the term includes common law employees and other statutory employees, such as officers of corporations. Section 1.132-9(b), Q/A-24, explains that partners, 2-percent shareholders of S corporations, sole proprietors, and independent contractors are not employees for purposes of section 132(f). Notice 2018-99 provides a four-step method deemed to be a reasonable method for calculating the amount of parking expenses that is nondeductible under section 274(a)(4). i. Step 1 First, the taxpayer calculates the disallowance for reserved employee spaces. A taxpayer that owns or leases all or a portion of one or more parking facilities must identify the number of spaces in the parking facility, or the taxpayer’s portion thereof, exclusively reserved for the taxpayer’s employees (reserved employee spaces). Employee spaces in the parking facility, or portion thereof, may be exclusively reserved for employees by a variety of methods, including, but not limited to, specific signage (for example, “Employee Parking Only”) or a separate facility or portion of a facility segregated by a barrier to entry or limited by terms of access. The taxpayer must then determine the percentage of reserved employee spaces in relation to total parking spaces and multiply that percentage by the taxpayer’s total parking expenses for the parking facility. The product is the amount of the deduction for total parking expenses that is disallowed under section 274(a)(4) for reserved employee spaces. ii. Step 2 Second, the taxpayer determines the primary use of remaining spaces (primary use test). The taxpayer may identify the remaining parking spaces in the parking facility and determine whether their primary use is to provide parking to the general public. If the primary use of the remaining parking spaces in the parking facility is to provide parking to the general public, then the remaining total parking expenses for the parking facility are excepted from the section 274(a) disallowance by the general public exception under section 274(e)(7). For purposes of calculating the disallowance, the term “primary use” means greater than 50 percent of actual or estimated usage of the parking spaces in the parking facility. Primary use of the parking spaces is tested during normal business hours on a typical business day. Nonreserved parking spaces that are available to the general public but empty during normal business hours on a typical business day are treated as provided to the general public. In addition, if the actual or estimated usage of the parking spaces varies significantly between days of the week or times of the year, the taxpayer may use any reasonable method to determine the average actual or estimated usage. For purposes of Notice 2018-99, the term “general public” includes, but is not limited to, customers, clients, visitors, individuals delivering goods or services to the taxpayer, students of an educational institution, patients of a health care facility, and congregants of a religious organization. As noted in part 1 of the Background, section 512(a)(7) was retroactively repealed, therefore “congregants of a religious organization” is not included in the definition of the “general public” in these proposed regulations. The general public does not include employees, partners, 2-percent shareholders of S corporations, or independent contractors of the taxpayer. iii. Step 3 Third, the taxpayer calculates the allowance for reserved nonemployee spaces. If the primary use of a taxpayer’s remaining parking spaces is not to provide parking to the general public, the taxpayer may identify the number of spaces in the parking facility, or the taxpayer’s portion thereof, exclusively reserved for nonemployees (reserved nonemployee spaces). For example, reserved nonemployee spaces include spaces reserved for visitors and customers, as well as spaces reserved for partners, sole proprietors, and 2-percent shareholders of S corporations. Notice 2018-99 explains that the number of reserved nonemployee spaces in the parking facility, or portion thereof, may be exclusively reserved for nonemployees by a variety of methods, including, but not limited to, specific signage (for example, “Customer Parking Only”) or a separate facility or portion of a facility segregated by a barrier to entry or limited by terms of access. A taxpayer that has no reserved nonemployee spaces may proceed to Step 4. A taxpayer that has reserved nonemployee spaces may determine the percentage of reserved nonemployee spaces in relation to the remaining total parking spaces and multiply that percentage by the taxpayer’s remaining total parking expenses. The product is the amount of the deduction for remaining total parking expenses that is not disallowed under section 274(a)(4). iv. Step 4 Fourth, the taxpayer determines the remaining use and allocable expenses of any remaining parking spaces. If the taxpayer completes Steps 1 through 3 of the method in Notice 2018-99 and has any remaining parking expenses not specifically categorized as deductible or nondeductible, the taxpayer must reasonably determine the employee use of the remaining parking spaces during normal business hours on a typical business day and the related expenses allocable to employee parking spaces. Methods to determine employee use of the remaining parking spaces may include specifically identifying the number of employee spaces based on actual or estimated usage. Actual or estimated usage may be based on the number of spaces, the number of employees, the hours of use, or other measures. C. Comments on Notice 2018-99 Notice 2018-99 requested comments for future guidance to further clarify the treatment of QTFs under section 274. In particular, the Treasury Department and the IRS requested comments on the definitions of “primary use” and “general public”, whether primary use should be used to determine the extent to which parking is made available to the general public under section 274(e)(7), other methodologies for determining the use of the parking spaces and the related expenses allocable to employee parking, the applicability of section 274(e)(8) to expenses for any goods or services that constitute a QTF sold by the taxpayer to an employee in a bona fide transaction for an adequate and full consideration in money or money’s worth, and the circumstances under which such a transaction should be excluded from the term QTF for purposes of section 274(a)(4). The Treasury Department and the IRS received approximately 500 comments in response to Notice 2018-99. All comments were considered in drafting these proposed regulations and are available at www.regulations.gov or upon request. Approximately 200 comments addressed issues involving section 512(a)(7), which was retroactively repealed, as explained in part 1 of the Background. Approximately 70 comments expressed support for the disallowance of parking expenses in section 274(a)(4) on environmental policy grounds and encouraged the Treasury Department and the IRS to further discourage employers from subsidizing employees that drive to work. The majority of the remaining comments requested additional methodologies and simplified rules for taxpayers that own or lease parking facilities to calculate the amount of the parking expense disallowance. Several of the comments addressing section 274(a)(4) are summarized in the Explanation of Provisions. However, comments recommending statutory revisions or addressing issues outside the scope of these proposed regulations, such as environmental policy issues, are not addressed. Explanation of Provisions The proposed regulations describe and clarify the statutory requirements of section 274(a)(4) and 274(l), as well as the applicability of certain exceptions under section 274(e) to QTF expenses. To implement the TCJA’s disallowance of deductions for QTF expenses under section 274(a)(4), the proposed regulations create a new §1.274-13 (proposed §1.274-13) to address QTF expenses paid or incurred by an employer, and the application of certain exceptions in section 274(e) to QTF expenses. Further, the proposed regulations create a new §1.274-14 (proposed §1.274-14) to address transportation and commuting expenses paid or incurred by an employer. As discussed in part 2 of the Background, the statutory changes made by the TCJA apply to QTF expenses paid or incurred by employers after December 31, 2017. 1. Qualified Transportation Fringes A. In General Proposed §1.274-13 restates the statutory rules under section 274(a)(4), defines relevant terms, and modifies certain guidance in Notice 2018-99, providing a general rule and three simplified methodologies to determine the amount of nondeductible parking expenses when a parking facility is owned or leased by the taxpayer. Additionally, the proposed regulations build on Notice 2018-99 to include rules addressing the deduction disallowance for expenses related to providing employees transportation in a commuter highway vehicle and transit pass QTFs. The proposed regulations include special rules to clarify and simplify the calculations underlying the methodologies to determine the amount of QTF parking expenses. In addition, the proposed regulations generally apply the guidance in Notice 2018-99 and the applicable exceptions in section 274(e) to all QTF expenses. Specifically, as in Notice 2018-99, the proposed regulations provide that if the taxpayer pays a third party for its employee’s QTF, the section 274(a)(4) disallowance is generally calculated as the taxpayer’s total annual cost of the QTF paid to the third party. With regard to QTF parking expenses, the proposed regulations provide that if the taxpayer owns or leases all or a portion of one or more parking facilities, the section 274(a)(4) disallowance may be calculated using a general rule, as defined below, or any one of three simplified methodologies. Taxpayers may choose to apply the general rule or a simplified methodology for each taxable year and for each parking facility. Special rules and definitions are included in the proposed regulations for allocating certain mixed parking expenses, aggregating parking spaces by geographic location, removing inventory/unusable spaces from available parking spaces, defining general public for multi-tenant building parking facilities, and disregarding five or fewer reserved parking spaces if the reserved spaces are 5 percent or less of total parking spaces. Taxpayers may use statistical sampling with the general rule or simplified methodologies if they follow the procedures in Rev. Proc. 2011-42, 2011-37 I.R.B. 318, as corrected by Ann. 2013-46, 2013-48 I.R.B. 593. The general rule in the proposed regulations allows taxpayers to calculate the disallowance based on a reasonable interpretation of section 274(a)(4). However, taxpayers must use the expense paid or incurred in providing a QTF instead of its value to an employee, allocate parking expenses to reserved employee spaces, and properly apply the exception for parking made available to the general public. A special rule for aggregating parking spaces by geographic location may be used with the general rule. The proposed regulations also include three simplified methodologies that taxpayers may use instead of the general rule. Under the first simplified methodology, the “qualified parking limit methodology,” taxpayers calculate the disallowance by multiplying the total number of spaces used by employees during the peak demand period, or, alternatively, the total number of the taxpayer’s employees, by the section 132(f)(2) monthly per employee limitation on exclusion for qualified parking ($270), for each month in the taxable year. The second simplified methodology, the “primary use methodology,” is largely based on the method deemed reasonable in Notice 2018-99, modified in response to comments received. Special rules for allocating certain mixed parking expenses and aggregating parking spaces by geographic location may be used with the primary use methodology. Definitions in Notice 2018-99 for employee, general public, parking facility, total parking spaces, reserved employee spaces, reserved nonemployee spaces, primary use, and total parking expenses, as modified in response to comments, are also included in the proposed regulations. New definitions for geographic location, inventory/unusable spaces, available parking spaces, peak demand period, and mixed parking expense are included in the proposed regulations to clarify the methodology in response to comments received. The final simplified methodology is the “cost per space methodology,” which allows taxpayers to calculate the disallowance by multiplying the cost per parking space by the number of available parking spaces to be used by employees during the peak demand period. Cost per space is calculated by dividing total parking expenses (including expenses for inventory/unusable spaces) by total parking spaces (including inventory/unusable spaces). Special rules for allocating certain mixed parking expenses and aggregating parking spaces by geographic location may be used with the cost per space methodology. B. Definitions As described below, the proposed regulations generally include the definitions from Notice 2018-99, modified in response to comments received, along with new definitions to clarify terms as needed. i. Qualified Transportation Fringe The proposed regulations add a definition for the term “qualified transportation fringe.” The definition is based on section 132(f)(1), except that it does not include qualified bicycle commuting reimbursements for the reasons described in part 2 of the Background. Thus, the proposed regulations provide that the term “qualified transportation fringe” means any of the following provided by an employer to an employee: transportation in a commuter highway vehicle if such transportation is in connection with travel between the employee’s residence and place of employment (as described in sections 132(f)(1)(A) and 132(f)(5)(B)); any transit pass (as described in sections 132(f)(1)(B) and 132(f)(5)(A)); or qualified parking (as described in sections 132(f)(1)(C) and 132(f)(5)(C)). ii. Employee The proposed regulations include the definition of the term “employee,” which is taken from §§1.132-1(b)(2)(i) and 1.132-9(b), Q/A-5 and Q/A-24. Commenters have asked whether volunteers are treated as employees under Notice 2018-99, although most of the comments concerning the status of volunteers related to section 512(a)(7), which has been retroactively repealed. The term “employee” for Federal tax purposes generally is understood to refer to a common-law employee (although the regulations under section 132 also include certain statutory employees such as officers of corporations in the definition of employee for purposes of QTFs). Whether a service provider is a common-law employee generally turns on whether the service recipient has the right to direct and control the service provider, not only as to the result to be accomplished by the work but also as to the details and means by which that result is accomplished. See, e.g., §31.3121(d)-1(c)(2) of the Employment Taxes and Collection of Income Tax at Source Regulations. The determination does not depend on whether or how the individual is compensated, or by which person. The employment status of a volunteer depends on the facts and circumstances in each case. Accordingly, the proposed regulations do not address the employment status of volunteers. iii. General Public Commenters raised concerns that, for taxpayers that lease space in a multi-tenant building, Notice 2018-99 did not include employees, partners, 2-percent shareholders of S corporations, independent contractors, clients, or customers of unrelated tenants in the building as members of the general public. In response to these comments, the proposed regulations modify the definition of the term “general public” from Notice 2018-99 to include employees, partners, 2-percent shareholders of S corporations, sole proprietors, independent contractors, clients, or customers of unrelated tenants in multi-tenant buildings, as well as customers, clients, or visitors of the taxpayer, individuals delivering goods or services to the taxpayer, students of an educational institution, and patients of a health care facility. iv. Parking Facility The proposed regulations include a definition of the term “parking facility” that follows the definition of qualified parking in section 132(f)(5)(C) and includes one or more indoor or outdoor garages and other structures, as well as parking lots and other areas where employees may park. Commenters suggested that because qualified parking as defined in section 132(f)(5)(C) and §1.132-9(b), Q/A-4(c) does not include any parking on or near property used by the employee for residential purposes, including parking for resident employees of residential rental buildings, the definition of “total parking spaces” should exclude such spaces. In response to these comments, the proposed regulations specifically exclude parking spaces on or near property used by the employee for residential purposes from the definition of parking facility. v. Geographic Location Commenters have asked how a geographic location is defined for purposes of aggregating the number of parking spaces to determine the section 274(a)(4) disallowance using the primary use methodology. Specifically, Notice 2018-99 provides that if a taxpayer owns or leases more than one parking facility in a single geographic location, the taxpayer may aggregate the number of spaces in those parking facilities. However, if a taxpayer owns or leases parking facilities in more than one geographic location, the taxpayer may not aggregate the spaces in parking facilities that are in different geographic locations. In response to these comments, the proposed regulations add a definition of the term “geographic location” as contiguous tracts or parcels of land owned or leased by the taxpayer. Two or more tracts or parcels of land are contiguous if they share common boundaries or would share common boundaries but for the interposition of a road, street, railroad, stream, or similar property. Tracts or parcels of land which touch only at a common corner are not contiguous. The proposed regulations follow Notice 2018-99 and allow taxpayers to aggregate the number of parking spaces in a single geographic location to determine the section 274(a)(4) disallowance using the general rule, primary use methodology, or cost per space methodology. vi. Total Parking Spaces The proposed regulations define the term “total parking spaces” as the total number of parking spaces in the parking facility. New terms “available parking spaces” and “inventory/unusable spaces” are added to the proposed regulations and the definition of the term “parking facility” is clarified in response to comments received. vii. Reserved Employee Spaces A commenter recommended that the definition of the term “reserved employee spaces” be limited to parking spaces actually used by employees on a typical business day. Because section 274(a)(4) disallows the deduction for the expense of providing a QTF to an individual employee, the commenter reasoned that the taxpayer should identify the expense for each QTF provided to each individual employee when determining the amount that is disallowed. After considering the comment, the Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that costs allocated to reserved employee spaces should be disallowed regardless of actual use of the reserved spaces. However, a special rule is included in step 1 of the primary use methodology providing that there is no disallowance for reserved employee spaces if the primary use of the available parking spaces is to provide parking to the general public, there are five or fewer reserved employee spaces, and the number of reserved employee spaces is 5 percent or less of the total parking spaces in the parking facility. viii. Reserved Nonemployee Spaces A commenter suggested that parking spaces reserved for drivers with disabilities be treated as “reserved nonemployee spaces” and as such, any related expenses not be disallowed under section 274(a)(4). After considering the comment, the Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that the proposed regulations should not include parking spaces reserved for drivers with disabilities in the definition of reserved nonemployee spaces. Unlike parking spaces reserved for customers or visitors, parking spaces reserved for drivers with disabilities may be used by employees (with disabilities), and section 274(a)(4) would then apply to disallow the expense. Parking spaces reserved for drivers with disabilities are also not included in “reserved employee spaces” because they may or may not be exclusively reserved for employees. ix. Inventory/Unusable Spaces The Treasury Department and the IRS received questions and comments on how parking spaces reserved for, or used by, inventoried vehicles are to be treated for purposes of determining the disallowance. For example, taxpayers asked whether parking spaces reserved exclusively for, or used by, vehicles to be sold or leased to customers at a car dealership or car rental agency are treated as spaces available to the general public. In response to the comments and questions received, the proposed regulations add a new definition for the term “inventory/unusable spaces” that includes parking spaces used for inventoried vehicles, qualified nonpersonal use vehicles (as described in §1.274-5(k)), other fleet vehicles used in a taxpayer’s trade or business, or otherwise not usable for parking by employees. Inventory/unusable spaces are specifically excluded from the definitions of “available parking spaces,” discussed later, and “reserved nonemployee spaces,” discussed earlier, under the primary use methodology and primary use test in the proposed regulations. The proposed regulations exclude inventory/unusable spaces because those spaces are generally not available to employees or the general public but are instead used for other purposes. Inventory/unusable spaces are included in total parking spaces under the cost per space methodology because taxpayers do incur costs in maintaining the spaces. x. Available Parking Spaces The proposed regulations add a new definition for the term “available parking spaces” to clarify that reserved employee spaces and inventory/unusable spaces are not included in determining primary use under the primary use methodology. xi. Primary Use The Treasury Department and the IRS received numerous comments on the primary use test used in step 2 of the four-step method in Notice 2018-99 to determine the extent to which parking is made available to the general public under section 274(e)(7). Notice 2018-99 provides that “primary use” means greater than 50 percent of actual or estimated usage by the general public of the parking spaces in the parking facility. Several commenters suggested that primary use should mean greater than 85, 90, or 95 percent of actual or estimated usage by the general public, thereby applying the exception in section 274(e)(7) only to taxpayers with less than 15 percent actual or estimated usage by employees. Other commenters suggested that 50 percent is fair and reasonable. After considering the comments received, the Treasury Department and the IRS have decided to retain the primary use test as described in Notice 2018-99 as a reasonable interpretation of the exception in section 274(e)(7) for parking made available to the general public. This interpretation is consistent with recent proposed regulations addressing the application of the section 274(e)(7) exception to the limitation on deduction for meals and entertainment expenses. See 85 FR 11020 (February 26, 2020). Specifically, the proposed regulations for meals and entertainment expenses (proposed §1.274-11 and §1.274-12) include a definition of the term “primarily consumed” that means greater than 50 percent of actual or reasonably estimated consumption. xii. Total Parking Expenses Commenters suggested that safety-related expenses, such as lighting, snow and ice removal, leaf removal, trash removal, cleaning, and security, should be excluded from the definition of “total parking expenses.” Commentators reasoned that including the expenses may encourage unsafe parking conditions and neglect of care in maintaining the parking facilities. Commenters also requested the removal of indirect costs, such as utility costs, insurance, property taxes, snow and ice removal, leaf removal, trash removal, cleaning, parking lot attendant expenses, and security. Multiple commenters also suggested adding depreciation to total parking expenses, reasoning that these are costs of parking facilities. After considering the comments received, the Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that the proposed regulations should adopt the definition of the term “total parking expenses” from Notice 2018-99. Section 274(a)(4) disallows a deduction for the expense of providing a QTF, without regard to whether the expense is required for safety reasons. Further, QTF parking expenses include indirect costs such as allocable salaries for security and maintenance personnel, property taxes, repairs and maintenance, etc. See Joint Committee on Taxation, General Explanation of Public Law 115-97 (JCS-1-18), at 190, December 2018. However, as explained in Notice 2018-99 and in part 2.B. of the Background, a deduction for an allowance for depreciation is not included in total parking expenses because it is an allowance for the exhaustion, wear and tear, and obsolescence of property, and not a parking expense. xiii. Mixed Parking Expense Numerous commenters expressed concerns and asked questions about how to determine the amount of expenses allocable to a parking facility if the invoice does not separate parking facility expenses from nonparking facility expenses. Commenters explained that determining and allocating expenses may impose excessive and unduly burdensome recordkeeping requirements on taxpayers and may be difficult for taxpayers and the IRS to administer. Commenters noted that such expenses for parking and nonparking property may include rent or lease payments, repairs, maintenance, utility costs, insurance, property taxes, interest, snow or ice removal, and security. In response to the comments, the Treasury Department and the IRS have included in the proposed regulations a definition for the term “mixed parking expense” and a special rule for allocating certain mixed parking expenses. “Mixed parking expense” is defined as an amount paid or incurred by a taxpayer for both a parking facility and nonparking facility property that a taxpayer owns or leases. The special rule for allocating certain mixed parking expenses to a parking facility is explained in part 1.C of this Explanation of Provisions. xiv. Peak Demand Period In these proposed regulations, several of the methodologies for determining the section 274(a)(4) disallowance for parking facilities require the taxpayer to determine the total number of parking spaces used by employees during the peak demand period for employee parking on a typical business day. Thus, the proposed regulations provide that for purposes of proposed §1.274-13, the term “peak demand period” means the period of time on a typical business day when the greatest number of the taxpayer’s employees are utilizing parking spaces in the taxpayer’s parking facility. If a taxpayer’s employees work in shifts, the peak demand period would take into account the shift during which the largest number of employees park in the taxpayer’s parking facility. However, a brief transition period during which two shifts overlap in their use of parking spaces, as one shift of employees is getting ready to leave and the next shift is reporting to work, may be disregarded. Taxpayers may use any reasonable methodology to determine the total number of spaces used by employees during the peak demand period on a typical business day, for example based on periodic inspections or employee surveys. The recent Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic highlights that taxpayers may experience significant variations in employee parking during the taxable year due to a national emergency or other type of disaster. The Treasury Department and the IRS request comments on what additional rules, if any, are needed to address significant variations in employee parking during the taxable year and whether any additional rules should apply to all taxpayers generally or should be triggered only upon certain events. C. Special Rules for QTF Parking Expenses Multiple commenters expressed concerns and asked questions regarding how to allocate mixed parking expenses. Commenters suggested the use of a special rule that would allow the taxpayer to allocate a certain percentage of the taxpayer’s mixed parking expenses, such as 5 percent, to a parking facility. Commenters also recommended that taxpayers be permitted to allocate mixed parking expenses by comparing rent or lease payments for leases with and without parking facilities or comparing the value of similar nonparking facilities with and without parking facilities. In response to concerns raised by commenters, the proposed regulations include a special rule for certain mixed parking expenses to reduce administrative burdens for taxpayers and simplify calculations in complying with section 274(a)(4). Specifically, the proposed regulations provide that a taxpayer may choose to allocate 5 percent of certain mixed parking expenses to the parking facility. This special rule applies to mixed parking expenses related to payments under a lease or rental agreement, and payments for utilities, insurance, interest and property taxes. The special rule to allocate certain mixed parking expenses may only be used in the primary use methodology and cost per space methodology and may not be used with the general rule or the qualified parking limit methodology. Taxpayers are not required to use the special rule for certain mixed parking expenses and may instead use any reasonable methodology for mixed parking expenses. The proposed regulations also include a special rule allowing taxpayers to aggregate the number of parking spaces in a single geographic location. The rule generally follows the rule in Notice 2018-99, but in response to comments adds a definition of the term “geographic location,” which is based on tracts or parcels of land that are contiguous. The special rule for aggregation of parking spaces in a single geographic location may be used with the general rule, primary use methodology, and cost per space methodology, but may not be used with the qualified parking limit methodology. D. Calculation of Disallowance of QTF Parking Expenses The proposed regulations follow Notice 2018-99 and provide that if a taxpayer pays one or more third parties an amount for its employees’ QTFs, the section 274(a)(4) disallowance is equal to the taxpayer’s total annual cost for the QTFs paid or incurred to third parties. A commenter suggested that if a taxpayer pays a third party for parking spaces that are not assigned to specific employees, some of which are not used (for example, taxpayer leases 10 spaces and only has 8 employees), the disallowance should be limited to parking spaces actually used by employees on a typical business day. After considering the comment, the Treasury Department and the IRS determined that amounts paid to a third party for qualified parking in such situations should be disallowed regardless of actual employee use of the spaces because the taxpayer paid or incurred the expense for its employees’ QTFs regardless of employee use. If instead, the taxpayer owns or leases a parking facility, the taxpayer may use the general rule or choose any of the following three simplified methodologies for each parking facility to determine the section 274(a)(4) disallowance for each taxable year. i. General Rule Multiple commenters requested guidance on additional methodologies that may be used to calculate the disallowance under section 274(a)(4). In response to these comments, the Treasury Department and the IRS determined that taxpayers may calculate the disallowance using a general rule if the calculation is based on a reasonable interpretation of section 274(a)(4), as long as the taxpayer’s methodology does not use the value of a QTF instead of its expense, fail to allocate parking expense to reserved employee spaces, or improperly apply the exception for qualified parking made available to the public (for example, by treating a parking facility regularly used by employees as available to the public merely because the public has access to the parking facility). ii. Qualified Parking Limit Methodology Multiple commenters suggested that a standard cost per parking space similar to the standard mileage rate or per diem rate be used to determine the disallowance under section 274(a)(4). Other commenters suggested that a national average fair market value per parking space be used. In response to the comments received, the Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that the maximum monthly dollar amount under section 132(f)(2), adjusted for inflation, may be used as a simple estimate of the taxpayer’s monthly total cost per parking space. The adjusted maximum monthly excludable amount for 2020 is $270 per employee. Using the qualified parking limit methodology, taxpayers may determine the disallowance simply by multiplying the section 132(f)(2) monthly per employee limitation on the exclusion by the total number of spaces used by employees during the peak demand period. Alternatively, the proposed regulations provide that taxpayers using this methodology may instead multiply the section 132(f)(2) monthly per employee limitation on the exclusion by the total number of the taxpayer’s employees. Section 274(e)(2) and proposed §1.274-13(e)(2)(i) provide that the section 274(a)(4) disallowance for QTFs does not apply to the extent that a QTF is treated as compensation to an employee on the taxpayer’s return and as wages to the employee. A taxpayer using this qualified parking limit methodology who has monthly expenses per parking space exceeding the section 132(f)(2) monthly per employee limitation on the exclusion can deduct those excess expenses without regard to how much (if any) of the value of the parking space to the employee exceeds the section 132(f)(2) monthly per employee limitation on exclusion. However, these proposed regulations provide that the qualified parking limit methodology may be used only if the value of the QTF, to the extent it exceeds the sum of the amount paid (if any) by the employee for the QTF and the applicable statutory monthly limit in section 132(f)(2), is included on the taxpayer’s Federal income tax return as originally filed as compensation paid to the employee and as wages to the employee for purposes of withholding under chapter 24 (relating to collection of Federal income tax at source on wages). Section 132(a)(5) excludes from gross income the value of a QTF up to the section 132(f)(2) monthly per employee limitation on exclusion, and therefore no amount for the value of QTFs up to the section 132(f)(2) monthly limitation can be included in an employee’s wages. Thus, the exception in section 274(e)(2) and proposed §1.274-13(e)(2)(i)(A) cannot be applied to the value of a QTF that is less than or equal to the monthly per employee limitation on exclusion in section 132(f)(2). Because this qualified parking limit methodology already limits the taxpayer’s expenses per parking space to the section 132(f)(2) monthly per employee limitation on exclusion, section 274(e)(2) cannot be used to reduce the disallowed expenses even further. For this reason, the proposed regulations provide that the exception to the disallowance for amounts treated as employee compensation provided for in section 274(e)(2) and in proposed §1.274-13(e)(2)(i) cannot be applied to reduce a section 274(a)(4) disallowance calculated using this method. iii. Primary Use Methodology The Treasury Department and the IRS received numerous comments on the four-step method in Notice 2018-99. The proposed regulations adopt the four-step method in Notice 2018-99, with revisions in response to comments, and rename it as the “primary use methodology.” Comments received on the definition of primary use in Notice 2018-99 are discussed in part 1.B.xi. of this Explanation of Provisions. The four-step method in Notice 2018-99 provides that employee use of parking spaces is determined by identifying the actual or estimated usage of the parking spaces during normal business hours on a typical business day. Multiple commenters suggested that taxpayers should instead be required to count the number of parking spaces in the parking facility actually used by employees. The Treasury Department and the IRS considered these comments and determined that, to ease the burden of counting actual spaces used by employees and provide a clearer standard, taxpayers must identify the number of available parking spaces used by employees during the peak demand period. iv. Cost Per Space Methodology Multiple commenters stated that the four-step method in Notice 2018-99 is cumbersome and complex. As an alternative, the Treasury Department and the IRS include in the proposed regulations the cost per space methodology, which allows taxpayers to calculate the disallowance by multiplying the cost per space by the number of spaces used by employees. Taxpayers must identify the number of available parking spaces used by employees during the peak demand period. Cost per space is calculated by dividing total parking expenses (including expenses related to inventory/unusable spaces) by the total number of spaces (including inventory/unusable spaces). v. Expenses for Transportation in a Commuter Highway Vehicle and Transit Pass QTFs Notice 2018-99 addresses only expenses related to parking QTFs. The proposed regulations include rules addressing the disallowance of deductions for expenses for transportation in a commuter highway vehicle and transit pass QTFs, as well as the applicability of certain exceptions under section 274(e). E. Specific Exceptions to Section 274(a) for QTF Expenses The Treasury Department and the IRS received multiple questions and comments about whether the exceptions in section 274(e) apply to QTF expenses that are otherwise nondeductible under section 274(a)(4). Section 274(e) provides that the deduction disallowance under section 274(a) does not apply to any expense described in section 274(e). The Treasury Department and the IRS considered the comments and note that while section 274(e) was not amended by the TCJA, it provides that section 274(a) “shall not apply to” deductions for expenses described in section 274(e). Therefore, except as described in part 1.E.i. of this Explanation of Provisions, the proposed regulations provide that the deduction disallowance does not apply to expenditures for QTFs that meet the requirements of sections 274(e)(2), (7) and (8). Numerous commenters also recommended providing exceptions from the section 274(a)(4) disallowance for QTFs with a zero or a de minimis fair market value, QTFs required to be provided to employees under certain laws, or QTFs provided by small business taxpayers. Exceptions for QTFs with a zero or a de minimis fair market value, QTFs required under certain laws, and small business taxpayers are not provided for in any of the exceptions under section 274(e) and therefore are not exceptions to the section 274(a)(4) disallowance. i. Certain QTF Expenses Treated as Compensation under Section 274(e)(2) Pursuant to section 274(e)(2), the proposed regulations provide that the disallowance under section 274(a) does not apply to expenditures for QTFs to the extent the taxpayer treats the expenses as compensation to the employee on the taxpayer’s Federal income tax return as originally filed, and as wages to the employee for purposes of withholding under chapter 24 relating to collection of Federal income tax at source on wages. However, section 132(a)(5) excludes the value of QTFs from an employee’s gross income subject to the limitations on exclusion provided by section 132(f)(2). Therefore, in determining whether the section 274(e)(2) exception for expenses treated as compensation applies, the proposed regulations provide that the exception in section 274(e)(2) does not apply to expenses paid or incurred for QTFs the value of which (including a purported value of zero) is excluded from an employee’s gross income under section 132(a)(5). The Treasury Department and the IRS are aware that some taxpayers may attempt to claim a deduction under section 274(e)(2) by including a value that is less than the amount required to be included under §1.61-21, which provides the rules for valuation of fringe benefits, or by including a purported value of zero, as compensation and as wages to the employee. The proposed regulations therefore provide that the exception in section 274(e)(2) does not apply to expenses paid or incurred for QTFs for which the value that is included in gross income is less than the amount required to be included in gross income under §1.61-21. Similarly, if the amount required to be included in gross income under §1.61-21 is purportedly zero, the exception in section 274(e)(2) and proposed §1.274-13(e)(2)(i) does not apply. As noted above, section 132(a)(5) excludes the value of QTFs from an employee’s gross income subject to the monthly per employee limitations on exclusion provided by section 132(f)(2). Section 132(f)(2) provides that the amount of QTFs that can be excluded from gross income cannot exceed a maximum monthly dollar amount, adjusted for inflation. For taxable years beginning in 2020, the monthly per employee limitation under section 132(f)(2)(A) regarding the aggregate fringe benefit exclusion amount for transportation in a commuter highway vehicle and any transit pass is $270 per employee. The monthly limitation under section 132(f)(2)(B) regarding the fringe benefit exclusion amount for qualified parking is $270 per employee. Rev. Proc. 2019-44, 2019-47 I.R.B. 1093. Therefore, if an employer provides an employee with QTFs, the value of which exceeds the sum of the amount, if any, paid by the employee for the fringe benefits and the applicable statutory monthly per employee limit, then the employer must include the value of the benefits provided in excess of the amount paid by the employee and the applicable statutory per employee monthly limit in the employee’s wages for income and employment tax purposes. See §1.61–21(b)(1) and §1.132-9(b), Q/A-8. The proposed regulations provide that the employer must follow this treatment in order to rely on the exception in section 274(e)(2). ii. Expenses for Transportation in a Commuter Highway Vehicle, Transit Pass, or Parking Made Available to the Public As noted in part 2.A. of the Background, section 274(e)(7) applies to expenses for goods, services, and facilities made available by the taxpayer to the general public. When enacting section 274(n) in 1986 (limiting the deduction for meal and entertainment expenses), Congress indicated that a taxpayer’s customers and potential customers are members of the general public for purposes of section 274(e)(7): The reduction rule [in section 274(n)] does not apply in the case of items, such as samples and promotional activities, that are made available to the general public. For example, if the owner of a hardware store advertises that tickets to a baseball game will be provided to the first 50 people who visit the store on a particular date, or who purchase an item from the store during a sale, then the full amount of the face value of the tickets is deductible by the owner. H.R. Rep. No. 99-426 (1986), reprinted in 1986-3 (Vol. 2) C.B. 1, 124, and S. Rep. No. 99-313 (1986), reprinted in 1986-3 (Vol. 3) C.B. 1, 72. Thus, the Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that expenses for transportation in a commuter highway vehicle, any transit pass, and parking that otherwise qualify as QTFs and are made available to the general public, which includes a taxpayer’s customers and potential customers, are within this exception. However, goods, services, and facilities are not made available to the general public if they are made available only to an exclusive list of guests. See Churchill Downs, Inc. v. Commissioner, 307 F.3d 423 (6th Cir. 2002). Pursuant to section 274(e)(7), the proposed regulations provide that any taxpayer expense for transportation in a commuter highway vehicle, a transit pass, or parking that otherwise qualifies as a QTF under section 132(f)(1) and that is also made available to the general public is not subject to the deduction disallowance under section 274(a) to the extent such transportation, transit pass, or parking is made available to the general public. As described further in part 1.B.iii. of this Explanation of Provisions, “general public” includes, but is not limited to, customers, clients, visitors, individuals delivering goods or services to the taxpayer, and patients of a health care facility. The general public does not include employees, partners, 2-percent shareholders of S corporations, sole proprietors, or independent contractors of the taxpayer. If a taxpayer owns or leases space in a multi-tenant building, employees, partners, 2-percent shareholders of S corporations, sole proprietors, independent contractors or customers of unrelated tenants in the building are included in the definition of general public. iii. Expenses for Transportation in a Commuter Highway Vehicle, Transit Pass, or Parking Sold to Customers As noted in part 2.A. of the Background, section 274(e)(8) applies to expenses for goods or services (including the use of facilities) that are sold by the taxpayer in a bona fide transaction for an adequate and full consideration in money or money’s worth. The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that expenses for transportation in a commuter highway vehicle, any transit pass, and parking that otherwise qualify as QTFs and that are sold by a taxpayer fall within this exception. Pursuant to section 274(e)(8), the proposed regulations provide that any taxpayer expense for transportation in a commuter highway vehicle, a transit pass, or parking that otherwise qualifies as a QTF under section 132(f)(1) that is sold to customers in a bona fide transaction for an adequate and full consideration in money or money’s worth is not subject to the deduction disallowance under section 274(a). The proposed regulations also provide that for purposes of this section, the term “customer” includes an employee of the taxpayer who purchases the transportation in a commuter highway vehicle, transit pass, or parking in a bona fide transaction for an adequate and full consideration in money or money’s worth. Some commenters have stated that QTFs offered through a compensation reduction agreement should not be subject to the disallowance under section 274(a)(4) because an employer should not be disallowed a deduction for expenses for otherwise deductible compensation when an employee chooses to use that compensation towards the purchase of a QTF through a compensation reduction agreement. Pursuant to section 132(f)(4), no amount for a QTF is included in the gross income of an employee solely because the employee can choose between any QTF (other than a qualified bicycle commuting reimbursement) and compensation that would otherwise be includible in the employee’s gross income. Thus, an employee who is offered this choice and who elects QTFs is not required to include the foregone cash compensation in income if the election is made pursuant to a compensation reduction agreement and the relevant requirements are met. See §1.132-9(b), Q/A-11 through 15. In other words, an employer who provides an employee a QTF through a compensation reduction agreement is incurring an expense for an excludible QTF (assuming the relevant requirements are met), rather than an expense for the compensation that was reduced. Therefore, the Treasury Department and the IRS do not adopt this approach because a QTF is subject to the section 274(a)(4) disallowance regardless of whether the benefit is provided by the employer in-kind, through a bona fide cash reimbursement arrangement, or through a compensation reduction agreement. 2. Transportation and Commuting Expenses Proposed §1.274-14 addresses the disallowance of deductions under section 274(l) for amounts paid or incurred after December 31, 2017, for any expense incurred to provide any transportation, or any payment or reimbursement, to an employee of the taxpayer in connection with travel between the employee’s residence and place of employment, except as necessary for ensuring the safety of the employee. Travel between the employee’s residence and place of employment includes travel that originates at a transportation hub near the employee’s residence or place of employment. For example, an employee who commutes to work by airplane from an airport near the employee’s residence to an airport near the employee’s place of employment is traveling between the residence and place of employment. Responding to comments received, the proposed regulations provide a definition for an employee’s “residence,” referencing the definition of the term “residence” in §1.121-1(b)(1). Under §1.121-1(b)(1), whether property is used by the taxpayer as the taxpayer’s residence depends upon all the facts and circumstances. A property used by the taxpayer as the taxpayer’s residence may include a houseboat, a house trailer, or the house or apartment that the taxpayer is entitled to occupy as a tenant-stockholder in a cooperative housing corporation. The proposed regulations also define the term “safety of the employee,” referencing the description of a bona fide business-oriented security concern in §1.132-5(m). Commentators have asked whether section 274(l) applies to expenses for QTFs provided to an employee of the taxpayer for which a deduction would be disallowed under section 274(a)(4) except that one of the exceptions under section 274(e) applies. The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that section 274(l) does not apply to deductions for such expenses. The Treasury Department and the IRS also received comments suggesting that the exception in section 274(e)(2) for expenses treated as compensation should apply to section 274(l) transportation and commuting expenses. However, the exceptions in section 274(e) apply only to amounts that are disallowed under section 274(a), and not to those disallowed under section 274(l). The Joint Committee on Taxation’s Bluebook on the TCJA confirms that the exception in section 274(e)(2) does not apply to section 274(l) expenses: The provision is intended to include qualified transportation fringe expenses in the exception to the deduction disallowance for expenses that are treated as compensation. Any expenses incurred for providing any form of transportation which are not qualified transportation fringes (or any payment or reimbursement) for commuting between the employee’s residence and place of employment, even if included in compensation, are not eligible for this exception. Joint Committee on Taxation, General Explanation of Public Law 115-97 (JCS-1-18), at 190, December 2018. Thus, the proposed regulations do not apply the section 274(e)(2) exception to section 274(l) expenses. Request for Comments The Treasury Department and the IRS request comments on all aspects of these proposed regulations. Regarding QTF parking expenses under proposed §1.274-13, comments are specifically requested on other methodologies for determining the use of parking spaces and the related expenses allocable to employee parking. Comments are also requested on additional guidance needed to determine the amount of commuter highway vehicle and transit pass expenses for QTFs that is nondeductible under section 274(a)(4), including whether any specific examples should be addressed. Regarding transportation and commuting expenses under proposed §1.274-14, comments are specifically requested on additional guidance needed to determine whether transportation is necessary for ensuring the safety of the employee, and how to define an employee’s residence and place of employment. Comments are also requested on whether any specific examples of transportation and commuting expenses should be addressed. Proposed Applicability Date These regulations are proposed to apply for taxable years beginning on or after the date these regulations are published as final regulations in the Federal Register. Pending the issuance of the final regulations, a taxpayer may rely on these proposed regulations for QTF expenses and transportation and commuting expenses, as applicable, that are paid or incurred in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Alternatively, a taxpayer may choose to rely on the guidance in Notice 2018-99 until these proposed regulations are finalized. Special Analyses These proposed regulations are not subject to review under section 6(b) of Executive Order 12866 pursuant to the Memorandum of Agreement (April 11, 2018) between the Treasury Department and the Office of Management and Budget regarding review of tax regulations. In accordance with the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. chapter 6), it is hereby certified that this proposed rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. Although the rule may affect a substantial number of small entities, the economic impact of the regulations is not likely to be significant. Data are not readily available about the number of taxpayers affected, but the number is likely to be substantial for both large and small entities because the rule affects any entity that provides QTFs or certain commuting benefits to employees. The economic impact of these regulations is not likely to be significant, however, because these proposed regulations substantially incorporate prior guidance and otherwise clarify the application of the TCJA changes to section 274 related to QTFs and certain commuting benefits. The proposed regulations will assist taxpayers in understanding the changes to section 274 and make it easier for taxpayers to comply with those changes. Notwithstanding this certification, the Treasury Department and the IRS welcome comments on the impact of these regulations on small entities. Pursuant to section 7805(f), these proposed regulations have been submitted to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration for comment on their impact on small business. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act Section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) requires that agencies assess anticipated costs and benefits and take certain other actions before issuing a final rule that includes any Federal mandate that may result in expenditures in any one year by a state, local, or tribal government, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of $100 million (updated annually for inflation). This rule does not include any Federal mandate that may result in expenditures by state, local, or tribal governments, or by the private sector in excess of that threshold. Executive Order 13132: Federalism Executive Order 13132 (entitled “Federalism”) prohibits an agency from publishing any rule that has federalism implications if the rule either imposes substantial, direct compliance costs on state and local governments, and is not required by statute, or preempts state law, unless the agency meets the consultation and funding requirements of section 6 of the Executive order. This proposed rule does not have federalism implications and does not impose substantial direct compliance costs on state and local governments or preempt state law within the meaning of the Executive order. Comments and Requests for a Public Hearing Before these proposed regulations are adopted as final regulations, consideration will be given to any comments that are submitted timely to the IRS as prescribed in this preamble under the “ADDRESSES” heading. Any electronic comments submitted, and to the extent practicable any paper comments submitted, will be made available at http://www.regulations.gov or upon request. A public hearing will be scheduled if requested in writing by any person who timely submits electronic or written comments. Requests for a public hearing are also encouraged to be made electronically and can also be made as prescribed in this preamble under the “ADDRESSES” heading. If a public hearing is scheduled, notice of the date and time for the public hearing will be published in the Federal Register. Announcement 2020-4, 2020-17 IRB 1, provides that until further notice, public hearings conducted by the IRS will be held telephonically. Any telephonic hearing will be made accessible to people with disabilities. Statement of Availability of IRS Documents IRS Revenue Procedures, Revenue Rulings, and Notices cited in this preamble are published in the Internal Revenue Bulletin (or Cumulative Bulletin) and are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office, Washington, DC 20402, or by visiting the IRS web site at http://www.irs.gov. Drafting Information The principal author of this proposed regulation is Patrick Clinton, Office of the Associate Chief Counsel (Income Tax & Accounting). Other personnel from the Treasury Department and the IRS participated in their development. List of Subjects in 26 CFR Part 1 Income Taxes, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements. Proposed Amendments to the Regulations Accordingly, 26 CFR part 1 is proposed to be amended as follows: Part 1—INCOME TAX Paragraph 1. The authority citation for part 1 is amended by adding sectional authorities for §§1.274-13 and 1.274-14 in numerical order to read in part as follows: Authority: 26 U.S.C. 7805. * * * * * Section 1.274-13 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 274. Section 1.274-14 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 274. * * * * * Par. 2. Sections 1.274-13 and 1.274-14 are added to read as follows: §1.274-13 Disallowance of deductions for certain qualified transportation fringe expenditures. (a) In general. Except as provided in this section, no deduction otherwise allowable under chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code (Code) is allowed for any expense of any qualified transportation fringe as defined in paragraph (b)(1) of this section. (b) Definitions. The following definitions apply for purposes of this section: (1) Qualified transportation fringe. The term qualified transportation fringe means any of the following provided by an employer to an employee: transportation in a commuter highway vehicle if such transportation is in connection with travel between the employee’s residence and place of employment (as described in sections 132(f)(1)(A) and 132(f)(5)(B)); any transit pass (as described in sections 132(f)(1)(B) and 132(f)(5)(A)); or qualified parking (as described in sections 132(f)(1)(C) and 132(f)(5)(C)). (2) Employee. The term employee means a common law employee or other statutory employee, such as an officer of a corporation, who is currently employed by the taxpayer. See §1.132-9 Q/A-5. Partners, 2-percent shareholders of S corporations, sole proprietors, and independent contractors are not employees of the taxpayer for purposes of this section. (3) General public. The term general public includes, but is not limited to, customers, clients, visitors, individuals delivering goods or services to the taxpayer, students of an educational institution, and patients of a health care facility. If a taxpayer owns or leases space in a multi-tenant building, the term general public includes employees, partners, 2-percent shareholders of S corporations, sole proprietors, independent contractors, clients, or customers of unrelated tenants in the building. The term general public does not include individuals that are employees, partners, 2-percent shareholders of S corporations, sole proprietors, or independent contractors of the taxpayer. Also, an exclusive list of guests is not the general public. (4) Parking facility. The term parking facility includes indoor and outdoor garages and other structures, as well as parking lots and other areas, where a taxpayer provides qualified parking (as defined in section 132(f)(5)(C)) to one or more of its employees. The term parking facility may include one or more parking facilities but does not include parking spaces on or near property used by an employee for residential purposes. (5) Geographic location. The term geographic location means contiguous tracts or parcels of land owned or leased by the taxpayer. Two or more tracts or parcels of land are contiguous if they share common boundaries or would share common boundaries but for the interposition of a road, street, railroad, stream, or similar property. Tracts or parcels of land which touch only at a common corner are not contiguous. (6) Total parking spaces. The term total parking spaces means the total number of parking spaces, or the taxpayer’s portion thereof, in the parking facility. (7) Reserved employee spaces. The term reserved employee spaces means the spaces in the parking facility, or the taxpayer’s portion thereof, exclusively reserved for the taxpayer’s employees. Employee spaces in the parking facility, or portion thereof, may be exclusively reserved for employees by a variety of methods, including, but not limited to, specific signage (for example, “Employee Parking Only”) or a separate facility or portion of a facility segregated by a barrier to entry or limited by terms of access. Inventory/unusable spaces are not included in reserved employee spaces. (8) Reserved nonemployee spaces. The term reserved nonemployee spaces means the spaces in the parking facility, or the taxpayer’s portion thereof, exclusively reserved for nonemployees. For example, such parking spaces may include, but are not limited to, spaces reserved exclusively for visitors, customers, partners, sole proprietors, 2-percent shareholders of S corporations, vendor deliveries, and passenger loading/unloading. Nonemployee spaces in the parking facility, or portion thereof, may be exclusively reserved for nonemployees by a variety of methods, including, but not limited to, specific signage (for example, “Customer Parking Only”) or a separate facility, or portion of a facility, segregated by a barrier to entry or limited by terms of access. Inventory/unusable spaces are not included in reserved nonemployee spaces. (9) Inventory/unusable spaces. The term inventory/unusable spaces means the spaces in the parking facility, or the taxpayer’s portion thereof, exclusively used or reserved for inventoried vehicles, qualified nonpersonal use vehicles described in §1.274-5(k), or other fleet vehicles used in the taxpayer’s business, or that are otherwise not usable for parking by employees. Examples of such parking spaces include, but are not limited to, parking spaces for vehicles that are intended to be sold or leased at a car dealership or car rental agency, parking spaces for vehicles owned by an electric utility used exclusively to maintain electric power lines, or parking spaces occupied by trash dumpsters (or similar property). (10) Available parking spaces. The term available parking spaces means the total parking spaces, less reserved employee spaces and less inventory/unusable spaces, that are available to employees and the general public. (11) Primary use. The term primary use means greater than 50 percent of actual or estimated usage of the available parking spaces in the parking facility. (12) Total parking expenses. The term total parking expenses means all expenses of the taxpayer related to total parking spaces in a parking facility including, but not limited to, repairs, maintenance, utility costs, insurance, property taxes, interest, snow and ice removal, leaf removal, trash removal, cleaning, landscape costs, parking lot attendant expenses, security, and rent or lease payments or a portion of a rent or lease payment (if not broken out separately). A deduction for an allowance for depreciation on a parking facility owned by a taxpayer and used for parking by the taxpayer’s employees is an allowance for the exhaustion, wear and tear, and obsolescence of property, and not included in total parking expenses for purposes of this section. Expenses paid or incurred for nonparking facility property, including items related to property next to the parking facility, such as landscaping or lighting, also are not included in total parking expenses. (13) Mixed parking expense. The term mixed parking expense means a single expense amount paid or incurred by a taxpayer that includes both parking facility and nonparking facility expenses for a property that a taxpayer owns or leases. (14) Peak demand period. The term peak demand period refers to the period of time on a typical business day when the greatest number of the taxpayer’s employees are utilizing parking spaces in the taxpayer’s parking facility. If a taxpayer’s employees work in shifts, the peak demand period would take into account the shift during which the largest number of employees park in the taxpayer’s parking facility. However, a brief transition period during which two shifts overlap in their use of parking spaces, as one shift of employees is getting ready to leave and the next shift is reporting to work, may be disregarded. Taxpayers may use any reasonable methodology to determine the total number of spaces used by employees during the peak demand period on a typical business day. A reasonable methodology may include periodic inspections or employee surveys. (c) Special rules for calculating disallowance of deductions for qualified transportation fringe parking expenses; taxpayer owned or leased parking facilities. Either or both of the following special rules may be used for determining total parking expenses and total parking spaces in calculating the disallowance of deductions for qualified transportation fringe parking expenses under the methodologies in paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B) and (C) of this section. The special rule in paragraph (c)(2) of this section may be used for determining total parking spaces in calculating the disallowance of deductions for qualified transportation fringe parking expenses under the methodology in paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section. (1) Calculation of mixed parking expenses. For purposes of determining total parking expenses, a taxpayer may use any reasonable methodology to allocate the applicable portion of mixed parking expenses to a parking facility. A taxpayer may choose to allocate 5 percent of the following mixed parking expenses to a parking facility: lease or rental agreement expenses, property taxes, interest expense, and expenses for utilities and insurance. (2) Aggregation of spaces by geographic location. If a taxpayer owns or leases more than one parking facility in a single geographic location, the taxpayer may aggregate the number of spaces in those parking facilities for purposes of calculating the disallowance of deductions for certain qualified transportation fringe expenses. For example, parking spaces at an office park or an industrial complex in the geographic location may be aggregated. However, a taxpayer may not aggregate parking spaces in parking facilities that are in different geographic locations. (d) Calculation of disallowance of deductions for qualified transportation fringe expenses—(1) Taxpayer pays a third party for parking qualified transportation fringe. If a taxpayer pays a third party an amount for its employees’ parking qualified transportation fringe, the section 274(a)(4) disallowance generally is calculated as the taxpayer’s total annual cost of employee parking qualified transportation fringes paid to the third party. (2) Taxpayer provides parking qualified transportation fringe at a parking facility it owns or leases. If a taxpayer owns or leases all or a portion of one or more parking facilities where its employees park, the section 274(a)(4) disallowance may be calculated using the general rule in paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section or any of the simplified methodologies in paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section. A taxpayer may choose to use the general rule or any of the following methodologies for each taxable year and for each parking facility. (i) General rule. A taxpayer that uses the general rule in this paragraph (d)(2)(i) must calculate the disallowance of deductions for qualified transportation fringe parking expenses for each employee receiving the qualified transportation fringe based on a reasonable interpretation of section 274(a)(4). A taxpayer that uses the general rule in this paragraph (d)(2)(i) may not use the special rule in paragraph (c)(1) of this section but may use the special rule in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. An interpretation of section 274(a)(4) is not reasonable unless the taxpayer applies the following rules when calculating the disallowance under this paragraph (d)(2)(i). (A) A taxpayer must not use value to determine expense. A taxpayer may not use the value of employee parking to determine expenses allocable to employee parking that is either owned or leased by the taxpayer because section 274(a)(4) disallows a deduction for the expense of providing a qualified transportation fringe, regardless of its value. (B) A taxpayer must not deduct expenses related to reserved employee spaces. A taxpayer must determine the allocable portion of total parking expenses that relate to any reserved employee spaces. No deduction is allowed for the parking expenses that relate to reserved employee spaces. (C) A taxpayer must not improperly apply the exception for qualified parking made available to the public. A taxpayer must not improperly apply the exception in section 274(e)(7) or paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this section to parking facilities, for example, by treating a parking facility regularly used by employees as available to the general public merely because the general public has access to the parking facility. (ii) Additional simplified methodologies. Instead of using the general rule in paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section for a taxpayer owned or leased parking facility, a taxpayer may use a simplified methodology under paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(A), (B), or (C) of this section. (A) Qualified parking limit methodology. A taxpayer that uses the qualified parking limit methodology in this paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(A) must calculate the disallowance of deductions for qualified transportation fringe parking expenses by multiplying the total number of spaces used by employees during the peak demand period, or the total number of taxpayer’s employees, by the section 132(f)(2) monthly per employee limitation on exclusion (adjusted for inflation), for each month in the taxable year. The result is the amount of the taxpayer’s expenses that are disallowed under section 274(a)(4). This methodology may be used only if the taxpayer includes the value of the qualified transportation fringe in excess of the sum of the amount, if any, paid by the employee for the qualified transportation fringe and the applicable statutory monthly limit in section 132(f)(2) on the taxpayer’s Federal income tax return as originally filed as compensation paid to the employee and as wages to the employee for purposes of withholding under chapter 24 of the Code (relating to collection of Federal income tax at source on wages). In addition, the exception to the disallowance for amounts treated as employee compensation provided for in section 274(e)(2) and in paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section cannot be applied to reduce a section 274(a)(4) disallowance calculated using this method. A taxpayer using this methodology may not use either of the special rules in paragraph (c) of this section. (B) Primary use methodology. A taxpayer that uses the primary use methodology in this paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B) must use the following four-step methodology to calculate the disallowance of deductions for qualified transportation fringe parking expenses for each parking facility. A taxpayer may use either or both of the special rules in paragraph (c) of this section for determining total parking expenses and total parking spaces. (1) Step 1 - Calculate the disallowance for reserved employee spaces. A taxpayer must identify the total parking spaces in the parking facility, or the taxpayer’s portion thereof, exclusively reserved for the taxpayer’s employees. The taxpayer must then determine the percentage of reserved employee spaces in relation to total parking spaces and multiply that percentage by the taxpayer’s total parking expenses for the parking facility. The product is the amount of the deduction for total parking expenses that is disallowed under section 274(a)(4) for reserved employee spaces. There is no disallowance for reserved employee spaces if the primary use (as defined in paragraphs (b)(11) and (d)(2)(ii)(B)(2) of this section) of the available parking spaces is to provide parking to the general public, and there are five or fewer reserved employee spaces in the parking facility and the reserved employee spaces are 5 percent or less of the total parking spaces. (2) Step 2 - Determine the primary use of available parking spaces. A taxpayer must identify the available parking spaces in the parking facility and determine whether their primary use is to provide parking to the general public. If the primary use of the available parking spaces in the parking facility is to provide parking to the general public, then total parking expenses allocable to available parking spaces at the parking facility are excepted from the section 274(a)(4) disallowance by the general public exception under section 274(e)(7) and paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this section. Primary use of available parking spaces is based on the number of available parking spaces used by employees during the peak demand period. Nonreserved parking spaces that are available to the general public but empty during normal business hours on a typical business day are treated as provided to the general public. (3) Step 3 - Calculate the allowance for reserved nonemployee spaces. If the primary use of a taxpayer’s available parking spaces is not to provide parking to the general public, the taxpayer must identify the number of available parking spaces in the parking facility, or the taxpayer’s portion thereof, exclusively reserved for nonemployees. A taxpayer that has no reserved nonemployee spaces may proceed to Step 4 in paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B)(4) of this section. If the taxpayer has reserved nonemployee spaces, it may determine the percentage of reserved nonemployee spaces in relation to remaining total parking spaces and multiply that percentage by the taxpayer’s remaining total parking expenses. The product is the amount of the deduction for remaining total parking expenses that is not disallowed because the spaces are not available for employee parking. (4) Step 4 - Determine remaining use of available parking spaces and allocable expenses. If a taxpayer completes Steps 1 - 3 in paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B) of this section and has any remaining total parking expenses not specifically categorized as deductible or nondeductible, the taxpayer must reasonably allocate such expenses by determining the total number of available parking spaces used by employees during the peak demand period. (C) Cost per space methodology. A taxpayer using the cost per space methodology in this paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(C) must calculate the disallowance of deductions for qualified transportation fringe parking expenses by multiplying the cost per space by the total number of available parking spaces used by employees during the peak demand period. The product is the amount of the deduction for total parking expenses that is disallowed under section 274(a)(4). A taxpayer may calculate cost per space by dividing total parking expenses by total parking spaces. A taxpayer using this methodology may use either or both of the special rules in paragraph (c) of this section for determining total parking expenses and total parking spaces. (3) Expenses for transportation in a commuter highway vehicle or transit pass. If a taxpayer pays a third party an amount for its employees’ commuter highway vehicle or a transit pass qualified transportation fringe, the section 274(a)(4) disallowance generally is equal to the taxpayer’s total annual cost of employee commuter highway vehicle or a transit pass qualified transportation fringes paid to the third party. If a taxpayer provides transportation in a commuter highway vehicle or transit pass qualified transportation fringes in kind directly to its employees, the taxpayer must calculate the disallowance of deductions for expenses for such fringes based on a reasonable interpretation of section 274(a)(4). However, a taxpayer may not use the value of the qualified commuter highway vehicle or transit pass fringe to the employee to determine expenses allocable to such fringe because section 274(a)(4) disallows a deduction for the expense of providing a qualified transportation fringe, regardless of its value to the employee. (e) Specific exceptions to disallowance of deduction for qualified transportation fringe expenses—(1) In general. The provisions of section 274(a)(4) and paragraph (a) of this section (imposing limitations on deductions for qualified transportation fringe expenses) are not applicable in the case of expenditures set forth in paragraph (e)(2) of this section. Such expenditures are deductible to the extent allowable under chapter 1 of the Code. This paragraph (e) cannot be construed to affect whether a deduction under section 162 or 212 is allowed or allowable. The fact that an expenditure is not covered by a specific exception provided for in this paragraph (e) is not determinative of whether a deduction for the expenditure is disallowed under section 274(a)(4) and paragraph (a) of this section. (2) Exceptions to disallowance. The expenditures referred to in paragraph (e)(1) of this section are set forth in paragraphs (e)(2)(i) through (iii) of this section. (i) Certain qualified transportation fringe expenses treated as compensation—(A) In general. Under section 274(e)(2) and this paragraph (e)(2)(i), any expense paid or incurred by a taxpayer for a qualified transportation fringe is not subject to the disallowance of deductions provided for in paragraph (a) of this section to the extent that the expense is treated by the taxpayer— (1) On the taxpayer’s Federal income tax return as originally filed, as compensation paid to the employee; and (2) As wages to the employee for purposes of withholding under chapter 24 (relating to collection of Federal income tax at source on wages). (B) Limitation on exception. The exception in section 274(e)(2) and paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section does not apply to expenses paid or incurred for qualified transportation fringes the value of which (including a purported value of zero) is less than the sum of the amount, if any, paid by the employee for the fringe benefits and any amount excluded from gross income under section 132(a)(5). Thus, if an employer provides an employee with qualified transportation fringes the value of which is less than the applicable statutory monthly per employee limit under section 132(a)(5), the exception in section 274(e)(2) and paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section does not apply to expenses paid or incurred for the fringe benefits. (C) Expenses for which value is improperly included. The exception in section 274(e)(2) and paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section does not apply to expenses paid or incurred for qualified transportation fringes for which the value that is included in gross income of the employee is less than the amount required to be included in gross income under §1.61-21. Similarly, if the amount required to be included in gross income under §1.61-21 is purportedly zero, the exception in section 274(e)(2) and paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section does not apply. (D) Required inclusion in wages. The exception in section 274(e)(2) and paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section applies to expenses paid or incurred for qualified transportation fringes the value of which exceeds the sum of the amount, if any, paid by the employee for the fringe benefits and any amount excluded from gross income under section 132(a)(5), if treated as compensation on the taxpayer’s Federal income tax return as originally filed and as wages to the employee for purposes of withholding under chapter 24. Thus, assuming no other statutory exclusion applies, if an employer provides an employee with qualified transportation fringes the value of which exceeds the applicable statutory monthly limit and the employee does not make any payment, the value of the benefits provided in excess of the applicable statutory monthly limit must be included in the employee’s wages for income and employment tax purposes in accordance with section 274(e)(2) and paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section. See §1.61-21(b)(1) and §1.132-9(b), Q/A-8. (ii) Expenses for transportation in a commuter highway vehicle, transit pass, or parking made available to the public. Under section 274(e)(7) and this paragraph (e)(2)(ii), any expense paid or incurred by a taxpayer for transportation in a commuter highway vehicle, a transit pass, or parking that otherwise qualifies as a qualified transportation fringe and that is also made available to the general public, is not subject to the disallowance of deductions provided for in paragraph (a) of this section to the extent that such transportation, transit pass, or parking is made available to the general public. With respect to parking, this exception applies to the entire amount of the taxpayer’s parking expense, less any expenses specifically attributable to employees (for example, expenses allocable to reserved employee spaces), if the primary use of the parking is by the general public. If the primary use of the parking is not by the general public, this exception applies only to the costs attributable to the parking used by the general public. (iii) Expenses for transportation in a commuter highway vehicle, transit pass, or parking sold to customers. Under section 274(e)(8) and this paragraph (e)(2)(iii), any expense paid or incurred by a taxpayer for transportation in a commuter highway vehicle, a transit pass, or parking that otherwise qualifies as a qualified transportation fringe to the extent such transportation, transit pass, or parking is sold to customers in a bona fide transaction for an adequate and full consideration in money or money’s worth, is not subject to the disallowance of deductions provided for in paragraph (a) of this section. For purposes of this paragraph (e)(2)(iii), the term customer includes an employee of the taxpayer who purchases the transportation in a bona fide transaction for an adequate and full consideration in money or money’s worth. (f) Examples. The following examples illustrate the provisions of this section related to parking expenses for qualified transportation fringes. For each example, assume the parking expenses are otherwise deductible expenses paid or incurred during the 2020 taxable year; all or some portion of the expenses relate to a qualified transportation fringe under section 132(f); the section 132(f)(2) monthly per employee limitation on an employee’s exclusion is $270; all taxpayers are calendar-year taxpayers; and the length of the 2020 taxable year is 12 months. (1) Example 1. Taxpayer A pays B, a third party who owns a parking garage adjacent to A’s place of business, $100 per month per parking space for each of A’s 10 employees to park in B’s garage, or $12,000 for parking in 2020 (($100 x 10) x 12 = $12,000). The $100 per month paid for each of A’s 10 employees for parking is excludible under section 132(a)(5), and none of the exceptions in section 274(e) or paragraph (e) of this section are applicable. Thus, the entire $12,000 is subject to the section 274(a)(4) disallowance under paragraphs (a) and (d)(1) of this section. (2) Example 2. (i) Assume the same facts as in paragraph (f)(1) of this section (Example 1), except A pays B $300 per month for each parking space, or $36,000 for parking for 2020 (($300 x 10) x 12 = $36,000). Of the $300 per month paid for parking for each of 10 employees, $270 is excludible under section 132(a)(5) for 2020 and none of the exceptions in section 274(e) or paragraph (e) of this section are applicable to this amount. A properly treats the excess amount of $30 ($300 - $270) per employee per month as compensation and wages. Thus, $32,400 (($270 x 10) x 12 = $32,400) is subject to the section 274(a)(4) disallowance under paragraphs (a) and (d)(1) of this section. (ii) The excess amount of $30 per employee per month is not excludible under section 132(a)(5). As a result, the exceptions in section 274(e)(2) and paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section are applicable to this amount. Thus, $3,600 ($36,000 - $32,400 = $3,600) is not subject to the section 274(a)(4) disallowance and remains deductible. (3) Example 3. (i) Taxpayer C leases 200 parking spaces from a third party at a rate of $500 per space, per month in 2020. C’s annual lease payment for the parking spaces is $1,200,000 ((200 x $500) x 12 = $1,200,000). The number of available parking spaces used by C’s employees during the peak demand period is 200. (ii) C uses the qualified parking limit methodology described in paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(A) of this section to determine the disallowance under section 274(a)(4). Under this methodology, the section 274(a)(4) disallowance is calculated by multiplying the number of available parking spaces used by employees during the peak demand period, 200, the section 132(f)(2) monthly per employee limitation on exclusion, $270, and 12, the number of months in the applicable taxable year. The amount subject to the section 274(a)(4) disallowance is $648,000 (200 x $270 x 12 = $648,000). This amount is excludible from C’s employees’ gross incomes under section 132(a)(5) and none of the exceptions in section 274(e) or paragraph (e) of this section are applicable to this amount. The excess $552,000 ($1,200,000 - $648,000) for which C is not disallowed a deduction under 274(a)(4) is included in C’s employees’ gross incomes because it exceeds the section 132(f)(2) monthly per employee limitation on exclusion. (4) Example 4—(i) Facts. Taxpayer D, a big box retailer, owns a surface parking facility adjacent to its store. D incurs $10,000 of total parking expenses for its store in the 2020 taxable year. D’s parking facility has 510 spaces that are used by its customers, employees, and its fleet vehicles. None of D’s parking spaces are reserved. The number of available parking spaces used by D’s employees during the peak demand period is 50. Approximately 30 nonreserved parking spaces are empty during normal business hours on a typical business day. D’s fleet vehicles occupy 10 parking spaces. (ii) Methodology. D uses the primary use methodology in paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B) of this section to determine the amount of parking expenses that are disallowed under section 274(a)(4). (iii) Step 1. Because none of D’s parking spaces are exclusively reserved for employees, there is no amount to be specifically allocated to reserved employee spaces under paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B)(1) of this section. (iv) Step 2. D’s number of available parking spaces is the total parking spaces reduced by the number of reserved employee spaces and inventory/unusable spaces or 500 (510 – 0 – 10 = 500). The number of available parking spaces used by D’s employees during the peak demand period is 50. Of the 500 available parking spaces, 450 are used to provide parking to the general public, including the 30 empty nonreserved parking spaces that are treated as provided to the general public. The primary use of D’s available parking spaces is to provide parking to the general public because 90% (450 / 500 = 90%) of the available parking spaces are used by the general public under paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B)(2) of this section. Because the primary use of the available parking spaces is to provide parking to the general public, the exception in section 274(e)(7) and paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this section applies and none of the $10,000 of total parking expenses is subject to the section 274(a)(4) disallowance. (5) Example 5—(i) Facts. Taxpayer E, a manufacturer, owns a surface parking facility adjacent to its plant. E incurs $10,000 of total parking expenses in 2020. E’s parking facility has 500 spaces that are used by its visitors and employees. E reserves 25 of these spaces for nonemployee visitors. The number of available parking spaces used by E’s employees during the peak demand period is 400. (ii) Methodology. E uses the primary use methodology in paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B) of this section to determine the amount of parking expenses that are disallowed under section 274(a)(4). (iii) Step 1. Because none of E’s parking spaces are exclusively reserved for employees, there is no amount to be specifically allocated to reserved employee spaces under paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B)(1) of this section. (iv) Step 2. The primary use of E’s parking facility is not to provide parking to the general public because 80% (400 / 500 = 80%) of the available parking spaces are used by its employees. Thus, expenses allocable to those spaces are not excepted from the section 274(a) disallowance by section 274(e)(7) and paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this section under the primary use test in paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B)(2) of this section. (v) Step 3. Because 5% (25 / 500 = 5%) of E’s available parking spaces are reserved nonemployee spaces, up to $9,500 ($10,000 x 95% = $9,500) of E’s total parking expenses are subject to the section 274(a)(4) disallowance under this step as provided in paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B)(3) of this section. The remaining $500 ($10,000 x 5% = $500) of expenses allocable to reserved nonemployee spaces is excepted from the section 274(a) disallowance and continues to be deductible. (vi) Step 4. E must reasonably determine the employee use of the remaining parking spaces by using the number of available parking spaces used by E’s employees during the peak demand period and determine the expenses allocable to employee parking spaces under paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B)(4) of this section. (6) Example 6—(i) Facts. Taxpayer F, a manufacturer, owns a surface parking facility adjacent to its plant. F incurs $10,000 of total parking expenses in 2020. F’s parking facility has 500 spaces that are used by its visitors and employees. F reserves 50 spaces for management. All other employees park in nonreserved spaces in F’s parking facility; the number of available parking spaces used by F’s employees during the peak demand period is 400. Additionally, F reserves 10 spaces for nonemployee visitors. (ii) Methodology. F uses the primary use methodology in paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B) of this section to determine the amount of parking expenses that are disallowed under section 274(a)(4). (iii) Step 1. Because F reserved 50 spaces for management, $1,000 ((50 / 500) x $10,000 = $1,000) is the amount of total parking expenses that is nondeductible for reserved employee spaces under section 274(a)(4) and paragraphs (a) and (d)(2)(ii)(B)(1) of this section. None of the exceptions in section 274(e) or paragraph (e) of this section are applicable to this amount. (iv) Step 2. The primary use of the remainder of F’s parking facility is not to provide parking to the general public because 89% (400 / 450 = 89%) of the available parking spaces in the facility are used by its employees. Thus, expenses allocable to these spaces are not excepted from the section 274(a)(4) disallowance by section 274(e)(7) and paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this section under the primary use test in paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B)(2) of this section. (v) Step 3. Because 2% (10 / 450 = 2.22%) of F’s available parking spaces are reserved nonemployee spaces, the $180 allocable to those spaces (($10,000 - $1,000) x 2%) is not subject to the section 274(a)(4) disallowance and continues to be deductible under paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B)(3) of this section. (vi) Step 4. F must reasonably determine the employee use of the remaining parking spaces by using the number of available parking spaces used by F’s employees during the peak demand period and determine the expenses allocable to employee parking spaces under paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B)(4) of this section. (7) Example 7—(i) Facts. Taxpayer G, a financial services institution, owns a multi-level parking garage adjacent to its office building. G incurs $10,000 of total parking expenses in 2020. G’s parking garage has 1,000 spaces that are used by its visitors and employees. However, one floor of the parking garage is segregated by an electronic barrier that can only be accessed with a card provided by G to its employees. The segregated parking floor contains 100 spaces. The other floors of the parking garage are not used by employees for parking during the peak demand period. (ii) Methodology. G uses the primary use methodology in paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B) of this section to determine the amount of parking expenses that are disallowed under section 274(a)(4). (iii) Step 1. Because G has 100 reserved spaces for employees, $1,000 ((100 / 1,000) x $10,000 = $1,000) is the amount of total parking expenses that is nondeductible for reserved employee spaces under section 274(a)(4) and paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B)(1) of this section. None of the exceptions in section 274(e) or paragraph (e) of this section are applicable to this amount. (iv) Step 2. The primary use of the available parking spaces in G’s parking facility is to provide parking to the general public because 100% (900 / 900 = 100%) of the available parking spaces are used by the public. Thus, expenses allocable to those spaces, $9,000, are excepted from the section 274(a)(4) disallowance by section 274(e)(7) and paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this section under the primary use test in paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B)(2). (8) Example 8—(i) Facts. Taxpayer H, an accounting firm, leases a parking facility adjacent to its office building. H incurs $10,000 of total parking expenses related to the lease payments in 2020. H’s leased parking facility has 100 spaces that are used by its clients and employees. None of the parking spaces are reserved. The number of available parking spaces used by H’s employees during the peak demand period is 60. (ii) Methodology. H uses the primary use methodology in paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B) of this section to determine the amount of parking expenses that are disallowed under section 274(a)(4). (iii) Step 1. Because none of H’s leased parking spaces are exclusively reserved for employees, there is no amount to be specifically allocated to reserved employee spaces under paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B)(1) of this section. (iv) Step 2. The primary use of H’s leased parking facility under paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B)(2) of this section is not to provide parking to the general public because 60% (60 / 100 = 60%) of the lot is used by its employees. Thus, H may not utilize the general public exception from the section 274(a)(4) disallowance provided by section 274(e)(7) and paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this section. (v) Step 3. Because none of H’s parking spaces are exclusively reserved for nonemployees, there is no amount to be specifically allocated to reserved nonemployee spaces under paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B)(3) of this section. (vi) Step 4. H must reasonably determine the use of the parking spaces and the related expenses allocable to employee parking. Because the number of available parking spaces used by H’s employees during the peak demand period is 60, H reasonably determines that 60% (60 / 100 = 60%) of H’s total parking expenses or $6,000 ($10,000 x 60% = $6,000) is subject to the section 274(a)(4) disallowance under paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B)(4) of this section. (9) Example 9—(i) Facts. Taxpayer I, a large manufacturer, owns multiple parking facilities adjacent to its manufacturing plant, warehouse, and office building at its complex in the city of X. All of I’s tracts or parcels of land at its complex in city X are located in a single geographic location. I owns parking facilities in other cities. I incurs $50,000 of total parking expenses related to the parking facilities at its complex in city X in 2020. I’s parking facilities at its complex in city X have 10,000 total parking spaces that are used by its visitors and employees of which 500 are reserved for management. All other spaces at parking facilities in I’s complex in city X are nonreserved. The number of nonreserved spaces used by I’s employees other than management during the peak demand period at I’s parking facilities in city X is 8,000. (ii) Methodology. I uses the primary use methodology in paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B) of this section to determine the amount of parking expenses that are disallowed under section 274(a)(4). I chooses to apply the special rule in paragraph (c)(2) of this section to aggregate all parking facilities in the geographic location that comprises its complex in city X. However, I may not aggregate parking facilities in other cities with its parking facilities in city X because they are in different geographic locations. (iii) Step 1. Because 500 spaces are reserved for management, $2,500 ((500 / 10,000) x $50,000 = $2,500) is the amount of total parking expenses that is nondeductible for reserved employee spaces for I’s parking facilities in city X under section 274(a)(4) and paragraphs (a) and (d)(2)(ii)(B)(1) of this section. (iv) Step 2. The primary use of the remainder of I’s parking facility is not to provide parking to the general public because 84% (8,000 / 9,500 = 84%) of the available parking spaces in the facility are used by its employees. Thus, expenses allocable to these spaces are not excepted from the section 274(a)(4) disallowance by section 274(e)(7) or paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this section under the primary use test in paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B)(2) of this section. (v) Step 3. Because none of I’s parking spaces in its parking facilities in city X are exclusively reserved for nonemployees, there is no amount to be specifically allocated to reserved nonemployee spaces under paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B)(3) of this section. (vi) Step 4. I must reasonably determine the use of the remaining parking spaces and the related expenses allocable to employee parking for its parking facilities in city X. Because the number of available parking spaces used by I’s employees during the peak demand period in city X during an average workday is 8,000, I reasonably determines that 84.2% (8,000 / 9,500 = 84.2%) of I’s remaining parking expense or $39,900 (($50,000 - $2,500) x 84% = $39,900) is subject to the section 274(a)(4) disallowance under paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(B)(4) of this section. (10) Example 10. (i) Taxpayer J, a manufacturer, owns a parking facility and incurs mixed parking expenses along with other parking expenses. J uses the special rule in paragraph (c)(1) of this section to allocate 5% of certain mixed parking expenses to its parking facility. Applying the special rule, J determines that it incurred $100,000 of total parking expenses in 2020. J’s parking facility has 500 spaces that are used by its visitors and employees. The number of available parking spaces used by J’s employees during the peak demand period is 475. (ii) J uses the cost per space methodology described in paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(C) of this section to determine the amount of parking expenses that are disallowed under section 274(a)(4). Under this methodology, J multiples the cost per space by the number of available parking spaces used by J’s employees during the peak demand period. J calculates the cost per space by dividing total parking expenses by the number of parking spaces ($100,000 / 500 = $200). J determines that $95,000 ($200 x 475 = $95,000) of J’s total parking expenses is subject to the section 274(a)(4) disallowance and none of the exceptions in section 274(e) or paragraph (e) of this section are applicable. (g) Applicability date. This section applies for taxable years that begin on or after [date final rule is published in the Federal Register]. §1.274-14 Disallowance of deductions for certain transportation and commuting benefit expenditures. (a) General rule. Except as provided in this section, no deduction is allowed for any expense incurred for providing any transportation, or any payment or reimbursement, to an employee of the taxpayer in connection with travel between the employee’s residence, as defined in §1.121-1(b)(1), and place of employment. Travel between the employee’s residence and place of employment includes travel that originates at a transportation hub near the employee’s residence or place of employment. For example, an employee who commutes to work by airplane from an airport near the employee’s residence to an airport near the employee’s place of employment is traveling between the residence and place of employment. These transportation and commuting expenses do not include any expenditure of any qualified transportation fringe (as defined in section 132(f)) provided to an employee of the taxpayer. All qualified transportation fringe expenses are required to be analyzed under section 274(a)(4) and §1.274-13. (b) Exception. The disallowance for the deduction for expenses incurred for providing any transportation or commuting in paragraph (a) of this section does not apply if the transportation or commuting expense is necessary for ensuring the safety of the employee. The transportation or commuting expense is necessary for ensuring the safety of the employee if a bona fide business-oriented security concern, as described in §1.132-5(m), exists for the employee. (c) Applicability date. This section applies for taxable years that begin on or after [date final rule is published in the Federal Register]. Sunita Lough Deputy Commissioner for Services and Enforcement. (Filed by the Office of the Federal Register on June 19, 2020, 4:15 p.m., and published in the issue of the Federal Register for June 23, 2020, 85 FR 37599) 1 Form 8915-E is expected to be available before the end of 2020. Definition of Terms Revenue rulings and revenue procedures (hereinafter referred to as “rulings”) that have an effect on previous rulings use the following defined terms to describe the effect: Amplified describes a situation where no change is being made in a prior published position, but the prior position is being extended to apply to a variation of the fact situation set forth therein. Thus, if an earlier ruling held that a principle applied to A, and the new ruling holds that the same principle also applies to B, the earlier ruling is amplified. (Compare with modified, below). Clarified is used in those instances where the language in a prior ruling is being made clear because the language has caused, or may cause, some confusion. It is not used where a position in a prior ruling is being changed. Distinguished describes a situation where a ruling mentions a previously published ruling and points out an essential difference between them. Modified is used where the substance of a previously published position is being changed. Thus, if a prior ruling held that a principle applied to A but not to B, and the new ruling holds that it applies to both A and B, the prior ruling is modified because it corrects a published position. (Compare with amplified and clarified, above). Obsoleted describes a previously published ruling that is not considered determinative with respect to future transactions. This term is most commonly used in a ruling that lists previously published rulings that are obsoleted because of changes in laws or regulations. A ruling may also be obsoleted because the substance has been included in regulations subsequently adopted. Revoked describes situations where the position in the previously published ruling is not correct and the correct position is being stated in a new ruling. Superseded describes a situation where the new ruling does nothing more than restate the substance and situation of a previously published ruling (or rulings). Thus, the term is used to republish under the 1986 Code and regulations the same position published under the 1939 Code and regulations. The term is also used when it is desired to republish in a single ruling a series of situations, names, etc., that were previously published over a period of time in separate rulings. If the new ruling does more than restate the substance of a prior ruling, a combination of terms is used. For example, modified and superseded describes a situation where the substance of a previously published ruling is being changed in part and is continued without change in part and it is desired to restate the valid portion of the previously published ruling in a new ruling that is self contained. In this case, the previously published ruling is first modified and then, as modified, is superseded. Supplemented is used in situations in which a list, such as a list of the names of countries, is published in a ruling and that list is expanded by adding further names in subsequent rulings. After the original ruling has been supplemented several times, a new ruling may be published that includes the list in the original ruling and the additions, and supersedes all prior rulings in the series. Suspended is used in rare situations to show that the previous published rulings will not be applied pending some future action such as the issuance of new or amended regulations, the outcome of cases in litigation, or the outcome of a Service study. Abbreviations The following abbreviations in current use and formerly used will appear in material published in the Bulletin. A—Individual. Acq.—Acquiescence. B—Individual. BE—Beneficiary. BK—Bank. B.T.A.—Board of Tax Appeals. C—Individual. C.B.—Cumulative Bulletin. CFR—Code of Federal Regulations. CI—City. COOP—Cooperative. Ct.D.—Court Decision. CY—County. D—Decedent. DC—Dummy Corporation. DE—Donee. Del. Order—Delegation Order. DISC—Domestic International Sales Corporation. DR—Donor. E—Estate. EE—Employee. E.O.—Executive Order. ER—Employer. ERISA—Employee Retirement Income Security Act. EX—Executor. F—Fiduciary. FC—Foreign Country. FICA—Federal Insurance Contributions Act. FISC—Foreign International Sales Company. FPH—Foreign Personal Holding Company. F.R.—Federal Register. FUTA—Federal Unemployment Tax Act. FX—Foreign corporation. G.C.M.—Chief Counsel’s Memorandum. GE—Grantee. GP—General Partner. GR—Grantor. IC—Insurance Company. I.R.B.—Internal Revenue Bulletin. LE—Lessee. LP—Limited Partner. LR—Lessor. M—Minor. Nonacq.—Nonacquiescence. O—Organization. P—Parent Corporation. PHC—Personal Holding Company. PO—Possession of the U.S. PR—Partner. PRS—Partnership. PTE—Prohibited Transaction Exemption. Pub. L.—Public Law. REIT—Real Estate Investment Trust. Rev. Proc.—Revenue Procedure. Rev. Rul.—Revenue Ruling. S—Subsidiary. S.P.R.—Statement of Procedural Rules. Stat.—Statutes at Large. T—Target Corporation. T.C.—Tax Court. T.D.—Treasury Decision. TFE—Transferee. TFR—Transferor. T.I.R.—Technical Information Release. TP—Taxpayer. TR—Trust. TT—Trustee. U.S.C.—United States Code. X—Corporation. Y—Corporation. Z—Corporation. Numerical Finding List Numerical Finding List Bulletin 2020–28 Notices: Article Issue Link Page 2020-43 2020-27 I.R.B. 2020-27 1 2020-45 2020-27 I.R.B. 2020-27 3 2020-46 2020-27 I.R.B. 2020-27 7 2020-47 2020-27 I.R.B. 2020-27 7 2020-49 2020-27 I.R.B. 2020-27 8 2020-50 2020-28 I.R.B. 2020-28 35 Proposed Regulations: Article Issue Link Page REG-119307-19 2020-28 I.R.B. 2020-28 44 Revenue Procedures: Article Issue Link Page 2020-16 2020-27 I.R.B. 2020-27 10 2020-31 2020-27 I.R.B. 2020-27 12 Revenue Rulings: Article Issue Link Page 2020-14 2020-28 I.R.B. 2020-28 33 1 A cumulative list of all revenue rulings, revenue procedures, Treasury decisions, etc., published in Internal Revenue Bulletins 2018–27 through 2018–52 is in Internal Revenue Bulletin 2018–52, dated December 27, 2018. Finding List of Current Actions on Previously Published Items1 Bulletin 2020–28 How to get the Internal Revenue Bulletin INTERNAL REVENUE BULLETIN The Introduction at the beginning of this issue describes the purpose and content of this publication. The weekly Internal Revenue Bulletins are available at www.irs.gov/irb/. We Welcome Comments About the Internal Revenue Bulletin If you have comments concerning the format or production of the Internal Revenue Bulletin or suggestions for improving it, we would be pleased to hear from you. You can email us your suggestions or comments through the IRS Internet Home Page www.irs.gov) or write to the Internal Revenue Service, Publishing Division, IRB Publishing Program Desk, 1111 Constitution Ave. NW, IR-6230 Washington, DC 20224.