Charles H. Matthews, Ph.D.

Welcome to Volume V of the Annals of Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy, published in partnership between the United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (USASBE) and Edward Elgar Publishing. As entrepreneurship educators, we continue to provoke critical thinking on improving what, how, and why we teach entrepreneurship. Volume V brings together a compilation of work developed by thought leaders in our discipline who question and reflect on the main challenges and… Show more

Welcome to Volume V of the Annals of Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy, published in partnership between the United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (USASBE) and Edward Elgar Publishing. As entrepreneurship educators, we continue to provoke critical thinking on improving what, how, and why we teach entrepreneurship. Volume V brings together a compilation of work developed by thought leaders in our discipline who question and reflect on the main challenges and opportunities of our discipline. As noted in the preface of Volumes III and IV, the state of the art and science of entrepreneurship education is strong. Yet, despite notable advances in content, delivery, evaluation, review, and feedback developed, there remains work to be done.
This is not unexpected. Rather, it is fundamental to continue improving the mission of educating future entrepreneurs who will be challenged to solve the world’s critical and complex societal challenges. With entrepreneurship as a discipline defined from so many contributing directions and the need to teach ideation, innovation, experimentation, design thinking, customer discovery, start-up competencies, and more, the challenges are considerable, as are the possibilities. These challenges emanate from:
"a knowledge base [that] continues to evolve and develop as do the needs of our
students, and thus so too must our approach to entrepreneurship education itself. If
nothing else became apparent in the year leading up to the release of Volume IV, it is
the realization that as educators we need to be prepared to adapt rapidly to changing,
and often complex, conditions that require us to be innovative in our pedagogical
approaches. (Matthews, Ligouri, & Santos, 2021, p. xvi)" Show less

About this article: One of the continuing challenges of entrepreneurship education in the classroom
and in the community is how to best integrate what each has to offer to the benefit of all. Universities are often seen as the bastions of new sources of knowledge (basic science), while community agents are often viewed as the purveyors of incubating and educating potential entrepreneurs (start-ups). This
can result in curricular confusion (Solomon & Matthews, 2014) regarding how to best… Show more

About this article: One of the continuing challenges of entrepreneurship education in the classroom
and in the community is how to best integrate what each has to offer to the benefit of all. Universities are often seen as the bastions of new sources of knowledge (basic science), while community agents are often viewed as the purveyors of incubating and educating potential entrepreneurs (start-ups). This
can result in curricular confusion (Solomon & Matthews, 2014) regarding how to best integrate coursework, experience, and exercises to benefit both students and practitioners. The question becomes, how can we design programs that create a triple win: the entrepreneur/student; the entrepreneurship ecosystem; and a surviving, thriving, and robust community?
About the Annals: At the intersection of past practices, current thinking, and future insights into the ever-expanding world of entrepreneurship education is the 5th Ed. of the Annals of Entrepreneurship Education & Pedagogy covering a broad range of scholarly, practical, and thoughtful perspectives on a compelling range of entrepreneurship education issues.
Vol 5 spans topics ranging from innovative practices in facilitating entrepreneurship teaching and learning inside and outside the classroom, learning innovation, and model programs, to the latest research from top programs and thought leaders in entrepreneurship. Moreover, it builds on previous editions as it continues to investigate critical issues in designing, implementing, and assessing experiential learning techniques in the field of entrepreneurship.
This contemporary vol. provides insights and challenges in the development of entrepreneurship education for students, educators, mentors, community leaders, and more. Annals of Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy 2023 is a must-have book for any entrepreneurship professor, scholar, or program director dedicated to advancing entrepreneurship education in the US and around the world. Show less

If you are looking for the intersection of past practices, current thinking, and future insights into the ever-expanding world of entrepreneurship education, then you will want to read and explore the fourth edition of the Annals of Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy. Prepared under the auspices of the United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (USASBE), this edited volume covers a broad range of scholarly, practical, and thoughtful perspectives on a compelling range… Show more

If you are looking for the intersection of past practices, current thinking, and future insights into the ever-expanding world of entrepreneurship education, then you will want to read and explore the fourth edition of the Annals of Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy. Prepared under the auspices of the United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (USASBE), this edited volume covers a broad range of scholarly, practical, and thoughtful perspectives on a compelling range of entrepreneurship education issues.
Edited by Charles H. Matthews, Distinguished Teaching Professor of Entrepreneurship and Strategy, Lindner College of Business, University of Cincinnati, US. He served as President of USASBE in 2004 and Eric W. Liguori, Rohrer Endowed Chair of Entrepreneurship and Executive Director, Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Rohrer College of Business, Rowan University, US. He served as President of USASBE in 2019.
Publication Date: 2021 ISBN: 978 1 78990 445 1 Extent: 464 pp Show less

Welcome to Volume IV of the Annals of Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy published in partnership between the United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship and Edward Elgar Publishing. As noted in the preface of Volume III, the state of the art and science of entrepreneurship education is good. Yet, despite the continued advances in content, delivery, evaluation, review, and feedback developed, there remains work to be done. This is not unexpected. After all, we teach,… Show more

Welcome to Volume IV of the Annals of Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy published in partnership between the United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship and Edward Elgar Publishing. As noted in the preface of Volume III, the state of the art and science of entrepreneurship education is good. Yet, despite the continued advances in content, delivery, evaluation, review, and feedback developed, there remains work to be done. This is not unexpected. After all, we teach, ideation, innovation, experimentation, design thinking, customer discovery, and more so our knowledge base continue to evolve and develop as the needs of our students continue to evolve. So too must our approach to entrepreneurship education itself continue to advance. If nothing else became apparent in the year leading up to the release of Volume IV, it is the realization that as educators, we need to be prepared to adapt rapidly to changing and often complex conditions that require us to be innovative in our pedagogical approaches. Show less

Abstract
By all accounts, over the past quarter century, the digital transformation of the music industry has and continues to reshape nearly every aspect of the industry’s value chain. That value chain includes, but is not limited to, how music is created, produced, distributed, and sold; crowdfunding and social networks in the music industry; do it yourself (DIY) music production and how the next generation of musicians, producers, and managers are educated and prepared for the future… Show more

Abstract
By all accounts, over the past quarter century, the digital transformation of the music industry has and continues to reshape nearly every aspect of the industry’s value chain. That value chain includes, but is not limited to, how music is created, produced, distributed, and sold; crowdfunding and social networks in the music industry; do it yourself (DIY) music production and how the next generation of musicians, producers, and managers are educated and prepared for the future. This brave new world for commercial music production and entrepreneurship education requires a bold change in both the ideation and implementation of entrepreneurship education and the arts. This article provides an overview of the ideation, development, launch, and continuation of one such bold program addressing the evolving needs of Entrepreneurship Education and the Arts in the field of Commercial Music Production.

Key words: Music; Music Education; Entrepreneurship; Entrepreneurship Education; Commercial Music Production
Show less

The focus of this preface is a quite simple, yet compelling thesis about
what is holding back the advancement of the field of Entrepreneurship, in
general, and Entrepreneurship Education, in particular. It is posited here
that two aspects of Entrepreneurship as a discipline must be addressed in
order to advance Entrepreneurship Education beyond its current state.
Those two aspects encompass continuing definitional and measurement
issues. In addition, this paper explores… Show more

The focus of this preface is a quite simple, yet compelling thesis about
what is holding back the advancement of the field of Entrepreneurship, in
general, and Entrepreneurship Education, in particular. It is posited here
that two aspects of Entrepreneurship as a discipline must be addressed in
order to advance Entrepreneurship Education beyond its current state.
Those two aspects encompass continuing definitional and measurement
issues. In addition, this paper explores options to overcome these issues.
1) One more time, what is entrepreneurship?
2) What is all the fuss over measuring entrepreneurship education success?
3) What is next (and next after next)?
a. Integrate research.
b. New tools, new rules: AI, IoT, Robotics.
c. Access to capital: ICO vs IPO.
d. Receptivity to disruptive innovation in education. Show less

The third volume of the Annals of Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy critically examines past practices, current thinking, and future insights into the ever-expanding world of Entrepreneurship education. Prepared under the auspices of the United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (USASBE), this compendium covers a broad range of scholarly, practical, and thoughtful perspectives on a compelling range of entrepreneurship education issues.
Edited by Charles H… Show more

The third volume of the Annals of Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy critically examines past practices, current thinking, and future insights into the ever-expanding world of Entrepreneurship education. Prepared under the auspices of the United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (USASBE), this compendium covers a broad range of scholarly, practical, and thoughtful perspectives on a compelling range of entrepreneurship education issues.
Edited by Charles H. Matthews, Distinguished Teaching Professor of Entrepreneurship and Strategy, Lindner College of Business, University of Cincinnati, US. He served as President of USASBE in 2004, and Eric W. Liguori, Rohrer Endowed Chair of Entrepreneurship and Executive Director, Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Rohrer College of Business, Rowan University, US. He served as President of USASBE in 2019
Publication Date: 2019 ISBN: 978 1 78897 627 5 Extent: 400 pp Show less

ABSTRACT
There is general agreement that the well-documented and debated U.S. technology skills gap needs to be addressed (Beach, 2013). There is less agreement, however, about the best way to go about narrowing that gap. Similarly, while there is consensus surrounding the importance of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education at all levels in general and higher education in particular, there is little agreement surrounding best practices on implementation in the… Show more

ABSTRACT
There is general agreement that the well-documented and debated U.S. technology skills gap needs to be addressed (Beach, 2013). There is less agreement, however, about the best way to go about narrowing that gap. Similarly, while there is consensus surrounding the importance of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education at all levels in general and higher education in particular, there is little agreement surrounding best practices on implementation in the classroom. This paper provides: 1) a brief overview structure and goals of the UC NSF S-STEM program, with a focus on recruiting underrepresented students to the STEM fields; 2) an overview of the critical introductory Engineering Education Foundation course (ENED 1020); 3) an outline of the specific curricula design for the dual BS in Engineering plus MBA with a Graduate Certificate in Entrepreneurship and BS in Engineering with a minor in Entrepreneurship tracks; and 4) a summary and future directions.

Key words: Engineering; Entrepreneurship; S-STEM, STEM, Education
Show less

Often owner/decision-makers in closely-held small businesses are overloaded
with work and can become isolated from novel information that could improve
their decisions and ultimately firm performance. These decision-makers become
reliant on heuristics to ease their cognitive burdens and develop a strong bias for
the status-quo. Research suggests that external counsel and/or informal advisors
may help to encourage more thoughtful consideration of situations, thus exposing
or… Show more

Often owner/decision-makers in closely-held small businesses are overloaded
with work and can become isolated from novel information that could improve
their decisions and ultimately firm performance. These decision-makers become
reliant on heuristics to ease their cognitive burdens and develop a strong bias for
the status-quo. Research suggests that external counsel and/or informal advisors
may help to encourage more thoughtful consideration of situations, thus exposing
or alleviating status-quo bias. This paper contributes to the understanding of
decision making in small firms by examining relationships between industry
association membership and the willingness of decision-makers in such firms to
adopt new technologies. Evidence is found suggesting that small firm owners’
access to decision-making information from business associations is related to a
greater willingness to adopt new technologies. This is evidence of conscious
decision-making that enables their small businesses to go beyond the status-quo.

Keywords: Small business; industry association; technology adoption. Show less

Why are some entrepreneurs able to start a new firm more quickly than others in the venture creation process? Drawing on pecking order and agency theory, this study investigates how start-up capital structure influences the time to either new firm founding or quitting the start-up process. The temporal aspect of the start-up process is one that is often discussed, but rarely studied. Therefore, we utilize competing risk and Cox regression event history analysis on a nationally representative… Show more

Why are some entrepreneurs able to start a new firm more quickly than others in the venture creation process? Drawing on pecking order and agency theory, this study investigates how start-up capital structure influences the time to either new firm founding or quitting the start-up process. The temporal aspect of the start-up process is one that is often discussed, but rarely studied. Therefore, we utilize competing risk and Cox regression event history analysis on a nationally representative sample of US entrepreneurs to investigate how start-up capital structure impacts the time in gestation to particular kinds of start-up outcomes. Our findings suggest that external equity has an appreciable impact on new firm emergence over time, and that the percentage of ownership held by the founders attenuates the benefits of external equity. Show less

The independent effects of education, personal experience, and advice networks in the development of new venture creation intent is of considerable interest to educators, researchers, practitioners, and policy makers. Little research, however, has systematically considered the possibility that the relative importance of these factors varies in the early stages of entrepreneurial intent formation. Using a unique data set (n=963), this study investigates these key relationships at two different… Show more

The independent effects of education, personal experience, and advice networks in the development of new venture creation intent is of considerable interest to educators, researchers, practitioners, and policy makers. Little research, however, has systematically considered the possibility that the relative importance of these factors varies in the early stages of entrepreneurial intent formation. Using a unique data set (n=963), this study investigates these key relationships at two different points in time. Our results suggest that personal start-up experience and advice networks are particularly influential on the formation of intent to start a new venture, and that a marked shift in significance occurs from the former to the latter. Show less

Matthews, Schenkel, and Yates contend that the creation of any business, small or large, begins with the recognition of an unserved or under-served market opportunity. At the same time, they note a great deal of debate regarding whether new business opportunities result from systematic search and discovery or one of creation and design. In response, the authors contribute to the discussion around opportunity recognition by exploring the most prevalent ways that business founders view market… Show more

Matthews, Schenkel, and Yates contend that the creation of any business, small or large, begins with the recognition of an unserved or under-served market opportunity. At the same time, they note a great deal of debate regarding whether new business opportunities result from systematic search and discovery or one of creation and design. In response, the authors contribute to the discussion around opportunity recognition by exploring the most prevalent ways that business founders view market opportunity, whether founders focused on starting small businesses view opportunity differently than founders pursuing accelerated growth-oriented ventures, and whether opportunity recognition differs among men and women. Analyzing a sample of business founders from the U.S., the authors find evidence to suggest that is no one-size fits all approach to identifying and exploiting opportunities and that whether the opportunity is discovered or created is highly dependent on the founder and context.

This two-volume work explores the behavior and decision making of small companies; their business strategies for launch, growth, and survival; and their contribution to the larger global economy. Utilizing information and data gleaned from proven entrepreneurs and small business operations, this reference provides insight into the political, environmental, and competitive forces that support and impede small business ownership, and offers strategies for navigating them.

Written by leading researchers from around the world, the set presents a broad view of the small business sector, focusing on conception, ownership, financing, and growth strategies. Show less

This book presents a new model, the innovation & entrepreneurship competency framework, for students, innovators, entrepreneurs, managers, and anyone who wants to better understand the dynamic world of innovation and entrepreneurship

In the 1980s ‘strategic planning’ was the hot topic among both academic researchers and executives of complex organizations. Strategic planners were hired in droves. When Jack Welch became the CEO of General Electric, he discovered over 250 strategic planners at the corporate headquarters. This state of affairs led renowned academic scholar Henry Mintzberg to pen a bitingly astute book chapter titled: ‘If strategic planning is everything, then perhaps it is nothing’ (Mintzberg, 1994). The still… Show more

In the 1980s ‘strategic planning’ was the hot topic among both academic researchers and executives of complex organizations. Strategic planners were hired in droves. When Jack Welch became the CEO of General Electric, he discovered over 250 strategic planners at the corporate headquarters. This state of affairs led renowned academic scholar Henry Mintzberg to pen a bitingly astute book chapter titled: ‘If strategic planning is everything, then perhaps it is nothing’ (Mintzberg, 1994). The still emerging academic discipline of entrepreneurship now finds itself with a terminological issue brought on by the excessive use and overuse of the words ‘entrepreneur’, ‘entrepreneurship’, as well as the overuse and misuse of the word ‘entrepreneurial’. It is the misuse of the adjective ‘entrepreneurial’ that has been the most damaging as it is now used synonymously with creative and innovative and is often used gratuitously as a meaningless modifier (for example, an entrepreneurial campus, entrepreneurial finance, or entrepreneurial spread sheet). Perhaps an article will soon be written that parallels Mintzberg’s critique of two decades ago, titled, ‘If entrepreneurship is everything, then perhaps it is nothing’. Show less

Although scholars have considered the financing challenges facing small businesses for some time, little work has focused on financing issues at the venture's nascent stage. In this study, we investigate the sources of funding sought by nascent entrepreneurs and the relationship between the complexity of these funding sources, business plan formalization, and expectations of future firm growth. Using data from the Entrepreneurship Research Consortium/Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics, we… Show more

Although scholars have considered the financing challenges facing small businesses for some time, little work has focused on financing issues at the venture's nascent stage. In this study, we investigate the sources of funding sought by nascent entrepreneurs and the relationship between the complexity of these funding sources, business plan formalization, and expectations of future firm growth. Using data from the Entrepreneurship Research Consortium/Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics, we find that nascent entrepreneurs, even those associated with high-growth ventures, favor simple rather than complex sources of funding at the nascent stage. Funding complexity and business plan formalization are also found related to expectation of firm growth. An additional contribution is the development of a funding complexity continuum scale, which should be useful in future studies of nascent as well as later stage entrepreneurial finance and firm growth Show less

Entrepreneurship involves human agency. The entrepreneurship process occurs because people are motivated to pursue and exploit perceived opportunities. It is rooted in the theory that action is the result of motivation and cognition. Therefore, this paper applies elements of goal theory and social cognitive theory to develop a motivational model of nascent entrepreneurial start-up outcomes. The objective of this model is to renew attention on motivational constructs in entrepreneurship… Show more

Entrepreneurship involves human agency. The entrepreneurship process occurs because people are motivated to pursue and exploit perceived opportunities. It is rooted in the theory that action is the result of motivation and cognition. Therefore, this paper applies elements of goal theory and social cognitive theory to develop a motivational model of nascent entrepreneurial start-up outcomes. The objective of this model is to renew attention on motivational constructs in entrepreneurship research. Additionally, it provides predictive value for the likelihood of new firm founding among nascent entrepreneurs. Results suggest that motivational antecedents among nascent entrepreneurs significantly influence the likelihood of quitting the start-up process versus continuing nascent entrepreneurial start-up efforts. Show less