Walter Greenleaf, PhD
Stanford, California, United States
14K followers
500+ connections
About
I am a research scientist at Stanford University, working in Neuro and Bio- Behavioral…
Articles by Walter
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A Conference on Extreme Innovation in Healthcare
A Conference on Extreme Innovation in Healthcare
By Walter Greenleaf, PhD
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How Virtual Reality Technology Will Impact Healthcare
How Virtual Reality Technology Will Impact Healthcare
By Walter Greenleaf, PhD
Activity
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Please join us for the NYC premiere of Family Treasures Lost and Found Wednesday, September 18, 2024 6:30-8:15 PM Center for Jewish History 15 West…
Please join us for the NYC premiere of Family Treasures Lost and Found Wednesday, September 18, 2024 6:30-8:15 PM Center for Jewish History 15 West…
Liked by Walter Greenleaf, PhD
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We are so proud to continue our work supporting the XR mental health space. Please do research some of these brilliant companies and the ground…
We are so proud to continue our work supporting the XR mental health space. Please do research some of these brilliant companies and the ground…
Liked by Walter Greenleaf, PhD
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We're hoping to make back-to-school shots a little less painful. Thanks to KRON-TV for their coverage of Chariot's latest technology to ease patient…
We're hoping to make back-to-school shots a little less painful. Thanks to KRON-TV for their coverage of Chariot's latest technology to ease patient…
Liked by Walter Greenleaf, PhD
Experience
Education
Publications
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Reimagining scientific conferences—a Keystone Symposia report
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Scientific conferences play an important role in advancing research, scholarship, and the careers of emerging scientists. The COVID-19 pandemic offered meeting organizers and researchers alike an opportunity to reimagine what scientific conferences could look like. Virtual conferences can increase inclusivity and accessibility while decreasing costs and carbon emissions. However, it is generally perceived that the digital world fails to adequately recapitulate many of the benefits of in-person…
Scientific conferences play an important role in advancing research, scholarship, and the careers of emerging scientists. The COVID-19 pandemic offered meeting organizers and researchers alike an opportunity to reimagine what scientific conferences could look like. Virtual conferences can increase inclusivity and accessibility while decreasing costs and carbon emissions. However, it is generally perceived that the digital world fails to adequately recapitulate many of the benefits of in-person face-to-face interactions; these include socializing, and collaborative environments that can forge new research directions and provide critical career development opportunities. On November 15 and 16, 2022, researchers, representatives from diverse scientific conference organizations, leaders in virtual platform technologies, and innovators in conference design gathered online for the Open Access Keystone eSymposium “Reimagining Scientific Conferences.” The meeting focused on how conference organizers can leverage lessons from the pandemic and emerging virtual platforms to engage new audiences, rethink strategies for scientific exchange, and decrease the carbon footprint of in-person events
Other authorsSee publication -
Digital health technologies and major depressive disorder
Cambridge University Press - CNS Spectrums
There is an urgent need to improve the clinical management of major depressive disorder (MDD), which has become increasingly prevalent over the past two decades. Several gaps and challenges in the awareness, detection, treatment, and monitoring of MDD remain to be addressed. Digital health technologies have demonstrated utility in relation to various health conditions, including MDD. Factors related to the COVID-19 pandemic have accelerated the development of telemedicine, mobile medical apps…
There is an urgent need to improve the clinical management of major depressive disorder (MDD), which has become increasingly prevalent over the past two decades. Several gaps and challenges in the awareness, detection, treatment, and monitoring of MDD remain to be addressed. Digital health technologies have demonstrated utility in relation to various health conditions, including MDD. Factors related to the COVID-19 pandemic have accelerated the development of telemedicine, mobile medical apps, and virtual reality apps and have continued to introduce new possibilities across mental health care. Growing access to and acceptance of digital health technologies present opportunities to expand the scope of care and to close gaps in the management of MDD. Digital health technology is rapidly evolving the options for nonclinical support and clinical care for patients with MDD. Iterative efforts to validate and optimize such digital health technologies, including digital therapeutics and digital biomarkers, continue to improve access to and quality of personalized detection, treatment, and monitoring of MDD. The aim of this review is to highlight the existing gaps and challenges in depression management and discuss the current and future landscape of digital health technology as it applies to the challenges faced by patients with MDD and their healthcare providers
Other authorsSee publication -
Evaluation Challenges for the Application of Extended Reality Devices in Medicine
Journal of Digital Imaging
Augmented and virtual reality devices are being actively investigated and implemented for a wide range of medical uses. However, significant gaps in the evaluation of these medical devices and applications hinder their regulatory evaluation. Addressing these gaps is critical to demonstrating the devices’ safety and effectiveness. We outline the key technical and clinical evaluation challenges discussed during the US Food and Drug Administration’s public workshop, “Medical Extended Reality:…
Augmented and virtual reality devices are being actively investigated and implemented for a wide range of medical uses. However, significant gaps in the evaluation of these medical devices and applications hinder their regulatory evaluation. Addressing these gaps is critical to demonstrating the devices’ safety and effectiveness. We outline the key technical and clinical evaluation challenges discussed during the US Food and Drug Administration’s public workshop, “Medical Extended Reality: Toward Best Evaluation Practices for Virtual and Augmented Reality in Medicine” and future directions for evaluation method development. Evaluation challenges were categorized into several key technical and clinical areas. Finally, we highlight current efforts in the standards communities and illustrate connections between the evaluation challenges and the intended uses of the medical extended reality (MXR) devices. Participants concluded that additional research is needed to assess the safety and effectiveness of MXR devices across the use cases.
Other authorsSee publication -
New Virtual Reality and Spatial Computing Applications to Empower, Upskill and Reskill Medical Professionals in a Post-Pandemic Era
Frontiers in Virtual Reality
More than 1 billion jobs, almost one-third of all jobs worldwide, are likely to be transformed by technology in the next decade, according to OECD estimates. In addition, 5 billion people today lack access to proper surgical and anesthesia care and current training models cannot meet this demand. This growing need for continuous upskill and reskill becomes even more crucial in the post COVID-19 pandemic era. Virtual Reality (VR) and spatial computing technologies have the potential to be the…
More than 1 billion jobs, almost one-third of all jobs worldwide, are likely to be transformed by technology in the next decade, according to OECD estimates. In addition, 5 billion people today lack access to proper surgical and anesthesia care and current training models cannot meet this demand. This growing need for continuous upskill and reskill becomes even more crucial in the post COVID-19 pandemic era. Virtual Reality (VR) and spatial computing technologies have the potential to be the next final Frontier regarding medical psychomotor/cognitive training, education and empowerment. VR can provide the means for remote qualitative education (knowledge) and training (skills), using affordable technology with personalized, on-demand and smooth learning curves.
Undeniably, the benefits that VR brings to the medical community, when used as an educational or a representational tool or in other creative ways, can significantly enhance the current state of the art, especially when employed in conjunction with traditional methods. As technology progresses, VR and XR tools will certainly gain more momentum as they become more widely adopted. This research topic aims to serve as a direction and inspiration as to how VR might help shape the post-pandemic world by providing the tools that will elevate medical training and enable more effective, user-tailored empowerment, upskilling and reskilling for the new era.Other authorsSee publication -
Digital Health Integration With Neuromodulation Therapies: The Future of Patient-Centric Innovation in Neuromodulation
Frontiers in Digital Health
Digital health can drive patient-centric innovation in neuromodulation by leveraging current tools to identify response predictors and digital biomarkers. Iterative technological evolution has led us to an ideal point to integrate digital health with neuromodulation. Here, we provide an overview of the digital health building-blocks, the status of advanced neuromodulation technologies, and future applications for neuromodulation with digital health integration.
Other authorsSee publication -
Leveraging Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality to Combat Chronic Pain in Youth
Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR; ISSN 1438-8871)
Abstract
Background: Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) interventions are emerging as promising tools in the treatment of pediatric chronic pain conditions. However, in this young field, there is little consensus to guide the process of engaging in the development and evaluation of targeted VR-based interventions.
Objective:
The INOVATE-Pain (Interdisciplinary Network on Virtual and Augmented Technologies for Pain management) consortium aims to advance the field of VR…Abstract
Background: Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) interventions are emerging as promising tools in the treatment of pediatric chronic pain conditions. However, in this young field, there is little consensus to guide the process of engaging in the development and evaluation of targeted VR-based interventions.
Objective:
The INOVATE-Pain (Interdisciplinary Network on Virtual and Augmented Technologies for Pain management) consortium aims to advance the field of VR for pediatric chronic pain rehabilitation by providing guidance for best practices in the design, evaluation, and dissemination of VR-based interventions targeting this population.
Methods:
An interdisciplinary meeting of 16 academics, clinicians, industry partners, and philanthropy partners was held in January 2020.
Results:
Reviewing the state of the field, the consortium identified important directions for research-driven innovation in VR and AR clinical care, highlighted key opportunities and challenges facing the field, and established a consensus on best methodological practices to adopt in future efforts to advance the research and practice of VR and AR in pediatric pain. The consortium also identified important next steps to undertake to continue to advance the work in this promising new area of digital health pain interventions.
Conclusions:
To realize the promise of this realm of innovation, key ingredients for success include productive partnerships among industry, academic, and clinical stakeholders; a uniform set of outcome domains and measures for standardized evaluation; and widespread access to the latest opportunities, tools, and resources. The INOVATE-Pain collaborative hopes to promote the creation, rigorous yet efficient evaluation, and dissemination of innovative VR-based interventions to reduce pain and improve quality of life for children.Other authorsSee publication -
Using Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy to Enhance Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: Identifying Areas of Clinical Adoption and Potential Obstacles
Frontiers in Psychiatry
Despite strong evidence of effectiveness, exposure therapy is an underutilized treatment for anxiety disorders at a time when effective treatment for anxiety is greatly needed. The significant worldwide prevalence and negative impact of anxiety are documented and highlight the importance of increasing therapist and patient use of effective treatment. Obstacles to the use of exposure therapy are explored and steps to lessen these obstacles are proposed. In particular, virtual reality (VR)…
Despite strong evidence of effectiveness, exposure therapy is an underutilized treatment for anxiety disorders at a time when effective treatment for anxiety is greatly needed. The significant worldwide prevalence and negative impact of anxiety are documented and highlight the importance of increasing therapist and patient use of effective treatment. Obstacles to the use of exposure therapy are explored and steps to lessen these obstacles are proposed. In particular, virtual reality (VR) technology is discussed as a way to increase the availability of exposure therapy. Incorporating VR in therapy can increase the ease, acceptability, and effectiveness of treatment for anxiety. VR exposure therapy (VRET) permits individualized, gradual, controlled, immersive exposure that is easy for therapists to implement and often more acceptable to patients than in vivo or imaginal exposure. VR is presented as a scalable tool that can augment access to and effectiveness of exposure therapy thus improving treatment of anxiety disorders. VR also has the potential to help with assessment and with therapist training standardization. The authors advocate for providing continuing education in VRET to practicing clinicians and including training in exposure therapy and VRET in training programs. Ongoing development of VR applications for clinical use is encouraged, especially when developed in collaboration with software developers, clinical users, therapists who are experienced in VRET, and researchers.
Other authorsSee publication -
A Public Database of Immersive VR Videos with Corresponding Ratings of Arousal, Valence, and Correlations between Head Movements and Self Report Measures
Frontiers in Psychology
Virtual reality (VR) has been proposed as a methodological tool to study the basic science of psychology and other fields. One key advantage of VR is that sharing of virtual content can lead to more robust replication and representative sampling. A database of standardized content will help fulfill this vision. There are two objectives to this study. First, we seek to establish and allow public access to a database of immersive VR video clips that can act as a potential resource for studies on…
Virtual reality (VR) has been proposed as a methodological tool to study the basic science of psychology and other fields. One key advantage of VR is that sharing of virtual content can lead to more robust replication and representative sampling. A database of standardized content will help fulfill this vision. There are two objectives to this study. First, we seek to establish and allow public access to a database of immersive VR video clips that can act as a potential resource for studies on emotion induction using virtual reality. Second, given the large sample size of participants needed to get reliable valence and arousal ratings for our video, we were able to explore the possible links between the head movements of the observer and the emotions he or she feels while viewing immersive VR. To accomplish our goals, we sourced for and tested 73 immersive VR clips which participants rated on valence and arousal dimensions using self-assessment manikins. We also tracked participants' rotational head movements as they watched the clips, allowing us to correlate head movements and affect. Based on past research, we predicted relationships between the standard deviation of head yaw and valence and arousal ratings. Results showed that the stimuli varied reasonably well along the dimensions of valence and arousal, with a slight underrepresentation of clips that are of negative valence and highly arousing. The standard deviation of yaw positively correlated with valence, while a significant positive relationship was found between head pitch and arousal. The immersive VR clips tested are available online as supplemental material.
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The ENGAGE study: Integrating neuroimaging, virtual reality and smartphone sensing to understand self-regulation for managing depression and obesity in a precision medicine mode
Behaviour Research and Therapy
Precision medicine models for personalizing achieving sustained behavior change are largely outside of current clinical practice. Yet, changing self-regulatory behaviors is fundamental to the self-management of complex lifestyle-related chronic conditions such as depression and obesity - two top contributors to the global burden of disease and disability. To optimize treatments and address these burdens, behavior change and self-regulation must be better understood in relation to their…
Precision medicine models for personalizing achieving sustained behavior change are largely outside of current clinical practice. Yet, changing self-regulatory behaviors is fundamental to the self-management of complex lifestyle-related chronic conditions such as depression and obesity - two top contributors to the global burden of disease and disability. To optimize treatments and address these burdens, behavior change and self-regulation must be better understood in relation to their neurobiological underpinnings. Here, we present the conceptual framework and protocol for a novel study, “Engaging self-regulation targets to understand the mechanisms of behavior change and improve mood and weight outcomes (ENGAGE)”. The ENGAGE study integrates neuroscience with behavioral science to better understand the self-regulation related mechanisms of behavior change for improving mood and weight outcomes among adults with comorbid depression and obesity. We collect assays of three self-regulation targets (emotion, cognition, and self-reflection) in multiple settings: neuroimaging and behavioral lab-based measures, virtual reality, and passive smartphone sampling. By connecting human neuroscience and behavioral science in this manner within the ENGAGE study, we develop a prototype for elucidating the underlying self-regulation mechanisms of behavior change outcomes and their application in optimizing intervention strategies for multiple chronic diseases
Other authors -
MECHANISTIC SELF-REGULATION TARGETS IN INTEGRATED BEHAVIOR THERAPY FOR OBESE AND DEPRESSED ADULTS: RAINBOW-ENGAGE STUDY
ANNALS OF BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE
Obesity and depression are top contributors to the global burden of disease and disability; when comorbid, the burden is exacerbated. Understanding the processes and mechanisms contributing to risk will facilitate the development of targeted and personalized approaches to behavior change. Self-regulation is a core construct in empirically supported behavioral interventions for these disorders and a candidate target mechanism for behavior change. Human neuroscience has identified large-scale…
Obesity and depression are top contributors to the global burden of disease and disability; when comorbid, the burden is exacerbated. Understanding the processes and mechanisms contributing to risk will facilitate the development of targeted and personalized approaches to behavior change. Self-regulation is a core construct in empirically supported behavioral interventions for these disorders and a candidate target mechanism for behavior change. Human neuroscience has identified large-scale brain circuits for key self-regulation targets: emotion regulation, cognitive control, and self-reflection. Using a target-driven, experimental medicine approach, the ENGAGE study leverages an ongoing randomized controlled trial (RAINBOW) of integrated behavior therapy for comorbid obesity and depression in primary care to measure self-regulation targets among trial participants. The study aims are to identify and refine the measures (assays), validate target engagement and malleability, and test target-driven optimization of behavior therapy for comorbid obesity and depression. The chosen assays of emotion, cognitive and self-reflective regulation involve multiple domains (neural, physiological, behavioral, and psychological) and settings (brain imaging lab, virtual reality environments, and smartphone-based passive sensing). The assays are included at baseline, 2, 6, 12 and 24 months. We will examine the relationships between assays within and between domains and settings, and how assays of self-regulation targets predict health behaviors and outcomes through 24 months. ENGAGE will provide a toolkit of validated assays of self-regulation targets important for health behavior change. Findings on how self-regulation mechanisms predict behavior and outcomes will advance the development of targeted and personalized intervention strategies for treating obesity and depression, with implications for other common lifestyle-related comorbidities.
Other authorsSee publication -
Cyber-humans: Our future with machines
PRESENCE: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments The MIT Press
Book Review: Cyber-Humans: Our Future with Machines by Woodrow Barfield
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A Public Database of Immersive VR Videos with Corresponding Ratings of Arousal, Valence, and Correlations between Head Movements and Self Report Measures
Frontiers in Psychology
Virtual reality (VR) has been proposed as a methodological tool to study the basic science of psychology and other fields. One key advantage of VR is that sharing of virtual content can lead to more robust replication and representative sampling. A database of standardized content will help fulfill this vision. There are two objectives to this study. First, we seek to establish and allow public access to a database of immersive VR video clips that can act as a potential resource for studies on…
Virtual reality (VR) has been proposed as a methodological tool to study the basic science of psychology and other fields. One key advantage of VR is that sharing of virtual content can lead to more robust replication and representative sampling. A database of standardized content will help fulfill this vision. There are two objectives to this study. First, we seek to establish and allow public access to a database of immersive VR video clips that can act as a potential resource for studies on emotion induction using virtual reality. Second, given the large sample size of participants needed to get reliable valence and arousal ratings for our video, we were able to explore the possible links between the head movements of the observer and the emotions he or she feels while viewing immersive VR. To accomplish our goals, we sourced for and tested 73 immersive VR clips which participants rated on valence and arousal dimensions using self-assessment manikins. We also tracked participants' rotational head movements as they watched the clips, allowing us to correlate head movements and affect. Based on past research, we predicted relationships between the standard deviation of head yaw and valence and arousal ratings. Results showed that the stimuli varied reasonably well along the dimensions of valence and arousal, with a slight underrepresentation of clips that are of negative valence and highly arousing. The standard deviation of yaw positively correlated with valence, while a significant positive relationship was found between head pitch and arousal. The immersive VR clips tested are available online as supplemental material.
Other authors
Patents
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Adapting media content to a sensed state of a user
Issued US 11294464B2
A media system controls the presentation of media content based on a detected state of a user. The user state may be detected based on biometric inputs that may be derived from IMU and/or microphone data. The biometric inputs may include a heart rate detected from IMU data representing the motion of a head-mounted media processing device, a breathing rate detected from IMU data representing the motion of a head-mounted media processing device, a breathing rate detected from IMU data…
A media system controls the presentation of media content based on a detected state of a user. The user state may be detected based on biometric inputs that may be derived from IMU and/or microphone data. The biometric inputs may include a heart rate detected from IMU data representing the motion of a head-mounted media processing device, a breathing rate detected from IMU data representing the motion of a head-mounted media processing device, a breathing rate detected from IMU data representing the motion of a head - mounted media processing device, a breathing rate detected based on microphone data , or a combination thereof.
Other inventorsSee patent
More activity by Walter
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Thank you, Solome Tibebu Alexandra Muir, for shedding light on the AI innovations in mental health Ellipsis Health. Your leadership in this field is…
Thank you, Solome Tibebu Alexandra Muir, for shedding light on the AI innovations in mental health Ellipsis Health. Your leadership in this field is…
Liked by Walter Greenleaf, PhD
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Piramidal (YC W24) has just raised $6M in seed funding to build a first-of-its-kind foundation model that can detect and understand complex “brain…
Piramidal (YC W24) has just raised $6M in seed funding to build a first-of-its-kind foundation model that can detect and understand complex “brain…
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Fantastic meeting with top scientists and innovators thanks to OneMind! Exciting to collaborate with the best minds from Icahn School of Medicine at…
Fantastic meeting with top scientists and innovators thanks to OneMind! Exciting to collaborate with the best minds from Icahn School of Medicine at…
Liked by Walter Greenleaf, PhD
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I am so honored to have TRIPP be used in this UK program to support the mental wellbeing of at risk adults. Thank you to Apax and Meta for this…
I am so honored to have TRIPP be used in this UK program to support the mental wellbeing of at risk adults. Thank you to Apax and Meta for this…
Liked by Walter Greenleaf, PhD
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"Digital health is no longer the future; it is the present, reshaping our healthcare landscape in real-time." Excited to be part of the UCSF Digital…
"Digital health is no longer the future; it is the present, reshaping our healthcare landscape in real-time." Excited to be part of the UCSF Digital…
Liked by Walter Greenleaf, PhD
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Incredibly excited for what's to come. We're just getting started 🔥
Incredibly excited for what's to come. We're just getting started 🔥
Liked by Walter Greenleaf, PhD
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This Friday, the FDA has scheduled an important meeting aimed at accelerating treatment development for #PTSD - “Advancing Treatments for…
This Friday, the FDA has scheduled an important meeting aimed at accelerating treatment development for #PTSD - “Advancing Treatments for…
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Funding opportunity from the Translational Research Institute for Space Health: https://lnkd.in/gSpR6sad
Funding opportunity from the Translational Research Institute for Space Health: https://lnkd.in/gSpR6sad
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Grateful that ONWARD Medical and our partners @CEA-Leti and .NeuroRestore have received a grant from the Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation to…
Grateful that ONWARD Medical and our partners @CEA-Leti and .NeuroRestore have received a grant from the Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation to…
Liked by Walter Greenleaf, PhD
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Impact Venture Capital portfolio company, Healium, a leader in immersive healing media, is excited to introduce the Muse 2 EEG meditation headband to…
Impact Venture Capital portfolio company, Healium, a leader in immersive healing media, is excited to introduce the Muse 2 EEG meditation headband to…
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🚀 We are proud to announce that Kernel was selected in the inaugural cohort of the StartUp Health Alzheimer’s Moonshot, a collaborative community…
🚀 We are proud to announce that Kernel was selected in the inaugural cohort of the StartUp Health Alzheimer’s Moonshot, a collaborative community…
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25 years after #SecondLife, Francisco Sendra Portero offers an in-depth review of #metaverse #virtualworlds evolution & possibilities, especially for…
25 years after #SecondLife, Francisco Sendra Portero offers an in-depth review of #metaverse #virtualworlds evolution & possibilities, especially for…
Liked by Walter Greenleaf, PhD
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This experience is UNPRECEDENTED and absolutely transcendent. I'm honored to be a part of bringing it to life, alongside a standout team. Can't wait…
This experience is UNPRECEDENTED and absolutely transcendent. I'm honored to be a part of bringing it to life, alongside a standout team. Can't wait…
Liked by Walter Greenleaf, PhD
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A privilege to join such an esteemed group of thought leaders, healthcare experts, and visionaries. Ensuring the development of innovative and…
A privilege to join such an esteemed group of thought leaders, healthcare experts, and visionaries. Ensuring the development of innovative and…
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