Dr Ruchi Punamia l The Blood Blog’s Post

Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have numerous proven benefits for the millions of patients living with kidney disease, heart failure, and diabetes, but these drugs can be cost prohibitive for some patients. One of our esteemed partner nephrologists, Katie Westin Kwon MD FASN, recently published an article on available options for cost savings from SGLT2i manufacturers. Check it out! #kidneydisease #medicationtherapy #SGLT2inhibitors #CKD #CHF #diabetes

Blood group problem and solution A blood type \(also called a blood group\) is a classification of blood based on the presence and absence of antibodies and also based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells \(RBCs\). These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system. Some of these antigens are also present on the surface of other types of cells of various tissues. Several of these red blood cell surface antigens can stem from one allele \(or an alternative version of a gene\) and collectively form a blood group system. Blood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents. A total of 35 human blood group systems are now recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion \(ISBT\). The two most important ones are ABO and the RhD antigen; they determine someone's blood type \(A, B, AB and O, with +, or Null denoting RhD status\). Youtube video: https://lnkd.in/dXTSGj7G \#nikolays_genetics_lessons

How to solve ABO blood groups problems? The ABO blood group system is the most important blood type system \(or blood group system\) in human blood transfusion. Found on platelets, epithelium, and cells other than erythrocytes, AB antigens \(as with other serotypes\) can also cause an adverse immune response to organ transplantation. The associated anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM antibodies, which are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances, such as food, bacteria, and viruses. ABO blood types are also present in some other animals, for example rodents and apes, such as chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas. Youtube video: https://lnkd.in/d8TEMJ2A \#nikolays_genetics_lessons

When a kidney from a deceased donor becomes available, it is scored on a system called the Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI). How does the KDPI work and how accurate is it at predicting possible transplant survival? On this episode, we speak with experts to get the facts. Start listening: https://bit.ly/3thvw0Z .

When a kidney from a deceased donor becomes available, it is scored on a system called the Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI). How does the KDPI work and how accurate is it at predicting possible transplant survival? On this episode, we speak with experts to get the facts. Start listening: https://bit.ly/3thvw0Z .

When a kidney from a deceased donor becomes available, it is scored on a system called the Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI). How does the KDPI work and how accurate is it at predicting possible transplant survival? On this episode, we speak with experts to get the facts. Start listening: https://bit.ly/3thvw0Z .

Blood groups and pedigree Blood groups There are 4 main blood groups \(types of blood\) \_ A, B, AB and O. Your blood group is determined by the genes you inherit from your parents. Each group can be either RhD positive or RhD negative, which means in total there are 8 blood groups. Antibodies and antigens Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in a liquid called plasma. Your blood group is identified by antibodies and antigens in the blood. Antibodies are proteins found in plasma. They're part of your body's natural defences. They recognise foreign substances, such as germs, and alert your immune system, which destroys them. Antigens are protein molecules found on the surface of red blood cells. The ABO system There are 4 main blood groups defined by the ABO system: blood group A \_ has A antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in the plasma blood group B \_ has B antigens with anti-A antibodies in the plasma blood group O \_ has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma blood group AB \_ has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies Blood group O is the most common blood group. Almost half of the UK population \(48%\) has blood group O. Receiving blood from the wrong ABO group can be life-threatening. For example, if someone with group B blood is given group A blood, their anti-A antibodies will attack the group A cells. This is why group A blood must never be given to someone who has group B blood and vice versa. As group O red blood cells do not have any A or B antigens, it can safely be given to any other group. The NHS Blood and Transplant \(NHSBT\) website has more information about the different blood groups. Problem: Dmitri's mother is blood type A, as is his wife; his father is blood type B, and younger sister is O. Dmitri's first son is also type O, while his second son is B. Draw a pedigree for this family, using the standard conventions \(Roman numerals for generations, Arabic for individuals in order of birth, etc.\), and indicate the genotypes of all members. What is Dmitri's blood type? Briefly explain your thinking. \(Be sure to mark Dmitri in the pedigree.\) Youtube video: https://lnkd.in/dPEuEarC \#nikolays_genetics_lessons

Rh blood groups explaned Rho\(D\) immune globulin or Rh0\(D\) immune globulin \(letter o and digit zero are both widely attested; more at Rh blood group system - Rh nomenclature\) is a medicine given by intramuscular injection that is used to prevent the immunological condition known as Rh disease \(or hemolytic disease of newborn\). It is sold under various brand names. The medicine is a solution of IgG anti-D \(anti-RhD\) antibodies that take out any fetal RhD-positive erythrocytes which have entered the maternal blood stream from fetal circulation, before the maternal immune system can react to them, thus preventing maternal sensitization. In a Rhesus-negative mother, Rho\(D\) immune globulin can prevent temporary sensitization of the maternal immune system to Rh D antigens, which can cause rhesus disease in the current or in subsequent pregnancies. With the widespread use of Rho\(D\) immune globulin, Rh disease of the fetus and newborn has almost disappeared. The risk that a D-negative mother can be alloimmunized by a D-positive fetus can be reduced from approximately 16% to less than 0.1% by the appropriate administration of RhIG. Rho\(D\) immune globulin is composed of IgG antibodies and therefore is able to cross the placenta. In rare cases this can cause a baby to have a weakly positive DAT \(direct antiglobulin test\) due to sensitization of fetal cells from mothers who have received multiple doses of Rho\(D\) Immune Globulin. However, no treatment is necessary as the clinical course is benign. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medication needed in a basic health system. Youtube video: https://lnkd.in/dqgwtSB3 \#nikolays_genetics_lessons

When a kidney from a deceased donor becomes available, it is scored on a system called the Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI). How does the KDPI work and how accurate is it at predicting possible transplant survival? On this episode, we speak with experts to get the facts. Start listening: https://bit.ly/3thvw0Z .

ABO blood group Rh factor and probability Blood Types Although all blood is made of the same basic elements, not all blood is alike. In fact, there are eight different common blood types, which are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens \_ substances that can trigger an immune response if they are foreign to the body. Since some antigens can trigger a patient's immune system to attack the transfused blood, safe blood transfusions depend on careful blood typing and cross-matching. The ABO Blood Group System There are four major blood groups determined by the presence or absence of two antigens \_ A and B \_ on the surface of red blood cells: Group A \_ has only the A antigen on red cells \(and B antibody in the plasma\) Group B \_ has only the B antigen on red cells \(and A antibody in the plasma\) Group AB \_ has both A and B antigens on red cells \(but neither A nor B antibody in the plasma\) Group O \_ has neither A nor B antigens on red cells \(but both A and B antibody are in the plasma\) In addition to the A and B antigens, there is a third antigen called the Rh factor, which can be either present + or absent \_ . In general, Rh negative blood is given to Rh-negative patients, and Rh positive blood or Rh negative blood may be given to Rh positive patients. The universal red cell donor has Type O negative blood type. The universal plasma donor has Type AB positive blood type. Youtube video: https://lnkd.in/dttTkiBa \#nikolays_genetics_lessons