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🌟 Unraveling NVIC: Orchestrating Microcontroller Interruptions 🌟 🧠 NVIC (Nested Vectored Interrupt Controller) is the neural hub of interrupt handling in microcontrollers, orchestrating a symphony of events for seamless system operation. Let's uncover its remarkable capabilities: 🔍 Core Peripheral with Minimized Latency: NVIC streamlines interrupt handling, reducing latency to ensure lightning-fast responses to critical events, vital for time-sensitive operations. 💡 255 Interrupts Supported: The expansive capability to manage and prioritize a vast array of interrupt sources, empowering efficient event-driven programming. 🎯 Vector Table Brilliance: The intricate matrix of priorities and addresses within the vector table, guiding the microcontroller to address specific interrupts with precision. ⚡️ Latency-Priority Nexus: Higher priority interrupts take precedence, resulting in minimized latency to swiftly attend to crucial tasks, maintaining system responsiveness. 🔧 Software Empowerment: Flexibility reigns as software manages masked and non-maskable interrupts, enabling tailored control over interrupt handling mechanisms. 🔌 Autonomous External Interrupts: Simplified management with dedicated enable pins, granting autonomous control over external interrupt activations. 🔄 Hierarchical Nested Support: Impeccable support for nested interrupts, both in hardware and software priorities, ensuring orderly and efficient handling. 🚦 Flags Unveiled - Active vs. Pending: Illuminating the distinction between actively serviced interrupts and those patiently awaiting their turn in the processing queue. ⛔️ Interrupt Saturation Threshold: Exploring the limits - the point where the CPU reaches its maximum capacity to handle further interrupts due to resource constraints. 🔗 Grouping & Subgrouping Brilliance: NVIC's organizational prowess in grouping interrupts hierarchically for systematic handling. 📚 Mapping the Terrain - Memory & Data Sheet: Delving into the intricate memory map allocation and detailed specifications, as documented in the Reference Manual. ❓ Decoding Negative Priority in Vector Table: Peering into the rationale behind leveraging negative priority values within NVIC's priority hierarchy. 💻 Unlocking the Registers & APIs: A detailed look at the registers and the arsenal of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) available for configuring and managing NVIC. 🔍 Embark on an exploration of NVIC's intricate design, understanding, and optimizing its capabilities to elevate embedded system performance! [https://lnkd.in/d8i3DuJe] #Abdelrahman_Magdy #EmbeddedSystems #Microcontrollers #InterruptHandling #HardwareDesign #TechInnovation #EngineeringLife #Electronics #DeveloperCommunity #CodeOptimization #SystemArchitecture #TechExploration #InnovationInTech #ProgrammingLife #EmbeddedDevelopment #HardwareProgramming

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#day30 #embeddedsystems DSA: Recursion 👉🏻 Phone keypad problem using recursion and learned the concept of back-tracking. ARM Cortex M4: Custom Task Scheduler GitHub: https://lnkd.in/gNrHkmwW 👉🏻This code sets up a task scheduler for an STM32F4 microcontroller, using the SysTick timer to switch tasks every millisecond. It defines constants and calculates memory allocations for task and scheduler stacks. Stack start addresses are set for five tasks, and the SysTick timer is configured to interrupt at 1ms intervals using the HSI clock. 👉🏻The `main` function enables processor fault handling, initializes the scheduler stack, and sets up the task stacks. It then starts the SysTick timer and switches the stack pointer to the Process Stack Pointer (PSP) for task execution. The system begins running `Task1_Handler` in an infinite loop. 👉🏻Each task handler function (`Task1_Handler`, `Task2_Handler`, etc.) runs an infinite loop, printing messages to indicate which task is executing. The `init_tasks_stack` function initializes the stack frames for each task with dummy values for registers and sets the task handlers. This function also assigns stack pointers to each task. 👉🏻The `SysTick_Handler` is the core of the pre-emptive scheduling mechanism. On a SysTick interrupt, it saves the current task's context, updates the PSP in the task control block (TCB), selects the next task, restores the new task's context, and updates the PSP before returning from the interrupt. 👉🏻Helper functions such as `get_psp_value` and `save_psp_value` manage the PSP values for tasks, while `update_next_task` selects the next task in a round-robin fashion. These functions ensure each task's context is correctly saved and restored during task switching. 👉🏻Fault handlers (`HardFault_Handler`, `MemManage_Handler`, `BusFault_Handler`) print error messages and halt the system in case of critical exceptions. This ensures the system can diagnose and stop operations safely if it encounters severe errors. 👉🏻Attached video shows tasks being preempted every 1ms and printed through ITM Data Console (printf() style debugging) P.S. Assembly is fun!

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Embedded System Interveiw Questions #304 Race conditions and how to avoid them? A race condition occurs when two or more asynchronously running pieces of code (e.g., an interrupt and a background loop ) can access and change a shared resource.  The common characteristic of all such problems is that they seem to “defy logic.” By this, I mean that each piece of code behaves correctly, when executed individually. Issues show up only intermittently when the pieces of code are executed concurrently. Bugs of this type are generally hard to reproduce, isolate, and fix. You might be testing your system for hours or weeks, and some concurrency bugs can still slip into the final product. This is the worst kind of problem you ever want to deal with. -How to avoid them? The most common way of preventing concurrency problems is to disallow asynchronous preemption while accessing the shared resource. This makes the access mutually exclusive, meaning that only one piece of code can access the resource at a time. For single-CPU systems, the simplest method (demonstrated in the video) is to disable interrupts right before accessing a shared resource and re-enabling them right after. The section of code where interrupts remain disabled is called a critical section. Mutual exclusion prevents concurrency issues, but serializing access to the resource reduces system responsiveness (e.g., disabling interrupts for too long can extend the interrupt latency.) Also, developers must remember to apply mutual exclusion around all applicable parts of their code, and it is easy to miss some of them in practice. You can avoid sharing resources in many ways, including smarter use of the hardware. For example, many peripherals inside the MCU offer interfaces precisely designed to avoid unnecessary sharing of resources. #embeddedsystems #programmingisfun #microcontrollers #controllers #techexploration #electronicsengineering #wired #embeddedc #electronicsmanufacturing #iot #programminglife #engineeringinnovation #embeddedprogramming #techsolutions #datatransmission #networking #firmwaredevelopment #softwareengineering #automotivetechnology #codingjourney #techinnovation #embeddeddevelopment #iotprojects #communicationskills #innovationintech #engineeringlife

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