Relationship Issues Counselling in Hobart, TAS
I specialise in managing the psychological impacts of the big challenges - cost-of-living, climate change, grief and loss, relationship breakdown.
Do you sometimes wonder "I'm anxious because of the state of the world. How can counselling help?" You've got a good point. Counselling doesn't directly impact the many challenges we are facing. But it does improve how we cope with them. I can help you develop the most useful responses to your challenges, and craft a preferred new future for yourself. Using well-understood neuroscience and proven psychotherapies, I offer strategies to relieve anxiety, reduce despair, and restore relationships. Yet, as counselling is also a unique and personal undertaking, I provide support in a kind and gentle manner, completely free from judgement.
I specialise in managing the psychological impacts of the big challenges - cost-of-living, climate change, grief and loss, relationship breakdown.
Do you sometimes wonder "I'm anxious because of the state of the world. How can counselling help?" You've got a good point. Counselling doesn't directly impact the many challenges we are facing. But it does improve how we cope with them. I can help you develop the most useful responses to your challenges, and craft a preferred new future for yourself. Using well-understood neuroscience and proven psychotherapies, I offer strategies to relieve anxiety, reduce despair, and restore relationships. Yet, as counselling is also a unique and personal undertaking, I provide support in a kind and gentle manner, completely free from judgement.
Anxiety, depression, workplace concerns, dating/ relationship problems, family conflict, grief, OCD, mood and personality disorders are the issues clients bring to me for treatment.
Welcome! I'm a registered psychologist, Advanced EMDR therapist, and qualified Relationship Counselor working with individuals and couples in person and online. I specialise in trauma, as well as relationship counselling, but also treat anxiety, stress, and related disorders. I support many women with ADHD and help others explore the possibility of this diagnosis. In therapy, I create a warm, non-judgmental environment, where I support you to grow from your challenges, and where neurodiversity is welcome and celebrated. My aim is to help you feel and function better.
Anxiety, depression, workplace concerns, dating/ relationship problems, family conflict, grief, OCD, mood and personality disorders are the issues clients bring to me for treatment.
Welcome! I'm a registered psychologist, Advanced EMDR therapist, and qualified Relationship Counselor working with individuals and couples in person and online. I specialise in trauma, as well as relationship counselling, but also treat anxiety, stress, and related disorders. I support many women with ADHD and help others explore the possibility of this diagnosis. In therapy, I create a warm, non-judgmental environment, where I support you to grow from your challenges, and where neurodiversity is welcome and celebrated. My aim is to help you feel and function better.
I have extensively supported individuals experiencing Abuse, Anxiety, Depression, Family violence, Grief and loss, Relationship breakdowns, Stress and Trauma.
Sometimes life can feel like a lot. You may be anxious, grieving, feeling vulnerable or a little lost. Counselling allows you the opportunity to be seen and heard and explore what's going on. Occasionally your past can impact your here and now, and the way you deal with situations. I believe that effective therapy comes from being flexible with the therapeutic modalities used, and meeting you where you are at. I value and foster the importance of a collaborative approach to therapy. I offer a safe space for you to explore your experiences and to develop skills and understanding, which you can take into your day to day life.
I have extensively supported individuals experiencing Abuse, Anxiety, Depression, Family violence, Grief and loss, Relationship breakdowns, Stress and Trauma.
Sometimes life can feel like a lot. You may be anxious, grieving, feeling vulnerable or a little lost. Counselling allows you the opportunity to be seen and heard and explore what's going on. Occasionally your past can impact your here and now, and the way you deal with situations. I believe that effective therapy comes from being flexible with the therapeutic modalities used, and meeting you where you are at. I value and foster the importance of a collaborative approach to therapy. I offer a safe space for you to explore your experiences and to develop skills and understanding, which you can take into your day to day life.
Chris Hannan - The Break-up Therapist
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hobart, TAS 7000 (Online Only)
Have you ever felt lost or judged when relationship therapists or counsellors talk about their 30 plus year relationships & degrees like a trophy? It's so scary reaching and trusting someone with the roller coaster of emotions that come with break-ups, dating, and relationships.
Hi lovely, Feeling hurt, betrayed or maybe even relieved? As a partner and mother on my second long term partnership I understand the heartbreak of being in the wrong relationship and how it effects every area of your life. I'm Chris, also known as the The Break-up Therapist. My heart work is working with women to overcome the deep hurt and devastation of discovering affairs, betrayals and recover from toxic relationships. I will hold space and guide you as you heal and build the next chapter of a meaningful life that you love. I will help you understand why your relationship ended and how to build a healthy relationship.
Have you ever felt lost or judged when relationship therapists or counsellors talk about their 30 plus year relationships & degrees like a trophy? It's so scary reaching and trusting someone with the roller coaster of emotions that come with break-ups, dating, and relationships.
Hi lovely, Feeling hurt, betrayed or maybe even relieved? As a partner and mother on my second long term partnership I understand the heartbreak of being in the wrong relationship and how it effects every area of your life. I'm Chris, also known as the The Break-up Therapist. My heart work is working with women to overcome the deep hurt and devastation of discovering affairs, betrayals and recover from toxic relationships. I will hold space and guide you as you heal and build the next chapter of a meaningful life that you love. I will help you understand why your relationship ended and how to build a healthy relationship.
My particular interests include sexual function/dysfunction, LGBTQ+, relationship issues and ADHD.
I love what I do, I am passionate about supporting individuals and couples in navigating the complexities of the mind, relationships, and sexuality. I want to see people thrive and I care about my clients. I strive to help you become your most authentic selves, fostering self-connection and healing from trauma. My therapeutic approach is warm, empathetic, and person-centred, creating a safe and non-judgmental space for clients to explore their thoughts, feelings, and desires. I will always find another way to help you and try something new if things don't work. I spend my time increasing my skills to constantly grow.
My particular interests include sexual function/dysfunction, LGBTQ+, relationship issues and ADHD.
I love what I do, I am passionate about supporting individuals and couples in navigating the complexities of the mind, relationships, and sexuality. I want to see people thrive and I care about my clients. I strive to help you become your most authentic selves, fostering self-connection and healing from trauma. My therapeutic approach is warm, empathetic, and person-centred, creating a safe and non-judgmental space for clients to explore their thoughts, feelings, and desires. I will always find another way to help you and try something new if things don't work. I spend my time increasing my skills to constantly grow.
Nikita Dwivedi
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hobart, TAS 7000 (Online Only)
I've extensive experience as a relationship & trauma counsellor and provide family & couple counselling, victims of crime counselling, redress counselling, LGBTQI+ counselling, employee assistance & post-separation counselling.
My ideal client would be someone experiencing lack of intimacy & frequent conflicts in their relationship. Their presenting issues might involve lack of trust & unhealthy ways of communication. They would need skills & strategies to communicate more effectively & ways to make repairs after conflicts. They would also need tools to rebuild trust and foster intimacy. Another ideal client would be someone who has experienced trauma, childhood or more recent. They might experience anxiety, flashbacks & nightmares. Their goals would be to process the trauma & better manage their distressing thoughts & feelings.
I've extensive experience as a relationship & trauma counsellor and provide family & couple counselling, victims of crime counselling, redress counselling, LGBTQI+ counselling, employee assistance & post-separation counselling.
My ideal client would be someone experiencing lack of intimacy & frequent conflicts in their relationship. Their presenting issues might involve lack of trust & unhealthy ways of communication. They would need skills & strategies to communicate more effectively & ways to make repairs after conflicts. They would also need tools to rebuild trust and foster intimacy. Another ideal client would be someone who has experienced trauma, childhood or more recent. They might experience anxiety, flashbacks & nightmares. Their goals would be to process the trauma & better manage their distressing thoughts & feelings.
Shand Counselling (Christian Counselling)
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AASW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hobart, TAS 7000
Our relationship with God is at the heart of all positive change we experience.
I find joy in working with clients who identify as Christian. I am interested in helping struggling Christians find peace, when suffering from any challenging life issue. I counsel from a Christ-centred perspective using a Bible based approach to suffering. Relationships and life's troubles can cause much grief but they don't have to. There is purpose in all that life throws at us, and our reactions, choices and behaviours can be opportunities for positive change in us. This change is not just a Biblical formula but God's work in us, to make us become the person He created us to be. It is a privledge to walk with you through this
Our relationship with God is at the heart of all positive change we experience.
I find joy in working with clients who identify as Christian. I am interested in helping struggling Christians find peace, when suffering from any challenging life issue. I counsel from a Christ-centred perspective using a Bible based approach to suffering. Relationships and life's troubles can cause much grief but they don't have to. There is purpose in all that life throws at us, and our reactions, choices and behaviours can be opportunities for positive change in us. This change is not just a Biblical formula but God's work in us, to make us become the person He created us to be. It is a privledge to walk with you through this
I'm certified in the Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program and a Certified Infidelity Recovery Professional following the 7-step Infidelity Recovery Program, guiding complex relationship issues.
The client informs my counselling approach, not any theory or modality. It's about making the client feel comfortable and being able to communicate confidently with an end goal in sight. I follow the 80/20 rule in counselling; the client talks 80% of the time, and I respond 20% of the time. With 13+ years working as a mental health nurse, both in the private and public sector, I have helped hundreds of clients and I am versed in all facets of mental health counselling. As a counsellor, I offer a safe and non-judgmental space for personal growth and healing, helping individuals overcome challenges to achieve lasting positive change.
I'm certified in the Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program and a Certified Infidelity Recovery Professional following the 7-step Infidelity Recovery Program, guiding complex relationship issues.
The client informs my counselling approach, not any theory or modality. It's about making the client feel comfortable and being able to communicate confidently with an end goal in sight. I follow the 80/20 rule in counselling; the client talks 80% of the time, and I respond 20% of the time. With 13+ years working as a mental health nurse, both in the private and public sector, I have helped hundreds of clients and I am versed in all facets of mental health counselling. As a counsellor, I offer a safe and non-judgmental space for personal growth and healing, helping individuals overcome challenges to achieve lasting positive change.
Consensual non-monogamy, erection problems, inability to orgasm, infertility/ low sexual desire, painful intercourse, premature or early ejaculation/ problematic porn use, relationship problems (inc.
Email or WhatsApp for an appointment +447543800297 lisa(at)thinkingfeelingmoving.com I work remotely online. . I am a Clinical Sexologist, Relationship Therapist, Counsellor, Yoga Teacher, Yoga Therapist, and Educator. Bespoke retreats available globally as your personal therapist.
Consensual non-monogamy, erection problems, inability to orgasm, infertility/ low sexual desire, painful intercourse, premature or early ejaculation/ problematic porn use, relationship problems (inc.
Email or WhatsApp for an appointment +447543800297 lisa(at)thinkingfeelingmoving.com I work remotely online. . I am a Clinical Sexologist, Relationship Therapist, Counsellor, Yoga Teacher, Yoga Therapist, and Educator. Bespoke retreats available globally as your personal therapist.
A counselling relationship between a Professional Counsellor and client is wonderfully safe and supportive, whereby clients are guided in exploring and resolving difficult life issues.
I strongly believe that every person has a purpose and set of skills/strengths they bring into this world; however, that sometimes inconvenient/negative circumstances or unhealthy relationships can derail this potential by planting a seed of self-doubt into our minds. Regardless of where it applies to an individual's life (e.g. marriage, career, etc.), it would be my privilege to help clients along the way to achieving their life goals/vision by helping them identify and deal with any stumbling blocks in their way. Life loves to throw curveballs (it wouldn't be interesting if it didn't), but I'd love to prepare my clients for them!
A counselling relationship between a Professional Counsellor and client is wonderfully safe and supportive, whereby clients are guided in exploring and resolving difficult life issues.
I strongly believe that every person has a purpose and set of skills/strengths they bring into this world; however, that sometimes inconvenient/negative circumstances or unhealthy relationships can derail this potential by planting a seed of self-doubt into our minds. Regardless of where it applies to an individual's life (e.g. marriage, career, etc.), it would be my privilege to help clients along the way to achieving their life goals/vision by helping them identify and deal with any stumbling blocks in their way. Life loves to throw curveballs (it wouldn't be interesting if it didn't), but I'd love to prepare my clients for them!
Nishie Govender - Cetas Psychology
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Hobart, TAS 7000
Depression, Anxiety, OCD, Phobias, Trauma, Relationship issues and Group Therapy.
Fully Bulk Billed Group Sessions starting soon! Group sessions are a way to complement 1:1 therapy OR on its own as a supportive way to learn and connect! - - - I am a registered clinical psychologist with over 10 years of experience in both clinical and organisational psychology. This dual speciality allows for a holistic lens for adults with mental health challenges. Recognising individual beliefs, experiences, and cultures is at the core of my practice. I provide support in a non-judgmental and friendly environment, allowing clients to share and work through barriers uniquely. Learn more at CetasPsychology.com
Depression, Anxiety, OCD, Phobias, Trauma, Relationship issues and Group Therapy.
Fully Bulk Billed Group Sessions starting soon! Group sessions are a way to complement 1:1 therapy OR on its own as a supportive way to learn and connect! - - - I am a registered clinical psychologist with over 10 years of experience in both clinical and organisational psychology. This dual speciality allows for a holistic lens for adults with mental health challenges. Recognising individual beliefs, experiences, and cultures is at the core of my practice. I provide support in a non-judgmental and friendly environment, allowing clients to share and work through barriers uniquely. Learn more at CetasPsychology.com
15 Second Videos
Karen Grant
Carly Hargreaves
Cate Harding Counselling Continuum
ACE Counselling
Thinking Feeling Moving
Nadia Mahjouri
Michael Briggs | Hobart Therapist
Jen Wiedman
Carly Dober
Linda Harrison
Positive Mind Works
Hannah Orpin
Amelaine Uidam - Good Health Psychology
Sally Walsh
Sharleen Gonzalez
Bronwyn Bickle
Shaun McMahon
Sarah Dakhili
Gender Therapy & Coaching
Sara Phillips @ Deep Eco Soul Wisdom
Carlie Spinks
Waitlist for accepting new clients
Renee Melges
Paula Garrido
Gray Matter
Derek Boylen
Reza Nejad -Clinical Psychologist
Brendan Lowe
Clement Djaja
Thrive within Counselling & Psychotherapy
Empowered Lives Psychotherapy
Dan Davis - Meta Minds Therapy
Reframe Therapy
Tim Sanderson
Julie Jensen - Changes in Between (Counselling)
Anthony Arpino (Proud Place Therapy)
Grigota Monasterio - Clinical Psychologist
Rosien Colin
Jackie Holmes
Tara - Cathartic Collaborations
Ronnie Adamowicz
Anchored Counselling Services
Shaun Williams - Bent Couch Counselling
Sioban Laffey
Creating Wellbeing Melbourne
Ruth Gibson
As a qualified somatic psychotherapist & counsellor, I support people experiencing anxiety, burn out, shut down, low self worth, body disconnection & relationship challenges. I help you develop a safe, loving relationship with your body & mind so that you can transform your relationship to yourself, and embrace the wholeness of this human experience. The approach I take is person-centred, trauma-informed and built on a foundation of openness, acceptance, curiosity & compassion. I focus on providing you with the tools that you need to thrive and getting to the root cause of the challenges you are experiencing.
As a qualified somatic psychotherapist & counsellor, I support people experiencing anxiety, burn out, shut down, low self worth, body disconnection & relationship challenges. I help you develop a safe, loving relationship with your body & mind so that you can transform your relationship to yourself, and embrace the wholeness of this human experience. The approach I take is person-centred, trauma-informed and built on a foundation of openness, acceptance, curiosity & compassion. I focus on providing you with the tools that you need to thrive and getting to the root cause of the challenges you are experiencing.
I am a Trauma and Relationship Specialist and a Somatic Experiencing Practitioner (SEP).
Life can be hard at times, and when we meet the messy moments it can feel isolating, overwhelming, and hopeless. We are human, after all. It makes sense that we may find ourselves stuck at times - stuck in our feelings, thoughts, and behaviours and it can be tough to shift things in the right direction, especially if we are doing it on our own. With honesty and compassion, therapy is a place to explore what you're navigating and create sustainable change that supports your healing and growth. I support women who are wanting to shift out of survival mode so they can feel grounded, confident, and free.
I am a Trauma and Relationship Specialist and a Somatic Experiencing Practitioner (SEP).
Life can be hard at times, and when we meet the messy moments it can feel isolating, overwhelming, and hopeless. We are human, after all. It makes sense that we may find ourselves stuck at times - stuck in our feelings, thoughts, and behaviours and it can be tough to shift things in the right direction, especially if we are doing it on our own. With honesty and compassion, therapy is a place to explore what you're navigating and create sustainable change that supports your healing and growth. I support women who are wanting to shift out of survival mode so they can feel grounded, confident, and free.
Moving towards a relationship, being in a relationship and leaving a relationship is challenging. This beautiful dance towards connection, belonging and intimacy often leaves individuals and couples feeling; anxious, fearful, frustrated, angry, disconnected, numb, overwhelmed, disorientated, stressed, depleted, and lost. If any of this is landing, let me just say firstly, you’re not alone. Secondly, there is a way to find the understanding, empathy, collaborative and creative space you desire to master your relationships. Therapy is a space for brave souls, who are concerned and conflicted.
Moving towards a relationship, being in a relationship and leaving a relationship is challenging. This beautiful dance towards connection, belonging and intimacy often leaves individuals and couples feeling; anxious, fearful, frustrated, angry, disconnected, numb, overwhelmed, disorientated, stressed, depleted, and lost. If any of this is landing, let me just say firstly, you’re not alone. Secondly, there is a way to find the understanding, empathy, collaborative and creative space you desire to master your relationships. Therapy is a space for brave souls, who are concerned and conflicted.
I support individuals and partners to navigate the unique challenges faced by those wanting to explore relationship styles other than the socially accepted heterosexual monogamous relationship, such as Kink, BDSM, swinging, multi-partner relationships, or polyamory, especially those in mixed-orientation and queer relationships.
We are all constantly evolving and this can present difficult challenges, often impacted by family, social and cultural conditioning, religious and gender-based beliefs, roles, and biases. You might want to challenge this conditioning and these constraints. Understanding this within ourself, our relationships, and our families can be complex. You might realise that your sexual, relationship, and gender identities and preferences may be different from societal expectations, so you may struggle internally to accept who you are and your ability to live authentically. We need safe and appropriate support to navigate these changes.
I support individuals and partners to navigate the unique challenges faced by those wanting to explore relationship styles other than the socially accepted heterosexual monogamous relationship, such as Kink, BDSM, swinging, multi-partner relationships, or polyamory, especially those in mixed-orientation and queer relationships.
We are all constantly evolving and this can present difficult challenges, often impacted by family, social and cultural conditioning, religious and gender-based beliefs, roles, and biases. You might want to challenge this conditioning and these constraints. Understanding this within ourself, our relationships, and our families can be complex. You might realise that your sexual, relationship, and gender identities and preferences may be different from societal expectations, so you may struggle internally to accept who you are and your ability to live authentically. We need safe and appropriate support to navigate these changes.
Alana is a psychosexual therapist specialising in holistic, trauma informed care to support both individuals and partnerships with their sexological needs. Some of these needs may include issues with sexual difficulties, gender or sexual identity, intimacy, pleasure, mismatched libido, desire discrepancies, intimate pain and other relationship struggles just to name a few. Down to earth and non-judgemental, she helps her clients break down barriers and find the language to communicate their lived experiences with more clarity. All gendered, sexual, racial and cultural identities are welcome and will be respected here.
Alana is a psychosexual therapist specialising in holistic, trauma informed care to support both individuals and partnerships with their sexological needs. Some of these needs may include issues with sexual difficulties, gender or sexual identity, intimacy, pleasure, mismatched libido, desire discrepancies, intimate pain and other relationship struggles just to name a few. Down to earth and non-judgemental, she helps her clients break down barriers and find the language to communicate their lived experiences with more clarity. All gendered, sexual, racial and cultural identities are welcome and will be respected here.
I intimately understand the power of transformation that can occur when we commit to building a new relationship with ourselves.
Hey, I'm stoked you've stopped by! I'm Ess, an introverted, dance obsessed, spiritual being who will drop an F-bomb in solidarity or celebration. I'm genuinely interested in learning about you and hearing your story. I'm excited for you, to be more YOU! Whether that's supporting you to: express yourself more fully, learn tools to practice self-acceptance, work through past experiences so you can embrace you now, unlearn and relearn behaviours so you can thrive... I have approx 10 years experience working in trauma/mental health, and enjoy working with folks curious about deeper self exploration + growth.
I intimately understand the power of transformation that can occur when we commit to building a new relationship with ourselves.
Hey, I'm stoked you've stopped by! I'm Ess, an introverted, dance obsessed, spiritual being who will drop an F-bomb in solidarity or celebration. I'm genuinely interested in learning about you and hearing your story. I'm excited for you, to be more YOU! Whether that's supporting you to: express yourself more fully, learn tools to practice self-acceptance, work through past experiences so you can embrace you now, unlearn and relearn behaviours so you can thrive... I have approx 10 years experience working in trauma/mental health, and enjoy working with folks curious about deeper self exploration + growth.
Since 2003, I have specialised in working with relationship issues.
Can you relate to either of these statements? “I’m so over hurtful relationships. I’m starting to think I’ll be single forever” "We can’t keep fighting like this. If something doesn’t change we’re headed for a breakup” If you can relate to the pain of struggling in a relationship, you’re not alone. If you’re an individual in relationship pain, I can help you overcome your past relationship hurts, understand your blocks to intimacy, and help you create a successful long-term relationship. If you’re a couple, I can help you resolve long-standing issues and rebuild the loving, intimate and harmonious relationship you once had.
Since 2003, I have specialised in working with relationship issues.
Can you relate to either of these statements? “I’m so over hurtful relationships. I’m starting to think I’ll be single forever” "We can’t keep fighting like this. If something doesn’t change we’re headed for a breakup” If you can relate to the pain of struggling in a relationship, you’re not alone. If you’re an individual in relationship pain, I can help you overcome your past relationship hurts, understand your blocks to intimacy, and help you create a successful long-term relationship. If you’re a couple, I can help you resolve long-standing issues and rebuild the loving, intimate and harmonious relationship you once had.
I believe life can be complex and we all, at one time or another, will need support to navigate challenging circumstances life has thrown our way. I aim to help clients feel comfortable accessing therapeutic support so we can work effectively together to facilitate positive change for their wellbeing.I work with adult individuals experiencing stress, burnout, life changes, grief, depression, anxiety, trauma, low self-esteem, relationship and health issues.I use a biopsychosocial framework (exploring life circumstances, history, health, strengths, family and social systems) and work collaboratively with you throughout the process.
I believe life can be complex and we all, at one time or another, will need support to navigate challenging circumstances life has thrown our way. I aim to help clients feel comfortable accessing therapeutic support so we can work effectively together to facilitate positive change for their wellbeing.I work with adult individuals experiencing stress, burnout, life changes, grief, depression, anxiety, trauma, low self-esteem, relationship and health issues.I use a biopsychosocial framework (exploring life circumstances, history, health, strengths, family and social systems) and work collaboratively with you throughout the process.
Solstice Place Counselling and Support
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Glenorchy, TAS 7010 (Online Only)
As a mother and certified counsellor, I recognise the struggles that women may face when trying to find support beyond the “traditional” 6-week postpartum period. My own personal and professional experiences have led me to support women, to hear their story, identify their goals and guide them. I am here to support you in navigating current or previous experiences of anxiety, depression, intimacy, family violence, relationship changes (postpartum) and attachment/bonding. I want to assist you in understanding what you may be experiencing, gain personal coping strategies and challenge unhelpful thoughts.
As a mother and certified counsellor, I recognise the struggles that women may face when trying to find support beyond the “traditional” 6-week postpartum period. My own personal and professional experiences have led me to support women, to hear their story, identify their goals and guide them. I am here to support you in navigating current or previous experiences of anxiety, depression, intimacy, family violence, relationship changes (postpartum) and attachment/bonding. I want to assist you in understanding what you may be experiencing, gain personal coping strategies and challenge unhelpful thoughts.
See more therapy options for Hobart
Relationship Issues Counsellors
While need for human connection appears to be innate, the ability to form healthy, loving relationships is learned. Some evidence suggests that the ability to form a stable relationship starts to form in infancy, in a child's earliest experiences with a caregiver who reliably meets the infant's needs for food, care, warmth, protection, stimulation, and social contact. Such relationships are not destiny, but they are theorized to establish deeply ingrained patterns of relating to others. The end of a relationship, however, is often a source of great psychological anguish.