Photo of Emma Sophia Tooley, MSc, Counsellor
Emma Sophia Tooley
Counsellor, MSc
Verified Verified
I have been working with adults and children for the past 10 years covering different areas of mental health and wellbeing including anxiety, phobias, OCD and depression. I have a strong background in delivering CBT interventions for mild-moderate anxiety and depression as well as extensive experience delivering child anxiety and behavioural problems parenting courses.
I have been working with adults and children for the past 10 years covering different areas of mental health and wellbeing including anxiety, phobias, OCD and depression. I have a strong background in delivering CBT interventions for mild-moderate anxiety and depression as well as extensive experience delivering child anxiety and behavioural problems parenting courses.
0117 463 7317 View 0117 463 7317
Photo of Sarah El-Sharkawy, MA, HCPC-Art Therap., Psychotherapist
Sarah El-Sharkawy
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Do you or your child need to feel seen, heard and understood? Everyone has a story to tell, by sharing yours, I can help you piece together the puzzle.
Do you or your child need to feel seen, heard and understood? Everyone has a story to tell, by sharing yours, I can help you piece together the puzzle.
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Photo of Weiman Sun, MA, UKCP Trainee, Psychotherapist
Weiman Sun
Psychotherapist, MA, UKCP Trainee
Verified Verified
We all suffer on this journey as humans. Life's challenges can result in feeling overwhelmed, anxious, lonely or stuck.
We all suffer on this journey as humans. Life's challenges can result in feeling overwhelmed, anxious, lonely or stuck.
0117 463 2961 View 0117 463 2961
Photo of Elise Bird, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Elise Bird
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Bristol BS5  (Online Only)
I am a qualified integrative therapist with a person-centred ethos, offering a grounded, warm and down-to-earth approach. My role is to create a safe, non-judgemental space for you to explore and navigate the difficulties you might be experiencing in a way that makes you feel heard, valued and understood. Wherever you’re at, that is where I will meet you. We will go at your pace, and collaborate in finding the best way forward for you to make sense of your experience and find authenticity, acceptance, awareness and the confidence to change.
I am a qualified integrative therapist with a person-centred ethos, offering a grounded, warm and down-to-earth approach. My role is to create a safe, non-judgemental space for you to explore and navigate the difficulties you might be experiencing in a way that makes you feel heard, valued and understood. Wherever you’re at, that is where I will meet you. We will go at your pace, and collaborate in finding the best way forward for you to make sense of your experience and find authenticity, acceptance, awareness and the confidence to change.
0117 463 0787 View 0117 463 0787
Photo of Charlotte Nash, MA, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Charlotte Nash
Psychotherapist, MA, MBABCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bristol BS5  (Online Only)
I am an accredited cognitive behavioural therapist with the British Association for Behavioural & Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP). I have 13 years experience of working in NHS Talking Therapies services in Bristol. Prior to this I have had several years experience working in social care, working with parental mental health issues and safeguarding children. Whatever your concerns and problems, I can offer you a confidential, non-judgemental and safe space to talk about the things that are concerning you and to explore helpful ways to address these issues together. I offer online therapy only.
I am an accredited cognitive behavioural therapist with the British Association for Behavioural & Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP). I have 13 years experience of working in NHS Talking Therapies services in Bristol. Prior to this I have had several years experience working in social care, working with parental mental health issues and safeguarding children. Whatever your concerns and problems, I can offer you a confidential, non-judgemental and safe space to talk about the things that are concerning you and to explore helpful ways to address these issues together. I offer online therapy only.
0117 463 0818 View 0117 463 0818
Photo of Annie Ballingal, MA, HCPC-Art Therap., Psychotherapist
Annie Ballingal
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
I am an experienced integrative art therapist working with people 18+. I offer a: welcoming, safe, and confidential space in which together, we can explore what's been on your mind. I seek to understand your experience and perspective. This in turn, enables us to work together towards the change you'd like to see.
I am an experienced integrative art therapist working with people 18+. I offer a: welcoming, safe, and confidential space in which together, we can explore what's been on your mind. I seek to understand your experience and perspective. This in turn, enables us to work together towards the change you'd like to see.
0117 463 4057 View 0117 463 4057
Photo of Jane Lomax, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Jane Lomax
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Many of us feel stuck, low, anxious, or overwhelmed at times. Whatever you are struggling with, I will help you to make sense of things and support you to develop insight, skills and strategies to make changes that will make a difference in your life. I am experienced in working with adults and young people with a range of difficulties such as stress, low mood, anxiety, panic, PTSD, low self-esteem, identity or relationship difficulties, difficult life experiences, and addiction. I also offer psychological support to people facing health challenges or living with long-term health conditions (e.g., pain, fatigue, COPD, cancer).
Many of us feel stuck, low, anxious, or overwhelmed at times. Whatever you are struggling with, I will help you to make sense of things and support you to develop insight, skills and strategies to make changes that will make a difference in your life. I am experienced in working with adults and young people with a range of difficulties such as stress, low mood, anxiety, panic, PTSD, low self-esteem, identity or relationship difficulties, difficult life experiences, and addiction. I also offer psychological support to people facing health challenges or living with long-term health conditions (e.g., pain, fatigue, COPD, cancer).
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Photo of Sandra Anne Breach, MBACP, Counsellor
Sandra Anne Breach
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
You maybe seeking support/help when things have become tough, difficult, or overwhelming that could be having an impact on health, mental health, on work, family, partner or affecting other relationships. Maybe past events are having an impact on you today in your life that you feel you need to talk about with a trusted professional, in a confidential way, where you will not be judge or criticised. This could be because you want to address issues around self esteem, sexual abuse, stress related work, health problems, trauma or bereavement. It could be that you need the space to off load, be listened to to find a new perspective
You maybe seeking support/help when things have become tough, difficult, or overwhelming that could be having an impact on health, mental health, on work, family, partner or affecting other relationships. Maybe past events are having an impact on you today in your life that you feel you need to talk about with a trusted professional, in a confidential way, where you will not be judge or criticised. This could be because you want to address issues around self esteem, sexual abuse, stress related work, health problems, trauma or bereavement. It could be that you need the space to off load, be listened to to find a new perspective
0117 325 6495 View 0117 325 6495
Photo of Hayley Rock, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Hayley Rock
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Waitlist for new clients
I’m a HCPC registered Clinical Psychologist offering psychological therapy to adults in Bristol and online. I believe that whatever the problems are you are facing, it is possible to make sense of them; to understand why they came to exist, and what has kept them in place or perhaps 'stuck' so far. From this place of greater understanding; healing, personal growth, and new ideas can emerge. I am trained to Doctoral Degree level in several evidence-based psychological therapies, all of which aim to support and empower people to overcome a wide-range of difficulties, and bring about meaningful and lasting changes to their lives.
I’m a HCPC registered Clinical Psychologist offering psychological therapy to adults in Bristol and online. I believe that whatever the problems are you are facing, it is possible to make sense of them; to understand why they came to exist, and what has kept them in place or perhaps 'stuck' so far. From this place of greater understanding; healing, personal growth, and new ideas can emerge. I am trained to Doctoral Degree level in several evidence-based psychological therapies, all of which aim to support and empower people to overcome a wide-range of difficulties, and bring about meaningful and lasting changes to their lives.
0117 463 3854 View 0117 463 3854
Photo of Donna Taylor - Horus Wellbeing Contemporary Therapy, MBACP, Counsellor
Horus Wellbeing Contemporary Therapy
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Feeling safety in a complex world is no mean feet. Childhood, historic, or current experiences, interacting/reacting with the complexities brought about by the pandemic, can exhaust any capacity for resilience. maybe you're a parent/carer of children transitioning from the intensity of lockdown to the uncertainty of the easing of restrictions? Is this further complicated by returning to education settings for children with Autism, ADHD, FASD, SPD, trauma and attachment? Maybe you are a foster care or adoptive parent wondering how to rebalance the attachment bond after the intensity of lockdown, recalibrating interfamilial dynamics?
Feeling safety in a complex world is no mean feet. Childhood, historic, or current experiences, interacting/reacting with the complexities brought about by the pandemic, can exhaust any capacity for resilience. maybe you're a parent/carer of children transitioning from the intensity of lockdown to the uncertainty of the easing of restrictions? Is this further complicated by returning to education settings for children with Autism, ADHD, FASD, SPD, trauma and attachment? Maybe you are a foster care or adoptive parent wondering how to rebalance the attachment bond after the intensity of lockdown, recalibrating interfamilial dynamics?
01275 402727 View 01275 402727
Photo of Joanna Solazzo - Joanna Solazzo Psychotherapy, MA, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Joanna Solazzo Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Psychotherapy can meet our innate need to be heard and deeply understood. Together we can explore your sense of being in the world and process difficult emotions, recurring difficulties or questions. Working with safety and sensitivity we can also process early life experience, past trauma and complex relational dynamics. My holistic approach aims to work with the whole of a person - I work relationally and openly with you to build awareness of psyche, body, memory, energy. As you deepen your understanding of self, you may start to let go of old patterns, restore a sense of balance and begin to build foundations for growth.
Psychotherapy can meet our innate need to be heard and deeply understood. Together we can explore your sense of being in the world and process difficult emotions, recurring difficulties or questions. Working with safety and sensitivity we can also process early life experience, past trauma and complex relational dynamics. My holistic approach aims to work with the whole of a person - I work relationally and openly with you to build awareness of psyche, body, memory, energy. As you deepen your understanding of self, you may start to let go of old patterns, restore a sense of balance and begin to build foundations for growth.
01454 801459 View 01454 801459
Photo of Jessica Murray, MBACP, Counsellor
Jessica Murray
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
I am a BACP Registered Integrative Counsellor and mainly practice Intensive Short Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP). ISTDP is an emotion-focused, trauma-informed and attachment-based approach with very positive research outcomes. Some people begin therapy clear about what they want help with, others need some assistance in understanding their difficulty. I provide a safe space for clients to better understand their behaviour and experiences by making links between the present difficulty and the past. We also work together in the session to help you explore new ways of relating to yourself and your problem.
I am a BACP Registered Integrative Counsellor and mainly practice Intensive Short Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP). ISTDP is an emotion-focused, trauma-informed and attachment-based approach with very positive research outcomes. Some people begin therapy clear about what they want help with, others need some assistance in understanding their difficulty. I provide a safe space for clients to better understand their behaviour and experiences by making links between the present difficulty and the past. We also work together in the session to help you explore new ways of relating to yourself and your problem.
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Photo of Oliver Biggs, MA, UKCP Trainee, Psychotherapist
Oliver Biggs
Psychotherapist, MA, UKCP Trainee
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
I am a trainee psychotherapist in my final year. I have been offering low cost psychotherapy to my clients in Bristol for the last three years. Particular areas of interest/experience include living with chronic ill-health and supporting those who are living with ill health, the challenges face by neurodivergent people, LQBTQ+ life and non-traditional models of relationship. I love working with a broad and diverse range of clients in my practice and enjoy discovering how to best support every new client, irrespective of their background, life experiences or presenting issue(s).
I am a trainee psychotherapist in my final year. I have been offering low cost psychotherapy to my clients in Bristol for the last three years. Particular areas of interest/experience include living with chronic ill-health and supporting those who are living with ill health, the challenges face by neurodivergent people, LQBTQ+ life and non-traditional models of relationship. I love working with a broad and diverse range of clients in my practice and enjoy discovering how to best support every new client, irrespective of their background, life experiences or presenting issue(s).
0117 463 0504 View 0117 463 0504
Photo of Belén Plaza Higueras - EMDR, PSYCH-K, CBT, EFT, Bach flowers, Homeopathy , MSc, GMBPsS, Psychotherapist
EMDR, PSYCH-K, CBT, EFT, Bach flowers, Homeopathy
Psychotherapist, MSc, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
I believe that we all have the potential to heal ourselves. Are you aware that you have a negative mental state at work or in relationships? Is it persistent, or do you feel stressed, anxious, depressed, worried, and have a low level of liveliness? I can support you to find pathways to overcome these limitations. I am a compassionate integrative psychotherapist. I offer EMDR- 2013, Psych-K!, Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapy CBT, EFT, Mindfulness. Homeopathy (4 y), Bach flowers (BFP). I can help you to transform your life’s limitations arising from anxiety/ trauma, Personal, sleeping, relationships, work difficulties & others.
I believe that we all have the potential to heal ourselves. Are you aware that you have a negative mental state at work or in relationships? Is it persistent, or do you feel stressed, anxious, depressed, worried, and have a low level of liveliness? I can support you to find pathways to overcome these limitations. I am a compassionate integrative psychotherapist. I offer EMDR- 2013, Psych-K!, Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapy CBT, EFT, Mindfulness. Homeopathy (4 y), Bach flowers (BFP). I can help you to transform your life’s limitations arising from anxiety/ trauma, Personal, sleeping, relationships, work difficulties & others.
0117 374 7699 View 0117 374 7699
Photo of Sarah Curtis, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Sarah Curtis
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Hi, I'm Sarah, a counsellor and psychotherapist based in in Bristol. I hope to help you find a better, happier, more peaceful path through life. Whether you are considering therapy at a time of crisis, or as a way to address an ongoing issue, I hope to provide you with a warm, safe and non-judgemental space to work things through. My goal is for you leave your time in therapy with self-compassion, knowledge, understanding, and the tools you need to continue benefiting from our sessions for the rest of your life.
Hi, I'm Sarah, a counsellor and psychotherapist based in in Bristol. I hope to help you find a better, happier, more peaceful path through life. Whether you are considering therapy at a time of crisis, or as a way to address an ongoing issue, I hope to provide you with a warm, safe and non-judgemental space to work things through. My goal is for you leave your time in therapy with self-compassion, knowledge, understanding, and the tools you need to continue benefiting from our sessions for the rest of your life.
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Photo of Dr Melissa Hoban, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Melissa Hoban
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Bristol BS5  (Online Only)
There are many reasons we seek support. Perhaps you have been feeling preoccupied by your emotions like anxiety, panic or low mood; have experienced difficult or traumatic life events or bereavement; or find yourself stuck in relational or behavioural patterns that are no longer serving you. These are heavy experiences to carry on our own, in doing so, we may begin to feel cut off from ourselves or the world around us, and stuck in a cycle beyond our control. As your psychologist, I am here to help you make sense of what you are experiencing, what direction you would like to move towards and support you to reclaim your life
There are many reasons we seek support. Perhaps you have been feeling preoccupied by your emotions like anxiety, panic or low mood; have experienced difficult or traumatic life events or bereavement; or find yourself stuck in relational or behavioural patterns that are no longer serving you. These are heavy experiences to carry on our own, in doing so, we may begin to feel cut off from ourselves or the world around us, and stuck in a cycle beyond our control. As your psychologist, I am here to help you make sense of what you are experiencing, what direction you would like to move towards and support you to reclaim your life
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Photo of Narissi Nohlgren - Narissi Nohlgren , UKCP Trainee, Psychotherapist
Narissi Nohlgren
Psychotherapist, UKCP Trainee
Verified Verified
Anxiety, stress, and painful life events can make even the simplest things feel impossible. I offer a gentle, supportive approach to help you navigate your internal landscape. I use mindfulness as a tool to help you explore your emotions, sensations, and thoughts without judgment, helping you to understand their deeper messages and supporting you to find ways to manage life’s difficulties effectively. I don't just focus on healing negatives, it’s important to celebrate the positives too, as I believe that healing is about rediscovering all aspects of yourself. We can work together short or long term, face to face and online.
Anxiety, stress, and painful life events can make even the simplest things feel impossible. I offer a gentle, supportive approach to help you navigate your internal landscape. I use mindfulness as a tool to help you explore your emotions, sensations, and thoughts without judgment, helping you to understand their deeper messages and supporting you to find ways to manage life’s difficulties effectively. I don't just focus on healing negatives, it’s important to celebrate the positives too, as I believe that healing is about rediscovering all aspects of yourself. We can work together short or long term, face to face and online.
07896 478325 View 07896 478325
Photo of Beth Lazenby, MBACP, Counsellor
Beth Lazenby
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Waitlist for new clients
In life, we all experience loss and major changes; we face difficult choices and overwhelming feelings. As a counsellor I know support and self-understanding are key in moving forward positively, but as a human I know this is easier said than done. Finding the right therapist and the consequent process is deeply personal and should be rooted in trust, empathy and an accepting environment. With experience in trauma, addiction and mental health, my focus is you, and the respect and understanding of your unique story and context. Whatever is going on, together we can explore your past, make sense of the present and plan for the future.
In life, we all experience loss and major changes; we face difficult choices and overwhelming feelings. As a counsellor I know support and self-understanding are key in moving forward positively, but as a human I know this is easier said than done. Finding the right therapist and the consequent process is deeply personal and should be rooted in trust, empathy and an accepting environment. With experience in trauma, addiction and mental health, my focus is you, and the respect and understanding of your unique story and context. Whatever is going on, together we can explore your past, make sense of the present and plan for the future.
0117 463 4552 View 0117 463 4552
Photo of Jill Edwards, MSc, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Jill Edwards
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Bristol BS5  (Online Only)
I am an Online Coach with Counselling experience. What I have found is that when someone comes to counselling, there is usually one thing that is really troubling them and our first job is to deal with that together. However when we start to examine what has happened we often find the whole balance of life changes and the particular work I want to do is to help people find a balance between the different parts of themselves. We need to map what is happening with work, relationships, leisure, finances and health to bring a happier and more relaxed life experience. I have helped many people to do that and I would like to help you.
I am an Online Coach with Counselling experience. What I have found is that when someone comes to counselling, there is usually one thing that is really troubling them and our first job is to deal with that together. However when we start to examine what has happened we often find the whole balance of life changes and the particular work I want to do is to help people find a balance between the different parts of themselves. We need to map what is happening with work, relationships, leisure, finances and health to bring a happier and more relaxed life experience. I have helped many people to do that and I would like to help you.
0117 463 5073 x0044 View 0117 463 5073 x0044
Photo of Ceinwen Birrell, MA, HCPC-Art Therap., Psychotherapist
Ceinwen Birrell
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
I facilitate space that allows co-created sessions, that suit the individual needs of those that I work with. There is no pressure to make art within the sessions but there is always a selection of art materials such as clay, painting, drawing and collage materials, alongside other creative tools to aid exploration of your inner world. Through the therapy, my clients are able to build a stronger sense of who they are and of the patterns that have formed in their lives and too consequently, begin to make the changes in their life and in their relationships that they desire.
I facilitate space that allows co-created sessions, that suit the individual needs of those that I work with. There is no pressure to make art within the sessions but there is always a selection of art materials such as clay, painting, drawing and collage materials, alongside other creative tools to aid exploration of your inner world. Through the therapy, my clients are able to build a stronger sense of who they are and of the patterns that have formed in their lives and too consequently, begin to make the changes in their life and in their relationships that they desire.
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See more therapy options for BS5

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in BS5

80+

Average cost per session

£55

Counsellors in BS5 who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
89% Depression
84% Self Esteem
83% Relationship Issues
77% Stress
71% Trauma and PTSD
70% Bereavement

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

72% Aviva
67% AXA PPP
44% Vitality

How Counsellors in BS5 see their clients

85% In Person and Online
15% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in BS5?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.