Photo of Dr Stephen Smith, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Stephen Smith
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Therapy is about understanding, developing and changing. I am a clinical psychologist with many years experience of working with adults. I assist people to identify what the core issues are, understand how these have arisen, and then develop skills and tools to make the changes they want to make. I work with people with anxiety and anxiety disorders, low mood, low self-esteem, low confidence and those living with the effects of traumatic experiences. I also offer comprehensive assessments for those who have yet to fully understand what is happening for them, to help move them on in their lives.
Therapy is about understanding, developing and changing. I am a clinical psychologist with many years experience of working with adults. I assist people to identify what the core issues are, understand how these have arisen, and then develop skills and tools to make the changes they want to make. I work with people with anxiety and anxiety disorders, low mood, low self-esteem, low confidence and those living with the effects of traumatic experiences. I also offer comprehensive assessments for those who have yet to fully understand what is happening for them, to help move them on in their lives.
0131 381 4342 View 0131 381 4342
Josephine Murray Smith
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
I see individuals and couples who bring issues such as anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts and relationship and sexual problems. I offer a safe and confidential space for clients to tell their story snd work through whatever issues they are bringing.
I see individuals and couples who bring issues such as anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts and relationship and sexual problems. I offer a safe and confidential space for clients to tell their story snd work through whatever issues they are bringing.
0131 381 3543 View 0131 381 3543
Photo of Kosmas Botsis, MA, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Kosmas Botsis
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
As your counsellor, my role is to help you change the circumstances in your life that have become obstacles to living a fulfilling life. We will focus on improving these difficulties that hold you back in life. I believe counselling can help people improve their relationships and strengthen their skills and personalities. My passion is to help people overcome their problems and live a satisfying life.
As your counsellor, my role is to help you change the circumstances in your life that have become obstacles to living a fulfilling life. We will focus on improving these difficulties that hold you back in life. I believe counselling can help people improve their relationships and strengthen their skills and personalities. My passion is to help people overcome their problems and live a satisfying life.
0131 357 6391 View 0131 357 6391
Photo of Stuart P Morgan-Ayrs Frssa Frsph, MSc
My clients have experienced trauma, neglect, abuse or Adverse Childhood Experiences. Main specialism: Complex Trauma (C-PTSD) & disassociation, depression, NEAD, anxiety, OCD, eating & mood disorders, flashbacks, relationships. Many have multiple diagnosis, underpinned by trauma or emotional "lack". Many have ADHD or ASD. Welcome: students, LGB & poly, ex forces, domestic violence survivors. Specialist post grad certifications include; Trauma, Grief, Anxiety, Depression, ASD, ADHD, Mood Disorders & Integrative Therapy. Many have had therapy before & now want specialist help. I support LGB & Kink.
My clients have experienced trauma, neglect, abuse or Adverse Childhood Experiences. Main specialism: Complex Trauma (C-PTSD) & disassociation, depression, NEAD, anxiety, OCD, eating & mood disorders, flashbacks, relationships. Many have multiple diagnosis, underpinned by trauma or emotional "lack". Many have ADHD or ASD. Welcome: students, LGB & poly, ex forces, domestic violence survivors. Specialist post grad certifications include; Trauma, Grief, Anxiety, Depression, ASD, ADHD, Mood Disorders & Integrative Therapy. Many have had therapy before & now want specialist help. I support LGB & Kink.
0131 322 1320 View 0131 322 1320
Photo of Ana Puljic, MSc, PNCPS Acc., Psychotherapist
Ana Puljic
Psychotherapist, MSc, PNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Hi there, my name is Ana and I'm a psychodynamic therapist and supervisor with a special interest and experience in working with those affected by existential issues and a Masters thesis in working with adult children of parents with narcissistic traits. In my client work, I draw on my background in psychology, philosophy and systemic therapy, as well as psychodynamic therapy and attachment theory which looks at the unconscious relational processes between us and finds links between what you're experiencing in the present and your early childhood and family experiences. My supervision approach is both psychodynamic and integrative.
Hi there, my name is Ana and I'm a psychodynamic therapist and supervisor with a special interest and experience in working with those affected by existential issues and a Masters thesis in working with adult children of parents with narcissistic traits. In my client work, I draw on my background in psychology, philosophy and systemic therapy, as well as psychodynamic therapy and attachment theory which looks at the unconscious relational processes between us and finds links between what you're experiencing in the present and your early childhood and family experiences. My supervision approach is both psychodynamic and integrative.
View
Photo of Dr Scott, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Scott
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
I am a Clinical Psychologist with 14 years of post-doctoral experience. I am also CEO and Clinical Director of Brain Brolly. At Brain Brolly, we know about Brains and provide a number of services under our umbrella to protect people and their brains. We offer clinical sessions for children, young people and adults across the ability span. We support mental health difficulties as well as coping with physical health issues and life transitions. We use only evidence based therapies shown to make positive changes for people. We provide support when there are difficulties as well as proactive approaches to build resilience and motivation
I am a Clinical Psychologist with 14 years of post-doctoral experience. I am also CEO and Clinical Director of Brain Brolly. At Brain Brolly, we know about Brains and provide a number of services under our umbrella to protect people and their brains. We offer clinical sessions for children, young people and adults across the ability span. We support mental health difficulties as well as coping with physical health issues and life transitions. We use only evidence based therapies shown to make positive changes for people. We provide support when there are difficulties as well as proactive approaches to build resilience and motivation
0131 510 5723 View 0131 510 5723
Photo of Laura McNaught, COSRT General, Psychotherapist
Laura McNaught
Psychotherapist, COSRT General
Verified Verified
Relationship and Sex Therapy Practice in Edinburgh: Helping you to create positive change in your relationships (www.lauramcnaught.com). I am an experienced and professional Relationship and Psychosexual Therapist. In addition to my private practice, I have several years experience within the Relationships Scotland counselling service and also practised as a Psychosexual Therapist within the NHS. I am warm, friendly and passionate about supporting my clients through the wide range of challenges that life brings to us all.
Relationship and Sex Therapy Practice in Edinburgh: Helping you to create positive change in your relationships (www.lauramcnaught.com). I am an experienced and professional Relationship and Psychosexual Therapist. In addition to my private practice, I have several years experience within the Relationships Scotland counselling service and also practised as a Psychosexual Therapist within the NHS. I am warm, friendly and passionate about supporting my clients through the wide range of challenges that life brings to us all.
0131 510 4491 View 0131 510 4491
Photo of Dr Andrea Videtic, PhD, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Dr Andrea Videtic
Psychotherapist, PhD, MBACP
Verified Verified
Each of us is resilient and capable of creating change. Often all we need is someone to listen, guide and help us on the way. However, taking the first step can feel daunting. I am a licensed psychologist as well as a registered member of the BACP. My over 30 years of experience have taught me that the relationship between the client and the therapist is at the core of effective and successful therapy. A strong therapeutic bond leads to trust, growth and healing. With this guiding principle in mind, my aim is to create a safe space to work authentically with you while you take this important next step toward meaningful change.
Each of us is resilient and capable of creating change. Often all we need is someone to listen, guide and help us on the way. However, taking the first step can feel daunting. I am a licensed psychologist as well as a registered member of the BACP. My over 30 years of experience have taught me that the relationship between the client and the therapist is at the core of effective and successful therapy. A strong therapeutic bond leads to trust, growth and healing. With this guiding principle in mind, my aim is to create a safe space to work authentically with you while you take this important next step toward meaningful change.
0131 381 4140 View 0131 381 4140
Photo of Allison Knell, MSc, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Allison Knell
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH2  (Online Only)
I am a registered psychotherapist with UKCP and an accredited member of BACP. In these difficult times all sessions are online or by phone. I think it’s really important to have a space to talk and explore issues. I am here to listen to you, support you, challenge you and educate you. I work with issues around anxiety depression and relationship issues. I offer time limited or longer support. My aim is to help you make the changes you want in your life. Take the first step to positive change and contact me. I offer a free 15 min phone or video session which allows us to discuss how we could work together.
I am a registered psychotherapist with UKCP and an accredited member of BACP. In these difficult times all sessions are online or by phone. I think it’s really important to have a space to talk and explore issues. I am here to listen to you, support you, challenge you and educate you. I work with issues around anxiety depression and relationship issues. I offer time limited or longer support. My aim is to help you make the changes you want in your life. Take the first step to positive change and contact me. I offer a free 15 min phone or video session which allows us to discuss how we could work together.
01368 658557 View 01368 658557
Photo of Dr Emma Williams - Dr Emma Williams (EmPsych Ltd), PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Emma Williams (EmPsych Ltd)
Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH2  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Hi! I'm Dr Emma Williams, Clinical Psychologist and Director of EmPsych limited. People come to me for therapy for help to manage a range of emotional and physical difficulties. I specialise in trauma therapy, adjustment to physical health difficulties, adjustment to and rehabilitation from neurological conditions including Functional Neurological Disorder (FND).
Hi! I'm Dr Emma Williams, Clinical Psychologist and Director of EmPsych limited. People come to me for therapy for help to manage a range of emotional and physical difficulties. I specialise in trauma therapy, adjustment to physical health difficulties, adjustment to and rehabilitation from neurological conditions including Functional Neurological Disorder (FND).
View
Photo of Mengyao Yuan, MA, BACP, Psychotherapist
Mengyao Yuan
Psychotherapist, MA, BACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
I work with people who find it difficult to know who they are, what they want from life, and to motivate themselves to take actions. I also work with people who find it hard to establish and maintain meaningful relationships with others, who struggle to give and receive love. I am also experienced in working with trauma and loss. My practice is informed by psychodynamic, person-centred and existential theories. I aim to provide warmth, respect and acceptance while helping you to gain a better understanding of your personal history, your experiences, and to find meanings in your existence.
I work with people who find it difficult to know who they are, what they want from life, and to motivate themselves to take actions. I also work with people who find it hard to establish and maintain meaningful relationships with others, who struggle to give and receive love. I am also experienced in working with trauma and loss. My practice is informed by psychodynamic, person-centred and existential theories. I aim to provide warmth, respect and acceptance while helping you to gain a better understanding of your personal history, your experiences, and to find meanings in your existence.
0131 510 3423 View 0131 510 3423
Photo of Marie MacLeod, MBACP, Counsellor
Marie MacLeod
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH2  (Online Only)
Difficulties and stress in the relationships that matter most to you can be a source of distress, anxiety, frustration or despair. When all your efforts to make things better still haven't worked, maybe it's time to think about trying a different approach. Working with a experienced relationship counsellor can give you the time and space to explore what is troubling you. I work with individual adults and couples from all backgrounds, abilities, sexual orientations and gender identities to help them gain insight and fresh perspectives on life, relationships, and other issues that cause distress.
Difficulties and stress in the relationships that matter most to you can be a source of distress, anxiety, frustration or despair. When all your efforts to make things better still haven't worked, maybe it's time to think about trying a different approach. Working with a experienced relationship counsellor can give you the time and space to explore what is troubling you. I work with individual adults and couples from all backgrounds, abilities, sexual orientations and gender identities to help them gain insight and fresh perspectives on life, relationships, and other issues that cause distress.
0131 378 8345 View 0131 378 8345
Photo of Dr Bruce Scott Psychoanalyst-Psychotherapist, PhD, Psychotherapist
Dr Bruce Scott Psychoanalyst-Psychotherapist
Psychotherapist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Psychoanalysis or psychoanalytic psychotherapy is an open-ended conversation with no agenda and no time limit (i.e. number of sessions). The practice (Greek: Praxis) of psychoanalysis attends to the person who comes for analysis, to listen and witness their concerns, and to facilitate, if possible some kind of loosening of the strictures than bind and contort experience. I work with people with different needs under the rubric of mental distress.
Psychoanalysis or psychoanalytic psychotherapy is an open-ended conversation with no agenda and no time limit (i.e. number of sessions). The practice (Greek: Praxis) of psychoanalysis attends to the person who comes for analysis, to listen and witness their concerns, and to facilitate, if possible some kind of loosening of the strictures than bind and contort experience. I work with people with different needs under the rubric of mental distress.
0131 381 0244 View 0131 381 0244
Photo of Sheena Brown, Psychotherapist
Sheena Brown
Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH2  (Online Only)
I am a warm and empathetic Qualified Cognitive Behavioural Therapist, who is passionate about supporting individuals to make positive, personally meaningful and long lasting changes to their lives. Through our work together, you will be supported to identify and break free from unhelpful thinking and behavioural patterns that maintain your difficulties, in order for you to feel more in control of your present and future and live the life you desire.
I am a warm and empathetic Qualified Cognitive Behavioural Therapist, who is passionate about supporting individuals to make positive, personally meaningful and long lasting changes to their lives. Through our work together, you will be supported to identify and break free from unhelpful thinking and behavioural patterns that maintain your difficulties, in order for you to feel more in control of your present and future and live the life you desire.
0131 381 5188 View 0131 381 5188
Photo of Sanni Kujala - Sanni Kujala – IFS with Sanni, MA
Sanni Kujala – IFS with Sanni
MA
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH2  (Online Only)
Are you highly sensitive, an introvert, or a deep thinker wanting to work through what is holding you back? Were you a gifted kid who was told they would go far in life, but instead you're feeling stressed out, burnt out and struggling to get by? Have you always felt different from other people, needing more time to feel, process and be alone? You long to move forward with more confidence and clarity and I can help you get there. If you’re looking to heal from the past and build a strong, compassionate connection with yourself and others, you've come to the right place.
Are you highly sensitive, an introvert, or a deep thinker wanting to work through what is holding you back? Were you a gifted kid who was told they would go far in life, but instead you're feeling stressed out, burnt out and struggling to get by? Have you always felt different from other people, needing more time to feel, process and be alone? You long to move forward with more confidence and clarity and I can help you get there. If you’re looking to heal from the past and build a strong, compassionate connection with yourself and others, you've come to the right place.
View
Photo of Dawn Harris - Kedras Clinics, PsychD, CPsychol, Psychologist
Kedras Clinics
Psychologist, PsychD, CPsychol
Verified Verified
Imagine seeking growth and understanding, whether you're a child, adult, or professional aiming for performance enhancement. You need compassionate, experienced therapists who blend traditional therapy with neurofeedback. At Kedras Clinics we work with people by creating a safe space to explore emotions, develop coping strategies, and achieve personal goals. We support individuals navigating challenges and enhancing well-being to lead fulfilling, balanced lives. If this resonates with you, we are here to guide your journey towards self-awareness, resilience, and optimal performance using a mixture of therapy and neurofeedback.
Imagine seeking growth and understanding, whether you're a child, adult, or professional aiming for performance enhancement. You need compassionate, experienced therapists who blend traditional therapy with neurofeedback. At Kedras Clinics we work with people by creating a safe space to explore emotions, develop coping strategies, and achieve personal goals. We support individuals navigating challenges and enhancing well-being to lead fulfilling, balanced lives. If this resonates with you, we are here to guide your journey towards self-awareness, resilience, and optimal performance using a mixture of therapy and neurofeedback.
0131 381 2801 View 0131 381 2801
Photo of Dr Margy Bowes - The Postpartum Psychologist , HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
The Postpartum Psychologist
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH2  (Online Only)
Are you a new parent struggling to cope with the transition to motherhood? Are you feeling disorientated, lost and wondering who you now are since having a baby? Are you struggling to "enjoy every minute" of motherhood and therefore feel there must be something "wrong" with you? Do you feel that everyone around you seems to be moving on with their life but you are still trying to process and understand the journey that you now find yourself on? Do you feel like you are the only one struggling with new parenthood? Do you feel "seen" or understood as a person who has gone through the life-transforming rite of passage of giving birth?
Are you a new parent struggling to cope with the transition to motherhood? Are you feeling disorientated, lost and wondering who you now are since having a baby? Are you struggling to "enjoy every minute" of motherhood and therefore feel there must be something "wrong" with you? Do you feel that everyone around you seems to be moving on with their life but you are still trying to process and understand the journey that you now find yourself on? Do you feel like you are the only one struggling with new parenthood? Do you feel "seen" or understood as a person who has gone through the life-transforming rite of passage of giving birth?
0131 381 7802 View 0131 381 7802
Photo of Dr Anna Planedin, DCounsPsych, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Dr Anna Planedin
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hello, my name is Anna Planedin and my main approach is psychodynamic but I am also trained in person-centered practice. I am interested in helping people find relief and movement from a place of feeling 'stuck.' I specialize in working with chronic pain, loss, trauma and sex/sexuality. I view therapy as a process of helping you listen to your gut feelings, find safety and containment and feel less alone in overwhelming life experiences. It is my hope that through speaking about difficult or taboo feelings with me, you will feel understood and accepted, and that over time you feel more powerful in how you respond to difficulty.
Hello, my name is Anna Planedin and my main approach is psychodynamic but I am also trained in person-centered practice. I am interested in helping people find relief and movement from a place of feeling 'stuck.' I specialize in working with chronic pain, loss, trauma and sex/sexuality. I view therapy as a process of helping you listen to your gut feelings, find safety and containment and feel less alone in overwhelming life experiences. It is my hope that through speaking about difficult or taboo feelings with me, you will feel understood and accepted, and that over time you feel more powerful in how you respond to difficulty.
01764 915849 View 01764 915849
Photo of Gillian Reid - Gillian Reid Counselling, MBACP, Counsellor
Gillian Reid Counselling
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
My mode of therapy is psychodynamic, based on Freudian psychoanalysis, where a basic, central, premise was his view of the mind. Freud’s belief intimated that some of what we experience on a day-to-day basis e.g. emotions, beliefs and impulses; takes place in the unconscious and is not available to the conscious mind. Similarly, my belief, is that the unconscious mind governs behaviour to a much greater degree than people suspect and my therapy involves deep exploration of clients’ past to access, and understand, the root cause of their problems. The emphasis of psychodynamic therapy is on the trust between client and therapist.
My mode of therapy is psychodynamic, based on Freudian psychoanalysis, where a basic, central, premise was his view of the mind. Freud’s belief intimated that some of what we experience on a day-to-day basis e.g. emotions, beliefs and impulses; takes place in the unconscious and is not available to the conscious mind. Similarly, my belief, is that the unconscious mind governs behaviour to a much greater degree than people suspect and my therapy involves deep exploration of clients’ past to access, and understand, the root cause of their problems. The emphasis of psychodynamic therapy is on the trust between client and therapist.
View
Photo of Dr Fiona Syme, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Fiona Syme
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH2  (Online Only)
At the heart of all my work, lies compassion and integrity. These values guide my approach throughout; from the point I receive an enquiry, to meeting any client or team for the first time, in the relationships formed and collaborative work, to the care taken in the endings of work. The 14 years since qualifying, have shaped my strengths and passion in building strong therapeutic relationships, be that with children, young people, families or teams, is central to psychological change.
At the heart of all my work, lies compassion and integrity. These values guide my approach throughout; from the point I receive an enquiry, to meeting any client or team for the first time, in the relationships formed and collaborative work, to the care taken in the endings of work. The 14 years since qualifying, have shaped my strengths and passion in building strong therapeutic relationships, be that with children, young people, families or teams, is central to psychological change.
0131 381 5286 View 0131 381 5286
1

See more therapy options for EH2

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in EH2

70+

Average cost per session

£65

Counsellors in EH2 who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
90% Depression
84% Stress
81% Relationship Issues
81% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
67% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

67% Bupa
60% Aviva
53% AXA PPP

How Counsellors in EH2 see their clients

79% In Person and Online
21% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
18% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in EH2?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.