Photo of Sandra Reck, Pre-Accredited Member IACP, Psychotherapist
Sandra Reck
Psychotherapist, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Verified Verified
Ovens, County Cork P31
Taking the first step to look for help can be daunting. Putting yourself first may feel uncomfortable.
Taking the first step to look for help can be daunting. Putting yourself first may feel uncomfortable.
(01) 267 6570 x44 View (01) 267 6570 x44
Photo of Richy Hammond, MA, Pre-Accredited Member IACP, Psychotherapist
Richy Hammond
Psychotherapist, MA, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Verified Verified
Cork, County Cork P31
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stressed and unable to focus? I specialize in working with clients struggling with Anxiety, Stress, Depression, Trauma, Bereavement, Addiction & Unresolved Childhood Issues. I offer weekly psychotherapy and counselling in a private and comfortable setting in Cork and online zoom sessions at a reduced rate. Life can be a struggle when dealing with anxiety, depression, stress, post-traumatic stress, grief/bereavement/loss, relationship issues, gender identity, unresolved childhood issues, loneliness, suicidal ideation and long-standing hurt or deeply embedded trauma. Together we explore this
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stressed and unable to focus? I specialize in working with clients struggling with Anxiety, Stress, Depression, Trauma, Bereavement, Addiction & Unresolved Childhood Issues. I offer weekly psychotherapy and counselling in a private and comfortable setting in Cork and online zoom sessions at a reduced rate. Life can be a struggle when dealing with anxiety, depression, stress, post-traumatic stress, grief/bereavement/loss, relationship issues, gender identity, unresolved childhood issues, loneliness, suicidal ideation and long-standing hurt or deeply embedded trauma. Together we explore this
(01) 263 0697 x35 View (01) 263 0697 x35
Own Therapy
Psychotherapist, MIACP
Verified Verified
Ballincollig, County Cork P31  (Online Only)
My name is Christine and I am an IACP accredited counsellor and psychotherapist. I hope to create a relaxing, confidential and compassionate space for you to share your story. People attend counselling for a variety of reasons, from feeling stuck in life and wanting to make some changes, to recognizing there are experiences from the past that may need to be explored gently with a mental health professional to move forward. Whatever you would like to explore I'm here to help you navigate through it and develop your own mental health toolkit to take with you.
My name is Christine and I am an IACP accredited counsellor and psychotherapist. I hope to create a relaxing, confidential and compassionate space for you to share your story. People attend counselling for a variety of reasons, from feeling stuck in life and wanting to make some changes, to recognizing there are experiences from the past that may need to be explored gently with a mental health professional to move forward. Whatever you would like to explore I'm here to help you navigate through it and develop your own mental health toolkit to take with you.
(01) 267 6692 x34 View (01) 267 6692 x34
Photo of Lisa Griffin, MA, Psychotherapist
Lisa Griffin
Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
Cork, County Cork P31
Art therapy is an allied mental health profession for people of all ages. During an art therapy session clients have access to a wide range of art materials and each session is a perfect blend of psychology and creative expression. No artistic skills is required for art therapy and the artwork is not judged in any way. The goal in art therapy is to improve mental health and maintain emotional well-being.
Art therapy is an allied mental health profession for people of all ages. During an art therapy session clients have access to a wide range of art materials and each session is a perfect blend of psychology and creative expression. No artistic skills is required for art therapy and the artwork is not judged in any way. The goal in art therapy is to improve mental health and maintain emotional well-being.
087 222 5754 View 087 222 5754
Photo of Emma Cubitt, MA, Psychotherapist
Emma Cubitt
Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
Ovens, County Cork P31
Emma is an accredited Art Therapist MA and artist with over 20 years’ experience in supporting people with mental health challenges and enabling them to flourish. She adapts a person-centred approach and believes that with a willingness and openness to change, each individual can heal and move forward from difficulties and obstacles they have encountered throughout their life. Emma's goal as a therapist is to provide a safe, non-judgmental and supportive space. Offering an opportunity to engage in art-making and creative process within a psychotherapeutic relationship this will allow a client to gain more insight into themselves.
Emma is an accredited Art Therapist MA and artist with over 20 years’ experience in supporting people with mental health challenges and enabling them to flourish. She adapts a person-centred approach and believes that with a willingness and openness to change, each individual can heal and move forward from difficulties and obstacles they have encountered throughout their life. Emma's goal as a therapist is to provide a safe, non-judgmental and supportive space. Offering an opportunity to engage in art-making and creative process within a psychotherapeutic relationship this will allow a client to gain more insight into themselves.
(01) 267 6595 x29 View (01) 267 6595 x29
Photo of Noreen Coomey, MIACP, Psychotherapist
Noreen Coomey
Psychotherapist, MIACP
Verified Verified
Ballincollig, County Cork P31
Before I saw the light, Stress wasn't my problem - taking charge of Stress was. I suffered in the workplace, in a job three grades above my pay grade because I couldn't say "No!" My anxiety went through the roof. My health went through the floor from sleepless nights, anxiety attacks and two painful bouts of shingles in 4 years. Eventually I pulled myself up from rock-bottom to retrain in a new career, resign from my job and take back control of my Stress. If I could do it, anyone could. The transition proved far from easy. Moving forward, developing a new attitude, unlearning and letting go of old beliefs proved difficult.
Before I saw the light, Stress wasn't my problem - taking charge of Stress was. I suffered in the workplace, in a job three grades above my pay grade because I couldn't say "No!" My anxiety went through the roof. My health went through the floor from sleepless nights, anxiety attacks and two painful bouts of shingles in 4 years. Eventually I pulled myself up from rock-bottom to retrain in a new career, resign from my job and take back control of my Stress. If I could do it, anyone could. The transition proved far from easy. Moving forward, developing a new attitude, unlearning and letting go of old beliefs proved difficult.
(01) 267 6675 x94 View (01) 267 6675 x94
Photo of Áine McLochlainn, MIACP, Psychotherapist
Áine McLochlainn
Psychotherapist, MIACP
Verified Verified
Cork, County Cork P31
Welcome. My name is Áine and I am an accredited Psychotherapist. I have many years of experience working in different therapeutic environments. My core therapeutic approach is relational in nature. I am trauma informed and bring Rogerian Person-Centered values to my work. My practice includes Gestalt therapy, Internal Family Systems, Transaction Analysis and CBT. I incorporate somatic experiencing, mindfulness, and self-care practices into the therapy. I have studied several heart based relational neuroscience programs with Dr. Bonnie Badenoch.
Welcome. My name is Áine and I am an accredited Psychotherapist. I have many years of experience working in different therapeutic environments. My core therapeutic approach is relational in nature. I am trauma informed and bring Rogerian Person-Centered values to my work. My practice includes Gestalt therapy, Internal Family Systems, Transaction Analysis and CBT. I incorporate somatic experiencing, mindfulness, and self-care practices into the therapy. I have studied several heart based relational neuroscience programs with Dr. Bonnie Badenoch.
(01) 267 6675 x80 View (01) 267 6675 x80
Photo of Jack Harding - Triskele Psychotherapy
Triskele Psychotherapy
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ballincollig, County Cork P31
Hello there, I'm Jack, a qualified Humanistic Integrative psychotherapist working to help individuals through their unique experiences. I have been practicing since 2019, and am a registered psychotherapist with the BACP. Having personally navigated my own therapeutic journey, I understand firsthand the impact of childhood trauma on mental health. This personal experience drives my commitment to assist clients in uncovering and addressing the root causes of their challenges, through a holistic and relational approach.
Hello there, I'm Jack, a qualified Humanistic Integrative psychotherapist working to help individuals through their unique experiences. I have been practicing since 2019, and am a registered psychotherapist with the BACP. Having personally navigated my own therapeutic journey, I understand firsthand the impact of childhood trauma on mental health. This personal experience drives my commitment to assist clients in uncovering and addressing the root causes of their challenges, through a holistic and relational approach.
(01) 267 6681 x24 View (01) 267 6681 x24
Photo of Sharon Marie McManus, PhD, CPsychol PSI, Psychologist
Sharon Marie McManus
Psychologist, PhD, CPsychol PSI
Verified Verified
Cork, County Cork P31
Sharon is a senior clinical psychologist with 15 years experience in mental health and disability services across both child and adult clients. She is committed to providing evidence based therapies in a client led, compassionate way.
Sharon is a senior clinical psychologist with 15 years experience in mental health and disability services across both child and adult clients. She is committed to providing evidence based therapies in a client led, compassionate way.
(01) 267 6603 x40 View (01) 267 6603 x40
Photo of Helena O'Leary, APCP, Counsellor
Helena O'Leary
Counsellor, APCP
Verified Verified
Ballincollig, County Cork P31
I am an Integrative Counsellor and Life Coach working online and face-to-face in Cork. I specialise in helping individuals navigate the challenges of stress anxiety, identity, self-image, and looking after their well-being. Life has a way of presenting us with hurdles, and I understand the impact stress and anxiety can have firsthand. Through my own journey, I discovered the transformative power of seeking support from a counsellor. This experience fueled my passion to assist others in overcoming their obstacles and developing self-awareness.
I am an Integrative Counsellor and Life Coach working online and face-to-face in Cork. I specialise in helping individuals navigate the challenges of stress anxiety, identity, self-image, and looking after their well-being. Life has a way of presenting us with hurdles, and I understand the impact stress and anxiety can have firsthand. Through my own journey, I discovered the transformative power of seeking support from a counsellor. This experience fueled my passion to assist others in overcoming their obstacles and developing self-awareness.
(01) 267 6595 x62 View (01) 267 6595 x62
Photo of Dermot Casey, PsychD, Psychotherapist
Dermot Casey
Psychotherapist, PsychD
Verified Verified
Cork, County Cork P31
I am so glad that you have finally decided to come and talk with someone. The first steps are hard. I use a CBT approach so that you can learn new skills to use daily. I am also interested in what has caused you to feel the way you feel, so that you can change certain ways that you think and behave.
I am so glad that you have finally decided to come and talk with someone. The first steps are hard. I use a CBT approach so that you can learn new skills to use daily. I am also interested in what has caused you to feel the way you feel, so that you can change certain ways that you think and behave.
086 803 8792 View 086 803 8792
Photo of Peter Dunphy, Pre-Accredited Member IACP, Psychotherapist
Peter Dunphy
Psychotherapist, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Verified Verified
Cork, County Cork P31
I am a psychotherapist currently working in Cork City. I am member of the IACP and adhere to their code of ethics and practices. Through my training in Integrative Pyschotherapy, I offer clients the opportunity to explore their own experience through a variety of approaches, depending on which is most relevant and accessible to them. Client’s will be afforded a safe, confidential space with an empathetic approach to working with trauma. I aim to facilitate clients to identify goals, change unhelpful patterns of thinking and behavior, explore trauma, and draw upon their own powerful inner resources.
I am a psychotherapist currently working in Cork City. I am member of the IACP and adhere to their code of ethics and practices. Through my training in Integrative Pyschotherapy, I offer clients the opportunity to explore their own experience through a variety of approaches, depending on which is most relevant and accessible to them. Client’s will be afforded a safe, confidential space with an empathetic approach to working with trauma. I aim to facilitate clients to identify goals, change unhelpful patterns of thinking and behavior, explore trauma, and draw upon their own powerful inner resources.
089 255 2551 View 089 255 2551
Photo of Jackie Mc Gann, Pre-Accredited Member IACP, Psychotherapist
Jackie Mc Gann
Psychotherapist, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Verified Verified
Ballincollig, County Cork P31
Hi, I'm Jackie. I know how intimidating it can be to begin therapy both personally and professionally and I assure you my aim is to provide, a kind, safe & non-judgmental space. I am an IACP pre accredited Counsellor & Psychotherapist holding a BSc (Hons) degree. My approach to therapy is humanistic - I believe that in order to live a happier and fulfilling life we need to understand who we are, our thoughts, feelings & patterns of behavior that keep us stuck.
Hi, I'm Jackie. I know how intimidating it can be to begin therapy both personally and professionally and I assure you my aim is to provide, a kind, safe & non-judgmental space. I am an IACP pre accredited Counsellor & Psychotherapist holding a BSc (Hons) degree. My approach to therapy is humanistic - I believe that in order to live a happier and fulfilling life we need to understand who we are, our thoughts, feelings & patterns of behavior that keep us stuck.
(01) 267 6517 x54 View (01) 267 6517 x54
Photo of Cathy Murphy, MA, NAPCP, Psychotherapist
Cathy Murphy
Psychotherapist, MA, NAPCP
Verified Verified
Cork, County Cork P31
My therapeutic approach helps you to identify any issues, address your needs and plan future goals to help reduce symptoms such as negative thinking, rumination, emotional dysregulation, anxiety and low mood. I work closely with many issues in particular, Borderline Personality Disorder, (BPD), ADHD, anxiety, depression, self-harm, womens issues, negative thinking, OCD and many others. Each individual is different and therefore each approach is planned according to your personal needs.
My therapeutic approach helps you to identify any issues, address your needs and plan future goals to help reduce symptoms such as negative thinking, rumination, emotional dysregulation, anxiety and low mood. I work closely with many issues in particular, Borderline Personality Disorder, (BPD), ADHD, anxiety, depression, self-harm, womens issues, negative thinking, OCD and many others. Each individual is different and therefore each approach is planned according to your personal needs.
086 222 9364 View 086 222 9364
Photo of Róisín Tangney - Róisín Tangney, Jungian Psychoanalyst , Psychotherapist
Róisín Tangney, Jungian Psychoanalyst
Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
Cork, County Cork P31
Not accepting new clients
I am a certified Jungian Psychoanalyst, trained at the C.G. Jung Institute, Zürich. I offer deep work in a safe space to those seeking to understand the underlying meaning behind their symptoms and suffering. You may have anxiety, depression, trauma, grief or loss of meaning, be undergoing a life transition or feel that you are not fulfilling your full potential. By exploring both your conscious and unconscious material, your symptoms, feelings, life circumstances, dreams and fantasies, we can help you to find the meaning in adversity and engage the full potential of your personality.
I am a certified Jungian Psychoanalyst, trained at the C.G. Jung Institute, Zürich. I offer deep work in a safe space to those seeking to understand the underlying meaning behind their symptoms and suffering. You may have anxiety, depression, trauma, grief or loss of meaning, be undergoing a life transition or feel that you are not fulfilling your full potential. By exploring both your conscious and unconscious material, your symptoms, feelings, life circumstances, dreams and fantasies, we can help you to find the meaning in adversity and engage the full potential of your personality.
(01) 267 6595 x19 View (01) 267 6595 x19
Photo of Jason Cowell, MIACP, Psychotherapist
Jason Cowell
Psychotherapist, MIACP
Verified Verified
Ballincollig, County Cork P31  (Online Only)
I am so happy you are here and well done on taking this first step - I am here to help. Perhaps you are struggling to find or reconnect to the innate stable and strong roots within yourself and wish today to begin to gently face your current dilemma and/or be supported to heal from past experiences. I am passionate about supporting you by standing by your side as we navigate a clear path back to you feeling happier in your life. I work with Adults.
I am so happy you are here and well done on taking this first step - I am here to help. Perhaps you are struggling to find or reconnect to the innate stable and strong roots within yourself and wish today to begin to gently face your current dilemma and/or be supported to heal from past experiences. I am passionate about supporting you by standing by your side as we navigate a clear path back to you feeling happier in your life. I work with Adults.
View
Photo of Clodagh O'Rourke - Clodagh O'Rourke Psychotherapy, MIACP, Psychotherapist
Clodagh O'Rourke Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MIACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cork, County Cork P31
I am a fully accredited therapist with the Irish Association of Counselling and Psychotherapy (IACP) and I hold an honours degree in Counselling & Psychotherapy from CIT/MTU, and a Diploma in Integrative Adolescent Psychotherapy. ​ I work with people experiencing a broad range of difficulties including depression, anxiety, self-esteem and relationship difficulties. I am interested in work around trauma, adoption, neurodiversity, gender & sexuality and identity. I am also visually impaired and interested in supporting people through sight loss. I am a member of WPATH - the World Professional Association for Transgender Health.
I am a fully accredited therapist with the Irish Association of Counselling and Psychotherapy (IACP) and I hold an honours degree in Counselling & Psychotherapy from CIT/MTU, and a Diploma in Integrative Adolescent Psychotherapy. ​ I work with people experiencing a broad range of difficulties including depression, anxiety, self-esteem and relationship difficulties. I am interested in work around trauma, adoption, neurodiversity, gender & sexuality and identity. I am also visually impaired and interested in supporting people through sight loss. I am a member of WPATH - the World Professional Association for Transgender Health.
089 214 9236 View 089 214 9236
Photo of Jimeve O'Neill, Pre-Accredited Member IACP, Psychotherapist
Jimeve O'Neill
Psychotherapist, Pre-Accredited Member IACP
Verified Verified
Ballincollig, County Cork P31
I am an IACP Pre - accredited Counsellor & Psychotherapist holding a BSc (Hons) degree in Integrative Counselling and Psychotherapy along with a H'Dip in Coaching Psychology. My approach to my practice is integrative, where the clients' needs guide the therapy process. I have a particular interest in the use of internal family systems (IFS) as well as drawing from a number of theoretical frameworks, such as person-centred, transactional analysis, attachment, Gestalt, object relations, and solution-focused therapy,.
I am an IACP Pre - accredited Counsellor & Psychotherapist holding a BSc (Hons) degree in Integrative Counselling and Psychotherapy along with a H'Dip in Coaching Psychology. My approach to my practice is integrative, where the clients' needs guide the therapy process. I have a particular interest in the use of internal family systems (IFS) as well as drawing from a number of theoretical frameworks, such as person-centred, transactional analysis, attachment, Gestalt, object relations, and solution-focused therapy,.
(01) 263 0697 x68 View (01) 263 0697 x68
Photo of Tara McSweeney, MIACP, Psychotherapist
Tara McSweeney
Psychotherapist, MIACP
Verified Verified
Ballincollig, County Cork P31
Does life sometimes feel like a struggle? Are you simply surviving? Would you like to feel fulfilled and relaxed? You can be okay despite the difficulties you can't control. I can help you learn to manage your reactions in your thoughts and feelings which are counterproductive for you. I can help you find practises which wire up new neural pathways in your brain and help you to stay more regulated and capable of enjoying your life. You are not alone. Together we can work to find more meaning, as you discover who you really are and what you need. Get in touch to arrange a free 10 minute consultation over the phone.
Does life sometimes feel like a struggle? Are you simply surviving? Would you like to feel fulfilled and relaxed? You can be okay despite the difficulties you can't control. I can help you learn to manage your reactions in your thoughts and feelings which are counterproductive for you. I can help you find practises which wire up new neural pathways in your brain and help you to stay more regulated and capable of enjoying your life. You are not alone. Together we can work to find more meaning, as you discover who you really are and what you need. Get in touch to arrange a free 10 minute consultation over the phone.
(061) 572 524 x32 View (061) 572 524 x32
Photo of Michelle Melia - Life Events Counselling with Michelle Melia, MA, MIACP, Psychotherapist
Life Events Counselling with Michelle Melia
Psychotherapist, MA, MIACP
Verified Verified
Ballincollig, County Cork P31
I believe that effective therapy starts with careful listening and attending to your unique needs in each session. As a dedicated professional in the field of counselling and psychotherapy, my goal is to provide you with the support and understanding you need to navigate life's challenges. I am committed to creating a safe and non-judgmental environment where you feel respected and accepted. I understand the courage it takes to enter a therapeutic relationship, and I strive to ensure that each person I work with feels genuinely heard and understood.
I believe that effective therapy starts with careful listening and attending to your unique needs in each session. As a dedicated professional in the field of counselling and psychotherapy, my goal is to provide you with the support and understanding you need to navigate life's challenges. I am committed to creating a safe and non-judgmental environment where you feel respected and accepted. I understand the courage it takes to enter a therapeutic relationship, and I strive to ensure that each person I work with feels genuinely heard and understood.
(01) 267 6641 x75 View (01) 267 6641 x75
1

See more therapy options for P31

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in P31

20+

Average cost per session

€70

Counsellors in P31 who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
92% Self Esteem
84% Stress
80% Relationship Issues
80% Depression
72% Coping Skills
64% Bereavement

Average years in practice

5 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Irish Life
100% Laya
100% VHI

How Counsellors in P31 see their clients

88% In Person and Online
12% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
22% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in P31?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, eircode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or eircode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are accredited members of the main professional associations, mainly the Irish Association of Counselling and Psychotherapy (IACP) and the Irish Council for Psychotherapy (ICP). Most Psychologists are accredited members of the Psychological Society of Ireland (PSI).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement in Ireland, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Ireland. Psychologists have earned a doctoral degree in psychology and many are accredited members of the Psychological Society of Ireland (PSI). Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a doctoral degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the IACP or ICP, they must complete a minimum of an NFQ Level 7 programme with 100 hours of clinical experience and a minimum of 450 hours of post-training clinical experience under clinical supervision.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in Ireland could cost between €50 – €90 when seeing a counsellor and €75 - €120 or more when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The National Counselling Service (NCS) is a government-funded service that provides short to medium term counselling and psychotherapy for free to individuals who have experienced trauma or abuse. The service can be accessed by GP referral or self-referral.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your eircode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the IACP, the ICP, or PSI are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a child is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.