Kayla Young
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48034  (Online Only)
Hello! I’m a licensed Social Worker based in Michigan. I received my Masters from Wayne State University and have been practicing for 6 years. I have worked with clients that have traumatic brain injuries, depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder and more. What I enjoy most is helping young adults struggling with transitional life changes, identify resolutions and become the best versions of themselves.
Hello! I’m a licensed Social Worker based in Michigan. I received my Masters from Wayne State University and have been practicing for 6 years. I have worked with clients that have traumatic brain injuries, depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder and more. What I enjoy most is helping young adults struggling with transitional life changes, identify resolutions and become the best versions of themselves.
(947) 221-6656 View (947) 221-6656
Photo of Althea D Smith, MS, LPC, CAADC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Althea D Smith
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, CAADC
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48034
Are you going through difficult times? Feeling anxiety, depression, stressed, relationship issues or life transitions? I am here to help you with challenges that have become too burdensome to handle alone. I provide Telehealth Video services.
Are you going through difficult times? Feeling anxiety, depression, stressed, relationship issues or life transitions? I am here to help you with challenges that have become too burdensome to handle alone. I provide Telehealth Video services.
(800) 460-9477 View (800) 460-9477
Ingrid Nelson-Stefl
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48034
In my 36 years of practice, I've focused on being the best therapist I can be and have become a much more active one as I've come to appreciate the usefulness of evidence-based therapies as well a psychoanalytic psychotherapy, all tailored to the individual needs of my clients and, if applicable, their families. Often people can be too hard on themselves, think badly of themselves, get easily overwhelmed, have angry outbursts, feel depressed, worry a lot, feel bothered by painful past events, feel stuck, and not know how to cope. And, parents can try many things and end up feeling lost regarding their child's behavior problems.
In my 36 years of practice, I've focused on being the best therapist I can be and have become a much more active one as I've come to appreciate the usefulness of evidence-based therapies as well a psychoanalytic psychotherapy, all tailored to the individual needs of my clients and, if applicable, their families. Often people can be too hard on themselves, think badly of themselves, get easily overwhelmed, have angry outbursts, feel depressed, worry a lot, feel bothered by painful past events, feel stuck, and not know how to cope. And, parents can try many things and end up feeling lost regarding their child's behavior problems.
(248) 421-1996 View (248) 421-1996
Photo of Carolada Gilbert - Serene Counseling and Wellness, LLC, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Serene Counseling and Wellness, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Southfield, MI 48034
Waitlist for new clients
Over my years of experience I have had the opportunity to work in several settings. Because of this experience I come with different insight into the issues that may be affecting you. Therapeutic support can improve your mental health for the better. I am letting you know you are not alone in the need for support. Let me help you identify, clarify, and meet your goals for better quality of life.
Over my years of experience I have had the opportunity to work in several settings. Because of this experience I come with different insight into the issues that may be affecting you. Therapeutic support can improve your mental health for the better. I am letting you know you are not alone in the need for support. Let me help you identify, clarify, and meet your goals for better quality of life.
(248) 453-2304 View (248) 453-2304
Photo of Catherine Miree - Higher Heights Counseling Services, MA, LPC, NBCC, ACA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Higher Heights Counseling Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NBCC, ACA
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48034
The truth is we are living in intense times that contribute towards discord and dysfunction. As such, you may find yourself on a journey not of your own choosing; and, often during these times, you could stumble upon a place called uncertainty. Basically, this is a place of being stuck at a crossroad, not knowing which direction to take that will produce the results you desire. Or, perhaps you have made some decisions that have resulted in negative consequences and the solutions seem improbable. In essence, no matter the contributing factors to where you are today, CHANGE is still possible, and HEALING is still obtainable!
The truth is we are living in intense times that contribute towards discord and dysfunction. As such, you may find yourself on a journey not of your own choosing; and, often during these times, you could stumble upon a place called uncertainty. Basically, this is a place of being stuck at a crossroad, not knowing which direction to take that will produce the results you desire. Or, perhaps you have made some decisions that have resulted in negative consequences and the solutions seem improbable. In essence, no matter the contributing factors to where you are today, CHANGE is still possible, and HEALING is still obtainable!
(248) 742-7047 View (248) 742-7047
Photo of Darnella Hankins - Alkebulan’s (Africa's) Counseling & Group Service, MA, LMHC , LPC, NCC, Counselor
Alkebulan’s (Africa's) Counseling & Group Service
Counselor, MA, LMHC , LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Southfield, MI 48034  (Online Only)
Are you a women dealing with a past trauma such as a physical assault or accident? Has this experience hurt you and you're having a difficult time dealing with the memories, being in particular places, with certain people or even difficulty sleeping? If your goals are to reduce negative emotions or process traumatic events, you are at the right place. I am available Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Fridays until sundown.
Are you a women dealing with a past trauma such as a physical assault or accident? Has this experience hurt you and you're having a difficult time dealing with the memories, being in particular places, with certain people or even difficulty sleeping? If your goals are to reduce negative emotions or process traumatic events, you are at the right place. I am available Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Fridays until sundown.
(586) 930-6102 View (586) 930-6102
Photo of Larry Davis, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Larry Davis
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48034
Larry Davis Jr. , MA, LPC, NCC, ACS, CADC is a Licensed Professional Counselor, National Certified Counselor, Approved Clinical Supervisor, and a Certified Alcohol and Drug Counselor. He has been practicing since 2013. Larry graduated from Ashland University (2013) with a master's degree in counseling and completed further graduate studies in human resources management at Oakland University (2016). Larry has extensive clinical experience in substance abuse and mental health through numerous inpatient and outpatient medical facilities.
Larry Davis Jr. , MA, LPC, NCC, ACS, CADC is a Licensed Professional Counselor, National Certified Counselor, Approved Clinical Supervisor, and a Certified Alcohol and Drug Counselor. He has been practicing since 2013. Larry graduated from Ashland University (2013) with a master's degree in counseling and completed further graduate studies in human resources management at Oakland University (2016). Larry has extensive clinical experience in substance abuse and mental health through numerous inpatient and outpatient medical facilities.
(248) 306-8986 View (248) 306-8986
Photo of Cynthia J MacLeod, PsyD, LP, MFA, Psychologist
Cynthia J MacLeod
Psychologist, PsyD, LP, MFA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Southfield, MI 48034  (Online Only)
I have a lifelong interest in collaborating with people who want to grow toward healthier relationships, optimum expression of life purpose, and balancing aspects of Self. Together, we build a space for curiosity about self, beginning where you are, and proceeding at your pace. I see a wide range of people including trauma survivors, artists, and LGBTQ+ folx. I have a general practice, and I specialize in trauma and dissociation. I love helping people through life transition. I don't treat substance abuse. I believe daily pot use stifles growth/change capacity, so I have found that therapy is not very useful until you have quit.
I have a lifelong interest in collaborating with people who want to grow toward healthier relationships, optimum expression of life purpose, and balancing aspects of Self. Together, we build a space for curiosity about self, beginning where you are, and proceeding at your pace. I see a wide range of people including trauma survivors, artists, and LGBTQ+ folx. I have a general practice, and I specialize in trauma and dissociation. I love helping people through life transition. I don't treat substance abuse. I believe daily pot use stifles growth/change capacity, so I have found that therapy is not very useful until you have quit.
(248) 759-5017 View (248) 759-5017
Photo of Angela Diallo, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Angela Diallo
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48034
Angela Diallo is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Michigan who has been practicing since 2014. She graduated from Spring Arbor University. Angela enjoys working with a wide range of behavioral health issues. She excels at facilitating both individual and group therapy sessions to help participants overcome their obstacles. Angela is detail orientated with superior interpersonal skills. She is a personable and proactive Mental Health Counselor who is focused on building positive rapport with a diverse range of clients. Angela is a critical thinker who thrives under pressure.
Angela Diallo is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Michigan who has been practicing since 2014. She graduated from Spring Arbor University. Angela enjoys working with a wide range of behavioral health issues. She excels at facilitating both individual and group therapy sessions to help participants overcome their obstacles. Angela is detail orientated with superior interpersonal skills. She is a personable and proactive Mental Health Counselor who is focused on building positive rapport with a diverse range of clients. Angela is a critical thinker who thrives under pressure.
(248) 963-7964 View (248) 963-7964
Photo of Dionne Wilson, MA, LLPC, MMHCA, Counselor
Dionne Wilson
Counselor, MA, LLPC, MMHCA
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48034
Sometimes in life, you can find yourself in a very dark place. Depression and anxiety can slowly creep in especially in these uncertain times. The struggles and issues that are holding you down can restrict you from functioning at your best level. I am a therapist who cares about what you are going through. My overall goal is to help you heal from the wounds of your past and any current presiding issues that are affecting the conditions of your heart and mind. If you want freedom in how you think, act and feel, then contact me so I can assist you with putting the broken pieces of your life back together.
Sometimes in life, you can find yourself in a very dark place. Depression and anxiety can slowly creep in especially in these uncertain times. The struggles and issues that are holding you down can restrict you from functioning at your best level. I am a therapist who cares about what you are going through. My overall goal is to help you heal from the wounds of your past and any current presiding issues that are affecting the conditions of your heart and mind. If you want freedom in how you think, act and feel, then contact me so I can assist you with putting the broken pieces of your life back together.
(248) 955-2109 View (248) 955-2109
Photo of De'Nisha Beasley, LMSW, MA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
De'Nisha Beasley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Southfield, MI 48034
Hey there! I'm De'Nisha Beasley (Dinah), a licensed therapist committed to guiding you toward personal healing and healthier relationships with yourself and others. With over 17 years of experience as a mental health professional, I specialize in helping individuals overcome adverse childhood experiences, trauma, and toxic stress, with a particular focus on repairing relationships affected by these experiences. Leveraging my background in addressing complex trauma, including domestic violence and sex trafficking, I employ a trauma-responsive approach to customize therapy to each client's unique challenges and healing processes.
Hey there! I'm De'Nisha Beasley (Dinah), a licensed therapist committed to guiding you toward personal healing and healthier relationships with yourself and others. With over 17 years of experience as a mental health professional, I specialize in helping individuals overcome adverse childhood experiences, trauma, and toxic stress, with a particular focus on repairing relationships affected by these experiences. Leveraging my background in addressing complex trauma, including domestic violence and sex trafficking, I employ a trauma-responsive approach to customize therapy to each client's unique challenges and healing processes.
(248) 487-1908 View (248) 487-1908
Photo of David Klein, ACSW, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
David Klein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, ACSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48034  (Online Only)
My goal is to help families to increase communication patterns to and develop strong bonds. Have over three decades of experience successfully helping parents and their children to decrease acting out behaviors, improve coping skills, and to increase their functioning. Help blended families with adjustment, relationship issues, and to resolve child management problems. Have a vast amount amount of experience working with individuals to help them reduce depression, anxiety, and to increase their ability to manage daily stressors successfully. My strategy is to help clients let go the past and make their future more successful.
My goal is to help families to increase communication patterns to and develop strong bonds. Have over three decades of experience successfully helping parents and their children to decrease acting out behaviors, improve coping skills, and to increase their functioning. Help blended families with adjustment, relationship issues, and to resolve child management problems. Have a vast amount amount of experience working with individuals to help them reduce depression, anxiety, and to increase their ability to manage daily stressors successfully. My strategy is to help clients let go the past and make their future more successful.
(248) 419-2145 View (248) 419-2145
Photo of Bradley Klemm, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Bradley Klemm
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48034
My name is Brad Klemm, LMSW and I have been working as a Psychotherapist since 2001. I graduated from University of Michigan's School of Social Work with a Master's Degree in Clinical Social Work. I then received postgraduate training through the Michigan Psychoanalytic Institute for adult and adolescent psychotherapy. I primarily use a psychodynamic approach in my work. This means I view your current symptoms as the result of past and present issues coming together. Once we understand this interplay, you will be able to control your symptoms, rather than feeling your symptoms are controlling you.
My name is Brad Klemm, LMSW and I have been working as a Psychotherapist since 2001. I graduated from University of Michigan's School of Social Work with a Master's Degree in Clinical Social Work. I then received postgraduate training through the Michigan Psychoanalytic Institute for adult and adolescent psychotherapy. I primarily use a psychodynamic approach in my work. This means I view your current symptoms as the result of past and present issues coming together. Once we understand this interplay, you will be able to control your symptoms, rather than feeling your symptoms are controlling you.
(947) 333-9646 View (947) 333-9646
Photo of Dr. Krystle Woods, PhD, LP, Psychologist
Dr. Krystle Woods
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48034  (Online Only)
Hello and welcome! I am Dr. Woods, a fully licensed clinical psychologist and a lifestyle coach. At LifeStance, I do individual therapy with adults via telehealth, with sessions billed through the client’s insurance. I have training and experience using psychodynamic, interpersonal, dialectical, and cognitive-behavioral techniques. To ensure a collaborative framework, I view clients as the experts on themselves, while I try to serve as the expert on psychology. Only by working together can we overcome your current challenge. If you think I may be a good fit, feel free to reach out! I also provide lifestyle coaching thru self-pay.
Hello and welcome! I am Dr. Woods, a fully licensed clinical psychologist and a lifestyle coach. At LifeStance, I do individual therapy with adults via telehealth, with sessions billed through the client’s insurance. I have training and experience using psychodynamic, interpersonal, dialectical, and cognitive-behavioral techniques. To ensure a collaborative framework, I view clients as the experts on themselves, while I try to serve as the expert on psychology. Only by working together can we overcome your current challenge. If you think I may be a good fit, feel free to reach out! I also provide lifestyle coaching thru self-pay.
(248) 985-9263 View (248) 985-9263
Photo of Jacqueline Kaba-Hon. P.h.d, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jacqueline Kaba-Hon. P.h.d
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Southfield, MI 48034  (Online Only)
Hello, I have been told that I make people feel comfortable immediately. I’m Jackie, a licensed Clinical Social Worker since 2003 and a practicing Social Worker since 1994. Over the years, I have learned my role is to serve as a catalyst for change and meet individuals where they are. I received my Bachelor of Social Work from Wayne State University in 1996 and my Master of Social Work from Clark Atlanta University in 2001. In June 2023, I received an Honorary Doctorate of Philosophy in the field of Entrepreneurship and Business Administration from the T.I.U.A. School of Business.
Hello, I have been told that I make people feel comfortable immediately. I’m Jackie, a licensed Clinical Social Worker since 2003 and a practicing Social Worker since 1994. Over the years, I have learned my role is to serve as a catalyst for change and meet individuals where they are. I received my Bachelor of Social Work from Wayne State University in 1996 and my Master of Social Work from Clark Atlanta University in 2001. In June 2023, I received an Honorary Doctorate of Philosophy in the field of Entrepreneurship and Business Administration from the T.I.U.A. School of Business.
(248) 328-2377 View (248) 328-2377
Photo of Andrew Beer, LPC Intern
Andrew Beer
LPC Intern
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Southfield, MI 48034
There is a path toward greater mental and emotional freedom and well being in this life. Unpleasant emotions and thoughts can so easily fuel the repetitive loops of critical self-views, anxiety, and depression. Yet the human mind has the incredible capacity to be malleable, adapt, and change for the better.
There is a path toward greater mental and emotional freedom and well being in this life. Unpleasant emotions and thoughts can so easily fuel the repetitive loops of critical self-views, anxiety, and depression. Yet the human mind has the incredible capacity to be malleable, adapt, and change for the better.
(586) 800-3344 View (586) 800-3344
Marah Mischakoff
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48034
Have you been feeling stressed or down lately? Do you want to make changes in your life, but don't know where to start? I will help you discover the BEST version of you. My goal is to create an atmosphere for personal growth, self-discovery, without fear of judgment. I believe each person has the capacity and desire for personal growth. I help people who are 16 years and older struggling with trauma, anxiety, stress, depression, relationship difficulties, self-esteem issues and life transitions. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in the state of Michigan.
Have you been feeling stressed or down lately? Do you want to make changes in your life, but don't know where to start? I will help you discover the BEST version of you. My goal is to create an atmosphere for personal growth, self-discovery, without fear of judgment. I believe each person has the capacity and desire for personal growth. I help people who are 16 years and older struggling with trauma, anxiety, stress, depression, relationship difficulties, self-esteem issues and life transitions. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in the state of Michigan.
(248) 927-1144 View (248) 927-1144
Photo of Carla Brown, LMSW, ACSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Carla Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, ACSW
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48034  (Online Only)
The world we live in today can feel overwhelming, unpredictable, unfair and even scary. If you're experiencing significant emotional distress or maybe feeling stuck and stagnant, I hope we can talk soon about bringing more harmony and balance into your life!
The world we live in today can feel overwhelming, unpredictable, unfair and even scary. If you're experiencing significant emotional distress or maybe feeling stuck and stagnant, I hope we can talk soon about bringing more harmony and balance into your life!
(248) 939-5269 View (248) 939-5269
Photo of Denise Tyus, MA, LPC, GCDF, BSW, Licensed Professional Counselor
Denise Tyus
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, GCDF, BSW
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48034
One of the most difficult times in a person's life is time of uncertainty. Are you confused as to the direction your life is headed? Do you have questions that you need help sorting out the answers to? Do you lack motivation and passion about your future? Do you have a vision with no focus? If you can answer yes to any of these questions then we need to have a conversation. Together we can work to analyze what would help add direction, zest, and vitality to your life. Who knows better than you what would make your life meaningful. My job is to assist you on the journey.
One of the most difficult times in a person's life is time of uncertainty. Are you confused as to the direction your life is headed? Do you have questions that you need help sorting out the answers to? Do you lack motivation and passion about your future? Do you have a vision with no focus? If you can answer yes to any of these questions then we need to have a conversation. Together we can work to analyze what would help add direction, zest, and vitality to your life. Who knows better than you what would make your life meaningful. My job is to assist you on the journey.
(947) 207-3638 View (947) 207-3638
Photo of Dajah Coates, LLMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dajah Coates
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLMSW
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48034
I take great joy in bridging the gap for individuals who would like to embark on a new healing journey but do not know where to start. I introduce my own unique method to encourage and support clients by helping you help yourself through developing healthy coping skills, self care, self awareness, goal setting, problem solving, and much more. The best way out is always through. -Robert Frost
I take great joy in bridging the gap for individuals who would like to embark on a new healing journey but do not know where to start. I introduce my own unique method to encourage and support clients by helping you help yourself through developing healthy coping skills, self care, self awareness, goal setting, problem solving, and much more. The best way out is always through. -Robert Frost
(313) 946-9696 View (313) 946-9696
1

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 48034

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in 48034 who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
85% Depression
66% Relationship Issues
64% Coping Skills
60% Self Esteem
59% Grief
59% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

96% BlueCross and BlueShield
73% Aetna
63% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in 48034 see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
20% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 48034?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.