Photo of Anne Meneakis, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Anne Meneakis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Lake Oswego, OR 97034  (Online Only)
Even when we feel stuck, hurt or confused; our mood or life feel off balance; or our relationship has lost it's way, with the right support, we can draw upon existing strengths and wisdom to take the leap into transitions towards a better life for ourselves. I work with couples, seeking a bridge back to one another when distance, conflict or communication difficulties have taken away their sense of connectedness and understanding. I work with individuals to help them find a sense of clarity and resilience to clear away obstacles or heal painful memories that seem insurmountable.
Even when we feel stuck, hurt or confused; our mood or life feel off balance; or our relationship has lost it's way, with the right support, we can draw upon existing strengths and wisdom to take the leap into transitions towards a better life for ourselves. I work with couples, seeking a bridge back to one another when distance, conflict or communication difficulties have taken away their sense of connectedness and understanding. I work with individuals to help them find a sense of clarity and resilience to clear away obstacles or heal painful memories that seem insurmountable.
(503) 349-6152 View (503) 349-6152
Photo of Lesley Lacny, MA, LPC, RPsych, CPsych, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lesley Lacny
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, RPsych, CPsych
Verified Verified
Lake Oswego, OR 97034  (Online Only)
We can make change in our lives by understanding why we feel the way we do and by being in tune with who we are. Once we get to know ourselves better, we have the power to grow and overcome barriers. Whether you are experiencing stress, anxiety, depression or anger, or if you are encountering family challenges, relationship problems, or addictions, I can help you make the change you are looking for in a safe, open and nurturing environment.
We can make change in our lives by understanding why we feel the way we do and by being in tune with who we are. Once we get to know ourselves better, we have the power to grow and overcome barriers. Whether you are experiencing stress, anxiety, depression or anger, or if you are encountering family challenges, relationship problems, or addictions, I can help you make the change you are looking for in a safe, open and nurturing environment.
(971) 233-4566 View (971) 233-4566
Photo of David C Manfield, PhD, Psychologist
David C Manfield
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lake Oswego, OR 97034  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am a therapist with over thirty years clinical experience. Over the years I've worked with and helped hundreds of individuals and couples through a wide range of difficulties. My style is respectful, interactive and dynamic. I've learned that there are a lot ways to help, to heal and to promote personal growth, and that no particular approach fits every person or situation. Anxious? Depressed? Or individuals with problems arising from recent traumatic events or from childhood trauma or neglect, whose parents may have been inconsistent or worse, I often combine EMDR, IFS and other mindfulness strategies.
I am a therapist with over thirty years clinical experience. Over the years I've worked with and helped hundreds of individuals and couples through a wide range of difficulties. My style is respectful, interactive and dynamic. I've learned that there are a lot ways to help, to heal and to promote personal growth, and that no particular approach fits every person or situation. Anxious? Depressed? Or individuals with problems arising from recent traumatic events or from childhood trauma or neglect, whose parents may have been inconsistent or worse, I often combine EMDR, IFS and other mindfulness strategies.
(503) 446-5093 View (503) 446-5093
Photo of Erika Doty, PsyD, Psychologist
Erika Doty
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Lake Oswego, OR 97034
Seeking to empower children, teens & their families, Dr. Erika Doty works in conjunction with patients' pediatricians, educators, & parents to maximize treatment gains while encouraging collaborative care. Dr. Doty is a licensed clinical child psychologist in the state of Oregon who specializes in providing evidence-based psychoeducational and neurodevelopmental assessments to evaluate for ADHD, Learning Disorders (i.e., Dyslexia), social/emotional concerns (i.e., anxiety) & other concerns in youth ages 6-22 years old. Dr. Doty also provides short-term, evidence-based treatment, with a specialty in CBIT for tics and Tourettes.
Seeking to empower children, teens & their families, Dr. Erika Doty works in conjunction with patients' pediatricians, educators, & parents to maximize treatment gains while encouraging collaborative care. Dr. Doty is a licensed clinical child psychologist in the state of Oregon who specializes in providing evidence-based psychoeducational and neurodevelopmental assessments to evaluate for ADHD, Learning Disorders (i.e., Dyslexia), social/emotional concerns (i.e., anxiety) & other concerns in youth ages 6-22 years old. Dr. Doty also provides short-term, evidence-based treatment, with a specialty in CBIT for tics and Tourettes.
(503) 862-2026 View (503) 862-2026
Photo of David E Blakeslee - David E. Blakeslee, Psy.D., PC, MA, PsyD, Psychologist
David E. Blakeslee, Psy.D., PC
Psychologist, MA, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lake Oswego, OR 97034
Waitlist for new clients
Taking the first step to get help is often the most difficult, but it is often a hopeful sign that you are ready for growth and ready for change. Finding a compassionate, experienced psychologist at such a time will have the powerful benefit of moving you in a focused way on your needed areas of growth and discovering new areas of strength. Dr. Blakeslee has helped hundreds of individuals, scores of couples and dozens of families in his 20+ years of practice. The science of psychology has made treatment for depression, anxiety, trauma and dysfunctional relationships more successful.
Taking the first step to get help is often the most difficult, but it is often a hopeful sign that you are ready for growth and ready for change. Finding a compassionate, experienced psychologist at such a time will have the powerful benefit of moving you in a focused way on your needed areas of growth and discovering new areas of strength. Dr. Blakeslee has helped hundreds of individuals, scores of couples and dozens of families in his 20+ years of practice. The science of psychology has made treatment for depression, anxiety, trauma and dysfunctional relationships more successful.
(503) 925-6313 View (503) 925-6313
Photo of Michele A Gilson, LCSW, BCD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michele A Gilson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCD
Verified Verified
Lake Oswego, OR 97034
Not accepting new clients
As a seasoned psychodynamic therapist, I work to facilitate healing and change within a supportive environment. I am insight oriented, relational and interactive in my approach. By tending to the self, within the context of past and present relationships, my clients are able to explore and shift their sense of identity, esteem and life goals. Clearing stress, increasing happiness and life satisfaction are the focus.
As a seasoned psychodynamic therapist, I work to facilitate healing and change within a supportive environment. I am insight oriented, relational and interactive in my approach. By tending to the self, within the context of past and present relationships, my clients are able to explore and shift their sense of identity, esteem and life goals. Clearing stress, increasing happiness and life satisfaction are the focus.
(503) 349-4435 View (503) 349-4435
Photo of Melinda Laus, EdS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Melinda Laus
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lake Oswego, OR 97034
Losing someone you love is full of contradictory and upsetting emotions. In one day you may be feeling overwhelmed with sadness and then overwhelmed with disbelief that this is your new reality. I am here to support you through the confusion and pain of your grief. Together we will find tools to help you cope and heal from your loss and help you find hope again.
Losing someone you love is full of contradictory and upsetting emotions. In one day you may be feeling overwhelmed with sadness and then overwhelmed with disbelief that this is your new reality. I am here to support you through the confusion and pain of your grief. Together we will find tools to help you cope and heal from your loss and help you find hope again.
(503) 483-4026 View (503) 483-4026
Photo of Adrienne Bush, LMHC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Adrienne Bush
Licensed Professional Counselor, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lake Oswego, OR 97034  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I meet with all of my clients virtually which allows me to reach individuals who lead busy lives, live in rural areas or other countries, have barriers to making in-person appointments, or simply prefer being in their own space. I believe that accessing mental health care should feel safe, easy, and comfortable. My practice is grounded in the notion that you don't have to feel stressed out to be successful.
I meet with all of my clients virtually which allows me to reach individuals who lead busy lives, live in rural areas or other countries, have barriers to making in-person appointments, or simply prefer being in their own space. I believe that accessing mental health care should feel safe, easy, and comfortable. My practice is grounded in the notion that you don't have to feel stressed out to be successful.
(503) 272-6155 View (503) 272-6155
Photo of Jill Corvelli, PhD, LPC, Supvsr, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jill Corvelli
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, Supvsr
Verified Verified
Lake Oswego, OR 97034
Complex couples- often neurodiverse- but not necessarily, are the clients I mostly serve. You may be experiencing issues in connection-communication-productive conflict OR you may be hoping to deepen your connection OR get unstuck from the past, which shows up in the present and triggers and impedes your work. I teach you a safe frame to connect in, then the therapy between you is within that frame between the 2 of you.
Complex couples- often neurodiverse- but not necessarily, are the clients I mostly serve. You may be experiencing issues in connection-communication-productive conflict OR you may be hoping to deepen your connection OR get unstuck from the past, which shows up in the present and triggers and impedes your work. I teach you a safe frame to connect in, then the therapy between you is within that frame between the 2 of you.
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Photo of Suzanne B Schoenfeld, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Suzanne B Schoenfeld
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lake Oswego, OR 97034
Do you have a problematic relationship in your life? Do these difficulties seem impossible to fix? This could be an intimate relationship, but it could also be a boss, an adult child, a friend or a co-worker. We can work together to figure out what is going on, and the best way to approach a solution.
Do you have a problematic relationship in your life? Do these difficulties seem impossible to fix? This could be an intimate relationship, but it could also be a boss, an adult child, a friend or a co-worker. We can work together to figure out what is going on, and the best way to approach a solution.
(503) 994-1348 View (503) 994-1348
Photo of Suzan Anson, PhD, ATR, Psychologist
Suzan Anson
Psychologist, PhD, ATR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lake Oswego, OR 97034
My focus is to help empower you by helping you enhance your capacities and create meaningful change in your life. Clients want symptom relief, but also want to focus on problems preventing them from achieving their goals. You may want to resolve long-standing relationship or family issues and seek clarity and insight so as not to repeat negative patterns in the future. Many of my clients are suffering from occupational burnout, stress, and work/life imbalance. I work with clients in transition, due to unexpected life changes who are seeking relief and renewal.
My focus is to help empower you by helping you enhance your capacities and create meaningful change in your life. Clients want symptom relief, but also want to focus on problems preventing them from achieving their goals. You may want to resolve long-standing relationship or family issues and seek clarity and insight so as not to repeat negative patterns in the future. Many of my clients are suffering from occupational burnout, stress, and work/life imbalance. I work with clients in transition, due to unexpected life changes who are seeking relief and renewal.
(503) 386-0217 View (503) 386-0217
Photo of Kimberley Dockery, PhD, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kimberley Dockery
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Lake Oswego, OR 97034  (Online Only)
My hope is to help my clients create possibilities for change in their relationship with self, family, and health. My personal values of compassion, care, and respect are mutual in my practice. I believe we can narrow down what you desire to address and set some simple, realistic goals so you can feel connected to your core values and positive beliefs again.
My hope is to help my clients create possibilities for change in their relationship with self, family, and health. My personal values of compassion, care, and respect are mutual in my practice. I believe we can narrow down what you desire to address and set some simple, realistic goals so you can feel connected to your core values and positive beliefs again.
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Photo of Linda McCullough - Linda McCullough, LPC, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Linda McCullough, LPC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lake Oswego, OR 97034
Waitlist for new clients
Has relationship stress, work/life imbalance, or grief become overwhelming? I work with driven and intelligent individuals who have great outward success but feel isolated from loved ones and their own emotional selves. To understand how to experience authentic relationships is an "inside out" job! My practice involves guiding you through deep inquiry and psycho-educational work, during which I will help you embrace self-compassion and assist you in discovering and learning how to share your authentic self. Through our work, you will begin to take more personal risks in your emotional life and find deeper satisfaction overall.
Has relationship stress, work/life imbalance, or grief become overwhelming? I work with driven and intelligent individuals who have great outward success but feel isolated from loved ones and their own emotional selves. To understand how to experience authentic relationships is an "inside out" job! My practice involves guiding you through deep inquiry and psycho-educational work, during which I will help you embrace self-compassion and assist you in discovering and learning how to share your authentic self. Through our work, you will begin to take more personal risks in your emotional life and find deeper satisfaction overall.
(971) 220-7381 View (971) 220-7381
Photo of Stephanie N Knight, MA, LPC, CADC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Stephanie N Knight
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CADC
Verified Verified
Lake Oswego, OR 97034
Life, without any major disruptions, is stressful enough; however almost everyone experiences times that are especially difficult. Oftentimes, people find themselves getting lost, anxious, or frustrated during these times, and can develop problematic ways of coping because they don't know what else to do. This is understandable. When a person is in emotional pain, it is hard to be rational and think of a good solution. I'd like to help. Through therapy, you can get caring support and new solutions to problems that will help you build the fulfilling life you deserve- where a sense of peace is possible.
Life, without any major disruptions, is stressful enough; however almost everyone experiences times that are especially difficult. Oftentimes, people find themselves getting lost, anxious, or frustrated during these times, and can develop problematic ways of coping because they don't know what else to do. This is understandable. When a person is in emotional pain, it is hard to be rational and think of a good solution. I'd like to help. Through therapy, you can get caring support and new solutions to problems that will help you build the fulfilling life you deserve- where a sense of peace is possible.
(503) 501-6959 View (503) 501-6959
Photo of Carolyn S Hughes, PhD, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Carolyn S Hughes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
Lake Oswego, OR 97034  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I enjoy working with individuals who are seeking a real change in their life. Sometimes you are "tired of the rut I am in" or feeling that "something needs to change..I do not want to feel like this anymore." Sometimes you are struggling with "old issues" and sometimes it is more current stresses like anxiety, relationships, or just do not know what to do next; I believe when you are ready to make a change, having a supportive push can really work!
I enjoy working with individuals who are seeking a real change in their life. Sometimes you are "tired of the rut I am in" or feeling that "something needs to change..I do not want to feel like this anymore." Sometimes you are struggling with "old issues" and sometimes it is more current stresses like anxiety, relationships, or just do not know what to do next; I believe when you are ready to make a change, having a supportive push can really work!
(719) 387-0439 View (719) 387-0439
Photo of Steven P DeLugach, MS, LPC, CSAT-S, Licensed Professional Counselor
Steven P DeLugach
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, CSAT-S
Verified Verified
Lake Oswego, OR 97034
Sexual Addictions & Trauma affects everyone in the Family. Betrayal Trauma is a natural response to secrets & lying. It must be treated as primary for the relationship to heal. Many families experience Multiple Generations of Addictions, Abuse & Neglect. Family participation is strongly encouraged but not required. Couples & Families are often in crisis from a lack of support during discovery & disclosure of Sexual Addictions. Full Disclosure is encouraged in a safe, structured process with support. Accountability is the Cornerstone of Restoring Trust & Intimacy for couples & families recovering from Sexual Addictions. Recovery from Sexual Addictions involves restoration of Healthy Sexual Balance.
Sexual Addictions & Trauma affects everyone in the Family. Betrayal Trauma is a natural response to secrets & lying. It must be treated as primary for the relationship to heal. Many families experience Multiple Generations of Addictions, Abuse & Neglect. Family participation is strongly encouraged but not required. Couples & Families are often in crisis from a lack of support during discovery & disclosure of Sexual Addictions. Full Disclosure is encouraged in a safe, structured process with support. Accountability is the Cornerstone of Restoring Trust & Intimacy for couples & families recovering from Sexual Addictions. Recovery from Sexual Addictions involves restoration of Healthy Sexual Balance.
(503) 476-9557 View (503) 476-9557
Photo of Allene Gould, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Allene Gould
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lake Oswego, OR 97034  (Online Only)
Having been a teacher for 24 years gives me a strong foundation for working with individual women and men, especially with parents. Would you like a more peaceful life, a better relationship with your spouse or children? Learn the 2 most important parenting strategies? Someone who really listens and "gets you"? I believe that everyone who walks through my door has the capability to lead a more positive life, regardless of what has negatively affected you. My own personal experience, coupled with my specific training, helps me assist individuals dealing with depression and anxiety, and clients facing conflict and parenting issues.
Having been a teacher for 24 years gives me a strong foundation for working with individual women and men, especially with parents. Would you like a more peaceful life, a better relationship with your spouse or children? Learn the 2 most important parenting strategies? Someone who really listens and "gets you"? I believe that everyone who walks through my door has the capability to lead a more positive life, regardless of what has negatively affected you. My own personal experience, coupled with my specific training, helps me assist individuals dealing with depression and anxiety, and clients facing conflict and parenting issues.
(503) 967-0230 View (503) 967-0230
Photo of Kelly Prothero - Kelly Prothero, LCSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kelly Prothero, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lake Oswego, OR 97034  (Online Only)
It's time to focus on you. When you put yourself last on the list, and stop responding to your own needs, feelings of unhappiness and disconnection often follow. You don't have to struggle with these feelings alone. When working with me, clients describe having a new therapeutic experience - one in which they see genuine and positive change manifest in themselves and their lives.
It's time to focus on you. When you put yourself last on the list, and stop responding to your own needs, feelings of unhappiness and disconnection often follow. You don't have to struggle with these feelings alone. When working with me, clients describe having a new therapeutic experience - one in which they see genuine and positive change manifest in themselves and their lives.
(628) 600-1741 View (628) 600-1741
Photo of Renee Mahin, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Renee Mahin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Lake Oswego, OR 97034
Waitlist for new clients
As a therapist, I know there are times when we feel lost or lack confidence to navigate through critical and life-changing circumstances. Although we often have many strengths and skills, we have difficulty accessing these during periods of family changes or crises, depression, anxiety, or prolonged grief/loss. In therapy, I will facilitate the process of helping you reconnect with your strengths and discover new skills, strategies, and resources toward a more healthier approach to life challenges.
As a therapist, I know there are times when we feel lost or lack confidence to navigate through critical and life-changing circumstances. Although we often have many strengths and skills, we have difficulty accessing these during periods of family changes or crises, depression, anxiety, or prolonged grief/loss. In therapy, I will facilitate the process of helping you reconnect with your strengths and discover new skills, strategies, and resources toward a more healthier approach to life challenges.
(503) 376-8529 View (503) 376-8529
Photo of Jenna Babcock, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jenna Babcock
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Lake Oswego, OR 97034
As a therapist I am warm, compassionate, strength-based, authentic, and open-minded. I strongly believe that individuals and families are resilient and can grow and heal when engaged in a collaborative process with the right therapist. I will work together with you to make sure that you feel supported in your journey towards healing and growth. I am highly collaborative, authentic, and transparent. I will always strive to find the best approach for you and/or your family. I endeavor to create an environment that fosters mutual respect, growth, curiosity, and hope.
As a therapist I am warm, compassionate, strength-based, authentic, and open-minded. I strongly believe that individuals and families are resilient and can grow and heal when engaged in a collaborative process with the right therapist. I will work together with you to make sure that you feel supported in your journey towards healing and growth. I am highly collaborative, authentic, and transparent. I will always strive to find the best approach for you and/or your family. I endeavor to create an environment that fosters mutual respect, growth, curiosity, and hope.
(503) 664-9290 View (503) 664-9290

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 97034

200+

Average cost per session

$170

Therapists in 97034 who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
84% Depression
83% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
69% Trauma and PTSD
69% Coping Skills
69% Stress

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

57% PacificSource
49% Aetna
42% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in 97034 see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
20% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 97034?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.