Photo of Lanie Smith, MPS, ATR, Art Therapist
Lanie Smith
Art Therapist, MPS, ATR
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Springfield, OR 97478
Accepting Clients. Do you wake up each morning or go to bed craving more vitality in your work as a therapist or other helping professional and/or desire more creative connection in your personal/professional life? Are you longing to connect to life in a deeper and more meaningful way again despite all your achievements thus far? Do you desire to feel more confidence and a sense of sacred direction? What if you could live, work and connect with life in a way that feels like full-time play? Ready to move beyond the boredom, exhaustion and/or even low-grade depression and anxiety? It's possible. I'd love to show you the way.
Accepting Clients. Do you wake up each morning or go to bed craving more vitality in your work as a therapist or other helping professional and/or desire more creative connection in your personal/professional life? Are you longing to connect to life in a deeper and more meaningful way again despite all your achievements thus far? Do you desire to feel more confidence and a sense of sacred direction? What if you could live, work and connect with life in a way that feels like full-time play? Ready to move beyond the boredom, exhaustion and/or even low-grade depression and anxiety? It's possible. I'd love to show you the way.
(541) 348-7997 View (541) 348-7997
Photo of James Hare, LPC, QMHP, MAC, CADCIII, Licensed Professional Counselor
James Hare
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, QMHP, MAC, CADCIII
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Springfield, OR 97478  (Online Only)
Thank you for viewing my counseling profile. I have had the privilege of working with individuals from a variety of backgrounds and challenges. I have helped individuals working through issues related to self-esteem, depression, anxiety, various addictions, and relational or life transition issues. Many of the people that I have worked with share a common trait regardless of the reason they seek counseling: previous trauma(s). I also provide assessments for Emotional Support Animal Letters for those that experience an emotional health benefit from their animal companion.
Thank you for viewing my counseling profile. I have had the privilege of working with individuals from a variety of backgrounds and challenges. I have helped individuals working through issues related to self-esteem, depression, anxiety, various addictions, and relational or life transition issues. Many of the people that I have worked with share a common trait regardless of the reason they seek counseling: previous trauma(s). I also provide assessments for Emotional Support Animal Letters for those that experience an emotional health benefit from their animal companion.
(541) 532-8949 View (541) 532-8949
Photo of Brooke Granade, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Brooke Granade
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Springfield, OR 97478  (Online Only)
Sometimes life can become overwhelming or confusing due to current struggles or past issues that affect the present day. My passion is to help people find hope, healing, restoration, and strength as they walk through life and the difficulties they encounter. I do this by coming alongside clients with a collaborative approach to address their needs and concerns and accomplish their goals.
Sometimes life can become overwhelming or confusing due to current struggles or past issues that affect the present day. My passion is to help people find hope, healing, restoration, and strength as they walk through life and the difficulties they encounter. I do this by coming alongside clients with a collaborative approach to address their needs and concerns and accomplish their goals.
(458) 213-4562 View (458) 213-4562
Photo of Ruth Ralph - Freedom Path Counseling LLC, LPC, MA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Freedom Path Counseling LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA
Verified Verified
Springfield, OR 97478  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Offering a Wait List at this time, it can be about a month-long wait. Greetings, my name is Ruth Ralph and I’m here to accompany you on your path towards healing, personal growth, and emotional well-being. Traumatic and negative life experiences do not have to dictate your path, you can choose to walk a path to freedom. I offer specialization in childhood trauma, foster and adoption, ADHD, problems with motivation, self-esteem, depression, anxiety, medical trauma, spiritual trauma, hoarding behaviors, dissociation and psychogenic seizures,
Offering a Wait List at this time, it can be about a month-long wait. Greetings, my name is Ruth Ralph and I’m here to accompany you on your path towards healing, personal growth, and emotional well-being. Traumatic and negative life experiences do not have to dictate your path, you can choose to walk a path to freedom. I offer specialization in childhood trauma, foster and adoption, ADHD, problems with motivation, self-esteem, depression, anxiety, medical trauma, spiritual trauma, hoarding behaviors, dissociation and psychogenic seizures,
(541) 325-8594 View (541) 325-8594
Photo of Beth Foulke, MA, NCC
Beth Foulke
Professional Counselor Associate, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
Springfield, OR 97478  (Online Only)
Accepting New Clients Through Teletherapy. Are you struggling with anxiety or depression? Feeling overwhelmed in this journey we call life? We all have the strength and resiliency to overcome life’s struggles. I am honored to assist you through and help you to discover the silver linings.
Accepting New Clients Through Teletherapy. Are you struggling with anxiety or depression? Feeling overwhelmed in this journey we call life? We all have the strength and resiliency to overcome life’s struggles. I am honored to assist you through and help you to discover the silver linings.
(541) 283-0613 View (541) 283-0613
Photo of Brian Longworth, MDiv, PhD, LPC, CSAT, Licensed Professional Counselor
Brian Longworth
Licensed Professional Counselor, MDiv, PhD, LPC, CSAT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Springfield, OR 97478  (Online Only)
I believe therapy is about a therapist and clients collaborating together to address mental health issues and or deal with life problems. I believe the client (You) is the expert about themselves concerning strengths, weaknesses, and issues of concern. I believe it is my purpose as a therapist to build a therapeutic relationship which supports the development of your insights, and life skills; including the identification of strengths, and support systems that may aid in the reduction of negative symptoms and improve quality. I do tele-health and I am hoping to be in person by summer 2025 and joined by Mason my therapy dog.
I believe therapy is about a therapist and clients collaborating together to address mental health issues and or deal with life problems. I believe the client (You) is the expert about themselves concerning strengths, weaknesses, and issues of concern. I believe it is my purpose as a therapist to build a therapeutic relationship which supports the development of your insights, and life skills; including the identification of strengths, and support systems that may aid in the reduction of negative symptoms and improve quality. I do tele-health and I am hoping to be in person by summer 2025 and joined by Mason my therapy dog.
(971) 251-9482 View (971) 251-9482
Photo of Gina M. Siqueiros, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Gina M. Siqueiros
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Springfield, OR 97478
Waitlist for new clients
Waitlist currently in place. Email is best for quicker response. Life is a series of steps we take, shifting from one level to another, but this journey is not always lateral or forward-moving. This is true throughout our lives, through transitions of all kinds, whether they be emotional, spiritual, mental, or physical in nature. It can be surprising and daunting when life's blueprints don't unfold as planned, and we all need help sometimes to connect with our authentic selves and build flexibility to throw out the old and build anew. Let me help you with the next step.
Waitlist currently in place. Email is best for quicker response. Life is a series of steps we take, shifting from one level to another, but this journey is not always lateral or forward-moving. This is true throughout our lives, through transitions of all kinds, whether they be emotional, spiritual, mental, or physical in nature. It can be surprising and daunting when life's blueprints don't unfold as planned, and we all need help sometimes to connect with our authentic selves and build flexibility to throw out the old and build anew. Let me help you with the next step.
(541) 876-1745 View (541) 876-1745
Photo of Dora Parys, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dora Parys
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Springfield, OR 97478
Not accepting new clients
Are you facing major life transitions, feel overhelmed by stress, strained intimate relationships or significant losses? Together we will collaborate to face current challenges and past issues. I specialize in working with adults and couples living with anxiety, depression, relationship distress, symptoms of PTSD, chronic and life threatening illnesses, chronic pain, grief and loss and bereavement. I use a variety of interventions striving to find the best fit for each client and relaying on our work together to facilitate meaningful change.
Are you facing major life transitions, feel overhelmed by stress, strained intimate relationships or significant losses? Together we will collaborate to face current challenges and past issues. I specialize in working with adults and couples living with anxiety, depression, relationship distress, symptoms of PTSD, chronic and life threatening illnesses, chronic pain, grief and loss and bereavement. I use a variety of interventions striving to find the best fit for each client and relaying on our work together to facilitate meaningful change.
(541) 237-7085 View (541) 237-7085
Photo of Dianne Lobes, EdD, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dianne Lobes
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC
Verified Verified
Springfield, OR 97478  (Online Only)
I am acutely aware of how many people are suffering deeply now – people who are strong, intelligent, and creative, and yet find themselves struggling within their lives and disbelieving in themselves. Many of our psychological and emotional problems have been worsened over time by systemic and political practices, policies and institutions which also affect us spiritually. Because these systems aren’t self-aware, they don’t change quickly, and since they are part of the cause of our problems, they can’t help us heal. I listen to understand how to heal.
I am acutely aware of how many people are suffering deeply now – people who are strong, intelligent, and creative, and yet find themselves struggling within their lives and disbelieving in themselves. Many of our psychological and emotional problems have been worsened over time by systemic and political practices, policies and institutions which also affect us spiritually. Because these systems aren’t self-aware, they don’t change quickly, and since they are part of the cause of our problems, they can’t help us heal. I listen to understand how to heal.
(541) 233-5049 View (541) 233-5049
P & P Therapeutic Counseling Inc
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Springfield, OR 97478  (Online Only)
Christian faith-based Therapist. Deepen your connection to yourself and others. Gaining relief from symptoms and enhancing your physical and emotional well-being, Learning stress reduction techniques to improve your quality of life, and Experiencing self-awareness, self-acceptance, and personal growth. Enhance your capacity to resolve rather than react to the experiences of life. Learn new behaviors, find your inner strength, and achieve your goals. I have over 20 years of experience working with individuals, couples, and families.
Christian faith-based Therapist. Deepen your connection to yourself and others. Gaining relief from symptoms and enhancing your physical and emotional well-being, Learning stress reduction techniques to improve your quality of life, and Experiencing self-awareness, self-acceptance, and personal growth. Enhance your capacity to resolve rather than react to the experiences of life. Learn new behaviors, find your inner strength, and achieve your goals. I have over 20 years of experience working with individuals, couples, and families.
(541) 716-4537 View (541) 716-4537
Photo of Jessica Crowder, MSW, LCSW, RYT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jessica Crowder
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, RYT
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Springfield, OR 97478
Not accepting new clients
I value therapy for the opportunity to support you in exploring the places just beyond your comfort zone with curiosity and compassion. I am most experienced treating trauma, adult children of addiction, codependency, life transitions, grief, anxiety, and relationship issues. My approach is eclectic and strengths-based, drawing from a combination of EMDR/Flash Technique, psychodynamic theories, current neuroscience, yoga and mindfulness practices, and social work values.
I value therapy for the opportunity to support you in exploring the places just beyond your comfort zone with curiosity and compassion. I am most experienced treating trauma, adult children of addiction, codependency, life transitions, grief, anxiety, and relationship issues. My approach is eclectic and strengths-based, drawing from a combination of EMDR/Flash Technique, psychodynamic theories, current neuroscience, yoga and mindfulness practices, and social work values.
(541) 803-8221 View (541) 803-8221
Photo of Stuart Eugene Silberman - Stuart E. Silberman, Psy.D., LLC, PsyD, Psychologist
Stuart E. Silberman, Psy.D., LLC
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Springfield, OR 97478
My practice is built around providing individual therapy and EEG Neurofeedback to adults and adolescents. I believe that therapy can be tremendously beneficial in many ways, but particularly in offering an opportunity to look at life experiences and difficulties within an environment that emphasizes a strong, appropriate, and trusting relationship between client and therapist. I provide psychological assessment of difficult to treat cases for diagnostic clarification to ensure the treatment provided adequately target the issues presented.
My practice is built around providing individual therapy and EEG Neurofeedback to adults and adolescents. I believe that therapy can be tremendously beneficial in many ways, but particularly in offering an opportunity to look at life experiences and difficulties within an environment that emphasizes a strong, appropriate, and trusting relationship between client and therapist. I provide psychological assessment of difficult to treat cases for diagnostic clarification to ensure the treatment provided adequately target the issues presented.
(541) 632-4655 View (541) 632-4655
Photo of Steve Pethick - Steve Pethick, PhD, PhD, Psychologist
Steve Pethick, PhD
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Springfield, OR 97478
I have been involved in research, assessment and treatment of AD/HD for the past 25 years. Individuals with AD/HD usually experience difficulty with focus and concentration. However, they also experience difficulties with procrastination, time management, planning, organizing, and completing projects at home, work and/or in school. There may also be difficulties with delaying gratification, impulse control, memory, and feelings of restlessness. These symptoms impact work, school, friendships, family, intimate relationships, and overall quality of life. An accurate assessment of AD/HD is an important step toward getting help.
I have been involved in research, assessment and treatment of AD/HD for the past 25 years. Individuals with AD/HD usually experience difficulty with focus and concentration. However, they also experience difficulties with procrastination, time management, planning, organizing, and completing projects at home, work and/or in school. There may also be difficulties with delaying gratification, impulse control, memory, and feelings of restlessness. These symptoms impact work, school, friendships, family, intimate relationships, and overall quality of life. An accurate assessment of AD/HD is an important step toward getting help.
(541) 639-4656 View (541) 639-4656
Wise Counseling Center
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Springfield, OR 97478
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (MA) using an empathetic, client-centered, strength-based orientation to help clients overcome difficulties they face in their lives and relationships. I have been in practice since 2008, working with all ages, focusing on Anxiety, ADHD, Pain Management, and healing from Traumatic Brain Injuries. I am also a certified Neurofeedback (LENS) practitioner (see Ochslabs.com) with extensive training and experience using Neurofeedback training to successfully treat many different issues: ADHD, PTSD, other Anxiety disorders, and supporting the brain in re-wiring and re-regulating- getting a tune-up.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (MA) using an empathetic, client-centered, strength-based orientation to help clients overcome difficulties they face in their lives and relationships. I have been in practice since 2008, working with all ages, focusing on Anxiety, ADHD, Pain Management, and healing from Traumatic Brain Injuries. I am also a certified Neurofeedback (LENS) practitioner (see Ochslabs.com) with extensive training and experience using Neurofeedback training to successfully treat many different issues: ADHD, PTSD, other Anxiety disorders, and supporting the brain in re-wiring and re-regulating- getting a tune-up.
(541) 214-2946 View (541) 214-2946
Photo of Willow Ann Rose, LPC, CHT, Licensed Professional Counselor
Willow Ann Rose
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CHT
Verified Verified
Springfield, OR 97478
Life is a gift and challenge! Those ways of living you once created or were taught may no longer be beneficial. Releasing old hurts allows room for change. We all get stuck at times! Compassionate psychotherapy can be the first step toward imagining new possibilities. Together we explore "old" ways that may inhibit your abilities to befriend yourself and create positive connection with others. Awareness, , Transpersonal Hypnotherapy, and other offerings can help you identify next steps and support your intentions for change. At root, healing is courage, self empowerment and engaging with the wise resources at your center.
Life is a gift and challenge! Those ways of living you once created or were taught may no longer be beneficial. Releasing old hurts allows room for change. We all get stuck at times! Compassionate psychotherapy can be the first step toward imagining new possibilities. Together we explore "old" ways that may inhibit your abilities to befriend yourself and create positive connection with others. Awareness, , Transpersonal Hypnotherapy, and other offerings can help you identify next steps and support your intentions for change. At root, healing is courage, self empowerment and engaging with the wise resources at your center.
(541) 237-7047 View (541) 237-7047
Photo of Kara Schrenk Litwiller - Kara Schrenk Litwiller, LLC, MEd, LPC, NCC, CADCIII, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kara Schrenk Litwiller, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, NCC, CADCIII
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Springfield, OR 97478
Waitlist for new clients
I believe in the value and worth of each human being and that each one of us has the ability to heal and master new skills throughout the life span. I strive to form trusting relationships with clients to assist them with improving their quality of relationships, increase their personal sense of well being or self esteem, achieve a better balance in their life, resolve traumatic history, and learn effective coping skills. Through a collaborative relationship, I assist clients with exploring their personal and spiritual development.
I believe in the value and worth of each human being and that each one of us has the ability to heal and master new skills throughout the life span. I strive to form trusting relationships with clients to assist them with improving their quality of relationships, increase their personal sense of well being or self esteem, achieve a better balance in their life, resolve traumatic history, and learn effective coping skills. Through a collaborative relationship, I assist clients with exploring their personal and spiritual development.
(541) 214-2894 View (541) 214-2894
Photo of Davide J. Costley, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Davide J. Costley
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Springfield, OR 97478
I work with clients who are experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, ADHD and/or complications from traumatic experiences.
I work with clients who are experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, ADHD and/or complications from traumatic experiences.
(541) 525-1010 View (541) 525-1010
Photo of Annelise Heitman, MEd, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Annelise Heitman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MEd, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Springfield, OR 97478
Waitlist for new clients
I provide a holistic, strengths based, and non-pathologizing approach to wellness. I am a compassionate listener and active participant in helping people realize self-compassion and acceptance so they can heal past wounds and make changes in their lives that allow them to fully realize who they are at their core. Through use of sensorimotor/somatic therapy, EMDR and IFS (you can read more about these on my website), I help people learn to listen to their bodies and their internal wisdom so they can make choices that are in line with their values and hold themselves with more confidence and ease.
I provide a holistic, strengths based, and non-pathologizing approach to wellness. I am a compassionate listener and active participant in helping people realize self-compassion and acceptance so they can heal past wounds and make changes in their lives that allow them to fully realize who they are at their core. Through use of sensorimotor/somatic therapy, EMDR and IFS (you can read more about these on my website), I help people learn to listen to their bodies and their internal wisdom so they can make choices that are in line with their values and hold themselves with more confidence and ease.
(541) 647-2489 View (541) 647-2489
Photo of Karl Becker
Karl Becker
Professional Counselor Associate
Verified Verified
Springfield, OR 97478
Hello! I am accepting new clients & would love to connect with you. My own experience in counseling has allowed me to sort out the confusing emotions that accumulated during childhood in a home where conflict, volatility, & criticism were daily challenges. As I started life on my own, my mind was crowded with mixed messages about my self-worth, the dependability of relationships, the reliability of plans & hope for the future. In a trusting counseling relationship, I began to see a path out of the confusion and darkness that kept me from fully accepting & living life, engaging in loving relationships, & pursuing a fulfilling career.
Hello! I am accepting new clients & would love to connect with you. My own experience in counseling has allowed me to sort out the confusing emotions that accumulated during childhood in a home where conflict, volatility, & criticism were daily challenges. As I started life on my own, my mind was crowded with mixed messages about my self-worth, the dependability of relationships, the reliability of plans & hope for the future. In a trusting counseling relationship, I began to see a path out of the confusion and darkness that kept me from fully accepting & living life, engaging in loving relationships, & pursuing a fulfilling career.
(541) 351-7806 View (541) 351-7806
Photo of Tirsa Sparr, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tirsa Sparr
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Springfield, OR 97478
Waitlist for new clients
I believe that we all have a journey that has led us where we are, with individual challenges and opportunities. Events from the past can leave lasting impacts that lead to feeling disconnected from self or others and difficulties with living authentically. I am passionate about listening to your story to work through challenges and assist you with taking control of this journey in order to feel whole and complete. I believe in a collaborative approach to help people create a healthier perception of themselves while strengthening their resources, and relationships during the healing process.
I believe that we all have a journey that has led us where we are, with individual challenges and opportunities. Events from the past can leave lasting impacts that lead to feeling disconnected from self or others and difficulties with living authentically. I am passionate about listening to your story to work through challenges and assist you with taking control of this journey in order to feel whole and complete. I believe in a collaborative approach to help people create a healthier perception of themselves while strengthening their resources, and relationships during the healing process.
(541) 876-2936 View (541) 876-2936
1

See more therapy options for 97478

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 97478

40+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in 97478 who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
84% Trauma and PTSD
84% Self Esteem
79% Depression
74% Relationship Issues
74% Stress
72% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% PacificSource
69% Moda Health
66% Providence

How Therapists in 97478 see their clients

73% In Person and Online
27% Online Only

Gender breakdown

66% Female
34% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 97478?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.