Photo of Daniel M Campa, PhD, LMHCA, EdS, Counselor
Daniel M Campa
Counselor, PhD, LMHCA, EdS
Not Verified Not Verified
Seattle, WA 98133
Not accepting new clients
In my practice, I work with children, adolescents, and adults on reaching their goals and building upon their strengths. I am experienced in helping individuals who are experiencing a wide range of social, behavioral, emotional, educational/academic and psychological difficulties.
In my practice, I work with children, adolescents, and adults on reaching their goals and building upon their strengths. I am experienced in helping individuals who are experiencing a wide range of social, behavioral, emotional, educational/academic and psychological difficulties.
(206) 966-4257 View (206) 966-4257
Photo of Erika Straus-Bowers, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Erika Straus-Bowers
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98133
As humans, I find that when we’re able to get quiet for a while, slow down, and start to feel safe, things begin to open up… Wounds that haven’t gotten to heal. Emotions and thoughts that we’ve needed to compartmentalize. Grief and difficult truths. And when we feel well supported to stay with this process for some time, at our own pace, other things begin to open up too… Sensations of release and relief. Emerging clarity and understanding. A more expansive sense of who we are, including our choices and voice.
As humans, I find that when we’re able to get quiet for a while, slow down, and start to feel safe, things begin to open up… Wounds that haven’t gotten to heal. Emotions and thoughts that we’ve needed to compartmentalize. Grief and difficult truths. And when we feel well supported to stay with this process for some time, at our own pace, other things begin to open up too… Sensations of release and relief. Emerging clarity and understanding. A more expansive sense of who we are, including our choices and voice.
(360) 468-8999 View (360) 468-8999
Photo of Mary Lou Macarius, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Mary Lou Macarius
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98133  (Online Only)
Mary Lou Macarius is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) who specializes in treating anxiety, depression, ADHD, behavioral issues, grief, parenting issues, school issues, stress, women's issues, and child therapy. She has more than 20 years of experience, working at institutions such as the Pacific Lutheran University Marriage and Family Therapy Clinic, the Good Samaritan Behavioral Health Care Center, as well as in public schools serving students K-12th grade. She also has experience serving individuals from six years old to 65 years old from her time in another group private practice.
Mary Lou Macarius is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) who specializes in treating anxiety, depression, ADHD, behavioral issues, grief, parenting issues, school issues, stress, women's issues, and child therapy. She has more than 20 years of experience, working at institutions such as the Pacific Lutheran University Marriage and Family Therapy Clinic, the Good Samaritan Behavioral Health Care Center, as well as in public schools serving students K-12th grade. She also has experience serving individuals from six years old to 65 years old from her time in another group private practice.
(206) 889-6042 View (206) 889-6042
Photo of Carole Milan Danis, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Carole Milan Danis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98133
I believe each of us is capable of changing, growing and rising above emotional pain. I invite you to participate in this process, not only to gain relief from your distress, but also to create a life that you truly enjoy. In an atmosphere of hope and support, I will help you move beyond the emotional and psychological barriers that keep you stuck in self-defeating beliefs and behaviors. Likely outcomes are reduction of emotional distress, the ability to act on your own behalf and to engage more fully in life. My clients are women, men, young adults and couples.
I believe each of us is capable of changing, growing and rising above emotional pain. I invite you to participate in this process, not only to gain relief from your distress, but also to create a life that you truly enjoy. In an atmosphere of hope and support, I will help you move beyond the emotional and psychological barriers that keep you stuck in self-defeating beliefs and behaviors. Likely outcomes are reduction of emotional distress, the ability to act on your own behalf and to engage more fully in life. My clients are women, men, young adults and couples.
(206) 633-0101 View (206) 633-0101
Photo of Bekah Watanabe, MA, LMHCA, Counselor
Bekah Watanabe
Counselor, MA, LMHCA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98133  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Feeling STUCK? You may be seeking counseling because you or your loved one are experiencing an overwhelming struggle, hurt or pain. Maybe you feel depressed, lost, worried or stuck. Your pain is heavy, but you don't have to carry it alone. You DESERVE care. No matter what you're going through, I am here to listen to your story, acknowledge your pain and support you through it. Counseling is a safe space to process your pain without judgement or shame. Through deep conversations and deep connection, you can find the joy, peace and freedom that you're looking for.
Feeling STUCK? You may be seeking counseling because you or your loved one are experiencing an overwhelming struggle, hurt or pain. Maybe you feel depressed, lost, worried or stuck. Your pain is heavy, but you don't have to carry it alone. You DESERVE care. No matter what you're going through, I am here to listen to your story, acknowledge your pain and support you through it. Counseling is a safe space to process your pain without judgement or shame. Through deep conversations and deep connection, you can find the joy, peace and freedom that you're looking for.
(206) 208-6965 View (206) 208-6965
Photo of Char Thrower, LSWAIC, LMSW, MBA-HCM, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Char Thrower
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSWAIC, LMSW, MBA-HCM
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98133  (Online Only)
I specialize in empowering clients to explore their inner experiences, develop coping strategies, and achieve meaningful personal growth. By integrating compassion with evidence-based practices, I strive to create a supportive environment where individuals, can overcome challenges, build resilience, and make lasting positive changes in their lives.
I specialize in empowering clients to explore their inner experiences, develop coping strategies, and achieve meaningful personal growth. By integrating compassion with evidence-based practices, I strive to create a supportive environment where individuals, can overcome challenges, build resilience, and make lasting positive changes in their lives.
(206) 312-8231 View (206) 312-8231
Photo of Mae Smith, MA, LMHCA, Counselor
Mae Smith
Counselor, MA, LMHCA
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98133
Waitlist for new clients
Are you navigating life with ADHD, perhaps diagnosed as an adult? Feeling stuck in romantic relationships, that you’re in or want to be in? Exploring parts of your identity that are difficult to name? If any of these sound like you, we could be a great fit! I am a queer, neurodivergent mental health counselor who specializes in all things identity, intimacy, and relationships.
Are you navigating life with ADHD, perhaps diagnosed as an adult? Feeling stuck in romantic relationships, that you’re in or want to be in? Exploring parts of your identity that are difficult to name? If any of these sound like you, we could be a great fit! I am a queer, neurodivergent mental health counselor who specializes in all things identity, intimacy, and relationships.
(509) 560-5909 View (509) 560-5909
Photo of Monique Chang-Goit, LMFT, CST, Marriage & Family Therapist
Monique Chang-Goit
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CST
Verified Verified
Shoreline, WA 98133
My passion is to help individuals and families discover their strengths and resources. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with a Master of Science degree in Marriage and Family Therapy and a post-graduate certificate in Medical Family Therapy from Seattle Pacific University. I am a Certified Sex Therapist by the American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors and Therapists. I am a Mental Health Professional, Brainspotting practitioner, Child Mental Health Professional, State and AAMFT Approved Supervisor and Asian and Pacific Islander Ethnic Minority Mental Health Specialist.
My passion is to help individuals and families discover their strengths and resources. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with a Master of Science degree in Marriage and Family Therapy and a post-graduate certificate in Medical Family Therapy from Seattle Pacific University. I am a Certified Sex Therapist by the American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors and Therapists. I am a Mental Health Professional, Brainspotting practitioner, Child Mental Health Professional, State and AAMFT Approved Supervisor and Asian and Pacific Islander Ethnic Minority Mental Health Specialist.
(206) 984-8351 View (206) 984-8351
Photo of Miranda Sullivan, MSW, LICSW, SUDPT, MHP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Miranda Sullivan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, SUDPT, MHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98133  (Online Only)
I have been in the mental health and social service field for 10 years. My passion is working with adolescents and adults with complex trauma, depression and anxiety, mood disorders, ADHD, and borderline. When clients come to me they are often going through some of the toughest moments of their lives. They are confused, vulnerable, desperate for something to change. I take a very individualized approach and walk with my clients in partnership towards their goals, healing, a recovery. The client therapist relationship is sacred and I am so honored to have the privilege to serve you and bare witness to your story.
I have been in the mental health and social service field for 10 years. My passion is working with adolescents and adults with complex trauma, depression and anxiety, mood disorders, ADHD, and borderline. When clients come to me they are often going through some of the toughest moments of their lives. They are confused, vulnerable, desperate for something to change. I take a very individualized approach and walk with my clients in partnership towards their goals, healing, a recovery. The client therapist relationship is sacred and I am so honored to have the privilege to serve you and bare witness to your story.
(206) 339-5562 View (206) 339-5562
Photo of Sibel A Golden, PhD, LMHC, REAT, Counselor
Sibel A Golden
Counselor, PhD, LMHC, REAT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98133
Not accepting new clients
I AM NOT ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS AT THIS TIME. I love working with clients to find sustainable and creative approaches to life's challenges. The work is highly individualized, and is a process of discovery, finding a voice for deep emotions and authentic connection to self and others. Finding the courage, compassion, and confidence that equips one to live a wholesome and beautiful life is my goal as a therapist.
I AM NOT ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS AT THIS TIME. I love working with clients to find sustainable and creative approaches to life's challenges. The work is highly individualized, and is a process of discovery, finding a voice for deep emotions and authentic connection to self and others. Finding the courage, compassion, and confidence that equips one to live a wholesome and beautiful life is my goal as a therapist.
(206) 735-4877 View (206) 735-4877
Photo of Stephen Kim, MA, LMHCA, Counselor
Stephen Kim
Counselor, MA, LMHCA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98133  (Online Only)
If you’re experiencing shame, guilt, or crippling perfectionism, I would like to help. You may feel stuck, wrestling with constant self-criticism or struggling with the same damaging ideas for years making self-acceptance impossible. Whatever you’re going through, you don’t have to endure it alone. I hope to create a space where you feel safe to share your story, support you in navigating the most painful parts, and ultimately help you find healing and wholeness. While we can’t change the past, we can shape its impact on our present and future.
If you’re experiencing shame, guilt, or crippling perfectionism, I would like to help. You may feel stuck, wrestling with constant self-criticism or struggling with the same damaging ideas for years making self-acceptance impossible. Whatever you’re going through, you don’t have to endure it alone. I hope to create a space where you feel safe to share your story, support you in navigating the most painful parts, and ultimately help you find healing and wholeness. While we can’t change the past, we can shape its impact on our present and future.
(206) 312-5469 View (206) 312-5469
Photo of Garrett A. Gilchrist, PhD, Psychologist
Garrett A. Gilchrist
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98133
I received my Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology with an emphasis in Child, Adolescent, and Family treatment from Seattle Pacific University (2008) and my M.A. in Counseling Psychology from Gonzaga University (2001). I have been a Licensed Psychologist in WA since 2010, and I am paneled with most insurance carriers. I have practiced in a variety of settings, including university counseling centers, public school systems, inpatient psychiatric hospitals, and mental health agencies. I view my primary role as providing a safe and contained environment where individuals can gain stability, increase insights into themselves, and develop more positive coping strategies.
I received my Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology with an emphasis in Child, Adolescent, and Family treatment from Seattle Pacific University (2008) and my M.A. in Counseling Psychology from Gonzaga University (2001). I have been a Licensed Psychologist in WA since 2010, and I am paneled with most insurance carriers. I have practiced in a variety of settings, including university counseling centers, public school systems, inpatient psychiatric hospitals, and mental health agencies. I view my primary role as providing a safe and contained environment where individuals can gain stability, increase insights into themselves, and develop more positive coping strategies.
(206) 823-1149 View (206) 823-1149
Photo of Angela Johnston, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Angela Johnston
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Shoreline, WA 98133
I help individuals and couples in all stages of life find healing and growth in the face of anxiety, depression, challenging relationships, and life transitions. I am passionate about supporting women who are striving to cope, rediscover their identities, and find belonging. I also love working with premarital and newlywed couples as well as collaborating with couples experiencing disconnection, conflict, addiction, or infidelity and creating space for emotional and relational healing.
I help individuals and couples in all stages of life find healing and growth in the face of anxiety, depression, challenging relationships, and life transitions. I am passionate about supporting women who are striving to cope, rediscover their identities, and find belonging. I also love working with premarital and newlywed couples as well as collaborating with couples experiencing disconnection, conflict, addiction, or infidelity and creating space for emotional and relational healing.
(206) 737-2903 View (206) 737-2903
Photo of Kara Edson, MS, LMHC, Counselor
Kara Edson
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98133
When I was a teen, I had my first experience of individual therapy and realized the value that can come from a strong connection to a helping professional that wants to take the time to really see, hear, and understand their clients. I endeavor to be this sort of therapist with each of my clients, seeing them for their unique experience, personality, struggles, and strengths.
When I was a teen, I had my first experience of individual therapy and realized the value that can come from a strong connection to a helping professional that wants to take the time to really see, hear, and understand their clients. I endeavor to be this sort of therapist with each of my clients, seeing them for their unique experience, personality, struggles, and strengths.
(425) 324-3976 View (425) 324-3976
Photo of Katie Doyle, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Katie Doyle
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98133
You want to appear confident and like you have it all together, but deep down, you struggle to get it all done and stay connected to the present moment. You may be fed up with the constant battle of proving yourself, feeling anxious you are missing something, or preoccupied with pleasing others. You might not even remember a time things didn’t feel this way. But one thing is for sure: you’re ready for some relief. You’re ready to feel connected and enjoy the NOW. You’re ready to smile and laugh again. Most of all, you’re ready to take charge of your life and no longer be controlled by anxiety and grief.
You want to appear confident and like you have it all together, but deep down, you struggle to get it all done and stay connected to the present moment. You may be fed up with the constant battle of proving yourself, feeling anxious you are missing something, or preoccupied with pleasing others. You might not even remember a time things didn’t feel this way. But one thing is for sure: you’re ready for some relief. You’re ready to feel connected and enjoy the NOW. You’re ready to smile and laugh again. Most of all, you’re ready to take charge of your life and no longer be controlled by anxiety and grief.
(206) 278-3107 View (206) 278-3107
Photo of Katie Lin, LMHCA, Counselor
Katie Lin
Counselor, LMHCA
Verified Verified
Shoreline, WA 98133
Waitlist for new clients
I seek to create a space where all the different aspects of who you are may feel welcome. Compassion and trust are at the core of our work. Together, we will pay attention to the specific issue that brought you into counseling, as well as various aspects of your life and relationships. I love exploring the connection between the mind and the body, and for folks who are eager to explore this connection, I integrate counseling with BodyTalk (a biofeedback-based somatic modality).
I seek to create a space where all the different aspects of who you are may feel welcome. Compassion and trust are at the core of our work. Together, we will pay attention to the specific issue that brought you into counseling, as well as various aspects of your life and relationships. I love exploring the connection between the mind and the body, and for folks who are eager to explore this connection, I integrate counseling with BodyTalk (a biofeedback-based somatic modality).
(206) 590-6709 View (206) 590-6709
Photo of Jennifer Spektor, MA, LMHCA, MHP, Counselor
Jennifer Spektor
Counselor, MA, LMHCA, MHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98133  (Online Only)
Are you seeking your truth? Feeling stuck? Do you want a therapist who really gets you? Perhaps you are part of a relationship or polycule, seeking to work on communication and intimacy in a non-judgemental environment. I am an art therapist and counselor working with individual adults and relationships from a person-centered lense. As an artist, DJ, and Jewish trans woman (free Palestine!) I know how important it can be to have a therapist who has lived experience on the margins. Using a warm and direct approach, I support people in the process of living their truths, creating the life and relationships that are genuine to them.
Are you seeking your truth? Feeling stuck? Do you want a therapist who really gets you? Perhaps you are part of a relationship or polycule, seeking to work on communication and intimacy in a non-judgemental environment. I am an art therapist and counselor working with individual adults and relationships from a person-centered lense. As an artist, DJ, and Jewish trans woman (free Palestine!) I know how important it can be to have a therapist who has lived experience on the margins. Using a warm and direct approach, I support people in the process of living their truths, creating the life and relationships that are genuine to them.
View
Photo of Ian Kavanaugh, LMHC, CN, Counselor
Ian Kavanaugh
Counselor, LMHC, CN
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98133
Not accepting new clients
I am a holistic Mental Health Counselor and a Certified Nutritionist providing traditional talk therapy and integrative dietary and lifestyle treatments. I enjoy working with all types of people and diverse problems and at the root of that work is the relationship we build together. I provide a safe, non-judgmental, collaborative environment where you can express yourself freely and work toward your goals. I have experience working with a variety of conditions like Mood Disorders, PTSD, life transitions, grief and loss and ADD/ADHD. I work using evidence based treatment methods such as CBT, and Solution Focused techniques.
I am a holistic Mental Health Counselor and a Certified Nutritionist providing traditional talk therapy and integrative dietary and lifestyle treatments. I enjoy working with all types of people and diverse problems and at the root of that work is the relationship we build together. I provide a safe, non-judgmental, collaborative environment where you can express yourself freely and work toward your goals. I have experience working with a variety of conditions like Mood Disorders, PTSD, life transitions, grief and loss and ADD/ADHD. I work using evidence based treatment methods such as CBT, and Solution Focused techniques.
(206) 743-9387 View (206) 743-9387
Photo of Dan Meier - Dan Meier Counseling, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Dan Meier Counseling
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Shoreline, WA 98133
Welcome! My name is Dan Meier and I am a relational, psychodynamic therapist. In practice, this means I work collaboratively with my clients and pay special attention to stories, embodied messages, and relational dynamics. I work this way because I believe harm and healing both take place within the context of relationship. Counseling offers the opportunity to explore our painful stories in the presence of an attuned, compassionate professional and rediscover our hope. Together, you and I will work toward meaningful change, greater self-acceptance, and deep healing.
Welcome! My name is Dan Meier and I am a relational, psychodynamic therapist. In practice, this means I work collaboratively with my clients and pay special attention to stories, embodied messages, and relational dynamics. I work this way because I believe harm and healing both take place within the context of relationship. Counseling offers the opportunity to explore our painful stories in the presence of an attuned, compassionate professional and rediscover our hope. Together, you and I will work toward meaningful change, greater self-acceptance, and deep healing.
(206) 745-6659 View (206) 745-6659
Photo of Dr. Suzanne Engelberg, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Suzanne Engelberg
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Shoreline, WA 98133  (Online Only)
I Am Accepting New Clients. Are you facing changes in your life, grappling with difficult decisions, or wanting to build better relationships? Are you looking for a therapist who will listen with compassion and without judgement, and who will teach you effective practical tools for your problems? An outside, neutral person to help you find a new perspective?
I Am Accepting New Clients. Are you facing changes in your life, grappling with difficult decisions, or wanting to build better relationships? Are you looking for a therapist who will listen with compassion and without judgement, and who will teach you effective practical tools for your problems? An outside, neutral person to help you find a new perspective?
(206) 746-2479 View (206) 746-2479
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 98133

200+

Average cost per session

$153

Therapists in 98133 who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
75% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
66% Grief
66% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Premera Blue Cross
55% Regence
51% First Choice Health | FCH

How Therapists in 98133 see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
21% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 98133?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.