Depression Therapists in San Diego, CA

Photo of Daniel Leone, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Daniel Leone
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92126
I welcome you! My name is Daniel Leone and I work as a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. My experience is focused mainly on relationship issues, anxiety, depression, trauma and substance use. Therapy will provide you with the space and safety to talk about your traumas, struggles and concerns without judgement. As a therapist I had the opportunity to work with kids (9 to 12), teens, adults and couples.
I welcome you! My name is Daniel Leone and I work as a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. My experience is focused mainly on relationship issues, anxiety, depression, trauma and substance use. Therapy will provide you with the space and safety to talk about your traumas, struggles and concerns without judgement. As a therapist I had the opportunity to work with kids (9 to 12), teens, adults and couples.
(858) 923-5930 View (858) 923-5930
Photo of Vanessa Jiroutek, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Vanessa Jiroutek
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92154
If you are looking for a therapist and need support, sometimes it can be difficult to choose or a discouraging process to find the right therapist to connect with. Imagine a place where you can be yourself. work towards personal goals and growth, free of judgment, with an objective professional. I work with a wide range of clients who are dealing with various issues including depression, mood disorders, OCD, ADHD, acute stress, trauma, anxiety, addictive behaviors, LGBT issues, codependency, grief and loss, life transitions, and marital issues, such as infidelity and strengthening communication skills.
If you are looking for a therapist and need support, sometimes it can be difficult to choose or a discouraging process to find the right therapist to connect with. Imagine a place where you can be yourself. work towards personal goals and growth, free of judgment, with an objective professional. I work with a wide range of clients who are dealing with various issues including depression, mood disorders, OCD, ADHD, acute stress, trauma, anxiety, addictive behaviors, LGBT issues, codependency, grief and loss, life transitions, and marital issues, such as infidelity and strengthening communication skills.
(858) 290-7118 View (858) 290-7118
Photo of Amiee Handfinger, PhD, Psychologist
Amiee Handfinger
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92103  (Online Only)
I gravitate toward an experiential feelings based approach in treating anxiety and depression and I teach self-hypnosis and relaxation to clients in need of anxiety reduction and stress management.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in the treatment of mood disorders such as depression and anxiety. I also have a special interest in helping families resolve hurt and conflict.
I gravitate toward an experiential feelings based approach in treating anxiety and depression and I teach self-hypnosis and relaxation to clients in need of anxiety reduction and stress management.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in the treatment of mood disorders such as depression and anxiety. I also have a special interest in helping families resolve hurt and conflict.
(858) 215-1902 View (858) 215-1902
Photo of Cynthia Edgerly, MSW, LCSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Cynthia Edgerly
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92130
Whether you are struggling with anxiety, depression, parenting challenges, or simply looking to prioritize your wellness, I am here for you.
I earned a M.S.W. from Boston University in 1991, and I am licensed as an independent practitioner in both California and Massachusetts. Additionally, I am certified in Co-Parenting Mediation. I have decades of professional, volunteer, and life experience in treating the mental health needs of individuals and families across a wide variety of settings, including schools, outpatient clinics, developmental services, healthcare, and private practice. My special areas of focus include anxiety and depression, parenting issues, family systems, relationships, developmental issues, medically involved children, and aging.
Whether you are struggling with anxiety, depression, parenting challenges, or simply looking to prioritize your wellness, I am here for you.
I earned a M.S.W. from Boston University in 1991, and I am licensed as an independent practitioner in both California and Massachusetts. Additionally, I am certified in Co-Parenting Mediation. I have decades of professional, volunteer, and life experience in treating the mental health needs of individuals and families across a wide variety of settings, including schools, outpatient clinics, developmental services, healthcare, and private practice. My special areas of focus include anxiety and depression, parenting issues, family systems, relationships, developmental issues, medically involved children, and aging.
(858) 251-6804 View (858) 251-6804
Photo of Polina Eidelman, PhD, Psychologist
Polina Eidelman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92129
I was trained as a clinical scientist at UC Berkeley and have been dedicated to providing cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) in a compassionate, warm, individualized, flexible, and collaborative manner for over 10 years. Many of my patients are accomplished and highly intelligent people who are objectively doing well in their lives but struggle to feel fulfilled and successful. If this sounds like you, or if you are experiencing feelings of shame, depression, irritability, trouble sleeping, shame, anxiety, difficulties making decisions, a feeling of being overwhelmed and stressed, or trouble managing your emotions, I can help.
I was trained as a clinical scientist at UC Berkeley and have been dedicated to providing cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) in a compassionate, warm, individualized, flexible, and collaborative manner for over 10 years. Many of my patients are accomplished and highly intelligent people who are objectively doing well in their lives but struggle to feel fulfilled and successful. If this sounds like you, or if you are experiencing feelings of shame, depression, irritability, trouble sleeping, shame, anxiety, difficulties making decisions, a feeling of being overwhelmed and stressed, or trouble managing your emotions, I can help.
(619) 771-0464 View (619) 771-0464
Photo of Dr. Jim Coil, EdD, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Dr. Jim Coil
Marriage & Family Therapist, EdD, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92131
I treat a wide-range of mental health concerns, including anxiety, depression, addictions, trauma, grief, and stress.
Do you hear your inner critic telling you “I am not good enough; I am not worth it?” Does it feel overwhelming to experience uncertainty in everyday life and relationships? Does it feel as though you “have not been yourself lately”, feeling sad or anxious longer or deeper than you expected? Do you desire to have healthier relationships? I hear you. My hope is to help you have greater quality of life, and achieve healing. Whether you wish to become a happier person, to feel less anxious, more confident, have better relationships, stop an unhealthy habit, or to simply understand yourself better, I can help you achieve this.
I treat a wide-range of mental health concerns, including anxiety, depression, addictions, trauma, grief, and stress.
Do you hear your inner critic telling you “I am not good enough; I am not worth it?” Does it feel overwhelming to experience uncertainty in everyday life and relationships? Does it feel as though you “have not been yourself lately”, feeling sad or anxious longer or deeper than you expected? Do you desire to have healthier relationships? I hear you. My hope is to help you have greater quality of life, and achieve healing. Whether you wish to become a happier person, to feel less anxious, more confident, have better relationships, stop an unhealthy habit, or to simply understand yourself better, I can help you achieve this.
(619) 452-1168 View (619) 452-1168
Photo of Jami Rosenthal, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jami Rosenthal
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92130
My goal is to build strong therapeutic relationships with my clients, grounded in empathy and trust. I am committed to learning each of my client's unique and diverse life stories. My clients rely on me to help "unpack" not only the issues that brought them to therapy, but to better understand how their upbringing, family, and life experiences impact their mental wellbeing. I work with adults, couples, families and adolescents (age 16 and up), who are experiencing depression, anxiety and stress, trauma, grief and loss, life transitions, maternal mental health, and relationship conflicts.
My goal is to build strong therapeutic relationships with my clients, grounded in empathy and trust. I am committed to learning each of my client's unique and diverse life stories. My clients rely on me to help "unpack" not only the issues that brought them to therapy, but to better understand how their upbringing, family, and life experiences impact their mental wellbeing. I work with adults, couples, families and adolescents (age 16 and up), who are experiencing depression, anxiety and stress, trauma, grief and loss, life transitions, maternal mental health, and relationship conflicts.
(858) 943-2250 View (858) 943-2250
Photo of Murray Kaufman, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Murray Kaufman
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92105
The first session includes introducing myself to you and learning what prompted you to request therapy. Together with you, I will talk about what you would like to accomplish through therapy. I would then gather historical and present information for the purpose of working with you to create a treatment plan to help your therapy be successful. I see adults in individuals, couples, and families with issues including Anxiety, Depression, Intimacy and Relationships, Panic Attacks/ Panic Disorder, and coping with trauma.
The first session includes introducing myself to you and learning what prompted you to request therapy. Together with you, I will talk about what you would like to accomplish through therapy. I would then gather historical and present information for the purpose of working with you to create a treatment plan to help your therapy be successful. I see adults in individuals, couples, and families with issues including Anxiety, Depression, Intimacy and Relationships, Panic Attacks/ Panic Disorder, and coping with trauma.
(858) 544-5046 View (858) 544-5046
Photo of Kate Smiley, LCSW, EMDR, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kate Smiley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92130
Address eating disorders, anxiety, depression, and trauma.
Do you feel burdened by constant worry, feelings of isolation, disordered eating, or fear of failure? Are difficult experiences from your past impacting your wellness today? Do you feel overwhelmed by the idea of therapy, unsure of what it entails? Therapy can help you gain balance and motivation. Address underlying issues, and develop coping skills for long-term healing and transformation. In a supportive space, you can be vulnerable, and honest, and gain tools to feel less pain. Are you ready to take the first step on your journey to living a more meaningful life? Reach out today. I look forward to hearing your story!
Address eating disorders, anxiety, depression, and trauma.
Do you feel burdened by constant worry, feelings of isolation, disordered eating, or fear of failure? Are difficult experiences from your past impacting your wellness today? Do you feel overwhelmed by the idea of therapy, unsure of what it entails? Therapy can help you gain balance and motivation. Address underlying issues, and develop coping skills for long-term healing and transformation. In a supportive space, you can be vulnerable, and honest, and gain tools to feel less pain. Are you ready to take the first step on your journey to living a more meaningful life? Reach out today. I look forward to hearing your story!
(619) 658-4437 View (619) 658-4437
Photo of Sherry Reasbeck, PhD, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sherry Reasbeck
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92121  (Online Only)
Are you experiencing stress, depression, anxiety, self-defeating behaviors? Or are there on-going issues in your relationships, family, career, health? I work with motivation issues, career issues, avoidance, feelings, behaviors, core beliefs that keep you stuck. As a seasoned Cognitive Behavioral Therapist, I can help. I provide practical tools to use in moving forward. I combine Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Schema Therapy, Mindfulness-based practices, in working with you. I help you change Schemas, or core beliefs formed in childhood, to help you modify self-defeating patterns and make desired changes in your life.
Are you experiencing stress, depression, anxiety, self-defeating behaviors? Or are there on-going issues in your relationships, family, career, health? I work with motivation issues, career issues, avoidance, feelings, behaviors, core beliefs that keep you stuck. As a seasoned Cognitive Behavioral Therapist, I can help. I provide practical tools to use in moving forward. I combine Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Schema Therapy, Mindfulness-based practices, in working with you. I help you change Schemas, or core beliefs formed in childhood, to help you modify self-defeating patterns and make desired changes in your life.
(760) 512-8146 View (760) 512-8146
Photo of Julia Johnson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Julia Johnson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92103  (Online Only)
Julia Johnson, LCSW believes in the dignity and worth of all people. She has 17 years of experience working in health care and providing therapy, and has witnessed first-hand people becoming anxious, depressed and overwhelmed when their lives transform due to illness or changes out of their control. Julia has empathy and compassion to listen to others and help with the many changes and adjustments they face.
Julia Johnson, LCSW believes in the dignity and worth of all people. She has 17 years of experience working in health care and providing therapy, and has witnessed first-hand people becoming anxious, depressed and overwhelmed when their lives transform due to illness or changes out of their control. Julia has empathy and compassion to listen to others and help with the many changes and adjustments they face.
(619) 374-9736 View (619) 374-9736
Photo of Christy Panter, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Christy Panter
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92130
Christy Panter treats patients starting at 12 year old. Christy Panter earned her Master's Degree in the MFT program at the University of San Francisco in 1999. She has been practicing family therapy for five years and has special interest in the areas of depression, anxiety disorders, and low self esteem among adolescents. Christy is also experienced in sport Psychology and has written a workbook, Mind Works. Christy is a member of the California Association of Marriage and Family Therapists and enjoys working with people of all age groups.
Christy Panter treats patients starting at 12 year old. Christy Panter earned her Master's Degree in the MFT program at the University of San Francisco in 1999. She has been practicing family therapy for five years and has special interest in the areas of depression, anxiety disorders, and low self esteem among adolescents. Christy is also experienced in sport Psychology and has written a workbook, Mind Works. Christy is a member of the California Association of Marriage and Family Therapists and enjoys working with people of all age groups.
(858) 261-5445 View (858) 261-5445
Photo of Carol Regehr, MS, MABS, LPCC, Counselor
Carol Regehr
Counselor, MS, MABS, LPCC
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92130
Areas of specialty include anxiety, depression, marriage and family, trauma, spirituality, women's issues, and teenagers.
It is my goal to provide my clients with a safe and confidential environment to explore issues and provide growth towards awareness, behavioral change, and resolution. If you are unable to meet with me in my San Diego office, we can also meet online through video conferencing. I am licensed as a professional counselor in the states of California and Texas. I can therefore have a counseling session with anyone living in either of these states. Please Visit My Website for more information
Areas of specialty include anxiety, depression, marriage and family, trauma, spirituality, women's issues, and teenagers.
It is my goal to provide my clients with a safe and confidential environment to explore issues and provide growth towards awareness, behavioral change, and resolution. If you are unable to meet with me in my San Diego office, we can also meet online through video conferencing. I am licensed as a professional counselor in the states of California and Texas. I can therefore have a counseling session with anyone living in either of these states. Please Visit My Website for more information
(214) 919-9687 View (214) 919-9687
Photo of Rafael M. Reyes, PsyD, Psychologist
Rafael M. Reyes
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92103
Dr. Reyes has years of experience in the field of psychology and has had extensive training in the treatment of child and adolescent issues. His practice currently focuses on helping children and families overcome issues related to behavior problems, depression, anxiety and anger. He also sees adults for the treatment of depression and anxiety. Dr. Reyes has practiced in San Diego for the past ten years and is also affiliated with Sharp Mesa Vista Hospital. He speaks fluent Spanish and can provide all services in both English and Spanish.
Dr. Reyes has years of experience in the field of psychology and has had extensive training in the treatment of child and adolescent issues. His practice currently focuses on helping children and families overcome issues related to behavior problems, depression, anxiety and anger. He also sees adults for the treatment of depression and anxiety. Dr. Reyes has practiced in San Diego for the past ten years and is also affiliated with Sharp Mesa Vista Hospital. He speaks fluent Spanish and can provide all services in both English and Spanish.
(858) 376-7963 View (858) 376-7963
Photo of Samantha Friedman, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Samantha Friedman
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92105
My name is Sami Friedman (she/her) and I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) based in the San Francisco Bay Area, providing telehealth services across California. I work primarily with adolescents and young adults looking for support with anxiety, depression, life transitions, and navigating relationships with themselves and others. I also have experience and advanced training providing neurodiversity-affirming psychotherapy to individuals (or parents of individuals) who identify as neurodivergent.
My name is Sami Friedman (she/her) and I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) based in the San Francisco Bay Area, providing telehealth services across California. I work primarily with adolescents and young adults looking for support with anxiety, depression, life transitions, and navigating relationships with themselves and others. I also have experience and advanced training providing neurodiversity-affirming psychotherapy to individuals (or parents of individuals) who identify as neurodivergent.
(858) 946-4519 View (858) 946-4519
Photo of For More Information - Personal Evolution Psychotherapy DBT IOP, DBT IOP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Personal Evolution Psychotherapy DBT IOP
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DBT IOP
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92108
Are you a teen or adult that is unable to do your daily activities? Unable to go to work or school? Too depressed to get out of bed? Too anxious to go out? Feeling the urge to self medicate to get through the day? Did you just get released from the psychiatric hospital? Do you have big emotions that run your life? Do you feel out of control? Do you ask yourself why you should continue to go on? Have you tried Intensive Outpatient Programs before and not liked being in groups with people you don't know? Have you wished you could find an IOP that helps you privately? Then PEP's DBT IOP is the right place for you!
Are you a teen or adult that is unable to do your daily activities? Unable to go to work or school? Too depressed to get out of bed? Too anxious to go out? Feeling the urge to self medicate to get through the day? Did you just get released from the psychiatric hospital? Do you have big emotions that run your life? Do you feel out of control? Do you ask yourself why you should continue to go on? Have you tried Intensive Outpatient Programs before and not liked being in groups with people you don't know? Have you wished you could find an IOP that helps you privately? Then PEP's DBT IOP is the right place for you!
(619) 787-6676 View (619) 787-6676
Photo of Somi P. Han, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Somi P. Han
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92127  (Online Only)
feeling depressed), anxiety (e.
I believe the goal of therapy is for the client to feel seen and understood, and that everyone has the capacity for growth and change. By developing a caring, empathic, and trusting relationship with my clients, it becomes possible for the individual to make connections, deepen his/her awareness and gain clarity about relationships, problems and personal patterns. It is through this process that growth and change can be made.
feeling depressed), anxiety (e.
I believe the goal of therapy is for the client to feel seen and understood, and that everyone has the capacity for growth and change. By developing a caring, empathic, and trusting relationship with my clients, it becomes possible for the individual to make connections, deepen his/her awareness and gain clarity about relationships, problems and personal patterns. It is through this process that growth and change can be made.
(858) 437-5648 View (858) 437-5648
Photo of Belinda Radovich, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Belinda Radovich
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92120
Belinda Radovich is an LCSW, who has been practicing since 2017. She graduated from San Diego State with a Masters degree in Social Work. Belinda believes in strengths based client centered approaches to help individuals improve social and emotional functioning. Her main areas of focus are anxiety, depression, and trauma. In her spare time, Belinda enjoys being outdoors, working out and spending time with family and friends.
Belinda Radovich is an LCSW, who has been practicing since 2017. She graduated from San Diego State with a Masters degree in Social Work. Belinda believes in strengths based client centered approaches to help individuals improve social and emotional functioning. Her main areas of focus are anxiety, depression, and trauma. In her spare time, Belinda enjoys being outdoors, working out and spending time with family and friends.
(858) 786-0395 View (858) 786-0395
Photo of Aspasia Caplaneris Birmingham, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Aspasia Caplaneris Birmingham
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92107
I have the education and life experience to help you with life challenges whether you are coming in by yourself, with your partner or with your family to address relational issues which may include depression, anxiety and/or communication issues.
I aim to provide you with support and relief from your anxiety and/or depressive symptoms and also offer you a perspective and understanding of your struggles and likely differs from what you might hear from family or friends. I share in the hope you will move forward in ways you might previously feared impossible. Good therapy focuses on maximizing your strengths and reducing your difficulties in the healing process.
I have the education and life experience to help you with life challenges whether you are coming in by yourself, with your partner or with your family to address relational issues which may include depression, anxiety and/or communication issues.
I aim to provide you with support and relief from your anxiety and/or depressive symptoms and also offer you a perspective and understanding of your struggles and likely differs from what you might hear from family or friends. I share in the hope you will move forward in ways you might previously feared impossible. Good therapy focuses on maximizing your strengths and reducing your difficulties in the healing process.
(619) 279-5632 View (619) 279-5632
Photo of Vivian Johnson, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Vivian Johnson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92101
I work with clients experiencing anxiety, depression, disruptive behaviors, relationship challenges, self-esteem issues, and trauma.
My name is Vivian E. Johnson, and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family therapist. I predominately utilize the psychodynamic approach. I work with individuals, families, and couples experiencing anxiety, depression, disruptive behaviors, relationship challenges, self-esteem issues, and trauma. I help clients recognize their recurring unhelpful thought, emotional and behavioral patterns, and the defense mechanisms they've developed to avoid distress and cope with stress. This insight may allow them to begin changing those patterns and develop more helpful and healthier ways to cope with life stressors.
I work with clients experiencing anxiety, depression, disruptive behaviors, relationship challenges, self-esteem issues, and trauma.
My name is Vivian E. Johnson, and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family therapist. I predominately utilize the psychodynamic approach. I work with individuals, families, and couples experiencing anxiety, depression, disruptive behaviors, relationship challenges, self-esteem issues, and trauma. I help clients recognize their recurring unhelpful thought, emotional and behavioral patterns, and the defense mechanisms they've developed to avoid distress and cope with stress. This insight may allow them to begin changing those patterns and develop more helpful and healthier ways to cope with life stressors.
(619) 815-7294 View (619) 815-7294
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Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.