Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Therapists in San Francisco, CA

Photo of Tom Van Vleet, PhD, Psychologist
Tom Van Vleet
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94108
Dr. Tom Van Vleet is a licensed neuropsychologist with expertise in cognitive rehabilitation & enhancement, neuropsychological assessment, and integrative psychotherapy. His treatment approach targets the cognitive and psychological challenges experienced by healthy adults, as well as individuals with progressive or acquired brain dysfunction (e.g., learning disability, ADHD, stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's). Dr. Van Vleet is a subject matter expert and inventor of novel cognitive interventions (U.S. patents: 9,601,026; 9,308,445; 9,302,179) with 45+ peer reviewed publications in leading medical journals.
Dr. Tom Van Vleet is a licensed neuropsychologist with expertise in cognitive rehabilitation & enhancement, neuropsychological assessment, and integrative psychotherapy. His treatment approach targets the cognitive and psychological challenges experienced by healthy adults, as well as individuals with progressive or acquired brain dysfunction (e.g., learning disability, ADHD, stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's). Dr. Van Vleet is a subject matter expert and inventor of novel cognitive interventions (U.S. patents: 9,601,026; 9,308,445; 9,302,179) with 45+ peer reviewed publications in leading medical journals.
(925) 275-5158 View (925) 275-5158
Photo of Lisa Black, PsyD, BCN, BCB, Psychologist
Lisa Black
Psychologist, PsyD, BCN, BCB
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94101
Dr. Black specializes in trauma, TBI/concussion, insomnia/sleep issues, anxiety, depression, and coping with chronic illness. The therapies Dr. Black specializes in are biofeedback, ketamine assisted psychotherapy (KAP), eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), existential therapy, motivational interviewing (MI), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I).
Dr. Black specializes in trauma, TBI/concussion, insomnia/sleep issues, anxiety, depression, and coping with chronic illness. The therapies Dr. Black specializes in are biofeedback, ketamine assisted psychotherapy (KAP), eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), existential therapy, motivational interviewing (MI), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I).
(858) 205-6896 View (858) 205-6896
Photo of K Wortman - Next Steps Neuropsychology, PhD, Psychologist
Next Steps Neuropsychology
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
We provide neuropsychological assessment and psychotherapy for adults. Common concerns for our clients include: Autism, ADHD, depression, anxiety, trauma, post-concussion syndrome, TBI, aging, and cognition. Specialty areas of competency include: neuropsychological assessment, gender diversity, gender affirming evaluations for medical care, veterans, and longstanding medical care.
We provide neuropsychological assessment and psychotherapy for adults. Common concerns for our clients include: Autism, ADHD, depression, anxiety, trauma, post-concussion syndrome, TBI, aging, and cognition. Specialty areas of competency include: neuropsychological assessment, gender diversity, gender affirming evaluations for medical care, veterans, and longstanding medical care.
(510) 602-2895 View (510) 602-2895
Photo of Dr. Kelsey Anne Holiday - Dr. Holiday Healing Psychology, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Holiday Healing Psychology
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94101
I am passionate about helping clients understand their cognitive changes and cope after a diagnosis such as Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, stroke/aphasia, traumatic brain injury (TBI), cancer/chemotherapy, and other forms of dementia.
Have you and your partner been frustrated by having the same argument over and over again? Are you struggling to cope with anxiety, life transitions, or stress in your daily life? Do you get triggered by things in your environment that remind you of a stressful past event? If this sounds like you, then you have come to the right place. My approach to therapy is warm, compassionate, and nonjudgemental. I strive to help clients utilize their strengths and improve their coping using evidence-based practices.
I am passionate about helping clients understand their cognitive changes and cope after a diagnosis such as Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, stroke/aphasia, traumatic brain injury (TBI), cancer/chemotherapy, and other forms of dementia.
Have you and your partner been frustrated by having the same argument over and over again? Are you struggling to cope with anxiety, life transitions, or stress in your daily life? Do you get triggered by things in your environment that remind you of a stressful past event? If this sounds like you, then you have come to the right place. My approach to therapy is warm, compassionate, and nonjudgemental. I strive to help clients utilize their strengths and improve their coping using evidence-based practices.
(310) 919-1598 View (310) 919-1598
Photo of Dawn Amy Osterweil, PhD, ABPP, Psychologist
Dawn Amy Osterweil
Psychologist, PhD, ABPP
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115
I am a Clinical Psychologist and Board Certified Clinical Neuropsychologist in private practice in San Francisco. I provide consultation and conduct psychological assessment and neuropsychological assessment with individuals suffering from trauma due to accidents, injuries, illness, captivity and torture, loss of loved ones, and loss of limb, as well as mild through severe traumatic brain injury and other neurological conditions. I have a background in directing the neuropsychology services of inpatient, outpatient, and day treatment brain injury and pain programs. I provide testimony in arbitrations, depositions, and trials in civil cases.
I am a Clinical Psychologist and Board Certified Clinical Neuropsychologist in private practice in San Francisco. I provide consultation and conduct psychological assessment and neuropsychological assessment with individuals suffering from trauma due to accidents, injuries, illness, captivity and torture, loss of loved ones, and loss of limb, as well as mild through severe traumatic brain injury and other neurological conditions. I have a background in directing the neuropsychology services of inpatient, outpatient, and day treatment brain injury and pain programs. I provide testimony in arbitrations, depositions, and trials in civil cases.
(415) 903-8813 x2 View (415) 903-8813 x2
Photo of McKenna Becker, ASW, Pre-Licensed Professional
McKenna Becker
Pre-Licensed Professional, ASW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118
I'm a therapist specializing in working with teens and young adults, focusing on anxiety, perfectionism, addiction, and neurodivergence, particularly ADHD and concussion/ TBI. In my practice, I help teens understand that anxiety is not an enemy to be feared but a signal to be understood and harnessed. Together, we work on strategies to manage anxiety effectively, allowing it to serve as a guide rather than a ruler. By shifting this perspective, teens learn to recognize anxiety's presence as a normal and manageable part of their lives, building resilience and gaining control over their emotional responses.
I'm a therapist specializing in working with teens and young adults, focusing on anxiety, perfectionism, addiction, and neurodivergence, particularly ADHD and concussion/ TBI. In my practice, I help teens understand that anxiety is not an enemy to be feared but a signal to be understood and harnessed. Together, we work on strategies to manage anxiety effectively, allowing it to serve as a guide rather than a ruler. By shifting this perspective, teens learn to recognize anxiety's presence as a normal and manageable part of their lives, building resilience and gaining control over their emotional responses.
(415) 936-8043 View (415) 936-8043
Photo of Jessica Foley - Jessica Foley, Neuropsychology SF, PhD, ABPP-CN, Psychologist
Jessica Foley, Neuropsychology SF
Psychologist, PhD, ABPP-CN
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94104
Dr. Jessica Foley is a board certified clinical neuropsychologist/diplomat of the American Academy of Neuropsychology, and licensed clinical psychologist in the state of California with approx. 20 years of experience conducting neuropsychological evaluation across the lifespan. She has many years of experience in conducting such evaluations in the context of neurologic (e.g., TBI, epilepsy, brain tumor, MS, movement disorders, neurodegenerative), neurodevelopmental (ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Specific Learning Disability) and psychiatric factors interfering with academic, occupational, and other aspects of everyday functioning.
Dr. Jessica Foley is a board certified clinical neuropsychologist/diplomat of the American Academy of Neuropsychology, and licensed clinical psychologist in the state of California with approx. 20 years of experience conducting neuropsychological evaluation across the lifespan. She has many years of experience in conducting such evaluations in the context of neurologic (e.g., TBI, epilepsy, brain tumor, MS, movement disorders, neurodegenerative), neurodevelopmental (ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Specific Learning Disability) and psychiatric factors interfering with academic, occupational, and other aspects of everyday functioning.
(628) 212-7955 View (628) 212-7955
Photo of Brian S Andres, PsyD, Psychologist
Brian S Andres
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94132
I provide psych evaluations, poly-trauma / traumatic brain injury exams, neuropsych screens, return to work evals related to various issues.
California License PSY 19522 & Hawaii License PSY 866 ALOHA, I am a former headquarters Chief Psychologist for the State of California (DSH: Department of State Hospitals Forensics a California Health & Human Services Agency) – formerly known as the Dept of Mental Health (DMH). DSH is the nation’s largest inpatient mental health hospital system. I have also been engaged in nearly 30 years in private practice since the early 1990’s providing counseling-therapy, VA C&P Disability Exams, & 2nd opinion psych exams for adults & children in: the San Francisco Bay Area, El Dorado Hills, & Hawaii by appointment only.
I provide psych evaluations, poly-trauma / traumatic brain injury exams, neuropsych screens, return to work evals related to various issues.
California License PSY 19522 & Hawaii License PSY 866 ALOHA, I am a former headquarters Chief Psychologist for the State of California (DSH: Department of State Hospitals Forensics a California Health & Human Services Agency) – formerly known as the Dept of Mental Health (DMH). DSH is the nation’s largest inpatient mental health hospital system. I have also been engaged in nearly 30 years in private practice since the early 1990’s providing counseling-therapy, VA C&P Disability Exams, & 2nd opinion psych exams for adults & children in: the San Francisco Bay Area, El Dorado Hills, & Hawaii by appointment only.
(628) 400-0143 View (628) 400-0143
Photo of Adrienne Meier, PhD, Psychologist
Adrienne Meier
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
12 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94114  (Online Only)
, ADHD, TBI, learning disorders).
Everyone has goals in life, but at times it may be difficult to achieve those goals, resulting in feelings of anxiety or depression. Using a holistic, strength-based approach we will explore factors that may have gotten in the way of achieving your goals, such as life stressors, relationship difficulties, or insecurities. Together we will focus on addressing these obstacles in order to allow you to achieve your goals and thrive. I also offer psychological testing to investigate what obstacles may be present (i.e., ADHD, memory problems, personality characteristics, etc.) and provide recommendations on how to best overcome them.
, ADHD, TBI, learning disorders).
Everyone has goals in life, but at times it may be difficult to achieve those goals, resulting in feelings of anxiety or depression. Using a holistic, strength-based approach we will explore factors that may have gotten in the way of achieving your goals, such as life stressors, relationship difficulties, or insecurities. Together we will focus on addressing these obstacles in order to allow you to achieve your goals and thrive. I also offer psychological testing to investigate what obstacles may be present (i.e., ADHD, memory problems, personality characteristics, etc.) and provide recommendations on how to best overcome them.
(949) 272-0595 View (949) 272-0595
Photo of I Only See Individuals No Couples. Simon Chan, LMFT, CSAT, Marriage & Family Therapist
I Only See Individuals No Couples. Simon Chan
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CSAT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94101
Whether you are struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, traumatic brain injury, or porn and sex addiction, I’m honored to support you.
Dealing with life’s challenges sometimes feels like being trapped in quicksand—the harder you fight to get out of it, the deeper you sink. Exhausting, right? When stress, hopelessness, painful incidents, or risky habits prevail, enjoying the present becomes quite difficult. Your past wounds and current hardship may take over, clouding the road to your future. You crave clarity, meaning, and validation. You want to get out of this rut to find fulfillment and happiness but are unsure how. The good news is: you can figure it out, understand yourself better, and reach your dream goals— and I’m here to guide you on that path.
Whether you are struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, traumatic brain injury, or porn and sex addiction, I’m honored to support you.
Dealing with life’s challenges sometimes feels like being trapped in quicksand—the harder you fight to get out of it, the deeper you sink. Exhausting, right? When stress, hopelessness, painful incidents, or risky habits prevail, enjoying the present becomes quite difficult. Your past wounds and current hardship may take over, clouding the road to your future. You crave clarity, meaning, and validation. You want to get out of this rut to find fulfillment and happiness but are unsure how. The good news is: you can figure it out, understand yourself better, and reach your dream goals— and I’m here to guide you on that path.
(949) 749-5477 View (949) 749-5477
Photo of Angel Soriano, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Angel Soriano
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94108  (Online Only)
I’m also passionate about helping men address anger, stress, work and relationship issues, substance use, body image concerns, depression and TBI.
Whether you are grappling with trauma, reintegrating into society as a Veteran, or struggling with inner and outer stressors, you are not alone. You may seek relief from what’s hurting to build the future you envision. You might wish to mend physical and emotional combat injuries, fit into your new normal, and figure out your next move after your military experience. Or you want to deal with everything that’s going on at work, home, and within yourself to solve conflict and find a path forward. If only you had answers and a clear roadmap to follow. If only you could feel confident, empowered, and fulfilled. That’s where I come in.
I’m also passionate about helping men address anger, stress, work and relationship issues, substance use, body image concerns, depression and TBI.
Whether you are grappling with trauma, reintegrating into society as a Veteran, or struggling with inner and outer stressors, you are not alone. You may seek relief from what’s hurting to build the future you envision. You might wish to mend physical and emotional combat injuries, fit into your new normal, and figure out your next move after your military experience. Or you want to deal with everything that’s going on at work, home, and within yourself to solve conflict and find a path forward. If only you had answers and a clear roadmap to follow. If only you could feel confident, empowered, and fulfilled. That’s where I come in.
(949) 806-6275 View (949) 806-6275
Photo of Ioanna Angelakis, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Ioanna Angelakis
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
My name is pronounced E-O-Anna, and I have 15 years of experience in assisting unique individuals, like yourself, in overcoming obstacles and setbacks, to shine as you are meant to. I work from a Strength-Based Approach and believe in your potential, whether you are a child or an adult, with a collaborative, individualized and Brief strategy to help you to alleviate those symptoms with haste. I specialize in treating Anxiety and Trauma with EMDR, CBT and Somatic modalities to ensure progress, with a Brief/Solutions focused framework. Together we will see the progress you desire, and quickly.
My name is pronounced E-O-Anna, and I have 15 years of experience in assisting unique individuals, like yourself, in overcoming obstacles and setbacks, to shine as you are meant to. I work from a Strength-Based Approach and believe in your potential, whether you are a child or an adult, with a collaborative, individualized and Brief strategy to help you to alleviate those symptoms with haste. I specialize in treating Anxiety and Trauma with EMDR, CBT and Somatic modalities to ensure progress, with a Brief/Solutions focused framework. Together we will see the progress you desire, and quickly.
(510) 257-9678 View (510) 257-9678
Photo of Beth L. Cook, PhD, Psychologist
Beth L. Cook
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94114
Whether you are dealing with mood or anxiety difficulties that you have lived with for years, or facing a crisis as a result of an unexpected event, I will help you face this challenge and emerge stronger. For those seeking resolution of a specific problem or set of symptoms, or interpersonal and relationship difficulties, I take a fairly structured, goal-oriented approach. I also provide rehabilitation therapy to individuals recovering from concussion and complex medical problems. I work with you to minimize concussive symptoms and refer to appropriate rehabilitation services as needed. I assist with return to work or school.
Whether you are dealing with mood or anxiety difficulties that you have lived with for years, or facing a crisis as a result of an unexpected event, I will help you face this challenge and emerge stronger. For those seeking resolution of a specific problem or set of symptoms, or interpersonal and relationship difficulties, I take a fairly structured, goal-oriented approach. I also provide rehabilitation therapy to individuals recovering from concussion and complex medical problems. I work with you to minimize concussive symptoms and refer to appropriate rehabilitation services as needed. I assist with return to work or school.
(415) 527-5194 View (415) 527-5194
Photo of Victoria L. Vogel, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Victoria L. Vogel
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94117
I combine LENS Neurofeedback with ancient wisdom, warmth and caring. Are you longing for someone positive to talk to who cares and understands? Someone who has experience with anxiety, ADHD, head trauma, PTSD, depression and finding your place in life and love? I can hold your issues and teach you mindfulness which brings happiness and relief. Days, evenings, some insurance.
I combine LENS Neurofeedback with ancient wisdom, warmth and caring. Are you longing for someone positive to talk to who cares and understands? Someone who has experience with anxiety, ADHD, head trauma, PTSD, depression and finding your place in life and love? I can hold your issues and teach you mindfulness which brings happiness and relief. Days, evenings, some insurance.
(415) 413-3935 View (415) 413-3935
Photo of Dr. Keiko Y. Miller, PsyD, MSCP, Psychologist
Dr. Keiko Y. Miller
Psychologist, PsyD, MSCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94112
Dr. Keiko Miller is a neuropsychologist located in Walnut Creek and is the founder of Aspire Neuropsychological Services. She has worked in the field of Autism since 2003 and has worked in the field of neuropsychology since 2009. She conducts a variety of evaluations of adults and children ages 12 months+. She earned her Psy.D. degree in 2011 and Masters of Science in Clinical Psychopharmacology (MSCP) in 2019 from California School of Professional Psychology. She holds an active license in California. Aspire has clinicians from a variety of specialities in an effort to meet our patient's needs.
Dr. Keiko Miller is a neuropsychologist located in Walnut Creek and is the founder of Aspire Neuropsychological Services. She has worked in the field of Autism since 2003 and has worked in the field of neuropsychology since 2009. She conducts a variety of evaluations of adults and children ages 12 months+. She earned her Psy.D. degree in 2011 and Masters of Science in Clinical Psychopharmacology (MSCP) in 2019 from California School of Professional Psychology. She holds an active license in California. Aspire has clinicians from a variety of specialities in an effort to meet our patient's needs.
(925) 406-3262 View (925) 406-3262
Photo of Beverly Swann, PhD, LMFT, MA, Marriage & Family Therapist
Beverly Swann
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94101  (Online Only)
Trauma...COVID fatigue...current political climate...feeling stuck...anxiety...wanting more from life...clients come to me for many reasons. My holistic, body-oriented psychotherapy & health services are based on principles of wholeness, positive psychology, & empowerment. It's about more than venting stress. It's about identifying & transcending challenges/roadblocks/speedbumps. It's about cultivating happiness/peace/well-being, learning & expanding tools, discovering & nurturing your authentic self & the resources you already have, & seeing yourself as the complex & unique being you are. Cultivate a life of thriving!
Trauma...COVID fatigue...current political climate...feeling stuck...anxiety...wanting more from life...clients come to me for many reasons. My holistic, body-oriented psychotherapy & health services are based on principles of wholeness, positive psychology, & empowerment. It's about more than venting stress. It's about identifying & transcending challenges/roadblocks/speedbumps. It's about cultivating happiness/peace/well-being, learning & expanding tools, discovering & nurturing your authentic self & the resources you already have, & seeing yourself as the complex & unique being you are. Cultivate a life of thriving!
(925) 705-7036 View (925) 705-7036
Sanam Lalani Neuropsychologist
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94101
Neuropsychological evaluations can be helpful at any age. If you are struggling with your thinking abilities (attention, memory, or executive functioning), you may benefit from diagnostic clarity (is it ADHD? do I have dementia?). Testing can identify a pattern of cognitive strengths and weaknesses and help guide in treatment planning.
Neuropsychological evaluations can be helpful at any age. If you are struggling with your thinking abilities (attention, memory, or executive functioning), you may benefit from diagnostic clarity (is it ADHD? do I have dementia?). Testing can identify a pattern of cognitive strengths and weaknesses and help guide in treatment planning.
(972) 521-7918 View (972) 521-7918
Photo of Elizabeth Wing-Man Choi, PhD, Psychologist
Elizabeth Wing-Man Choi
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
I believe our emotional and physical health are inseparable. In psychotherapy, we will explore how your brain, emotions, body, and spirituality work together in creating moment-by-moment experiences within you. My background in neuropsychology and psychotherapy will guide our work in an integrated and holistic framework. As a registered psychologist (PSY 33916) specializing in neuropsychology, I offer neuropsychological assessment, individual psychotherapy and cognitive remediation for adults (age 18-64), in English, Cantonese and Mandarin. Currently, I provide teletherapy services only, to residents of California.
I believe our emotional and physical health are inseparable. In psychotherapy, we will explore how your brain, emotions, body, and spirituality work together in creating moment-by-moment experiences within you. My background in neuropsychology and psychotherapy will guide our work in an integrated and holistic framework. As a registered psychologist (PSY 33916) specializing in neuropsychology, I offer neuropsychological assessment, individual psychotherapy and cognitive remediation for adults (age 18-64), in English, Cantonese and Mandarin. Currently, I provide teletherapy services only, to residents of California.
(415) 943-1077 View (415) 943-1077
Photo of Caitlin Wicks, PsyD, Psychologist
Caitlin Wicks
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Francisco, CA 94118
I am here to tell you, you are not broken, even if your mind may tell you so. When we are anxious or in despair, we can’t think straight or engage our usual survival strategies. It can impact our health, body, emotions, relationships, perception of self and reality. We can't make sense of the distorted thoughts alone. We need a therapist to help guide us. I often help young women who are feeling shy, anxious, obsessive, depressed, struggling with perfectionism or life transitions. I enjoy helping girls and women achieve developmentally appropriate social-emotional, verbal and non-verbal communication skills.
I am here to tell you, you are not broken, even if your mind may tell you so. When we are anxious or in despair, we can’t think straight or engage our usual survival strategies. It can impact our health, body, emotions, relationships, perception of self and reality. We can't make sense of the distorted thoughts alone. We need a therapist to help guide us. I often help young women who are feeling shy, anxious, obsessive, depressed, struggling with perfectionism or life transitions. I enjoy helping girls and women achieve developmentally appropriate social-emotional, verbal and non-verbal communication skills.
(415) 649-5373 View (415) 649-5373
Photo of Leslie R Davis, JD, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Leslie R Davis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, JD, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94115  (Online Only)
Perhaps you are seeking a path of self-exploration or struggling with anxiety, depression or low self-esteem. You may need some additional time to talk and make some sense out the barriers to your personal goals. Or you may desire to learn practical skills to cope with your pain. Every person is unique, which means that our time together would be tailored to your particular needs based on cultural background, family dynamics and personal values. Either way, I will be present with you and assist you as you journey toward a meaningful life.
Perhaps you are seeking a path of self-exploration or struggling with anxiety, depression or low self-esteem. You may need some additional time to talk and make some sense out the barriers to your personal goals. Or you may desire to learn practical skills to cope with your pain. Every person is unique, which means that our time together would be tailored to your particular needs based on cultural background, family dynamics and personal values. Either way, I will be present with you and assist you as you journey toward a meaningful life.
(415) 366-0587 View (415) 366-0587

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Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Therapists

When should someone seek treatment for a traumatic brain injury?

People should seek a diagnosis and treatment after a head injury, especially if they were unconscious, and an early diagnosis can lead to a better recovery. Signs of a concussion include headaches, nausea or vomiting, exhaustion, dizziness, vision problems, sensitivity to light and sound, problems with attention and memory, brain fog, unusual irritability or sadness, and unusual sleep patterns.

What’s the most common treatment for a traumatic brain injury?

Treatment for a traumatic brain injury will be different depending on the severity of the problem. For mild injuries, treatment may involve rest and over-the-counter pain or headache medication. For moderate or severe injuries, treatment may involve stabilization, medication, and rehabilitative therapies such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, cognitive therapy, and counseling.

How long does it take to recover from traumatic brain injury?

The recovery time for a traumatic brain injury depends on the individual and the severity and nature of the injury; the length of time spent unconscious is often an indicator of severity. Recovery time for mild injuries may be a week or two while recovery time for more severe injuries may be six months to two years. Research suggests that the vast majority of recovery occurs in the first two years after an injury; recovery after that time frame is less certain.

What if a traumatic brain injury is left untreated?

If a traumatic brain injury is left untreated, it can lead to long-term physical and mental health problems. Physical problems may include dizziness, headaches, vision, healing, or speech loss, and an elevated risk of dementia. Psychological problems may include impairments of memory, judgment, and decision-making, depression, aggression, poor impulse control, and personality changes.