Therapists in Linn County, IA

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Photo of Wendy Jo Stokesbary, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Wendy Jo Stokesbary
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Cedar Rapids, IA 52405  (Online Only)
I offer experience and passion for helping people navigate their own path to mental health. I am a trauma informed therapist who specializes in facilitating healing and growth after exposure to toxic stress and traumatic experiences. I enjoy working with clients who have experienced adversity in childhood, have been involved in foster care or child protection, or have experienced other interpersonal stresses across the life span. I also enjoy working with individuals with diverse identities and bodies.
I offer experience and passion for helping people navigate their own path to mental health. I am a trauma informed therapist who specializes in facilitating healing and growth after exposure to toxic stress and traumatic experiences. I enjoy working with clients who have experienced adversity in childhood, have been involved in foster care or child protection, or have experienced other interpersonal stresses across the life span. I also enjoy working with individuals with diverse identities and bodies.
(319) 313-5436 View (319) 313-5436
Photo of Tracy Adam, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tracy Adam
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
Cedar Rapids, IA 52402
Not accepting new clients
Working in a variety of social work and mental health settings over the past 20 years, has taught me to implement a straightforward, nonjudgmental, compassionate, and empathetic approach, when working with people. As an interactive therapist, I offer a safe and supportive environment, where I encourage people to utilize their voice, not only to build on their own strengths and resiliency, but to collaborate together to address their needs and goals during this process.
Working in a variety of social work and mental health settings over the past 20 years, has taught me to implement a straightforward, nonjudgmental, compassionate, and empathetic approach, when working with people. As an interactive therapist, I offer a safe and supportive environment, where I encourage people to utilize their voice, not only to build on their own strengths and resiliency, but to collaborate together to address their needs and goals during this process.
(319) 406-3751 View (319) 406-3751
Photo of Naomi Rumbley Zepeda, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Naomi Rumbley Zepeda
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cedar Rapids, IA 52402
Parenting a teen can be difficult; I’m here to help break down feelings and thoughts so that each party feels heard and understood. I enjoy working with families pre and post adoption, as well as teens struggling with communication issues, disordered eating, body image issues, anxiety, or depression.
Parenting a teen can be difficult; I’m here to help break down feelings and thoughts so that each party feels heard and understood. I enjoy working with families pre and post adoption, as well as teens struggling with communication issues, disordered eating, body image issues, anxiety, or depression.
(319) 727-8710 View (319) 727-8710
Photo of Keli Hagen, LISW, PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Keli Hagen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW, PLLC
Verified Verified
Cedar Rapids, IA 52403
Therapy is the gift of time and healing you give yourself and your relationships. My approach to therapy is integrative; my style is interactive, warm, and supportive. I walk along individuals struggling with anxiety, depression, grief, relationship issues, and life stage transition. I also work with couples who need help to repair their relationship and feel close again. We all struggle from time to time; life can be much easier when we have someone to walk with us through the difficult times. *** Only accepting BC/BS at this time. ***
Therapy is the gift of time and healing you give yourself and your relationships. My approach to therapy is integrative; my style is interactive, warm, and supportive. I walk along individuals struggling with anxiety, depression, grief, relationship issues, and life stage transition. I also work with couples who need help to repair their relationship and feel close again. We all struggle from time to time; life can be much easier when we have someone to walk with us through the difficult times. *** Only accepting BC/BS at this time. ***
(319) 318-0705 View (319) 318-0705
Photo of Mycailah Salvador, tLMHC
Mycailah Salvador
Mental Health Counselor, tLMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cedar Rapids, IA 52402
Waitlist for new clients
I strongly believe that people are not meant to navigate life alone. I provide a safe space where teens and adults can share their life experiences in a holistic and empathetic atmosphere. It is essential to have a safe and supportive place to process, navigate, heal, and grow, whether you are dealing with a difficult situation or managing your daily life. When you come to me for therapy, you are met with compassion and understanding, without judgment.
I strongly believe that people are not meant to navigate life alone. I provide a safe space where teens and adults can share their life experiences in a holistic and empathetic atmosphere. It is essential to have a safe and supportive place to process, navigate, heal, and grow, whether you are dealing with a difficult situation or managing your daily life. When you come to me for therapy, you are met with compassion and understanding, without judgment.
(319) 725-2162 View (319) 725-2162
Photo of Abby Seyfer, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Abby Seyfer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
Marion, IA 52302
Therapy is an investment in your relationship to self, others, and your future health. We all go through various transitions and experiences in life that can overwhelm our capacity to cope and make sense of who we are and where we are going. Working with a clinician in this process of self-exploration can provide insights as well as actionable steps to take to lead to a healthier and more regulated version of who you already are. I firmly believe that people arrive in the therapy space with resources already within that are ready to be discovered and encouraged.
Therapy is an investment in your relationship to self, others, and your future health. We all go through various transitions and experiences in life that can overwhelm our capacity to cope and make sense of who we are and where we are going. Working with a clinician in this process of self-exploration can provide insights as well as actionable steps to take to lead to a healthier and more regulated version of who you already are. I firmly believe that people arrive in the therapy space with resources already within that are ready to be discovered and encouraged.
(319) 766-6159 View (319) 766-6159
Photo of Abigail Williams, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Abigail Williams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Marion, IA 52302
Have you noticed persistent feelings of sadness or emptiness that seem difficult to shake off? Are you finding it difficult to navigate changes such as the journey to parenthood? I understand that feeling lost and out of control over past or present circumstances can be overwhelming, especially as you navigate postpartum or struggle with self-acceptance and body image. You might feel like you've lost your identity, unsure of who you are anymore. I'm here to help you reclaim your sense of self and return to the version of you that feels the best. Together, we can navigate this journey and restore your confidence and happiness.
Have you noticed persistent feelings of sadness or emptiness that seem difficult to shake off? Are you finding it difficult to navigate changes such as the journey to parenthood? I understand that feeling lost and out of control over past or present circumstances can be overwhelming, especially as you navigate postpartum or struggle with self-acceptance and body image. You might feel like you've lost your identity, unsure of who you are anymore. I'm here to help you reclaim your sense of self and return to the version of you that feels the best. Together, we can navigate this journey and restore your confidence and happiness.
(319) 658-5021 View (319) 658-5021
Photo of Tanya Goad, MS, tLMHC, Counselor
Tanya Goad
Counselor, MS, tLMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alburnett, IA 52202  (Online Only)
Let's talk! It takes courage and vulnerability to recognize that you might need help in making some changes in your life. I 100% believe in the power of the therapeutic relationship to help you on your journey of self-reflection, growth, and healing. Together, we will explore your life challenges and develop personal goals to help you achieve your optimal, authentic self. I have experience working with teenagers through adults who've struggled with abuse, grief, shame, self-esteem, relationships, life transitions, past traumas, anxiety, depression, and difficulties navigating life as a highly sensitive person or empath.
Let's talk! It takes courage and vulnerability to recognize that you might need help in making some changes in your life. I 100% believe in the power of the therapeutic relationship to help you on your journey of self-reflection, growth, and healing. Together, we will explore your life challenges and develop personal goals to help you achieve your optimal, authentic self. I have experience working with teenagers through adults who've struggled with abuse, grief, shame, self-esteem, relationships, life transitions, past traumas, anxiety, depression, and difficulties navigating life as a highly sensitive person or empath.
(515) 902-5153 View (515) 902-5153
Photo of Robbyn Duchow, MA, tLMHC, Counselor
Robbyn Duchow
Counselor, MA, tLMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cedar Rapids, IA 52402  (Online Only)
The world we live in can be overwhelming at times. The stresses of family, work, school, and other responsibilities in our lives can add up to create overwhelming stress – additional stresses can also come from messages we hear in the media or through social media platforms. Sometimes, these issues can be easier to manage with a little extra help. When you are ready to reach out, help is available. I have been trained at Health Hope Harmony, to approach mind body nutrition with a health at every size mentality focusing on treating eating disorders and body image.
The world we live in can be overwhelming at times. The stresses of family, work, school, and other responsibilities in our lives can add up to create overwhelming stress – additional stresses can also come from messages we hear in the media or through social media platforms. Sometimes, these issues can be easier to manage with a little extra help. When you are ready to reach out, help is available. I have been trained at Health Hope Harmony, to approach mind body nutrition with a health at every size mentality focusing on treating eating disorders and body image.
(319) 552-6405 View (319) 552-6405
Photo of Alicia Bruzek, LMHC
Alicia Bruzek
Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Cedar Rapids, IA 52401
I have experience working with many mental health concerns and I am passionate about working with people struggling with anxiety and OCD, as well as supporting people in the LGBTQ+ community. My work focuses on helping people navigate challenges using their extensive knowledge of themselves and the skills and abilities they have developed over their lives. I believe my clients are the experts on themselves and work collaboratively to help them discover what works best for them.
I have experience working with many mental health concerns and I am passionate about working with people struggling with anxiety and OCD, as well as supporting people in the LGBTQ+ community. My work focuses on helping people navigate challenges using their extensive knowledge of themselves and the skills and abilities they have developed over their lives. I believe my clients are the experts on themselves and work collaboratively to help them discover what works best for them.
(319) 220-6894 View (319) 220-6894
Photo of Christina Couch, PsyD, Psychologist
Christina Couch
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Cedar Rapids, IA 52402
When you're ready, come and tell me your story. I understand that it can feel overwhelming and uncomfortable to be vulnerable, to address difficult issues and to begin to make changes. Whether you are seeking support for depression, anxiety, relationship issues, self-esteem, trauma, or loss, therapy provides a space for you to speak your truth, to be seen, heard and validated. With therapy, anxiety, depression, and other emotional concerns can improve, relationships can be restored, and past losses or traumas healed. You can begin to feel more hopeful, confident, balanced and empowered. And begin to live a more authentic life!
When you're ready, come and tell me your story. I understand that it can feel overwhelming and uncomfortable to be vulnerable, to address difficult issues and to begin to make changes. Whether you are seeking support for depression, anxiety, relationship issues, self-esteem, trauma, or loss, therapy provides a space for you to speak your truth, to be seen, heard and validated. With therapy, anxiety, depression, and other emotional concerns can improve, relationships can be restored, and past losses or traumas healed. You can begin to feel more hopeful, confident, balanced and empowered. And begin to live a more authentic life!
(319) 257-2627 View (319) 257-2627
Photo of Kelsey Saddoris, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kelsey Saddoris
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
11 Endorsed
Cedar Rapids, IA 52402
Waitlist for new clients
You feel alone and lost, using all your effort to not lose control. Trauma can hold you back and prevent you from living in the present, but it doesn't have to stay that way. You can create the life you want, and we can make that happen together! Humans don’t exist in a vacuum; we all need support, encouragement, and a nonjudgmental listener. That’s the foundation of our work together. My goal as your therapist is to provide a safe, welcoming environment for you to foster growth and healing.
You feel alone and lost, using all your effort to not lose control. Trauma can hold you back and prevent you from living in the present, but it doesn't have to stay that way. You can create the life you want, and we can make that happen together! Humans don’t exist in a vacuum; we all need support, encouragement, and a nonjudgmental listener. That’s the foundation of our work together. My goal as your therapist is to provide a safe, welcoming environment for you to foster growth and healing.
View
Photo of Bruce Douglas Williams, MDiv, LMHC, Counselor
Bruce Douglas Williams
Counselor, MDiv, LMHC
Verified Verified
Cedar Rapids, IA 52402
My direct phone is 319-364-5106. My areas of special interest are grief counseling and helping those coping with anxiety, depression, life transitions, spirituality , relationship issues, existential struggles, and recovery from domestic violence. I have years of experience doing individual, premarital, and couple therapy. I am especially sensitive to those who've had losses and are coping with sadness, sorrow, or grief. My clients tell me I have exceptional listening skills and the ability to make each person feel valued. I value each person's story and honor it as I help people find meaningful, healthy, and productive lives.
My direct phone is 319-364-5106. My areas of special interest are grief counseling and helping those coping with anxiety, depression, life transitions, spirituality , relationship issues, existential struggles, and recovery from domestic violence. I have years of experience doing individual, premarital, and couple therapy. I am especially sensitive to those who've had losses and are coping with sadness, sorrow, or grief. My clients tell me I have exceptional listening skills and the ability to make each person feel valued. I value each person's story and honor it as I help people find meaningful, healthy, and productive lives.
(319) 220-0182 View (319) 220-0182
Photo of Lexy Howell, LMFT, RPT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Lexy Howell
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, RPT
Verified Verified
Cedar Rapids, IA 52402
Are you struggling with anxiety, self-image, trauma, transitions, parenting, or attachment-based concerns? I can help you use your strengths to achieve your goals. Through our work, you will discover the confidence you deserve and start to feel that life is meaningful once again.
Are you struggling with anxiety, self-image, trauma, transitions, parenting, or attachment-based concerns? I can help you use your strengths to achieve your goals. Through our work, you will discover the confidence you deserve and start to feel that life is meaningful once again.
(319) 988-2329 View (319) 988-2329
Photo of Elizabeth Finley, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Elizabeth Finley
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Cedar Rapids, IA 52401
Being stuck in an emotional tornado with no end is devastating. The past year+ has been full of hurt, fear, loss, and the unexpected... to say the least. You end up feeling lost, unsure of yourself, your relationships, your job, your whole world. You end up feeling alone, feeling a hole in your body that can't or is refusing to be filled, feeling like shit at the end of most days. Sometimes you see a glimmer of hope... yet you doubt it's real.
Being stuck in an emotional tornado with no end is devastating. The past year+ has been full of hurt, fear, loss, and the unexpected... to say the least. You end up feeling lost, unsure of yourself, your relationships, your job, your whole world. You end up feeling alone, feeling a hole in your body that can't or is refusing to be filled, feeling like shit at the end of most days. Sometimes you see a glimmer of hope... yet you doubt it's real.
(319) 432-7753 View (319) 432-7753
Photo of Bailey O'Toole, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Bailey O'Toole
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cedar Rapids, IA 52402
Accepting New Clients in person or via Telehealth! Therapy is a space for you to process many things past, present and even future. I believe everyone can benefit from therapy. My approach with clients is number one, meeting them where they are at. You are the client and in the driver's seat. I am here to help facilitate change and work toward wellness. The therapeutic relationship is key to successful therapy and this being said, I work very hard to connect and build that relationship. I work with those suffering from anxiety and depression, couples, mood disorders and post-partum depression. I see adults, couples and teens.
Accepting New Clients in person or via Telehealth! Therapy is a space for you to process many things past, present and even future. I believe everyone can benefit from therapy. My approach with clients is number one, meeting them where they are at. You are the client and in the driver's seat. I am here to help facilitate change and work toward wellness. The therapeutic relationship is key to successful therapy and this being said, I work very hard to connect and build that relationship. I work with those suffering from anxiety and depression, couples, mood disorders and post-partum depression. I see adults, couples and teens.
(319) 220-3741 View (319) 220-3741
Photo of Stacie Lyn Anderson, TLMHC, SOTP II, Counselor
Stacie Lyn Anderson
Counselor, TLMHC, SOTP II
Verified Verified
Cedar Rapids, IA 52402
I see counseling as an opportunity to create new possibilities rather than addressing a series of rights and wrongs. I believe that change is most notable when we challenge the faulty thoughts and perceptions we have about ourselves, others, and the world around us. By learning to challenge our thinking we can have greater interpersonal relationships, self-image, and create a more persuasive and stable pattern of moods. I am trained in strategies to assist in ongoing dedication to the identified problem outside of the counseling session. It is essential that counseling relationships are collaborative.
I see counseling as an opportunity to create new possibilities rather than addressing a series of rights and wrongs. I believe that change is most notable when we challenge the faulty thoughts and perceptions we have about ourselves, others, and the world around us. By learning to challenge our thinking we can have greater interpersonal relationships, self-image, and create a more persuasive and stable pattern of moods. I am trained in strategies to assist in ongoing dedication to the identified problem outside of the counseling session. It is essential that counseling relationships are collaborative.
(319) 469-8758 View (319) 469-8758
Photo of Mindy Brown - Restorative Family Therapy, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Restorative Family Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Cedar Rapids, IA 52402
At Restorative Family Therapy, I believe in providing comprehensive, client-centered therapy to support you in your journey toward mental wellness. My approach is grounded in empathy, collaboration, and evidenced based care, ensuring that you receive personalized support tailored to your unique needs and goals. I am passionate about helping individuals, families, and relationships of any kind to help people more wholly connect with themselves and others. I have a special interest in working with those struggling with eating disorders and body image concerns, grief and loss, infertility, and chronic illness.
At Restorative Family Therapy, I believe in providing comprehensive, client-centered therapy to support you in your journey toward mental wellness. My approach is grounded in empathy, collaboration, and evidenced based care, ensuring that you receive personalized support tailored to your unique needs and goals. I am passionate about helping individuals, families, and relationships of any kind to help people more wholly connect with themselves and others. I have a special interest in working with those struggling with eating disorders and body image concerns, grief and loss, infertility, and chronic illness.
(319) 253-2401 View (319) 253-2401
Photo of Kyla O'Neal - Kyla O'Neal - NOCD, MA, LCPC, Counselor
Kyla O'Neal - NOCD
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Marion, IA 52302  (Online Only)
Every day, I am inspired by the resilience and strength people with OCD demonstrate in their journey toward managing and conquering their fears. I treat OCD with a case-by-case approach. Everyone's situation varies, so I will tailor therapy to your specific needs. At NOCD, my team and I provide personalized and effective specialized treatment for OCD and related conditions, such as BFRBs (including skin-picking, nail-biting, and hair-pulling). Our understanding of the nuances of these conditions enables us to diagnose and treat them properly.
Every day, I am inspired by the resilience and strength people with OCD demonstrate in their journey toward managing and conquering their fears. I treat OCD with a case-by-case approach. Everyone's situation varies, so I will tailor therapy to your specific needs. At NOCD, my team and I provide personalized and effective specialized treatment for OCD and related conditions, such as BFRBs (including skin-picking, nail-biting, and hair-pulling). Our understanding of the nuances of these conditions enables us to diagnose and treat them properly.
(319) 308-4141 View (319) 308-4141
Photo of Sabrina Rogers, MS, NCC, LMHC, Counselor
Sabrina Rogers
Counselor, MS, NCC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Cedar Rapids, IA 52402
You really can have your cake and eat it, too! You can learn to enjoy food guilt free and stop avoiding mirrors. Hating what you see in the mirror directly affects how and what you eat, creating emotional eating and periods where you don't eat at all (or only very little). This fosters a fear of food, not trusting yourself around food, and a desire for more self control or willpower. I call this the diet roller coaster and it's not a fun (nor healthy) place to be. Let's get you off the diet roller coaster and end your history of yo-yo dieting.
You really can have your cake and eat it, too! You can learn to enjoy food guilt free and stop avoiding mirrors. Hating what you see in the mirror directly affects how and what you eat, creating emotional eating and periods where you don't eat at all (or only very little). This fosters a fear of food, not trusting yourself around food, and a desire for more self control or willpower. I call this the diet roller coaster and it's not a fun (nor healthy) place to be. Let's get you off the diet roller coaster and end your history of yo-yo dieting.
(319) 250-2696 View (319) 250-2696
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Linn County, IA

300+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Linn County, IA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
74% Trauma and PTSD
74% Self Esteem
74% Stress
73% Relationship Issues
72% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

87% BlueCross and BlueShield
74% Wellmark BCBS
48% Blue Cross

How Therapists in Linn County, IA see their clients

79% In Person and Online
21% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Linn County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.