Therapists in Springfield, MA

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Photo of Dori Dittmer, MA, PLC
Dori Dittmer
MA, PLC
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01101  (Online Only)
Are you an artist who is surrendering to life's challenges that prevent you from what's possible inside of your craft? Like: up all night worrying, constantly at loggerheads with your partner, have a lot to say to the world but don't know where to start, or you've reached a block or dead end in your creativity. You want time and energy to create your jaw-dropping art! And to have happy relationships with your partner and your kids, sleep well at night, contribute something to society, and have time to fully enjoy your life.
Are you an artist who is surrendering to life's challenges that prevent you from what's possible inside of your craft? Like: up all night worrying, constantly at loggerheads with your partner, have a lot to say to the world but don't know where to start, or you've reached a block or dead end in your creativity. You want time and energy to create your jaw-dropping art! And to have happy relationships with your partner and your kids, sleep well at night, contribute something to society, and have time to fully enjoy your life.
(413) 402-6657 View (413) 402-6657
Photo of Ivette Hernandez, MSW, LSWA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Ivette Hernandez
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, LSWA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Springfield, MA 01151
I understand the impact of Adverse Childhood Experience on individuals and their families. I have a soft heart for those who have had traumatic negative experiences from the criminal justice and child welfare systems. I've been driven by the needs of different communities through volunteer experiences. I bring a wealth of knowledge on Special Populations to include those struggling with Substance Use Disorder as well as those exposed to Domestic Violence.
I understand the impact of Adverse Childhood Experience on individuals and their families. I have a soft heart for those who have had traumatic negative experiences from the criminal justice and child welfare systems. I've been driven by the needs of different communities through volunteer experiences. I bring a wealth of knowledge on Special Populations to include those struggling with Substance Use Disorder as well as those exposed to Domestic Violence.
(413) 225-4510 View (413) 225-4510
Photo of Kelly Ann D'Angelo - Kelly D'Angelo, D'Angelo Educational Services, NCSP, LPC, LEP
Kelly D'Angelo, D'Angelo Educational Services
NCSP, LPC, LEP
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01101
I am the owner/operator of D'Angelo Educational Services, LLC. My goal in establishing an independent practice was to bring a range of school psychological services directly to districts, students, and families. I am pleased to offer Autism assessments including ADOS-2 evaluations in addition to comprehensive psychological and psycho-educational evaluations. Related services and speech/language evaluations are also available through a professional partnership with experienced SLPs. I have a passion for working with children, families, and educators and helping to put supports in place to see our next generation of students succeed.
I am the owner/operator of D'Angelo Educational Services, LLC. My goal in establishing an independent practice was to bring a range of school psychological services directly to districts, students, and families. I am pleased to offer Autism assessments including ADOS-2 evaluations in addition to comprehensive psychological and psycho-educational evaluations. Related services and speech/language evaluations are also available through a professional partnership with experienced SLPs. I have a passion for working with children, families, and educators and helping to put supports in place to see our next generation of students succeed.
(413) 287-8182 View (413) 287-8182
Photo of Viergelie Liberal, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Viergelie Liberal
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01105  (Online Only)
Hello, I am a clinical social worker licensed in Massachusetts. I enjoy working with people and I am dedicated to providing therapy and support that empowers my clients to see challenges as opportunities. My counseling style is warm and interactive. I believe in treating everyone with respect and compassion. It takes courage to seek counseling and to take the first steps towards change.
Hello, I am a clinical social worker licensed in Massachusetts. I enjoy working with people and I am dedicated to providing therapy and support that empowers my clients to see challenges as opportunities. My counseling style is warm and interactive. I believe in treating everyone with respect and compassion. It takes courage to seek counseling and to take the first steps towards change.
(413) 675-5507 View (413) 675-5507
Photo of Lolita Maria Hanley - L and L Life Enrichment Center, PsyD, LMHC, LADCI, Psychologist
L and L Life Enrichment Center
Psychologist, PsyD, LMHC, LADCI
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01103
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist, bilingual in Spanish and English, who believes in a "whole person, whole health”, strength-based, treatment approach. I believe that our Mental/Emotional/Behavioral health Matters. Combined, they are fundamental to our ability as humans to think, emote, interact with each other and optimize our life quality and satisfaction . As such, my team and I work collaboratively with each client to provide culturally sensitive, evidenced based services, using creative and inspiring interventions catering to a diverse groups of all ages; human service professionals, first responders and teachers
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist, bilingual in Spanish and English, who believes in a "whole person, whole health”, strength-based, treatment approach. I believe that our Mental/Emotional/Behavioral health Matters. Combined, they are fundamental to our ability as humans to think, emote, interact with each other and optimize our life quality and satisfaction . As such, my team and I work collaboratively with each client to provide culturally sensitive, evidenced based services, using creative and inspiring interventions catering to a diverse groups of all ages; human service professionals, first responders and teachers
(413) 304-3282 View (413) 304-3282
Photo of Jorge Xavier Pérez, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jorge Xavier Pérez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01107  (Online Only)
You are way more resilient than you may think! Let me help you through the process of change…whether you are (a couple) adjusting to a new chapter in your life, or going through a challenging time, my services can help you by providing a safe space where you can sort through your thoughts & feelings. Talking out loud about what is going on in your mind, even if you do not think it makes any sense, and explaining it to someone skilled in active listening, helps clarify the things that may be challenging you. Putting things in perspective. Releasing tension. Coming up with a plan. These are the just some of the benefits!
You are way more resilient than you may think! Let me help you through the process of change…whether you are (a couple) adjusting to a new chapter in your life, or going through a challenging time, my services can help you by providing a safe space where you can sort through your thoughts & feelings. Talking out loud about what is going on in your mind, even if you do not think it makes any sense, and explaining it to someone skilled in active listening, helps clarify the things that may be challenging you. Putting things in perspective. Releasing tension. Coming up with a plan. These are the just some of the benefits!
(413) 252-8661 View (413) 252-8661
Photo of Brianna Mangano, LICSW, PMH-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Brianna Mangano
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01119  (Online Only)
I often meet clients when they feel stuck or overwhelmed. They feel uncertain about how to move forward or don't have the supports they need to do so, and may feel as if every day is a battle. In our work together, I provide validation and reflection, pulling from the many strengths you already have. At times, life can feel too overwhelming to even see past the next few days. In those moments, our work is about grounding in the here and now, developing skills to manage stress, and having space to process. I enjoy working with clients navigating issues related to fertility & pregnancy, parenting, trauma, and climate-related anxiety.
I often meet clients when they feel stuck or overwhelmed. They feel uncertain about how to move forward or don't have the supports they need to do so, and may feel as if every day is a battle. In our work together, I provide validation and reflection, pulling from the many strengths you already have. At times, life can feel too overwhelming to even see past the next few days. In those moments, our work is about grounding in the here and now, developing skills to manage stress, and having space to process. I enjoy working with clients navigating issues related to fertility & pregnancy, parenting, trauma, and climate-related anxiety.
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Photo of Mitch Blum - Dr. Mitch and Lisa Marriages/Couples Workshops, PsyD, MSW, Life, Coach
Dr. Mitch and Lisa Marriages/Couples Workshops
PsyD, MSW, Life, Coach
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01103
Relationships in Crisis: We Have Several Private Couples/Marriage Workshops & Individual Sessions, in order to Rapidly Accelerate Your Healing & Your Communication Process (Traditional 45 min. session Simply Does Not Work). During these 2 to 4 weeks, we will see both of you Together & Individually, as well as Help each of you Learn the Art of Empathy, Sensitivity & Compassion. These Workshops are Informative & Powerful, in order to Accelerate the Healing Process & Stop any further Damage from Occurring. In Addition, Our Success RATE is 85% of Our Couples that have Successfully Completed Our Couples Workshops or Alcohol Treatment.
Relationships in Crisis: We Have Several Private Couples/Marriage Workshops & Individual Sessions, in order to Rapidly Accelerate Your Healing & Your Communication Process (Traditional 45 min. session Simply Does Not Work). During these 2 to 4 weeks, we will see both of you Together & Individually, as well as Help each of you Learn the Art of Empathy, Sensitivity & Compassion. These Workshops are Informative & Powerful, in order to Accelerate the Healing Process & Stop any further Damage from Occurring. In Addition, Our Success RATE is 85% of Our Couples that have Successfully Completed Our Couples Workshops or Alcohol Treatment.
(413) 359-6997 View (413) 359-6997
Photo of Sergio Arroyo, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sergio Arroyo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Springfield, MA 01104
Life as a young person nowadays can feel overwhelming. With constant pressure to succeed academically, land your dream job straight out of school, be popular on social media, and have an active social life, it's no wonder rates of anxiety and depression are skyrocketing. As a therapist who has worked extensively with young people, I understand the unique struggles you face. I provide a relaxed, non-judgmental environment for you to open up about relationship troubles, academic stress, career indecisiveness, loneliness, and any other issues weighing you down.
Life as a young person nowadays can feel overwhelming. With constant pressure to succeed academically, land your dream job straight out of school, be popular on social media, and have an active social life, it's no wonder rates of anxiety and depression are skyrocketing. As a therapist who has worked extensively with young people, I understand the unique struggles you face. I provide a relaxed, non-judgmental environment for you to open up about relationship troubles, academic stress, career indecisiveness, loneliness, and any other issues weighing you down.
(413) 423-0454 View (413) 423-0454
Photo of Ruhami J Valentin, MS, LMHC, NCC, CCATP, Counselor
Ruhami J Valentin
Counselor, MS, LMHC, NCC, CCATP
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01103  (Online Only)
I am a Mental Health Counselor in Springfield, MA with special training and skills in working with individuals, groups and communities to improve mental health dysfunctions by discussing emotions and experiences, then prescribing custom holistic solutions. As a Mental Health Counselor, I perform assessments, diagnostics and psychotherapy as well as treatment planning.
I am a Mental Health Counselor in Springfield, MA with special training and skills in working with individuals, groups and communities to improve mental health dysfunctions by discussing emotions and experiences, then prescribing custom holistic solutions. As a Mental Health Counselor, I perform assessments, diagnostics and psychotherapy as well as treatment planning.
(413) 213-3405 View (413) 213-3405
Photo of Chet Lesniak, PhD, PSYPACT, Psychologist
Chet Lesniak
Psychologist, PhD, PSYPACT
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01103  (Online Only)
Are you searching for a therapist because you feel stressed, worried, anxious, or overwhelmed? Are you looking for a therapist to support you while you struggle with your problems? Or how to make changes in your life? Or, maybe you have decided it is time to explore and resolve those personal issues that keep coming up again and again - the ones you cannot ignore any longer? I may be that therapist for you. Contact me for a free consultation or visit my website at www.drchetlesniak.com
Are you searching for a therapist because you feel stressed, worried, anxious, or overwhelmed? Are you looking for a therapist to support you while you struggle with your problems? Or how to make changes in your life? Or, maybe you have decided it is time to explore and resolve those personal issues that keep coming up again and again - the ones you cannot ignore any longer? I may be that therapist for you. Contact me for a free consultation or visit my website at www.drchetlesniak.com
(617) 934-0029 View (617) 934-0029
Photo of Lisa Corcoran, LICSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lisa Corcoran
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Springfield, MA 01115  (Online Only)
Evening hours (4pm and later). 25+ years of helping people live fulfilled lives. This has been my passion for many years, and I am constantly in search of creative therapies and research to help my clients Thrive. Do you have concerns related to anxiety/stress/panic/OCD/phobias, depression/low self-esteem. Do you find yourself people pleasing or have difficulties drawing boundaries to create a more balanced life? I also have experience working with ADHD. Clients will gain new skills to better manage and regulate emotions, cope with stress and build the capacity to bounce back from adversity.
Evening hours (4pm and later). 25+ years of helping people live fulfilled lives. This has been my passion for many years, and I am constantly in search of creative therapies and research to help my clients Thrive. Do you have concerns related to anxiety/stress/panic/OCD/phobias, depression/low self-esteem. Do you find yourself people pleasing or have difficulties drawing boundaries to create a more balanced life? I also have experience working with ADHD. Clients will gain new skills to better manage and regulate emotions, cope with stress and build the capacity to bounce back from adversity.
(860) 854-2978 View (860) 854-2978
Photo of Rebecca Durgin, LMHC, Counselor
Rebecca Durgin
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01109
My ideal client is an individual facing challenges with the impacts of their symptoms on their daily life, encompassing both professional and personal spheres, as well as interpersonal relationships. This client seeks support in developing coping skills, enhancing self-esteem, and improving relational abilities. Their primary goals involve effective symptom management, cultivating positive relationships, and achieving greater satisfaction with life. Together, we work towards addressing their aspirations, empowering them to lead a fulfilling and meaningful life.
My ideal client is an individual facing challenges with the impacts of their symptoms on their daily life, encompassing both professional and personal spheres, as well as interpersonal relationships. This client seeks support in developing coping skills, enhancing self-esteem, and improving relational abilities. Their primary goals involve effective symptom management, cultivating positive relationships, and achieving greater satisfaction with life. Together, we work towards addressing their aspirations, empowering them to lead a fulfilling and meaningful life.
(413) 300-5916 View (413) 300-5916
Photo of David LaBranche, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
David LaBranche
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01109
Coming from a Lead Clinician role for a Virtual Partial Hospitalization (PHP) Program, I don't believe in an "ideal" client. In my previous role, we rarely had insight into a client's clinical presentation before their intake. I have learned to tailor my approach to each client while aiding them in learning emotional regulation techniques and interventions to sustain sobriety.
Coming from a Lead Clinician role for a Virtual Partial Hospitalization (PHP) Program, I don't believe in an "ideal" client. In my previous role, we rarely had insight into a client's clinical presentation before their intake. I have learned to tailor my approach to each client while aiding them in learning emotional regulation techniques and interventions to sustain sobriety.
(413) 343-4579 View (413) 343-4579
Photo of Paul Dalton, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Paul Dalton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01109
I feel my ideal client is one who is self-motivated in wanting to uncover what hides beneath their unresolved traumas, fears, and old survival modes.
I feel my ideal client is one who is self-motivated in wanting to uncover what hides beneath their unresolved traumas, fears, and old survival modes.
(413) 779-8675 View (413) 779-8675
Photo of Rikki Provda, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rikki Provda
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01109
I enjoy working with people who are struggling with substance use, whether they are just beginning to question their use and habits or they have experienced chronic relapse and feel hopeless. I believe part of that process is ensuring they are informed of options available and helping them discover their “why.” I have experience supporting people in identifying their strengths, finding coping skills, and creating measurable, attainable goals. I am skilled at navigating treatment systems/levels of care in Massachusetts. I have experience with medical detoxification protocols and can discuss options for medication-supported treatment.
I enjoy working with people who are struggling with substance use, whether they are just beginning to question their use and habits or they have experienced chronic relapse and feel hopeless. I believe part of that process is ensuring they are informed of options available and helping them discover their “why.” I have experience supporting people in identifying their strengths, finding coping skills, and creating measurable, attainable goals. I am skilled at navigating treatment systems/levels of care in Massachusetts. I have experience with medical detoxification protocols and can discuss options for medication-supported treatment.
(978) 506-4968 View (978) 506-4968
Photo of Teneka Wesley - Be Mindful Clinic LLC, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Be Mindful Clinic LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01108
At Be Mindful Clinic LLC, we dedicate ourselves to helping individuals enhance their mental well-being and lead fulfilling lives. Our comprehensive training in EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing), CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), and Motivational Interviewing equips us with a diverse set of tools. These modalities allow us to address a wide range of mental health issues effectively, providing tailored support to meet each individual’s unique needs.
At Be Mindful Clinic LLC, we dedicate ourselves to helping individuals enhance their mental well-being and lead fulfilling lives. Our comprehensive training in EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing), CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), and Motivational Interviewing equips us with a diverse set of tools. These modalities allow us to address a wide range of mental health issues effectively, providing tailored support to meet each individual’s unique needs.
(413) 779-8135 View (413) 779-8135
Photo of Nircia Del Rosario, LICSW, LADC I, CADC II, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Nircia Del Rosario
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LADC I, CADC II
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01109
It is not easy to start therapy treatment. An ideal client is a person that, even through all the fears, doubts and questions, takes the first step to start treatment and gives a chance to explore a new technique to find better balance in their life. There could be setbacks in the process but the most important thing is to stay constant. The client is willing to work in their goals and implement skills learned in every session. Also, to ask questions needed, even if they feel afraid, in order to be able to communicate with their therapist in a honest way.
It is not easy to start therapy treatment. An ideal client is a person that, even through all the fears, doubts and questions, takes the first step to start treatment and gives a chance to explore a new technique to find better balance in their life. There could be setbacks in the process but the most important thing is to stay constant. The client is willing to work in their goals and implement skills learned in every session. Also, to ask questions needed, even if they feel afraid, in order to be able to communicate with their therapist in a honest way.
(978) 409-4548 View (978) 409-4548
Photo of Aria Michaels Paradise, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Aria Michaels Paradise
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Springfield, MA 01108  (Online Only)
My philosophy towards therapy has been first and foremost to honor the trust that you've placed in my position as guide and witness. Every client, every session, is unique, and I celebrate this in my regard for your innate wisdom and personal sovereignty. My practice is borne from an integrated and interdisciplinary approach to wellness and healing, and balances both Western scientific and Eastern holistic perspectives. I approach each session from a humanistic, person centered and informed approach. As a guide, I help you evolve toward a more empowering path to your life, while also focusing on short and long term goals.
My philosophy towards therapy has been first and foremost to honor the trust that you've placed in my position as guide and witness. Every client, every session, is unique, and I celebrate this in my regard for your innate wisdom and personal sovereignty. My practice is borne from an integrated and interdisciplinary approach to wellness and healing, and balances both Western scientific and Eastern holistic perspectives. I approach each session from a humanistic, person centered and informed approach. As a guide, I help you evolve toward a more empowering path to your life, while also focusing on short and long term goals.
View
Photo of Lena Wright, LCSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lena Wright
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01109
I have experience working with Individuals, Couples, and Families of First responders and marginalized communities struggling with the challenges of complex trauma impacting mental health, including Anxiety, Depressive disorders, PTSD, and substance use disorders.
I have experience working with Individuals, Couples, and Families of First responders and marginalized communities struggling with the challenges of complex trauma impacting mental health, including Anxiety, Depressive disorders, PTSD, and substance use disorders.
(978) 991-5019 View (978) 991-5019
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Springfield, MA

300+

Average cost per session

$135

Therapists in Springfield, MA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
89% Depression
73% Trauma and PTSD
72% Coping Skills
71% Self Esteem
70% Relationship Issues
69% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% BlueCross and BlueShield
70% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
69% Optum

How Therapists in Springfield, MA see their clients

57% Online Only
43% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Springfield?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.