Therapists in Lubbock County, TX

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Photo of Vanessa Coca-Lyle, PhD, Psychologist
Vanessa Coca-Lyle
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79423
You may be reading this because you feel like you have tried everything to feel better, but nothing seems to work. You find yourself feeling overwhelmed by life in general, and you have been fighting with family, friends, or the person you love more than usual. Or you might find yourself feeling anxious lately, and you aren't sure why. In general, you are ready to feel better and enjoy the people around you.
You may be reading this because you feel like you have tried everything to feel better, but nothing seems to work. You find yourself feeling overwhelmed by life in general, and you have been fighting with family, friends, or the person you love more than usual. Or you might find yourself feeling anxious lately, and you aren't sure why. In general, you are ready to feel better and enjoy the people around you.
(806) 553-8074 View (806) 553-8074
Photo of Britni Henry, MMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Britni Henry
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79424
Life is not meant to be managed alone; that is why we have faith, friends, family, and professionals who can always be in our corner when we need them. I would be honored to be that professional in your corner. Though I use the term "professional," you are the expert of your life. I hope to provide a safe and comfortable environment to be an outside set of eyes and ears while you provide me with information about you and we tackle your life together. I am passionate about helping future generations, which starts in the family. It may look like helping a marriage, a parent-child relationship, caregiver, or an individual.
Life is not meant to be managed alone; that is why we have faith, friends, family, and professionals who can always be in our corner when we need them. I would be honored to be that professional in your corner. Though I use the term "professional," you are the expert of your life. I hope to provide a safe and comfortable environment to be an outside set of eyes and ears while you provide me with information about you and we tackle your life together. I am passionate about helping future generations, which starts in the family. It may look like helping a marriage, a parent-child relationship, caregiver, or an individual.
(806) 541-4874 View (806) 541-4874
Photo of Kristi Hosek - Journeys Counseling Center, Licensed Professional Counselor
Journeys Counseling Center
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79424
Often times temporary stressors can cause us to feel out of control but through counseling, we can work with you to move past that and regain control of your life. Our office has 11 talented counselors who are qualified to work with all areas of mental health. In order to accommodate busy schedules, our counselors have different specialties and hours they are available. Reach out to our office staff so they can match you with the therapist that best fits your needs
Often times temporary stressors can cause us to feel out of control but through counseling, we can work with you to move past that and regain control of your life. Our office has 11 talented counselors who are qualified to work with all areas of mental health. In order to accommodate busy schedules, our counselors have different specialties and hours they are available. Reach out to our office staff so they can match you with the therapist that best fits your needs
(806) 421-0387 View (806) 421-0387
Photo of Claire Arnold, MEd, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Claire Arnold
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Lubbock, TX 79413
Thank you for browsing my profile! My goal is to support my clients with warmth, humor, and compassion as they navigate life’s changes and aspire to improve their mental health and wellness. I believe healing takes place within the context of a close, trusted relationship between therapist and client. I create an environment where you can show up, be seen, and feel free to be your authentic self. I view my work through a holistic lens and consider the biological, psychological, and social factors that are contributing to your symptoms. I love to help clients identify their strengths and empower them to achieve their goals.
Thank you for browsing my profile! My goal is to support my clients with warmth, humor, and compassion as they navigate life’s changes and aspire to improve their mental health and wellness. I believe healing takes place within the context of a close, trusted relationship between therapist and client. I create an environment where you can show up, be seen, and feel free to be your authentic self. I view my work through a holistic lens and consider the biological, psychological, and social factors that are contributing to your symptoms. I love to help clients identify their strengths and empower them to achieve their goals.
(806) 230-5486 View (806) 230-5486
Photo of Brittney Lear, MS, CTP
Brittney Lear
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MS, CTP
Verified Verified
Lubbock, TX 79424
Now accepting new clients! I offer services in-person and virtually under the supervision of Kelsey Brewer, MS, LPC-S, CTTP-II. As a counselor, I strive to help my clients feel comfortable and equip them with the necessary tools to navigate the challenging parts of life in a way that feels like having a cup of coffee with an old friend. I aim to create a cozy, safe environment that encourages open conversation for you to speak freely without judgment.
Now accepting new clients! I offer services in-person and virtually under the supervision of Kelsey Brewer, MS, LPC-S, CTTP-II. As a counselor, I strive to help my clients feel comfortable and equip them with the necessary tools to navigate the challenging parts of life in a way that feels like having a cup of coffee with an old friend. I aim to create a cozy, safe environment that encourages open conversation for you to speak freely without judgment.
(806) 666-1137 View (806) 666-1137
Photo of Amanda Jeter, MEd, LPC-A
Amanda Jeter
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MEd, LPC-A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79412
Welcome! I’m honored to support you as your counselor. Life can be incredibly challenging, and I truly understand that. My approach is rooted in recognizing the inherent goodness in everyone and creating a compassionate, non-judgmental space where you can feel heard and valued. Together, we’ll explore your strengths and find practical paths forward. My goal is to build a trusting relationship where you feel supported and empowered to overcome obstacles and achieve personal growth. Thank you for considering me to be a part of your journey.
Welcome! I’m honored to support you as your counselor. Life can be incredibly challenging, and I truly understand that. My approach is rooted in recognizing the inherent goodness in everyone and creating a compassionate, non-judgmental space where you can feel heard and valued. Together, we’ll explore your strengths and find practical paths forward. My goal is to build a trusting relationship where you feel supported and empowered to overcome obstacles and achieve personal growth. Thank you for considering me to be a part of your journey.
(806) 853-7096 View (806) 853-7096
Photo of Laurie Markey, LMFT, LPC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Laurie Markey
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPC
Verified Verified
Lubbock, TX 79424
“If we can share our story with someone who responds with empathy and understanding, shame can’t survive” -Brené Brown. Thank you so much for visiting my site. What I have learned about being a human, let alone a therapist, is that everybody has a story. My job is to create a safe, nonjudgmental space for you to tell your story. Life can be very difficult for a multitude of reasons. Sometimes these struggles can feel overwhelming, leaving us confused and hopeless.
“If we can share our story with someone who responds with empathy and understanding, shame can’t survive” -Brené Brown. Thank you so much for visiting my site. What I have learned about being a human, let alone a therapist, is that everybody has a story. My job is to create a safe, nonjudgmental space for you to tell your story. Life can be very difficult for a multitude of reasons. Sometimes these struggles can feel overwhelming, leaving us confused and hopeless.
(940) 242-5967 View (940) 242-5967
Photo of Julia Schroeder, LPC, LSOTP, Counselor
Julia Schroeder
Counselor, LPC, LSOTP
Verified Verified
Lubbock, TX 79412  (Online Only)
“In a world where you can be anything, be kind.” Caroline Flack. Are you feeling stuck? Overwhelmed by current events or the direction your life has taken? Do you find yourself repeating behaviors or patterns of behavior that contribute to your unhappiness, and you don’t understand why? Do you have thoughts or feelings that upset you? Are you struggling to handle sudden changes in your life, including new physical limitations? I have good news. You are not alone. And help is out there.
“In a world where you can be anything, be kind.” Caroline Flack. Are you feeling stuck? Overwhelmed by current events or the direction your life has taken? Do you find yourself repeating behaviors or patterns of behavior that contribute to your unhappiness, and you don’t understand why? Do you have thoughts or feelings that upset you? Are you struggling to handle sudden changes in your life, including new physical limitations? I have good news. You are not alone. And help is out there.
(806) 304-6808 View (806) 304-6808
Photo of Jaime Coy, MS, LPC, EMDR, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jaime Coy
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, EMDR
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79423
Trauma and its aftershocks suck. Trauma wounds the mind, body and spirit. It's confusing and debilitating, and it leaves you wondering whether life will get better. Trauma can make you feel, and believe, that there is something wrong with you, that you are going crazy, or that you are broken or stupid. But none of it is true. The truth is this: trauma is healable.
Trauma and its aftershocks suck. Trauma wounds the mind, body and spirit. It's confusing and debilitating, and it leaves you wondering whether life will get better. Trauma can make you feel, and believe, that there is something wrong with you, that you are going crazy, or that you are broken or stupid. But none of it is true. The truth is this: trauma is healable.
(806) 454-5850 View (806) 454-5850
Photo of Carla Mickle, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Carla Mickle
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79414
Are you struggling with feelings of rejection, being unheard, or misunderstood? Do you find yourself asking, "What is wrong with me?" If so, you are not alone. Many people struggle with similar thoughts and feelings at some point in life. Events such as abuse, neglect, perceived failures, and the loss of independence due to illness or injury or illness can result in feelings of powerlessness or insecurity.
Are you struggling with feelings of rejection, being unheard, or misunderstood? Do you find yourself asking, "What is wrong with me?" If so, you are not alone. Many people struggle with similar thoughts and feelings at some point in life. Events such as abuse, neglect, perceived failures, and the loss of independence due to illness or injury or illness can result in feelings of powerlessness or insecurity.
(806) 808-0463 View (806) 808-0463
Photo of Erin Munoz, LMSW
Erin Munoz
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
Lubbock, TX 79423
Not accepting new clients
Not accepting new clients - I'm currently an LMSW working towards my clinical licensure to become an LCSW. My clinical supervisor is Kathy Le, LCSW-S. I've had the pleasure of being able to serve our Lubbock community through different areas of my career by offering supportive counseling and direct care delivery to clients dealing with anxiety, depression, grief, child-parent relational issues, substance use, burn-out, and other stress-related issues. I graduated from the University of Texas Arlington with my MSW and received my BSW from Lubbock Christian University.
Not accepting new clients - I'm currently an LMSW working towards my clinical licensure to become an LCSW. My clinical supervisor is Kathy Le, LCSW-S. I've had the pleasure of being able to serve our Lubbock community through different areas of my career by offering supportive counseling and direct care delivery to clients dealing with anxiety, depression, grief, child-parent relational issues, substance use, burn-out, and other stress-related issues. I graduated from the University of Texas Arlington with my MSW and received my BSW from Lubbock Christian University.
(806) 621-8806 View (806) 621-8806
Photo of Nicole Black - Phoenix Arise, Licensed Professional Counselor
Phoenix Arise
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79414
Current daytime and evening availability! Phoenix Arise is a group counseling office owned by Dr. Nicole Black, PhD, LPC-S, LCDC, RPT in Lubbock, TX. When creating Phoenix Arise, she envisioned a counseling office that would be focused on treating clients through a trauma informed lens. Phoenix Arise has 13 therapists who offer counseling to a wide range of populations with various modalities such as EMDR, DBT, solution focused therapy, talk therapy, and more. What makes our counselors unique is the underlying focus and emphasis on trauma recovery.
Current daytime and evening availability! Phoenix Arise is a group counseling office owned by Dr. Nicole Black, PhD, LPC-S, LCDC, RPT in Lubbock, TX. When creating Phoenix Arise, she envisioned a counseling office that would be focused on treating clients through a trauma informed lens. Phoenix Arise has 13 therapists who offer counseling to a wide range of populations with various modalities such as EMDR, DBT, solution focused therapy, talk therapy, and more. What makes our counselors unique is the underlying focus and emphasis on trauma recovery.
(806) 203-6023 View (806) 203-6023
Photo of Francis Daniels, MA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Francis Daniels
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA
Verified Verified
Lubbock, TX 79424
Have you found yourself in a place you never thought that you would be? is your child suffering from anxiety and depression? Are you overwhelmed with life? Has your addiction taken over and left you feeling hopeless? If so you are not alone. Many people around you are experiencing these things, and you may not even know it. Francis Daniels M.A., LPC will provide professional counseling specific to your situation and allow you to express your fears, concerns, and emotions. The goal is to equip you with the insight and knowledge needed to allow you to make positive changes.
Have you found yourself in a place you never thought that you would be? is your child suffering from anxiety and depression? Are you overwhelmed with life? Has your addiction taken over and left you feeling hopeless? If so you are not alone. Many people around you are experiencing these things, and you may not even know it. Francis Daniels M.A., LPC will provide professional counseling specific to your situation and allow you to express your fears, concerns, and emotions. The goal is to equip you with the insight and knowledge needed to allow you to make positive changes.
(806) 606-6413 View (806) 606-6413
Photo of Scott Jacobs, MEd, LPC-S, Licensed Professional Counselor
Scott Jacobs
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79424
Accepting Evening Appointments. Making this call can be one of the hardest first steps you ever take. I have worked with men, women, couples, and adolescents struggling with anxiety and depression, substance abuse issues, chronic pain, interpersonal conflicts, decision making, life adjustments, grief and loss, serious mental illness as well as those experiencing suicidal thoughts.
Accepting Evening Appointments. Making this call can be one of the hardest first steps you ever take. I have worked with men, women, couples, and adolescents struggling with anxiety and depression, substance abuse issues, chronic pain, interpersonal conflicts, decision making, life adjustments, grief and loss, serious mental illness as well as those experiencing suicidal thoughts.
(806) 304-5279 View (806) 304-5279
Photo of Sharla Boyd, PhD, Psychologist
Sharla Boyd
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Lubbock, TX 79424
If you are having difficulties and would like some support, I would like to help. I work with a broad range of issues but have a great deal of experience working with people who have experienced different kinds of trauma including childhood abuse and sexual assault, depression, anxiety, and relationship concerns (romantic/social/family). I also have interests in working with issues related to identity in a minority population (racial/ethnic, gender identity, sexual orientation, religious). It is important to me to provide a safe, accepting, and multiculturally competent environment for my clients as they explore challenging issues.
If you are having difficulties and would like some support, I would like to help. I work with a broad range of issues but have a great deal of experience working with people who have experienced different kinds of trauma including childhood abuse and sexual assault, depression, anxiety, and relationship concerns (romantic/social/family). I also have interests in working with issues related to identity in a minority population (racial/ethnic, gender identity, sexual orientation, religious). It is important to me to provide a safe, accepting, and multiculturally competent environment for my clients as they explore challenging issues.
(806) 216-6428 View (806) 216-6428
Photo of D'Laine Rutledge - Wellbeing Counseling PLLC, LPC, CCMHC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Wellbeing Counseling PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CCMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Lubbock, TX 79423
I hope to work with and help individuals (pre-teens, adolescents, young adults, adults), couples and families struggling with areas in their lives that are causing them pain and difficulties in their everyday functioning. My experience includes working with those struggling with anxiety and/or depression, healing and recovering from abuse/neglect/traumatic experience, working through relational and adjustment difficulties, as well as attachment struggles and behavioral challenges. Goals in counseling include relief from struggles/symptoms, but also learning ways to process, manage and heal from the struggles/symptoms one deals with.
I hope to work with and help individuals (pre-teens, adolescents, young adults, adults), couples and families struggling with areas in their lives that are causing them pain and difficulties in their everyday functioning. My experience includes working with those struggling with anxiety and/or depression, healing and recovering from abuse/neglect/traumatic experience, working through relational and adjustment difficulties, as well as attachment struggles and behavioral challenges. Goals in counseling include relief from struggles/symptoms, but also learning ways to process, manage and heal from the struggles/symptoms one deals with.
(806) 478-1007 View (806) 478-1007
Photo of Amanda Guzmán, MS, LMFT-A, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Amanda Guzmán
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, LMFT-A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79416  (Online Only)
Relationships are foundational in our lives. Safe, trusting, relationships with the people in our lives are what truly allow us to feel and be who we are. I firmly believe that every human being has the capacity for growth and change. I also believe that healthy growth starts with a safe environment. I offer a collaborative approach, that honors your lived experience and needs. I offer a safe environment for you to feel heard and be seen. In our work together, we will tap into your inherent strengths and empower you in working towards your goals. "Human beings define themselves with others, not from others". – Sue Johnson.
Relationships are foundational in our lives. Safe, trusting, relationships with the people in our lives are what truly allow us to feel and be who we are. I firmly believe that every human being has the capacity for growth and change. I also believe that healthy growth starts with a safe environment. I offer a collaborative approach, that honors your lived experience and needs. I offer a safe environment for you to feel heard and be seen. In our work together, we will tap into your inherent strengths and empower you in working towards your goals. "Human beings define themselves with others, not from others". – Sue Johnson.
(806) 853-5561 View (806) 853-5561
Photo of Ann Fenton, MEd, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ann Fenton
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Lubbock, TX 79424
My passion is to help people of all ages, in all seasons of life. I work with a wide range of issues including but not limited to depression, anxiety, trauma, job stress, and relationship difficulties.
My passion is to help people of all ages, in all seasons of life. I work with a wide range of issues including but not limited to depression, anxiety, trauma, job stress, and relationship difficulties.
(806) 590-4185 View (806) 590-4185
Photo of Katie Nunez, LPC, LSOTP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Katie Nunez
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LSOTP
Verified Verified
Lubbock, TX 79414
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor, a trained EMDR therapist, and a Sex Offender Treatment Provider. My background includes working with individuals that need help with trauma, sexual issues, relationship issues, anxiety, and depression. My primary approach to treatment is integrating Person-Centered Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Schema Therapy, as well as EMDR therapy for trauma specific treatment. I also integrate other modalities to fit the client's needs and treatment goals. I am committed to helping people learn how to solve their problems and live their healthiest lives.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor, a trained EMDR therapist, and a Sex Offender Treatment Provider. My background includes working with individuals that need help with trauma, sexual issues, relationship issues, anxiety, and depression. My primary approach to treatment is integrating Person-Centered Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Schema Therapy, as well as EMDR therapy for trauma specific treatment. I also integrate other modalities to fit the client's needs and treatment goals. I am committed to helping people learn how to solve their problems and live their healthiest lives.
(806) 557-1616 View (806) 557-1616
Photo of Danica Shay Carranza, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Danica Shay Carranza
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Lubbock, TX 79424
At Danica Shay Counseling and Consulting, it is my passion to empower people to heal, achieve their goals, and fulfill their purpose. I have more than 10 years of experience in the mental health field and with victims of depression, abuse, and anxiety. I offer individual, couple, and family therapy and personal coaching. Also, I provide consulting services to organizations who wish to strengthen their team and increase their morale. I am completely fluent in the Spanish language and have extensive experience with the Hispanic culture. I can help you find solutions. Please know, you are not alone. There is always hope! Call me today.
At Danica Shay Counseling and Consulting, it is my passion to empower people to heal, achieve their goals, and fulfill their purpose. I have more than 10 years of experience in the mental health field and with victims of depression, abuse, and anxiety. I offer individual, couple, and family therapy and personal coaching. Also, I provide consulting services to organizations who wish to strengthen their team and increase their morale. I am completely fluent in the Spanish language and have extensive experience with the Hispanic culture. I can help you find solutions. Please know, you are not alone. There is always hope! Call me today.
(806) 853-9613 View (806) 853-9613
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Lubbock County, TX

400+

Average cost per session

$120

Therapists in Lubbock County, TX who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
88% Depression
75% Self Esteem
72% Coping Skills
71% Relationship Issues
70% Trauma and PTSD
69% Stress

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% Aetna
82% BlueCross and BlueShield
81% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Lubbock County, TX see their clients

73% In Person and Online
27% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
21% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Lubbock County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.