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    Syntactic Rules

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    Candra Pirngadie
    This document discusses syntactic rules and their role in specifying what structures are possible in a language. It covers several key points: 1) Phrase structure rules define hierarchical relationships between syntactic categories, such as S → NP VP. However, phrase structure rules alone are insufficient as they miss generalizations about constituent order. 2) Separating immediate dominance rules from linear precedence rules avoids problems with phrase structure rules. Immediate dominance distinguishes hierarchical relationships while linear precedence captures constituent order. 3) Government-binding theory and phrase structure grammar differ in their treatment of non-local conditions on trees, with GB assuming they are necessary and PSG not.

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    Syntactic Rules

    Uploaded by

    Candra Pirngadie
    20K views4 pages
    This document discusses syntactic rules and their role in specifying what structures are possible in a language. It covers several key points: 1) Phrase structure rules define hierarchical relationships between syntactic categories, such as S → NP VP. However, phrase structure rules alone are insufficient as they miss generalizations about constituent order. 2) Separating immediate dominance rules from linear precedence rules avoids problems with phrase structure rules. Immediate dominance distinguishes hierarchical relationships while linear precedence captures constituent order. 3) Government-binding theory and phrase structure grammar differ in their treatment of non-local conditions on trees, with GB assuming they are necessary and PSG not.

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    catatan kuliah dulu

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    This document discusses syntactic rules and their role in specifying what structures are possible in a language. It covers several key points: 1) Phrase structure rules define hierarchical relationships between syntactic categories, such as S → NP VP. However, phrase structure rules alone are insufficient as they miss generalizations about constituent order. 2) Separating immediate dominance rules from linear precedence rules avoids problems with phrase structure rules. Immediate dominance distinguishes hierarchical relationships while linear precedence captures constituent order. 3) Government-binding theory and phrase structure grammar differ in their treatment of non-local conditions on trees, with GB assuming they are necessary and PSG not.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as doc
    20K views4 pages

    Syntactic Rules

    Uploaded by

    Candra Pirngadie
    This document discusses syntactic rules and their role in specifying what structures are possible in a language. It covers several key points: 1) Phrase structure rules define hierarchical relationships between syntactic categories, such as S → NP VP. However, phrase structure rules alone are insufficient as they miss generalizations about constituent order. 2) Separating immediate dominance rules from linear precedence rules avoids problems with phrase structure rules. Immediate dominance distinguishes hierarchical relationships while linear precedence captures constituent order. 3) Government-binding theory and phrase structure grammar differ in their treatment of non-local conditions on trees, with GB assuming they are necessary and PSG not.

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    of 4

    SYNTACTIC RULES

    Composed by : Gilang ibnu Ginanjar


    Syntactic theories is concerned to specify what is and what is not possible
    in a language. By using Syntactic rules we can tell that something (sentences or
    words) cannot be cathegorized as Language. They have to follow the rules in
    order to be called as a correct sentence or phrase of a language. This part of rule
    also will explain the relation between rules and sentences. These following
    explanation will gives a brief explanation about syntactic rules.

    1. The Nature of Phrase Structure Rules.


    This is also known as Chomskyan Phrase Structure Grammar, Chomsky
    even mentioned that “a grammar is just a set of PS rules”. In this syntactic rule,
    we will find out that a syntactic chategory is followed by another sequence of one
    or more chategories
    C0 C1 C2 ………..C11
    These are different way of saying the same thing. One thing that we should stress
    about PS rules is that they state that certain structures are possible, in other words
    they allow or licence certain structures. If a language has a rule NP Det N
    and no other rule with NP on the left hand side, an NP must immediately dominate
    a Det followed by an N.
    This syntactic rules have been rejected by both GB (Governmen-binding
    theory) and PSG (Phrase Structure Grammar). Eventhough it was rejected and not
    considered as grammar but we still have to know about it

    2. Rules and Sentences


    To understand why the PS being rejected we need to know about the rules
    and sentence first. This will definitely shown a greal differences to the PS. To
    make the ilustration easily to comprehend we will need to know the rule first. This
    rules is not based only from one rules but a set of rules.

    1
    Set of Rules
    a. S NP VP S = Sentence
    b. NP Det N NP = Noun Phrase
    c. VP V NP VP = Verb Phrase
    d. VP V S Det = Determiner
    N = Noun
    Besides knowing the rules, we also need to assign a set of word
    Set of Lexicon
    a. Kid N
    b. Car N
    c. Cat N
    d. Hit V
    e. The Det
    f. a Det
    g. Kiss V
    h. Thought V

    NP VP

    Det N V NP

    Det N

    The Kid Kiss a Cat


    From the trees above we can see that this trees follows the rules S = NP VP and
    also contain the second rules NP = Det N and the third rules
    S = V NP.

    2
    the trees above we can see that this trees follows the rules S = NP VP and also
    contain the second rules NP = Det N and the third rules
    S = V NP and the fourh rules VP = V S

    NP VP

    Det N V S

    NP VP

    Det N V NP

    Det N

    The Kid thought the Car Hit a Cat

    This is what the rules and sentences related to each other means.

    3. Immediate Dominance and Linear Precedence Rules


    We noted earlier that both GB and PSG rejects PS rules. The problem with
    PS rules is that they miss generalizations about the order of consituents. That is
    why they should be replaced by another rules.
    Among the PS rules that we might have in a grammar of English are the
    following:
    1. a. V’ V NP V = Verb
    b. V’ V PP P = Preposition
    c. V’ V S PP = Prepositional Phrase
    d. V’ V NP PP S = Sentence
    e. V’ V NP S NP = Npun Phrase

    3
    f. V’ V PP S A = Adjective
    2. a. N’ N PP
    b. N’ N S
    3. a. A’ A PP
    b.A’ A S
    4. a. P’ P NP
    b. P’ P PP
    c. P’ P S
    d. P’ P NP PP

    the fact that PS rules miss generalization about Linear order in this way is a
    serious objection to them. The obvious way to avoid this problem is to assume
    separate immediate dominance and linear precedence statements. The immediate
    dominance is to distinguish them from PS rules by separating the right hand side
    categories by commas. A further objection to PS rules is that they obscure
    similarities between different language.

    4. Non-local Condition on Trees


    This is the part where we will find out the difference between GB and PSG
    rules. It is natural to ask wether we need non-local condition on trees. PSG
    assumes that there is no need for such conditions, but GB assumes that they are
    necessary.

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