Practice of translation (Практика перевода)
Practice of translation (Практика перевода)
phrases/word-groups of the kind does not change in any other contextual environment. Consequently, their nature is constantly
monolithic.
WAYS OF CONVEYING THE LEXICAL MEANING OF GENUINE INTERNATIONALISMS
From what has been pointed out concerning the nature and componential structure of genuine internationalisms becomes
clear, that a faithful rendering of their lexical meaning often requires considerable attention on the part of translators. At any rate, in
the process of their translation several factors have to be taken into consideration both at language level and at speech level.
These factors imply the lingual form, the lexical meaning, the structure, the source of origin and the orthographic presentation of
internationalisms in both the languages. As a result, expresing of meaning of some internationalisms may not always be termed
translation proper since it is a regular and complete transplantation of the source language units to the target language (cf. atom
, plan , professor , algebra , poetnoem, etc). Besides, translating of international lexemes may
sometimes depend on the established model stereotype according to which they are generally adopted in the target language. Taking
into account various peculiarities of meaning and form of international lexemes, several ways of conveying their meaning can be
suggested.
1. Literal Translating of Genuine Internationalisms. It should be pointed out that the lingual form of all component parts in genuine
international words and phrases is more often completely transplanted, when they originate from languages, whose orthographic
systems have been arranged on phonetic principles. Hence, the authenticity of literal translating from languages as Latin, Greek,
Italian, Ukrainian, partly Russian and Spanish will be always higher than that from the English or French languages, whose
orthographic systems are based on the historical and etymological principles. It does not mean, however, that a less exact literal
transplantation should be regarded as less faithful or inferior. Any of them is faithful enough when it conveys the form and meaning
of internationalisms. In this view literal translating of genuine internationalisms should not be regarded as a mechanical
substitution of each letter of the source language lexeme for a corresponding letter of the target language. In many a case a
letter may be dropped or added (substituted for another) in the target language when it is not in full conformity with its sound or
spelling systems. Nevertheless, there are many letter-to-letter transliterated genuine internationalisms in English and Ukrainian.
Latin: angina , dentist , symposium , gladiator , microscope , rector ; Greek:
poet , micron , electron , stadium , drama , theatre ; Italian: macaroni , pizza ,
concerto , duet , solo ; Spanish: armada , tango ', El Dorado , embargo , etc.
2. Translating via Transcribing/Conveying the Sounding Structure
Many genuine internationalisms are also faithfully rendered into the target language in their sounding form. This kind of translating
provides the rendition of the lexical meaning of a lot of internationalisms originating from English, French and some other languages, which
have their orthographic systems based on other than phonetic principles. Cf.: English: boom , box , yeans , knock-out
, leader , //, round , frac/; French: boulevard , bouquet , bourgeoisie , bureau
, drape , prize , pince-nez , etc.
3. Translating by Practical Transcribing
International morphemes and lexemes are adopted in all languages according to the historically established traditions of their
own. These find their expression in stereotype models for each lexico-grammatical class of words. As a result, any international word,
whatever the language of its origin and irrespective of the source language, from which it is translated, will have one and the same
lingual and structural form in the target language. Thus, whether it is bankruptcy in English, bankerott in German, banqueroute in
French or bancarotta in Italian, it will always remain in Ukrainian. Hence, only some degree of likeness is retained
between the lingual form of bankruptcy and its Ukrainian equivalent . The adopted word has obtained in
the target language an orthographic, sounding and morphological/structural form, which is only similar to that of English, French,
German, or Italian. This kind of adopting internationalisms is traditionally called practical transcribing or translator's
transcription.
The number of internationalisms making up this group is comparatively small in the two contrasted languages. The bulk of
international lexemes, when conveyed by way of practical transcribing, still retain a considerable degree of lingual and structural
similarity in the two languages. These are first of all nouns of Greek and Latin origin and also some adjectives, adverbs and verbs.
They may often differ considerably in their morphological structure, mostly taking additional affixal morphemes in Ukrainian: ambition
, apathy , condenser , devil , diplomacy , hierarchy , lecturer .,
vegetarian , condense , criticize , stabilize , seriously , economic
, etc.
Translating of genuine and mixed-type international compounds is performed on the basis of and in accordance with the
lingual form and structure of their componental parts. As a result, English international compounds can be rendered in the following
ways:
a)
with the help of corresponding compounds having the same international root morphemes as in the source language:
electrobiology , f/Vm-acfor , gas-meter , motor-cyclist , radio-active
, six-footer , etc.
b)
by word-combinations consisting of the same componential parts as in the international English compound words but of
different than in the source language morphological structure and nature of a componential part of speech: dance-music (N+N)
(adj.)
,
gas-collector
(.)
,
nerve-centre
b)
with the help of componential translation and some replacements, omissions or substitutions arising from the national
peculiarities of the target language, i.e, depending on its stylistic mode of usage. Thus, the equivalent of the English set
expression foreign trade is not but , and living standardis not but
/. Similarly in other cases with single loan internationalisms. Cf.: homogeneous parts of the sentence
but not ; structure of matter is but not , national anthem is
but not . Similarly with national serviceman
and parts of speech are , but not .
3
c)
with the help of descriptive translation as in the examples like: digital computer ;
compound/complex sentence / ; involution (math.) ; pluralia
tantum
,
;
singularia
tantum
,
during the late 19th - the beginning of the 20th century for the group of poets critical of bourgeois moral and aesthetics. Eton, the
private secondary school for well-to-do families in Great Britain, is also well-known in the country, though it may be unfamiliar
to our readers. Hence, an additional explanation of the proper names in the target language becomes necessary. Many other
culturally biased English and Ukrainian national notions are also to be explicated in this way, e.g.: bingo / (
, , )', gin ( ,
); mackintosh (); Merseyside
( . ); muesly, (food) (
, , ); pood measure of
weight equal to 16,38 kg; rushnyk, embroidered towel used in every folk rite in Ukraine; subotnyk, voluntary
unpaid work for the public good in the former USSR on days off (usually on Saturday).
The proper meaning of some other specific national units of lexicon can be rendered without preserving their original lingual
form: moonlighter - , , ( moonlight );
teller - 1. , 2.
- ; whip
.
The meaning of the above-given English and Ukrainian specifically biased national notions has not been conveyed by way of
translation proper. They have simply been explained in the target language. Sometimes each or some of the components, making
up the unit of specific national lexicon, can also be directly translated. And yet it may turn insufficient for faithful rendering of
their sense. Then an explanation of the specific national notion is added: alphabet soup ( ,
); bilateral school ( : .,
); the upper sixth ( }. Many specific
national notions, which have to be explicated in English, exist in Ukrainian as well: educational lesson (on good
behaviour and morality of students in school); school regulations/rules of pupils' conduct/behaviour at school;
register/form register and record book; students' committee in Ukrainian higher educational
establishments.
Very often, however, it may be difficult for a foreign student to guess the genuine meaning of a specific national unit of
lexicon even from the seemingly transparent lexical meaning of its component parts. To avoid misunderstanding or ambiguity a
further explication becomes inevitable: Athens of the North (); bipartite system
( : ); cubbing
( -); question time (
14.45 15.30 ; '- ); privy purse
( ).
Not infrequently national specific units of the source language lexicon belonging to the social and political domain can be
recognized by the target language speakers due to the existence of partly similar notions in their mother tongue. These kinds of
notion are available in English and in Ukrainian as well: new penny/shilling /, the Order of Merit
', Scout leader ] the Medal for Combat Valour;
the Order of Yaroslav the Wise; the Order of St. Princess Olha; class
tutor/form master; pupil's report/record card; an English (language)
test; to take a test in/ on some subject.
Despite the fact that the referential meaning of such and the like units of specific national lexicon may be either similar or at
least closely related in English and Ukrainian (cf. class tutor/form master and , test), they are still far from
identical in their particular meaning. As a result, they can scarcely be substituted for each other in the target language, which
points to the notions being nationally biased by their nature.
This is not so with many other notions which only at first sight seem to be different in English and Ukrainian but in reality
they are quite similar and can usually be substituted for each other: box (in Christmas box) (cf.
); Department of Education and Science (Gr.Britain) ( ); Department of Industry
; Department of Energy ; extension course
; extramural education / ; distant education .
Apart from these there are a lot more units of lexicon which have generally the same referential meaning in both the
languages in question. For example: pancake, financial year, pie and many others can be fully substituted at language level for
Ukrainian / , , , etc. The difference between the notions in the two language is confined to
some insignificant details. Thus, the financial year in Gr.Britain begins on April 1 and ends on March 31 the next year; pies are
stuffed with minced steak-and-kid-ney meat or with onions/sweet mincemeat (mixture of currants, raisins, sugar, candied peeled
apples, suet, etc.) and not with peas, beans, ground poppy seeds, soft cheese/curds or boiled rice as in this country. But: pop-corn
is practically identical in English and Ukrainian.
The details are, naturally, essential for our students to know and should not be ignored, as they reflect the peculiarities of
each nation's customs, traditions or its way of life. The notions like these, on the other hand, may be common in the English and
Ukrainian or some other languages exclusively, which finds its explanation in the bilateral or multilateral influences to which all
languages are constantly exposed as a result of cultural, political and trade contacts between their nations. Hence, the similarity if
not identity in some meanings of a number of English and Ukrainian specific units of lexicon can not be treated as
culturally/nationally biased, i.e., specific. Though it is not excluded that some of these notions may become specifically national
in reference to certain languages of other than the European area.
A considerable number of nationally specific/culturally biased units of national lexicon have found their way to other
languages in the lexical meaning and lingual form of the source language. It has happened as a result of borrowings and a long
use of the source language units in the target language. Among the borrowings of the kind are some Ukrainian units of culturally
biased/specific national lexicon as well. The most well-known of them are the mentioned already Cossack/Kozak, steppe and also
borshch, Kyiv chicken, oblast, vulytsia, hryvnia. The English/American units of specific national lexicon, which have become
internationalisms are many more. Amongst them are such well-known notions as , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , --,
. , , , , etc.
As it may be observed, the units of culturally biased/specific national lexicon are rarely similar by their nature and meaning
in either of the two languages. Consequently, there must also exist various approaches to expressing their meanings in the target
language.
footnotes:
Well, I can tell you anything
, that is in an English bluebook,
,
Harry. (O.Wilde) . 1 Labour Day was past, but
2 summer still pressed
down on
(), the city. (M.Wilson)
. Frances wanted very little:
: salad, toast melba, no wine,
, 3, only ice water. (A.Cronin)
, .
, , '.
, ,
. , , .
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-, (. . II, . 10);
- ,
. -, ,
2 , -.
, ,
, ,
. ,
(. . 5). ,
; .
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.
1. ; ( ) ->> ,
, . . . . ,
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,
. 132 , . . ( ), 4 :
(), (), () ().
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II, . 1).
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(. . II, . 9).
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, de of, , : .
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, ,
.
;
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:
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.
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10
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11
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); , (heath , , ), ,
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), (Wehrmacht); . (fiacre , ), (boche
) . .
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12
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13
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14
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15
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. Wolkenkratzer; . lend-lease - ( -);
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Reich), ( . Bundeshaus); . Decembrist ( = DeCember), Decembriste Decabriste;
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16
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: "Two boys were playing flys up with a soft ball" '.
3. , ,
, , .
. . 1:
( .) ? , ,
, "How much are a c c o m m o d a t i o n s ( .) at Soviet health
resorts?"
, ,
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17
( , );
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, .
,
1 , ; ,
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18
and in the target language. Hence, they are understood and translated by our students without difficulties: to,cast pearls before
swine ; to be 00/77 under a lucky star ; to cherish/warm a viper
in one's bosom ; to be/fall between Scilla and Charybdis /
.
One of the peculiar features of this type of idiomatic expressions is their international nature. Only few of them have phraseological synonyms of national flavour, being thus restricted to correspending speech styles, whereas international idioms
predominantly belong to the domain of higher stylistic level: Genuine Internationalisms National/Colloquial Variants
The apple of discord The bone of contention. The ,
bone of discord Strike the iron
while it is hot
make hay while the sun shines ,
.
As can be seen, some international idiomatic expressions slightly differ in English and Ukrainian either in their structural
form and lexical idiomatic meaning or in the images making up the idioms. Thus, the idiomatic expression to fish in troubled
waters has in English the plural of wafers whereas in its Ukrainian equivalent has a singular form, wheras the component to fish
is detalized and extended to () ; the Society of Jesus is , (but not the Order of
Jesus) and the Babel of tongues is and not * .
Slight divergences are also observed in several other English and Ukrainian international equivalents: the game is (not) worth
the candle (singular) / (plural). The idiom a sound mind in a sound body, on the other hand, has a reverse
position of its component parts: .
Therefore, each of the above-given idiomatic expressions has either a different form of a component/image, a different word
order or a slightly different lexical meaning of a componental part. And yet despite the pointed out divergences such and the like
idiomatic expressions/phraseological units do not cease to be absolute equivalents in either of the two languages.
Apart from the kinds of idiomatic expressions singled out on the foregoing pages, there exists in each language a specific national layer of idiomatic/phraseological expressions comprising also proverbs and sayings, which are formed on the basis of
componenta! images pertaining solely to a concrete national language. Such idioms are first of all distinguished by their
picturesqueness, their expressiveness and lexical meaning of their own. Due to their national particularity, these
idioms/phraseologisms can not and do not have traditionally established literary variants in the target language. As a result, their
structural form and wording in different translations may often lack absolute identity. In their rough/interlinear or word-for-word
variants they mostly lose their aphoristic/idiomatic nature and thus are often subject to literary perfection: the moon is not seen
when the sun shines , / , ; it is a great victory that
comes without blood , or ,
.
Similarly translated are some Ukrainian national phraseologisms into English: ,
what is spoiled by one fool can not be mended by ten wisemen; - , -
small children - smaller troubles, grown-up children - grave troubles.
Isomorphic is also the existence in both the languages of a number of idiomatic expressions which are of regular sentencetype structure containing some common componental parts. Hence, their lexical meaning, nothing to say about their componental
images, their picturesqueness^nd their expressiveness are identical as well. This is predetermined by their common source of
origin in English and in Ukrainian: if you run after two hares, you will catch neither ,
; a drowning man will catch (snatch) at a straw (
, ); Bacchus has drowned more men than Neptune , (
, ) he who spares the rod spoils the child , .
As can be noticed from these examples, some English and Ukrainian idiomatic expressions are far from uniform
lexically, structurally, and by their componental images, picturesqueness and expressiveness. They do not always spring from the
same source of origin either. Because of this a faithful translation of phraseological/ idiomatic expressions depends upon some
factors the main of whichare as follows:
1) whether the idiomatic expression in the source language and in the target language is of the same/different source of
origin;
2) whether the idiomatic expression has in the target language only one, more than one or all componental images in
common;
3) whether the componental images, when translated, are perceived by the target language speakers;
4) whether the structural form of the idiomatic expressions can be retained in the target language without any
transformations;
5) whether there exists an analogous/similar in sense idiomatic expression in the target language, etc.
All these and some other factors should not be neglected when translating idiomatic/phraseological expressions from and into
English. In fact, here exists a regular interdependence between the lexical meaning, the origin, the picturesqueness and the
expressiveness of idioms on the one hand and the method of their translating on the other.
Taking into account these and some other factors, the following ways of faithful rendering the idiomatic/phraselogical
expressions are to be identified:
1. By Choosing Absolute/Complete Equivalents This is the method of translating by which every componental part
of the source language idiom is retained in the target language unchanged. The componental parts include all notionals and also
the lexically charged functionals which contribute to the lexical meaning of the idiomatic/phraseological expression. The notional
components also create the main images (the picturesqueness), the expressiveness and the figurative (connotative) meanings of
idiomatic expressions. Translating with the help of equivalents is resorted to when deating with idioms which originate from the
same source in both the languages in question. These sources may be:
1) Greek or other mythology: Augean stables (, ); Cassandra warning
(, , ); Hercules' Pillars (the Pillars of
Hercules) ( ); a labour of Sisyphus ( ); Pandora's
box / ( ); the Trojan horse (
); Aladdin's'lamp ; between Scilla and Charybdis ;
2) ancient history or literature: an ass in a lion's skin ( ) ; to cross
(pass) the Rubicon ( ); the die is thrown/cast (
19
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; it is too late to shut the stable door when the horse is stolen , ;
when two ride on one horse.
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23
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24
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: http://www.philosoft.ru/_subsites/tcportal/perevod/tr03_2.htm
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25
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