@8IC# $ 3XQ`dUb#

@XicYSc_VdXU8e]Q^2_Ti DXU`b_`UbdYUc_VgQdUb

!)

DXU`b_`UbdYUc_VgQdUb
)URP ZDWHU GRHV DOO OLIH EHJLQ 2& %LEOH  .DOLPD

WKH FURVV VHFWLRQ IRU D FROOLVLRQ EHWZHHQ WZR VXFK PROHFXOHV LV WKHUHIRUH DERXW IRXU WLPHV DV ODUJH

+ 2+ 2  FP   

!

CdQdYS`b_`UbdYUc

7KH PHDQ IUHH SDWK RI D PROHFXOH WKDW LV WKH DYHUDJH GLVWDQFH LW FDQ WUDYHO EHWZHHQ FROOLVLRQV LV WKHUHIRUH

7KH FKHPLFDO IRUPXOD RI ZDWHU LV +2 ,WV PR OHFXODU VWUXFWXUH LV URXJKO\ DV VKRZQ EHORZ

 c 

:H FDQ HVWLPDWH WKH DYHUDJH LQWHUPROHFXODU VSDFLQJ LQ OLTXLG ZDWHU E\ FRPSXWLQJ WKH YROXPH SHU PROHFXOH RIWHQ FDOOHG WKH

VSHFLILF YROXPH

7KH GHQVLW\ RI ZDWHU DW VWDQGDUG WHPSHUDWXUH DQG SUHVVXUH LV E\ GHILQLWLRQ

=  JP FP =  NJ P 
6LQFH WKH PROHFXODU ZHLJKW RI ZDWHU LJQRULQJ LVRWRSHV OLNH


 Q  U JLYLQJ U  c  ZKLFK PHDQV WKH LQWHUPR OHFXODU VSDFLQJ LV U =  c  7KXV WKH PROH
FXOHV LQ ZDWHU DUH QRW DFWXDOO\ WRXFKLQJ HDFK RWKHU ZKLFK LV ZK\ LW LV D OLTXLG UDWKHU WKDQ D VROLG EXW WKH\ DUH YHU\ FORVH WRJHWKHU 7KH PHDQ IUHH SDWK LV VPDOOHU WKDQ WKH DYHUDJH LQWHUPR OHFXODU VSDFLQJ

GI   = =

2 DQG + LV  WKH QXPEHU

GHQVLW\ RI PROHFXOHV LQ OLTXLG ZDWHU LV

Q=

1$


  FP 

"
7KH VSDFLQJ EHWZHHQ WKH K\GURJHQ DQG R[\JHQ DWRPV LQ WKH PROHFXOH LV DERXW

C_\fU^d`b_`UbdYUc

:DWHU KDV D YHU\ ODUJH GLHOHFWULF FRQVWDQW DERXW  WLPHV WKH GLHOHFWULF FRQVWDQW RI YDFXXP 7KXV WKH &RXORPE SRWHQWLDO EHWZHHQVD\ WKH DWRPV RI WKH 1D&O PROHFXOH VDOW LV PRGL ILHG WR

GI  ? =  FP 

:H PD\ HVWLPDWH WKH FROOLVLRQ FURVVVHFWLRQ RI D ZDWHU PROHFXOH ZLWK D SRLQWOLNH SDUWLFOH DV LWV JHRPHWULF FURVV VHFWLRQ

H 9+ 2 = 7


7 

7KH LQWHUDWRPLF SRWHQWLDO ORRNV OLNH DQ DWWUDF WLYH &RXORPE SRWHQWLDO DW ORQJ GLVWDQFHV EXW

"

@XicYSc_VdXU8e]Q^2_Ti C_\eRY\Ydi_V8?Y^8?

KDV D VKRUWUDQJHG UHSXOVLYH SDUW VR WKH WRWDO ORRNV VRPHWKLQJ OLNH WKH ILJXUH EHORZ

$

FYcS_cYdi

7KH YLVFRVLW\ RI D OLTXLG LV GHILQHG DV IROORZV FRQVLGHU WZR SDUDOOHO SODWHV RI DUHD $ ZLWK D ILOP RI WKH OLTXLG EHWZHHQ WKHP DV VKRZQ EHORZ

A \

Y[

)[

= $

Y[ \

7KH DFWXDO ELQGLQJ HQHUJ\ RI WKH 1D&O PROHFXOH LV DERXW  H9  EXW ZKHQ WKH PROHFXOH LV LP PHUVHG LQ ZDWHU DQG WKH &RXORPE SRWHQWLDO LV UHGXFHG E\ D IDFWRU  WKH PLQLPXP RI WKH SRWHQWLDO LV QRZ RI WKH RUGHU RI WKH WKHUPDO HQHUJ\ DW URRP WHPSHUDWXUH  ERXQG

7KH ORZHU SODWH LV IL[HG WKH XSSHU RQH LV GUDJJHG DW FRQVWDQW VSHHG Y[ LQ WKH [GLUHFWLRQ 7KH IRUFH UHTXLUHG WR GUDJ LW LV SURSRUWLRQDO WR WKH DUHD RI WKH SODWHV WKH YLVFRVLW\

RI WKH OLTXLG DQG WR

WKH JUDGLHQW RI WKH UHODWLYH YHORFLW\ LQ WKH GLUHF WLRQ QRUPDO WR WKH SODWHV 2EMHFWV PRYLQJ DW VPDOO VSHHGV WKURXJK OLTXLG H[SHULHQFH D YLVFRXV GUDJ IRUFH SURSRUWLRQDO WR DQG RSSRVLQJ WKHLU YHORFLW\ 7KH IRUFH KDV WKH IRUP

7KDW LV WKH PROHFXOH LV HVVHQWLDOO\ QR ORQJHU

7  R.

#

C_\eRY\Ydi_V8?Y^8?

= D Y

7KH WLWOH RI WKLV VHFWLRQ VRXQGV DOPRVW SDUDGR[L FDOKRZ FDQ VRPHWKLQJ GLVVROYH LWVHOI" 7KH LQWHUHVWLQJ WKLQJ LV WKDW ZDWHU GRHV MXVW WKDW 7KH HQHUJ\ UHTXLUHG WR UHPRYH D K\GURJHQ LRQ IURP D IUHH ZDWHU PROHFXOH LV RI WKH RUGHU RI VHYHUDO H9  ,I WKDW UHPRYDO HQHUJ\ ZHUH WKH VDPH IRU D ZDWHU PROHFXOH LQ WKH OLTXLG SKDVH DV IRU D JDV PROHFXOH WKH %ROW]PDQQ GLVWULEXWLRQ ZRXOG WKHQ SUHGLFW WKDW WKH IUDFWLRQ RI OLTXLG ZDWHU ZRXOG EH

ZKHUH

LV D JHRPHWULF IDFWRU DQG D LV WKH OLQHDU

GLPHQVLRQ 7KXV IRU H[DPSOH D VSKHUH RI UDGLXV

U H[SHULHQFHV WKH GUDJ IRUFH 6WRNHVV /DZ )

= UY 

 +

:H QRZ LQWURGXFH WKH LGHD RI 5H\QROGVV QXP

LRQV LQ

EHU DQ REMHFW RI YROXPH DQG OLQHDU GLPHQVLRQ U PRYLQJ WKURXJK OLTXLG RI GHQVLW\
LPSDUW YHORFLW\ Y WR D PDVV P

H( N7 H a  


W U Y

 KDV WR = LQ WLPH

7KH LQHUWLDO IRUFH LW DSSOLHV WR WKH

+RZHYHU OLTXLG ZDWHU KDV D S+ RI PHDQLQJ WKDW WKH IUDFWLRQ RI GLVVRFLDWHG PROHFXOHV LV 

OLTXLG LV WKXV

 +HQFH ZH FRQFOXGH WKH ELQGLQJ HQHUJ\ RI

)LQ

WKH ZDWHU PROHFXOH LV YHU\ PXFK OHVV LQ WKH OLTXLG HQYLURQPHQW WKDQ LQ WKH JDV SKDVH (UJR ZDWHU GLVVROYHV ZDWHU

2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH YLVFRXV IRUFH LV

)YLVF

= Y

@8IC# $ 3XQ`dUb#

@XicYSc_VdXU8e]Q^2_Ti DXU`b_`UbdYUc_VgQdUb

"!

7KH UDWLR RI LQHUWLDO WR YLVFRXV IRUFH VWULSSHG RI JHRPHWULF IDFWRUV LV FDOOHG 5H\QROGVV QXPEHU

%

C`USYVYSXUQd

GI =

7KH VSHFLILF KHDW RI ZDWHU LV GHILQHG E\ WKH KHDW UHTXLUHG WR UDLVH WKH WHPSHUDWXUH RI RQH JUDP E\ RQH GHJUHH &HOVLXV 7KH KHDW UHTXLUHG LV WKH

)LQ )YLVF

U Y

UY

FDORULH ZKRVH PHFKDQLFDO HTXLYDOHQW LV DERXW

 -RXOH 7KXV WKH PRODU VSHFLILF KHDW RI OLTXLG ZDWHU LV  - DOPRVW H[DFWO\ 5 5 LV WKH SHU IHFW JDV FRQVWDQW DERXW  -JPPRO & ,V WKHUH DQ\ HDV\ ZD\ WR VHH ZK\ WKLV LV VR" 7KH /DZ RI (TXLSDUWLWLRQ LQ WKHUPRG\QDPLFV VD\V WKDW WKH DYHUDJH WKHUPDO HQHUJ\ RI D SDUWLFOH VD\
 R

7KH YLVFRVLW\ RI ZDWHU LQ FJV XQLWV LV DERXW  KHQFH IRU D EDUUDFXGD RI OHQJWK  FP VZLP PLQJ DWVD\ PVHF DERXW  PLKU WKH 5H\QROGV QXPEHU LV   ,QHUWLD GRPLQDWHV YLV FRVLW\ E\ DQ HQRUPRXV IDFWRU %XW IRU DQ ( FROL EDFWHULXP RI GLPHQVLRQ 
 

DQ DWRP LV

FP VZLPPLQJ DW 





FPVHF WKH 5H\QROGV

QXPEHU LV   +HUH YLVFRVLW\ GRPLQDWHV LQ HUWLD E\ D ODUJH IDFWRU 7R VHH ZKDW WKLV PHDQV IRU D EDFWHULXP OHW XV FDOFXODWH WKH FRDVWLQJ GLVWDQFH RI D EDFWHULXP ZKHQ LW WXUQV RII LWV SURSHOORU 7KH HTXDWLRQ RI PRWLRQ LV

( =

N 7  %

SHU GHJUHH RI IUHHGRP ZKHUH %ROW]PDQQV FRQVWDQW LV N%

GI =

1$ 1RZ ZH FRXQW GHJUHHV

RI IUHHGRP DV IROORZV HDFK WUDQVODWLRQDO PRWLRQ DQG WKHUH DUH WKUHH LQ GLPHQVLRQDO VSDFH FRXQWV DV RQH HDFK URWDWLRQDO PRGH FRXQWV DV RQH DQG HDFK YLEUDWLRQDO PRGH FRXQWV DV WZR EHFDXVH WKH DYHUDJH SRWHQWLDO HQHUJ\ LQ D KDU PRQLF RVFLOODWRU LV WKH VDPH DV WKH DYHUDJH NL QHWLF HQHUJ\ 7KXV IRU D PRQRDWRPLF JDV WKH DYHUDJH HQHUJ\ SHU PROHFXOH LV PRODU VSHFLILF KHDW LV

GY GW

= UY +

)SURS 

LI ZH WXUQ RII WKH SURSHOOLQJ IRUFH ZKLFK KDV EHHQ NHHSLQJ WKH DQLPDO PRYLQJ DW D VWHDG\ VSHHG Y WKH VWRSSLQJ HTXDWLRQ LV

P
RU

GY GW

U 

GY

G[

= UY

 5 

 N7 DQG WKH 

GY

G[

$V ZH KDYH VHHQ WKH ZDWHU PROHFXOH LV WULDWRPLF  ,WV FHQWHU RI PDVV KDV  WUDQVODWLRQDO PRGHV DQG VLQFH LW KDV  ODUJH SULQFLSDO PRPHQWV RI LQHUWLD WKHUH DUH  URWDWLRQDO PRGHV $GGLWLRQDOO\ ZDWHU KDV  QRUPDO PRGHV RI LQWHUQDO YLEUDWLRQ 7 ZR RI WKHP ZLOO KDYH WKH VDPH IUHTXHQF\ EHFDXVH RI WKH V\PPHWU\ DQG WKH WKLUG ZLOO EH PXFK ORZHU LQ IUHTXHQF\ EHFDXVH LW LQYROYHV D VFLVVRUV PRWLRQ RI WKH K\GURJHQ DWRPV UDWKHU WKDQ WKH VWUHWFKLQJ RI WKH VWURQJ R[\JHQK\GURJHQ ERQGV 4XDQWXP PHFKDQLFV VD\V WKDW YLEUD WLRQDO PRGHV FDQQRW EH H[FLWHG XQWLO WKH WHP SHUDWXUH LV KLJK HQRXJK

 U

7KXV

[VWRS

 

U Y 

ZKLFK ZLWK WKH SUHYLRXV SDUDPHWHUV JLYHV D VWRSSLQJ GLVWDQFH RI DERXW  cDERXW  RI DQ DWRPLF UDGLXV )RU SUDFWLFDO SXUSRVHV ZKHQ WKH EDFWHULXP VWRSV VZLPPLQJ LW VWRSV GHDG LQ WKH ZDWHU

N7

K 

""

@XicYSc_VdXU8e]Q^2_Ti C`USYVYSXUQd
ZKHUH 8YLE(7) UXQV IURP VOLJKWO\ PRUH WKDQ  WR 5 ZKHQ WKH WHPSHUDWXUH LV ZHOO DERYH WKH YLEUDWLRQDO H[FLWDWLRQ HQHUJ\ $W WKH KLJKHVW WHPSHUDWXUH ZH FOHDUO\ EHJLQ WR H[FLWH LQWHUQDO HOHFWURQLF VWDWHV RI WKH PROHFXOH 7KH ORZHVW VXFK H[FLWDWLRQ HQHUJ\ PXVW EH RI WKH RUGHU RI HOHFWURQ YROWV VLQFH  H9N%  . LW
R R

0RUHRYHU IURP WKH SHUIHFW JDV ODZ ZH FDQ GH GXFH WKDW WKH PRODU VSHFLILF KHDW DW FRQVWDQW SUHVVXUH LV WKH VSHFLILF KHDW IURP WKH LQWHUQDO HQHUJ\ SOXV 5 7KXV D JDV RI ZDWHU PROHFXOHV ZDWHU YDSRU RU VWHDP VKRXOG KDYH PRODU VSHFLILF KHDW DW FRQ VWDQW SUHVVXUH LQFUHDVLQJ ZLWK WHPSHUDWXUH IURP 5 WR 5 ,Q IDFW IURP WDEOHV ZH ILQG IRU ZDWHU YDSRU LQ WKH WHPSHUDWXUH UDQJH  &
R

VKRXOG QRW VXUSULVH XV WKDW DW  LFV RI ZDWHU YDSRU



. VXFK

VWDWHV EHJLQ WR SOD\ D UROH LQ WKH WKHUPRG\QDP

FS

5 

VR ZH DUH RQ WKH ULJKW WUDFN WKH LQWHUQDO HQHUJ\ LQYROYHV D ELW PRUH WKDQ  GHJUHHV RI IUHHGRP WKDW LV D YLEUDWLRQDO PRGH LV SDUWLDOO\ H[FLWHG %HORZ ZH VHH D SORW RI WKH VSHFLILF KHDW RI ZDWHU YDSRU LQ WKH WHPSHUDWXUH UDQJH  .
R

%XW ZKDW DERXW OLTXLG ZDWHU" +HUH WKH YROXPH UHPDLQV PRUHRUOHVV FRQVWDQW DQG WKH VSH FLILF KHDW SHU PROHFXOH LV N% LPSO\LQJ  GH JUHHV RI IUHHGRP +RZ FDQ WKLV EH" 6XSSRVH ZDWHU ZHUH UHDOO\ D VROLG 7KHQ DFFRUG LQJ WR WKH ODZ RI 'XORQJ DQG 3HWLW ZH ZRXOG H[SHFWDW VXIILFLHQWO\ KLJK WHPSHUDWXUH WR ILQG D VSHFLILF KHDW RI 


N% SHU DWRP RU N% SHU

WULDWRPLF PROHFXOH 7KDW LV WKLV ODZ ZRXOG SUHGLFW WKH PRODU VSHFLILF KHDW RI 5 ZKLFK ZRXOG LPSO\ WKDW ERWK WKH URWDWLRQDO DQG WUDQV ODWLRQDO GHJUHHV RI IUHHGRP RI D JLYHQ PROHFXOH DUH FRQVWUDLQHG E\ VSULQJVLQWHUPROHFXODU FKHPLFDO ERQGVDQG DGGLWLRQDOO\ WKDW WKH  $W WKH ORZHVW WHPSHUDWXUH LQ WKH )LJXUH WKH VSHFLILF KHDW LV 5 ULVLQJ DV\PSWRWLFDOO\ WR 5 DW WKH XSSHU HQG RI WKH UDQJH 6LQFH

LQWHUQDO YLEUDWLRQDO VWDWHV ZHUH EHLQJ H[FLWHG E\

WKHUPDO PRWLRQV 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG LI WKH LQWHUQDO YLEUDWLRQDO PRGHV ZHUH QRW H[FLWHG WKH VSHFLILF KHDW ZRXOG EH RQO\ 5 1RZ ZH KDYH VHHQ WKDW IRU ZDWHU

F3

8 = + 7 3

YDSRU DW PXFK KLJKHU WHPSHUDWXUHV WKH LQWHUQDO

YLEUDWLRQDO PRGHV DUH QRW H[FLWHG 6R KRZ FDQ WKH\ EH H[FLWHG LQ OLTXLG ZDWHU" 7KH DQVZHU RQFH DJDLQ LV WKH KLJK GLHOHFWULF FRQVWDQW RI OLTXLG ZDWHU $V ZH VDZ LQ RXU GLVFXVVLRQ RI S+ WKH

ZH VHH WKDW RYHU WKLV UDQJH WKH LQWHUQDO HQHUJ\ RI D JDV RI ZDWHU PROHFXOHV FDQ EH ZULWWHQ

  =  5 +  5 7 +

8YLE(7)

8H(7)

 ,I WKH ILUVW HOFWURQ H[FLWDWLRQ KDV HQHUJ\  H9 DERXW  RI WKH PROHFXOHV ZLOO EH H[FLWHG DW  4. UDLVLQJ WKH VSHFLILF KHDW WR #  )RU PDQ\ VROLGV VXIILFLHQWO\ KLJK LV URRP WHPSHUDWXUH KRZHYHU IRU GLDPRQG ZKRVH VSULQJV DUH VWLIIHU WKDQ WKRVH RI RWKHU PDWHULDOV WKH VSHFLILF KHDW DW URRP WHPSHUDWXUH LV VXEVWDQWLDOO\ ORZHU WKDQ WKDW RI RWKHU PDWHULDOV

@8IC# $ 3XQ`dUb#

@XicYSc_VdXU8e]Q^2_Ti DXU`b_`UbdYUc_VgQdUb

"#

HIIHFWLYH VSULQJ FRQVWDQWV EHWZHHQ WKH DWRPV LQ D JLYHQ PROHFXOH DUH ZHDNHQHG IROG OHDGLQJ WR DQ DOPRVW IROG GHFUHDVH LQ WKH WHPSHUDWXUH DW ZKLFK WKH\ FDQ EH H[FLWHG 7KDW LV UDWKHU WKDQ O\LQJ DW VHYHUDO WKRXVDQG . WKH H[FLWDWLRQ WHP SHUDWXUH LV GHSUHVVHG ZHOO EHORZ URRP WHPSHUD WXUH
R

1VXUI

Q$

ZKHUH LV WKH VXUIDFH WKLFNQHVV DQG $ WKH VXUIDFH DUHD ,I ZH VXSSRVH WKH VXUIDFH PROHFXOHV KDYH RQH IHZHU ERQG DSLHFH WKH FRUUHFWLRQ LV

(VXUI

%1VXUI

%Q

GI =

6$

ZKHUH ZH KDYH GHILQHG WKH VXUIDFH WHQVLRQ 6 DV WKH FRUUHFWLRQ WR WKH WRWDO HQHUJ\ IURP WKH VXU IDFH RI WKH ERG\ RI ZDWHU

& 8UQd_VfQ`_bYjQdY_^
7KH PROHFXOHV RI OLTXLG ZDWHU LQWHUDFW IDLUO\ VWURQJO\ 7KXV WR EUHDN D PROHFXOH ORRVH UH TXLUHV FRQVLGHUDEOH HQHUJ\ )RU ZDWHU WKLV VR FDOOHG KHDW RI YDSRUL]DWLRQ LV DERXW  FDOJP RU DERXW  H9PROHFXOH :H FDQ XVH WKH KHDW RI YDSRUL]DWLRQ WR HVWLPDWH WKH VL]H RI PROHFXOHV $ PROHFXOH LQ D OLTXLG LQWHUDFWV RQO\ ZLWK LWV QHDUHVW QHLJKERUVVD\  RI WKHP VR LWV DYHUDJH SRWHQWLDO HQHUJ\ ZLOO EH URXJKO\


1RZ VXSSRVH ZH FRXOG EUHDN XS WKH HQWLUH YROXPH RI ZDWHU LQWR LQGLYLGXDO PROHFXOHV :YL GHQWO\ WKLV ZRXOG UHTXLUH HQHUJ\ SURSRUWLRQDO WR WKH WRWDO DUHD LI WKH PROHFXOHV DUH VXSSRVHG OLWWOH VSKHUHV RI UDGLXV U WKH WRWDO VXUIDFH DUHD LV

1 U




DQG WKH HQHUJ\ UHTXLUHG LV

( =

61 U 

,I ZH OHW 1

1$ DQG VHW WKH HQHUJ\ HTXDO WR WKH

YDSRUL]DWLRQ HQHUJ\ SHU PROH ZH ILQG

9 %
ZKHUH % LV WKH HQHUJ\ SHU ERQG 7KH HQHUJ\ RI

(YDS 1$

6 U 
R

1 PROHFXOHV LV WKHUHIRUH (YRO

7KH VXUIDFH WHQVLRQ RI ZDWHU DW 

& LV DERXW

1% = %

%Q 

 HUJFP VR ZH ILQG D UDGLXV RI DERXW  c ,I ZH KDG DVVXPHG FXELF UDWKHU WKDQ VSKHULFDO PROHFXOHV WKH FXEHV ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ DERXW  c RQ D VLGH )URP WKH DERYH FRQVLGHUDWLRQV ZH FDQ DVFULEH D WHQVLOH VWUHQJWK WR D FROXPQ RI ZDWHU  ,PDJLQH WKH ZDWHU LQ D ORQJ WKLQ FROXPQ DQG QRZ EUHDN WKH FROXPQ 7KH WRWDO DUHD LQFUHDVHV E\ WZLFH WKH


ZKHUH Q LV WKH QXPEHUGHQVLW\ DVVXPHG FRQ VWDQW DQG LV WKH YROXPH 7KDW LV WKH GRPLQDQW FRQWULEXWLRQ WR WKH HQHUJ\ LV SURSRUWLRQDO WR WKH YROXPH +RZHYHU WKLV RYHUFRXQWV EHFDXVH WKH PROHFXOHV DW WKH VXUIDFH KDYH IHZHU QHLJKERUV WKDQ WKRVH LQ WKH LQWHULRU KHQFH KDYH IHZHU ERQGV 7KH QXPEHU RI VXUIDFH PROHFXOHV LV

  

7KH KHDW RI YDSRUL]DWLRQ LV WHPSHUWXUH GHSHQGHQW $W  & LW LV FORVHU WR  FDOJP 7KH DYHUDJH LV  FDOJP 7KLV DUHD VR JUHDWO\ H[FHHGV WKH DUHD RI D PDFURVFRSLF FRQWLJXRXV ERG\ RI IOXLG WKDW ZH FDQ LJQRUH WKH HQHUJ\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH ODWWHU ,Q RUGHU IRU WKLV WR EH HLWKHU PHDQLQJIXO RU PHDVXUDEOH ZH PXVW SXW WKH ZDWHU LQ D FDSLOODU\ WXEH WR VWDELOL]H LW VR WKH VLGHV GR QRW QHFN LQ DV WKH\ ZRXOG IRU D IUHH VWUDQG RI ZDWHU FDXVLQJ WKH VWUDQG WR EUHDN
R

"$

@XicYSc_VdXU8e]Q^2_Ti FQ`_b`bUccebU

FURVVVHFWLRQDO DUHD D RI WKH FROXPQ UHTXLULQJ DQ HQHUJ\ LQSXW

FRUUHFWQHVV RI WKLV ODZ LV VHHQ IURP WKH VHPL ORJDULWKPLF SORW EHORZ

( =

D6 

%XW LI WKH IRUFH H[HUWHG IDOOV IURP IPD[ WR  RYHU WKH GLVWDQFH

 WKHQ ZH KDYH
 I   PD[

( =

D6

1RZ ZH PD\ UHH[SUHVV WKLV LQ WHUPV RI WKH KHDW RI YDSRUL]DWLRQ DQG WKH YROXPH SHU PROHFXOH

<PD[

IPD[ D

6

 

_(YDS_

ZKHUH Y LV WKH PRODU YROXPH )RU ZDWHU WKLV QXPEHU LV WKHQ LQ G\QHVFP 


<PD[



   G\QH FP





G\QH FP 

'

FQ`_b`bUccebU

:KHQ ZDWHU DQG ZDWHU YDSRU FRH[LVW LQ WKHUPDO HTXLOLEULXP DW WKH VDPH WHPSHUDWXUH WKH QXP EHU RI PROHFXOHV LQ WKH OLTXLG WKDW LQ D JLYHQ WLPH UDQGRPO\ JDLQ HQRXJK HQHUJ\ WR HVFDSH PXVW EH EDODQFHG E\ DQ HTXDO QXPEHU RQ DYHUDJH IURP WKH JDV WKDW LQHODVWLFDOO\ FROOLGH ZLWK WKH VXUIDFH DQG DUH FDSWXUHG 7KXV WKHUPRG\QDPLFV OHDGV WR D UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH SDUWLDO SUHVVXUH

S: RI ZDWHU YDSRU LQ VDWXUDWHG DLU DERYH WKH

VXUIDFH RI D ERG\ RI ZDWHU DQG WKH PRODU KHDW RI YDSRUL]DWLRQ (YDS 

S:

S H

(;,5 57

7KH FRQVWDQW S GHSHQGV RQ VXFK WKLQJV DV WKH FDSWXUH SUREDELOLW\ ZKLFK LQ WXUQ GHSHQG RQ GHWDLOV RI WKH LQWHUDFWLRQV 7KDW LV DOWKRXJK S FRXOG LQ SULQFLSOH EH FRPSXWHG IURP WKH ODZV RI TXDQWXP PHFKDQLFV LQ RXU SUHVHQW VWDWH RI NQRZOHGJH LW UHPDLQV DQ HPSLULFDO FRQVWDQW 7KH