Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Constitution of India
Constitution of India
CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
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C O N T E N TS
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P R E AM B L E
PART I
T H E U NI ON AN D I TS T E RR I T O R Y
ARTICLE
1 Name and t err itor y of th e Un ion .
2 A d mis s i o n o r est ab l i s h men t o f n e w S t at es .
2A [ R ep ea l ed . ]
3 For mation of new St at es and alt e r ation o f areas , bound ar i es o r
n a me s of ex isting St at es .
4 Laws ma d e under arti cl es 2 and 3 to provid e for th e amend ment of
th e F irst an d th e Four th S ch edul es and supplemen t al , in cid ent al
and cons equ ential matt ers .
PART II
C I TI Z ENS HIP
5 Cit i z enship at th e co mmen cement of th e Constitution .
6 Rights of citi ze nship of cert ain p ersons who h av e migr at ed to
Indi a fro m P akist an .
7 Rights of ci ti zenship of cert ain mi gr ants to P akist an .
8 Rights of citi zenship of cer t ain p e rsons of Indian o rigin r esiding
outs id e Ind i a.
9 P ersons vo lunt ari l y acqu iring citi zen ship of a for eign St at e not to
b e ci t i z en s .
10 Continu an ce of th e righ ts o f ci tizenship .
11 P arl i a ment to r egul at e th e righ t of cit i zen ship by l a w.
PART III
F U ND A M EN T AL R I G H TS
G e n er a l
12 Defini tion .
13 Laws in consist ent with or in d erog ation of th e fund ament al rights .
Right to Equality
14 Equality before law.
ii Contents
ARTICLE
PART V
THE UNION
CHAPTER I.⎯-THE EXECUTIVE
The President and Vice-President
52 The President of India.
53 Executive power of the Union.
54 Election of President.
55 Manner of election of President.
56 Term of office of President.
57 Eligibility for re-election.
58 Qualifications for election as President.
59 Conditions of President’s office.
60 Oath or affirmation by the President.
61 Procedure for impeachment of the President.
62 Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term
of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.
63 The Vice-President of India.
64 The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States.
65 The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during
casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President.
66 Election of Vice-President.
67 Term of office of Vice-President.
68 Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the
term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.
69 Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President.
70 Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies.
71 Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-
President.
72 Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute
sentences in certain cases.
73 Extent of executive power of the Union.
Council of Ministers
74 Council of Ministers to aid and advise President.
v Contents
ARTICLE
97 Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker
and Deputy Speaker.
98 Secretariat of Parliament.
Conduct of Business
99 Oath or affirmation by members.
100 Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and
quorum.
Disqualifications of Members
101 Vacation of seats.
102 Disqualifications for membership.
103 Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
104 Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article
99 or when not qualified or when disqualified.
Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members
105 Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and
committees thereof.
106 Salaries and allowances of members.
Legislative Procedure
107 Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.
108 Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases.
109 Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.
110 Definition of “Money Bills”.
111 Assent to Bills.
Procedure in Financial Matters
112 Annual financial statement.
113 Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates.
114 Appropriation Bills.
115 Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
116 Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
117 Special provisions as to financial Bills.
Procedure Generally
118 Rules of procedure.
vii Contents
ARTICLE
Council of Ministers
163 Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor.
164 Other provisions as to Ministers.
The Advocate-General for the State
165 Advocate-General for the State.
Conduct of Government Business
166 Conduct of business of the Government of a State.
167 Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor,
etc.
CHAPTER III.⎯THE STATE LEGISLATURE
General
168 Constitution of Legislatures in States.
169 Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States.
170 Composition of the Legislative Assemblies.
171 Composition of the Legislative Councils.
172 Duration of State Legislatures.
173 Qualification for membership of the State Legislature.
174 Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution.
175 Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses.
176 Special address by the Governor.
177 Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses.
Officers of the State Legislature
178 The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly.
179 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and
Deputy Speaker.
180 Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office
of, or to act as, Speaker.
181 The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his
removal from office is under consideration.
182 The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council.
183 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and
Deputy Chairman.
184 Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the
office of, or to act as, Chairman.
x Contents
ARTICLE
185 The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his
removal from office is under consideration.
186 Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman
and Deputy Chairman.
187 Secretariat of State Legislature.
Conduct of Business
188 Oath or affirmation by members.
189 Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and
quorum.
Disqualifications of Members
190 Vacation of seats.
191 Disqualifications for membership.
192 Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
193 Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article
188 or when not qualified or when disqualified.
Powers, privileges and immunities of State Legislatures and their Members
194 Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and
committees thereof.
195 Salaries and allowances of members.
Legislative Procedure
196 Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.
197 Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills.
198 Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.
199 Definition of “Money Bills”.
200 Assent to Bills.
201 Bills reserved for consideration.
Procedure in Financial Matters
202 Annual financial statement.
203 Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates.
204 Appropriation Bills.
205 Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
206 Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
xi Contents
ARTICLE
PART X
THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS
244 Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.
244A Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and
creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor.
PART XI
RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES
CHAPTER I.⎯LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS
Distribution of Legislative Powers
245 Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
246 Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
247 Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional
courts.
248 Residuary powers of legislation.
249 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the
national interest.
250 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a
Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
251 Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and
laws made by the Legislatures of States.
252 Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption
of such legislation by any other State.
253 Legislation for giving effect to international agreements.
254 Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the
Legislatures of States.
255 Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded as
matters of procedure only.
CHAPTER II.⎯ ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS
General
256 Obligation of States and the Union.
257 Control of the Union over States in certain cases.
257A [Repealed.]
258 Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases.
258A Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union.
xv Contents
ARTICLE
259 [Repealed.]
260 Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India.
261 Public acts, records and judicial proceedings.
Disputes relating to Waters
262 Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys.
Co-ordination between States
263 Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council.
PART XII
FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS
CHAPTER I.⎯FINANCE
General
264 Interpretation.
265 Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law.
266 Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States.
267 Contingency Fund.
Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States
268 Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the State.
269 Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States.
270 Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States.
271 Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union.
272 [Repealed.]
273 Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products.
274 Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which
States are interested.
275 Grants from the Union to certain States.
276 Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments.
277 Savings.
278 [Repealed.]
279 Calculation of “net proceeds”, etc.
280 Finance Commission.
281 Recommendations of the Finance Commission.
Miscellaneous financial provisions
282 Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues.
xvi Contents
ARTICLE
283 Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited
to the public accounts.
284 Custody of suitors’ deposits and other moneys received by public servants and
courts.
285 Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation.
286 Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods.
287 Exemption from taxes on electricity.
288 Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain
cases.
289 Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation.
290 Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions.
290A Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds.
291 [Repealed.]
CHAPTER II.⎯ BORROWING
292 Borrowing by the Government of India.
293 Borrowing by States.
CHAPTER III.⎯ PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, RIGHTS, LIABILITIES,
OBLIGATIONS AND SUITS
294 Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases.
295 Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases.
296 Property accruing by escheat or laps or as bona vacantia.
297 Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the
exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union.
298 Power to carry on trade, etc.
299 Contracts.
300 Suits and proceedings.
CHAPTER IV.⎯ RIGHT TO PROPERTY
300A Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law.
PART XIII
TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN
THE TERRITORY OF INDIA
301 Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse.
302 Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse.
xvii Contents
ARTICLE
303 Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard
to trade and commerce.
304 Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States.
305 Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies.
306 [Repealed.]
307 Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304.
PART XIV
SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES
CHAPTER I.⎯ SERVICES
308 Interpretation.
309 Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State.
310 Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State.
311 Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities
under the Union or a State.
312 All-India services.
312A Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of
certain services.
313 Transitional provisions.
314 [Repeated.]
CHAPTER II.—PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS
315 Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States.
316 Appointment and term of office of members.
317 Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission.
318 Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of
the Commission.
319 Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing
to be such members.
320 Functions of Public Service Commissions.
321 Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions.
322 Expenses of Public Service Commissions.
323 Reports of Public Service Commissions.
xviii Contents
ARTICLE
PART XIVA
TRIBUNALS
323A Administrative tribunals.
323B Tribunals for other matters.
PART XV
ELECTIONS
324 Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election
Commission.
325 No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a
special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex.
326 Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States
to be on the basis of adult suffrage.
327 Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures.
328 Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to
such Legislature.
329 Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.
329A [Repealed.]
PART XVI
SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES
330 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of
the People.
331 Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People.
332 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the
Legislative Assemblies of the States.
333 Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of
the States.
334 Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after sixty years.
335 Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts.
336 Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services.
337 Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of Anglo-
Indian Community.
338 National Commission for Scheduled Castes.
338A National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
339 Control of the Union over the Administration of Scheduled Areas and the
welfare of Scheduled Tribes.
xix Contents
ARTICLE
SCHEDULES
FIRST SCHEDULE
I. —The States.
II. —The Union territories.
SECOND SCHEDULE
PART A—- Provisions as to the President and the Governors of States.
PART B—[Repealed.]
PART C—Provisions as to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the House of the
People and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Council of
States and the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative
Assembly and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative
Council of a State.
PART D— Provisions as to the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts.
PART E— Provisions as to the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
THIRD SCHEDULE— Forms of Oaths or Affirmations.
FOURTH SCHEDULE—Allocation of seats in the Council of States.
FIFTH SCHEDULE— Provisions as to the Administration and Control of Scheduled
Areas and Scheduled Tribes
PART A—General.
PART B—Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes.
PART C— Scheduled Areas.
PART D—Amendment of the Schedule.
SIXTH SCHEDULE—Provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas in the States of
Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
SEVENTH SCHEDULE—
List I — Union List.
List II— State List.
List III— Concurrent List.
EIGHTH SCHEDULE— Languages.
NINTH SCHEDULE—Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.
TENTH SCHEDULE— Provisions as to disqualification on ground of defection.
ELEVENTH SCHEDULE— Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.
TWELFTH SCHEDULE— Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc.
xxiii Contents
ARTICLE
APPENDIX
INDEX
xxiv Contents
ARTICLE
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INDEX
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1 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PREAMBLE
W E , T HE P EO P LE OF I ND I A, h av in g so l e mn l y r eso lv e d to
const itut e Indi a into a S OVERE IGN S O CI ALIST S E CULAR
D E M O C R AT I C R E P UB LI C an d t o s e cu r e t o all i t s ci t i z en s :
J US TI C E, so ci al , e co n o mi c an d p o lit i c al;
L I B E RT Y o f t h o u g h t , ex p r es s i o n , b e l i ef , f ai t h an d wo r s h i p ;
E Q U A LI T Y o f s t atu s an d o f o p p o r t u n it y;
I N OU R C O NS TI T UE N T ASS E MB L Y t h i s t w ent y- s i x t h d ay of
N o v e mb e r , 1 9 4 9 , d o H E REB Y A D OP T , E N A C T AN D G I V E TO
O U RS E L V ES TH I S CO NS TI T UT I O N.
2 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART I
THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY
1 . Na me a nd t errito ry of th e Union .—(1 ) In d i a , th at is Bh ar at , sh all b e
a Un ion o f S t at es .
(2 ) Th e St at e s a nd th e t er ritori es th er eo f sh all b e as sp e c ifi ed in th e
Fir st Sch edu l e.
(3) Th e t errito ry of Indi a sh all co mpris e —
(a ) t h e t err itori es of th e St at es ;
(b ) t h e Union t erri tori es sp ecif ied in th e First Sch edul e; and
(c ) s u ch oth er t erri tori es as ma y b e acquir ed .
2 . Ad mi ssion or es tablish men t of n ew Stat es .— P a r l i a me n t ma y b y l a w
ad mit in to th e Union , or est ab lish , n ew S t at es on su ch t er ms and condit ions
as it th inks fit .
2 A . [S i kki m to b e asso ciat ed with th e Union .] Rep . b y th e Const itution
(T hi rt y- si xth Am e nd men t ) A c t, 1 9 7 5 , s . 5 ( w.e. f. 2 6 - 4 - 1 9 7 5 ) .
3 . Fo rma tion of n ew S tat es and a lt e ration of a r ea s, bounda ri es o r
na me s of ex isting Stat es .—P arli ament ma y b y l a w—
(a ) f o r m a n e w St at e b y s ep ar ation of t errito r y fro m an y St at e or b y
unit ing t wo o r mo r e St at es or p arts of S t at es or b y unit ing any t err itor y
to a p art of an y St at e;
(b ) i n cr e as e t h e a r e a o f an y S t ate ;
(c ) d i mini sh th e a r e a of an y St at e;
(d ) a l t e r t h e b o u n d ari es o f an y S t at e ;
(e ) al t e r th e n ame o f an y St at e:
Provid ed th at no Bill for th e purpos e sh al l be introdu ced in ei th er Hous e
of P arli a me nt ex cept on th e r eco mme nd ation of th e Pr esid en t and un l ess ,
wh er e th e propos al cont ain ed in th e Bi ll aff ects th e ar ea, bound ari es or
n a me of an y of th e St at es , th e Bil l h as b e en r e ferr ed b y th e Pr esid ent to th e
Legisl atur e of th at S t at e for expr ess ing its vi ews th er eon within su ch
p eriod as ma y be sp ecifi ed in the r e f er en ce or with in su ch further p e riod as
th e Pr esid en t may allo w and th e p eriod so sp ecifi ed or allo wed h as expir ed .
Explanation I .— In this arti cl e, in cl aus es (a ) to (e ), “ St at e’ ’ in clud e s a
Union t erritor y, bu t in th e proviso , “St at e’’ do es not in clud e a Union
t err itor y.
Explanation II .— Th e p o w e r co n f err ed o n P ar l i a men t b y cla u s e (a )
in clud es th e power to for m a new St at e or Union t erritor y b y unit ing a p ar t
of an y St at e or Union t erri tor y to an y oth er St at e or Union t erritor y.
4 . Law s ma d e und er a r ti cl es 2 and 3 to p rovide f o r th e a mend men t of
th e Fi rst and th e Fou rth S chedul es and suppl emen tal , in cid ental and
cons equ entia l ma t t e rs . —(1 ) An y l a w r ef err ed to in arti cl e 2 or ar ti cl e 3
sh al l con t ain such provision s for th e amend ment of th e Firs t S ch edul e and
th e Fou rth S ch edul e as ma y b e n e cess ar y to give eff e ct to th e provis ions of
2
3 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART II
CITIZENSHIP
5 . Citiz enship at th e co mmen cemen t of th e Co nstitu tion .— At th e
co mmen cement of this Constitution , ev er y p erson who h as hi s do mi cil e in
th e t err itor y of Indi a and —
(a ) wh o was born in th e t erri tory of Indi a; or
(b ) ei th er of whos e p ar ents was born in th e t erritor y of Indi a; or
(c ) wh o h as b e en ordin ar il y r esid ent in th e t erritor y of Indi a for not
l ess th an f iv e years i mme d i at el y pr eceding su ch co mme n cement ,
sh al l b e a citi zen of Indi a.
6 . Rights of cit iz enship of certain p e rson s w ho hav e mig rat ed to
India f ro m P aki s tan. —Not withst and ing an ything in arti cl e 5 , a p erson
who h as migr ated to th e t e rritor y of Indi a from t h e t er ritor y no w in clud ed
in P ak ist an sh all b e d eemed to b e a cit i z en of Indi a at th e comme n cemen t
of this Const itution if —
(a ) h e o r eith er of hi s p ar ents or an y of his gr andp ar en ts was born in
Indi a as d ef in ed in th e Go v ern me nt of Indi a Act , 1935 ( as orig in all y
e n a ct ed ) ; an d
(b )(i ) i n th e c as e wh er e su ch p erson h as so mi gr at ed b efor e th e
nin et e en th d a y of Ju l y, 1948, h e h as b e en ordin ar il y r esid ent in th e
t err itor y of India sin c e th e d at e of his migr ation, o r
(i i ) i n th e c as e wh e r e su ch p erson h as so migr at ed on or a ft er th e
nin et e en th d a y of Jul y, 1948 , he h as b e en r egist er ed as a ci ti zen of Ind i a
b y an offi cer appoint ed in th at b eh alf b y th e Gov ern me nt of th e
Do minion of Indi a on an appli cation ma d e b y h i m th er efor to su ch
offi cer b efo r e th e co mmen cement of thi s Const itution in th e for m and
ma n n er pr es cribe d b y th at Gov ern me nt:
4
5 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART III
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
G e n er a l
1 2 . D ef i n i t io n .—In this P art , unl ess th e cont ex t o th er wis e r equir es , “ th e
St at e ’’ in clud es th e Gov ernme n t and P arli a me nt of Indi a and th e
Gov ern me nt and th e Legisl atur e of each of th e St at es and all local or oth er
author iti es within th e t erri tor y of Indi a or und er th e contro l of th e
G o v er n me n t o f I n d i a .
13 . Law s in consi st ent w ith o r in deroga tion of th e funda me n tal
rights . —(1) All l a ws in for ce in th e t errito r y of Ind i a i mmed iat el y b efor e
th e co mmen cement of this Const itution , in so f ar as th ey ar e in cons ist ent
with th e prov isions of thi s Part , sh all , to th e ext ent of su ch in consi st en c y,
b e v o id .
(2) Th e S t at e sh all not ma k e an y l a w whi ch t ak es aw a y or abridg es th e
righ ts conf err ed b y this P ar t an d an y l a w mad e in contr av ention of this
cl aus e sh al l, to th e ext ent of th e contr av ention , b e void .
(3) In this ar ti cle, un l ess th e cont ext oth er wi s e r equir e s,—
(a ) “ l a w ” i n c l u d es an y Ord i n an c e , o r d er , b y e-l a w , r u l e , r eg u l a t i o n ,
noti fi c ation , cu sto m or us ag e having in th e t erri tor y o f Ind i a th e for ce
o f l a w;
(b ) “ l aw s in force” in clud es l aws p ass ed or ma d e b y a Legisl atur e o r
oth er co mp et ent autho rit y in th e t e rritory of Indi a befor e th e
co mmen cement of this Consti tution and not pr evious l y r ep e al ed ,
not with st anding t h at an y su ch law or an y p art th er eo f ma y n o t b e th en in
op er at ion ei th er a t all or in p arti cul a r ar e as .
(4) No thing in t his ar ti cl e shall appl y to any amen d ment of this
Consti tution mad e und er arti cl e 368 .
Right to Equali ty
14 . Equal ity befo re law .— Th e S t at e s h a l l n o t d en y t o a n y p e r s o n
equ ali t y b efor e th e l aw or the equ al pro t ection of th e l aws within th e
t err itor y of India.
15 . Prohib ition of dis c ri mi nation on g rounds of relig ion, ra ce, ca st e,
s ex o r pla c e o f bi rth .—(1 ) Th e St at e sh all not dis cr i min at e ag ainst an y
cit i z en on g rounds onl y of r e ligion , r ace, caste, s ex , p l ace of bir th o r an y
o f t h e m.
( 2 ) N o cit i z en s h all , o n g r o u n d s o n l y o f r el ig i o n , r a c e , c a s t e , s ex , p l a c e
of birth or an y of th em, b e subject to an y dis abil it y , l i abilit y, restr i ction or
condit ion wi th reg ard to —
(a ) acces s to shops , publi c r es taur ants , hot els and pl aces of publi c
e n t er t ain men t; o r
6
7 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
_______________________________________________
1.On the commencement of s. 3 of the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, art. 22 shall stand amended
as directed in s. 3 of that Act. For the text of s. 3 of that Act, see Appendix III.
10 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(2) Nothing in this arti cl e sh all pr ev ent the S t at e fro m imp osing
co mpulsor y s ervi ce for publ i c purpos es , an d in i mpos ing su ch s ervi ce th e
St at e sh all no t ma k e an y dis cr imi n ation on grounds on l y of r eligion , r ace,
c a s t e o r cl ass o r a n y o f t h e m.
24 . Prohibition of emp loy me nt of chi ld r en in fa cto r i es, et c. — No
child b e low th e ag e of four t e en years sh all be emp lo yed to work in an y
f a cto r y o r min e o r en g ag ed i n an y o t h er h a z ar d o u s e mp l o y me n t .
* * *
3 1 . [ Co mpul sory a cquisit ion of prop ert y .] Re p . b y th e Const itution
(F o rt y- fo u rth Am e n d men t ) A c t, 1 9 7 8 , s . 6 ( w.e. f. 2 0 - 6 - 1 9 7 9 ) .
Sa ving of Certain La ws
31 A. Saving of law s p roviding fo r a cqu isition of estat es, et c.—
(1) Not wi thst anding an yth ing cont ain ed in arti cl e 13, no l aw providing
for —
(a ) th e acquisi tion b y th e St at e of an y est at e or of an y rights ther ein
or th e extingui sh me nt or modi fication of an y such rights , or
(b ) th e t aking ov er of th e man ag e me nt of an y prop ert y b y th e St at e
for a l i mit ed p eriod eith er in the pub li c int er est o r in ord er to secur e th e
p r o p er ma n ag e me n t o f t h e p r o p ert y , o r
(c) the amalgamation of two or more corporations either in the public interest or in order to secure the proper
management of any of the corporations, or
(d ) th e ex tinguish me nt or modifi cation of an y righ ts of man aging
ag ents , s ecr et ari es and tr easur ers , ma n aging di r e ctors , directors or
ma n a g ers of corpor at ions , or o f an y vo ting rights of shar ehold er s
th er eo f , o r
( e) th e ex t inguish me nt or modif i cation o f any r ights accruing b y
vir tu e of an y agr e ement , l e as e or li cen ce for th e pu rpos e of s e ar ching
for , or winning , an y mi n er al or mi n er al oil , or th e pr ematur e t ermi n ation
or c an c ell at ion of an y su ch ag r ee me n t , l e as e o r li c en c e ,
sh al l b e d eemed to b e void on th e ground th at it i s in consis tent wi th, or
t ak es away or abridg es an y of th e right s conf err ed b y arti cl e 14 or arti cl e
19:
P rovid ed th at w h er e su ch l a w is a l a w mad e b y th e Leg isl atur e of a
St at e, th e provision s of this arti cl e sh all not appl y th er eto unl ess such l a w,
h aving b e en r eserv ed for th e consid er ation of th e Pr esid en t , has r eceiv ed
his ass en t:
Provid ed furth er th at wh ere an y l a w mak es an y provision for th e
acquis ition b y th e S t at e of an y est a t e an d wh ere an y l and co mp ris ed th er ein
is h eld b y a p erson under his p erson al cult ivation , i t sh al l not be l a wfu l for
th e St at e to acquir e an y port ion of su ch l and as i s with in th e ce il ing li mi t
appli c ab l e to him u nd er an y l aw for th e t i me being in for c e or an y bu ilding
or stru ctur e st anding th er eo n or appurt en ant th ereto , unl ess th e law r el ating
to th e acquisit ion of su ch l and, build ing or structur e, provid e s for p a yment
of co mpen s ation at a r a t e whic h sh all not b e l ess th an th e ma r k et v alu e
th er eof .
(2) In this articl e ,—
(a ) th e expr ession ‘‘ es t at e’’ sh all , in r el ation to an y lo cal ar ea, h av e
th e s a me mean ing as th at expression or its local equiv al en t h as in th e
14 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
____________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 4, for “the principles specified in
clause (b) or clause (c) of article 39” (w.e.f. 3.1.1977). Section 4 has been declared invalid by the
Supreme Court in Minerva Mills Ltd. and others vs. Union of India and others (1980) s. 2, S.C.C. 591.
2. In Kesavananda Bharati vs. the State of Kerala (1973),Supp. S.C.R.1., the Supreme Court held the
provisions in italics to be invalid.
15 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(2) Th e Sup r eme Court sh all h av e power to is su e dir e ction s or ord ers or
writs , in clud ing writs in the n atur e of h a b ea s co r p u s , m a n d a mu s ,
prohib ition , quo wa rranto a n d cert iorari , which ev er ma y b e appropri a t e,
for th e en for c emen t of an y of th e rights conf err ed b y this P art .
(3) Without pr ejudi ce to th e powers conf err ed on th e Supr eme Court b y
c l aus es (1) and (2 ), P arli a me nt ma y b y l a w emp ow e r an y o th er cou rt to
ex er cis e wi thin th e lo cal li mits of it s jurisdi c tion all or an y of th e po wers
e x er cis ab l e b y th e Supr e me Court und er cl aus e (2) .
(4) Th e right guar ant eed b y this ar ti cl e sh al l not b e susp end ed ex cept as
oth er wis e prov id ed for b y this Consti tution .
3 2 A . [ Consti tutional validi t y of S tat e la ws not to b e consid er ed in
pro ceedings und er arti cl e 3 2 .] Rep. b y th e Co n stitut ion (F o rt y- third
A m e n d m en t ) A ct , 1 9 7 7 , s . 3 (w . e . f . 1 3 - 4 - 1 9 7 8 ) .
33 . Po w er of Pa rlia me n t to modify th e rights conf erred by thi s Pa rt
in th ei r appli cation to Fo rces , et c.—P ar li a me n t ma y , b y l a w, d e t er min e to
wh at ex t en t any of th e rights conf err ed b y th is P art sh all , in th eir
appli cation to ,—
(a ) t h e me mb ers of th e A r med For c es; or
(b ) t h e me mb ers of th e For c es ch arg ed with th e ma int en anc e o f
publi c ord er ; or
(c ) p e rsons emp lo yed in an y bur eau o r oth er org anis at ion
est ab lish ed b y th e S t at e for purpos es of int e llig en ce or count er
int e llig en ce; or
(d ) p e rsons emp lo y ed in , or in conn ection with , th e
t el e co mmu ni cation s yst ems s e t up for th e purpos es of an y For ce, bur eau
or org anis a tion r ef err ed to in claus es (a ) to ( c) ,
b e r e stri ct ed or a brog a t ed so as to ensur e th e p rop e r dis ch arg e of th eir
duti e s and th e maint en an ce of dis cip lin e among th em
34 . Rest ri ction o n rights conf erred by thi s Pa rt w hil e ma rtia l law is
in fo rce i n any a r ea . —Not with st anding an ything in the f or egoing
provis ions of this P ar t, P ar li a me nt ma y b y l a w ind e mnif y an y person in the
s ervi ce of th e Un ion or of a St at e o r an y oth e r p erson in r esp ect of an y act
don e b y hi m in conn ection wi th th e ma int en an ce or r esto ration of ord er in
an y ar ea within th e t erri tor y of Indi a wh er e ma r ti al l a w was in for ce or
v alid at e an y s ent en ce p ass ed , punish me nt in fli ct ed , forf eitur e ord er ed or
oth er act don e und er ma rti al l a w in su ch ar ea.
35 . Legislat ion to giv e ef fect to th e p rovis ions of this Pa rt .—
Not withs t anding an ything in this Constitu tion ,—
(a ) P ar li a me nt sh al l h av e, and th e Legis l atur e of a St at e sh all not
h av e , p o w er to ma k e l aw s—
16 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART IV
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
3 6 . D ef in i t i o n .—In this P art , unl ess th e cont ext oth er wis e r equir es , ‘‘th e
St at e’’ h a s the same mean ing as in P art III .
3 7 . App li ca tio n o f th e p rin cipl e s co n ta in ed in thi s P a rt .— Th e
provis ions contain ed in th is P art sh all not b e en for ceabl e b y an y cour t, but
th e p rin cipl es th er e in l aid dow n ar e n ev er th el ess fund a me nt al in th e
gov ern an ce o f th e coun tr y and i t sh all b e th e du t y of th e Stat e to appl y
th es e prin cipl es in mak ing l aws.
38 . Sta t e to s e cu re a so cia l o rd er fo r th e p romo t ion of w elfa re of th e
p eopl e .—(1) The St at e sh all s triv e to pro mo t e th e welf ar e of the p eopl e b y
s e cu ring an d prot ect ing as eff ectiv el y as it ma y a so ci al order in wh i ch
jus ti ce, so ci al , econo mi c and poli ti c al , sh all infor m all th e inst itutions of
th e n ation a l lif e.
(2) Th e St at e sh all , in p art i cular , s triv e to mi ni mis e th e in eq u ali ti es in
in co me, an d en d e avour to elimi n at e in eq u aliti es in st atu s, facil iti es and
opportun iti es , not onl y amongst indiv idu als but also amongst groups of
p eopl e r esid ing in diff er en t ar eas or eng ag ed in diff er ent vocations .
3 9 . C e rta in p rin cip l es of po li cy to b e fo llo w ed by th e Sta t e .— Th e
St at e sh all, in part i cul ar , d ir e ct it s po li cy to wards s e cu ring —
(a ) t h a t th e citiz e ns , men and w o men equ a ll y, h av e th e right to an
ad equ at e means of liv elihood;
(b ) t h at th e o wn ership and contro l of th e ma t eri al r esour ces of th e
co mmun it y ar e so distr ibut ed as b est to subs erv e th e co mmon good;
(c ) t h at th e op er at ion of th e econo mi c s ys t em do es no t r esult in th e
con c en tr at ion of wealth an d mean s of produ ction to th e co mmon
d etr i men t ;
(d ) t h at th er e i s e qu al p a y for equ al work for b oth men and wo me n;
(e ) t h a t th e h ea lth an d str en g th o f wo rk ers , men a n d wo men , an d th e
t end er ag e of child r en ar e not abus ed and th at cit i z ens a r e no t for c ed b y
econo mi c n e cessi t y to en ter avocation s unsu it ed to th eir ag e or str eng th;
(f ) t h at childr en ar e giv en opportun iti es and f acil iti es to d ev e lop in
a h e al th y ma nner and in condit ions of fr eedo m and d ignit y and th at
childhood and youth ar e protect ed ag ainst exploi t ation and ag ainst
mo r al an d mat e r i al ab an d o n me n t .
39 A. Equal ju sti ce and f ree l egal aid .— Th e St at e sh all s e cure t h at th e
op er at ion of th e l eg a l s yst em p ro mot es just i c e, on a b asi s of equ al
opportun it y, and sh al l, in p ar ti cul ar, prov id e fr ee l eg a l aid, b y sui t abl e
l egi sl ation or s ch e me s or in an y oth er way, to en sur e th at opportuni ti es for
17
18 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
consu mption except for me di cin al pu rpos es of i ntoxi cating drinks and of
drugs whi ch ar e injur ious to h e alth .
4 8 . O rg a n i s a t i o n o f a g r i cul t u r e a n d a n i ma l h u s b a n d ry .—T h e St at e
sh al l end e avour to org anis e agri cu ltur e and ani mal husb and ry on mod ern
a n d s ci en tifi c lin es an d sh a ll , in p art i cu l ar , t ak e st ep s fo r p r es erv in g a n d
i mproving th e br eeds , and prohibi ting th e s l aught er , of co ws and calv es
and oth er mil ch and dr aught cattl e.
4 8 A . P ro t e ct io n a n d i mp r o v eme n t o f env i ron me n t a n d s a f e g u a rd i ng
of fo rests and w ild lif e. — Th e S t at e s h al l e n d e av o u r t o p r o t e ct an d
i mprov e th e environ ment and to s af egu ard th e f o r ests an d wild lif e of th e
c o u n t r y.
4 9 . P ro t e ct i o n o f mo n u me n ts a n d p la c es a n d o b j e cts o f n a t i o n a l
i mp o rta n c e .—I t s h all b e th e oblig ation of th e S t at e to prot ect ev er y
mo nu men t or place or obj ect of ar tist i c or h istori c int er es t, d ecl ar ed b y or
und er l aw ma d e b y P a rli a me nt to b e of n ation a l i mporta n c e , fro m
spol i ation , disfigur ement , d estru ction , r e mo v al, dispos al o r export , as th e
c a s e ma y b e .
50 . S epa ration of judi cia ry f rom ex ecutiv e .—Th e St at e sh all t ak e st ep s
to s ep ar at e th e judi ci ar y fro m th e ex ecutiv e in th e publi c s ervi c es of th e
S t at e .
5 1 . P ro mo ti o n o f i n t e rna t i o n a l p ea c e a n d s ec u rit y . —Th e Stat e sh al l
e n d e av o u r t o —
(a ) p ro mot e int ern at ion al peace and s e curit y;
(b ) ma i n t ain just an d honor ab l e r el a tions b et w een n ations ;
(c ) f os t er r esp ec t for int ern ation al l a w and t rea t y obl ig ations in th e
d e aling s of org ani zed p eopl es with on e anoth er; and
(d ) en cour ag e sett l e men t of in tern at ion al d isput es b y arbit ration .
PART IVA
20 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART IVA
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
5 1 A . Fu n d a me n t a l d u t i es .—I t sh al l b e th e dut y of ev er y cit i z en of
India—
(a ) t o ab ide b y th e Consti tution and r esp ect i ts id eals and
ins titution s, th e Nation al Fl ag and th e Nation al Anth em;
(b ) t o ch erish and fol low th e nobl e id ea ls wh i ch in spired our
n ation a l struggle for fr eedo m;
(c ) t o uphold an d prot ect th e sov er eign t y, unit y and int egrity of
Indi a;
(d ) t o def end th e coun tr y and r end er n at ion al s ervi ce wh en call ed
upon to do so;
(e ) t o pro mot e h ar mon y and t h e spir it of co mmon broth erhood
amo ngst all th e p eop l e of India t r ans c ending r el igious , l inguis ti c and
r egion al or s e ction al div ersi ti es; to r enoun ce p racti ces d erog ator y to th e
d i g n i t y o f wo me n ;
(f ) t o v alu e an d p r es erv e th e ri ch h erit ag e o f o u r co mp o sit e cu ltu r e;
(g ) t o pro t ect and i mprov e th e n atur al environ ment in cluding
for es ts, l ak es , riv ers and wild li f e, and to h ave co mp assion for living
cr eatur e s;
(h ) t o d ev elop th e s ci en tifi c temp er , hu manism and the sp irit of
inqui r y and r efor m;
(i ) t o s af egu ard publi c prop er t y and to abjur e viol en ce;
(j ) t o striv e to w a rd s ex c e ll en c e i n all sp h ere s o f in d iv id u al a n d
coll ectiv e activit y so th at th e nation const an tl y ris es to high er l ev el s of
e n d e av o u r an d ac h i ev e me n t .
20
21 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART V
THE UNION
C HA P TE R I.—T H E E X EC U TI VE
Th e Pr esid en t and Vi ce- Pr esid ent
5 2 . Th e P r esid ent o f India .— Th er e sh all b e a Pr esid en t o f Indi a .
53 . Ex ecutiv e pow er of th e Union .—(1 ) The ex ecut iv e power of the
U n io n sh all b e v est ed in th e Pre sid en t and sh a ll b e ex er cis ed b y h i m e ith er
dir ectl y or through offi cers subordin a t e to him i n accord an ce with th is
Consti tution .
(2) Without pr ejudi ce to th e gen er al it y of th e for egoing provis ion, th e
supr eme co mma nd of th e Def ence For c es of the Un ion sh all be v est ed in
th e Pr esid en t and th e ex er cis e th er eof sh al l b e re gul at ed b y l a w .
(3) Nothing in this art i cl e sh all—
(a ) b e d e emed to tr an sf er to th e P r esid en t any f u n ctions conf err ed
b y an y ex isting l a w on th e Go v ern me nt of any St at e or oth er authori t y;
or
(b ) p r ev ent Parl i a ment fro m conf erring by l a w fun c tions on
author iti es oth er th an th e Pr esid en t .
5 4 . El e ct i o n o f P r es i d ent . —T h e Pr es id ent sh al l b e el e ct ed b y th e
memb er s o f an el ecto r al co ll eg e consis ting of—
(a ) t h e el ect ed me mb er s o f bo th Hous es of P a rli a me nt ; and
(b ) t h e el ect ed me mb er s o f the Legisl ativ e As semb li es of th e St at es.
Explanation . —In this arti cl e and in art i cl e 55 , ‘‘S t at e’’ in clud es th e
Nation al Capit a l Territor y of Delhi an d th e Union t erri tor y of Pondi ch err y.
5 5 . M a n n e r o f e l e ct io n o f P r esi d en t . —(1) As f ar as pr acti ca bl e, ther e
sh al l b e uniformi t y in th e s c a le of r epr es ent ation o f th e di ff er ent St at es a t
th e el ect ion of th e Pr esid en t .
(2) For th e purpos e of s e cu ring su ch unifor mit y among th e S tat es in t er
s e as w ell as p ari t y b e tw e en th e St at e s as a w hol e an d th e U nion, th e
nu mb er o f vot es whi ch each el ect ed me mb er of P arli a me nt and of th e
Legisl ativ e Assemb l y of each St at e is entit l ed to cast at su ch election sh all
b e d et er min ed in th e follo wing man n er: —
(a ) ev er y el ected me mb er o f th e Leg isl ativ e Ass e mbl y o f a St at e
sh al l h av e as ma n y vot es as ther e ar e mult ipl es of on e thous and in th e
quoti en t ob t ained b y d ividing th e popul at ion of th e St at e b y th e tot al
nu mb er of th e e le c t ed me mb er s of th e Ass e mbl y;
21
22 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(4) If as a result of the investigation a resolution is passed by a majority of not less than
two-thirds of the total membership of the House by which the charge was investigated or
caused to be investigated, declaring that the charge preferred against the President has been
sustained, such resolution shall have the effect of removing the President from his office as
from the date on which the resolution is so passed.
62. Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill
casual vacancy. —(1) An election to fill a vacancy caused by the expiration of the term of office of President shall be
completed before the expiration of the term.
(2) An election to fill a vacancy in the office of President occurring by reason of his death,
resignation or removal, or otherwise shall be held as soon as possible after, and in no case
later than six months from, the date of occurrence of the vacancy; and the person elected to
fill the vacancy shall, subject to the provisions of article 56, be entitled to hold office for the
full term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office.
63. The Vice-President of India.—There shall be a Vice-President of India.
64. The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States.—The Vice-
President shall be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States and shall not hold any other
office of profit:
Provided that during any period when the Vice-President acts as President or discharges
the functions of the President under article 65, he shall not perform the duties of the office of
Chairman of the Council of States and shall not be entitled to any salary or allowance payable
to the Chairman of the Council of States under article 97.
65. The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the
office, or during the absence, of President.— (1) In the event of the occurrence of any vacancy in the office of the
President by reason of his death, resignation or removal, or otherwise, the Vice-President shall act as President until the date
on which a new President elected in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter to fill such vacancy enters upon his
office.
(2) When the President is unable to discharge his functions owing to absence, illness or
any other cause, the Vice-President shall discharge his functions until the date on which the
President resumes his duties.
(3) The Vice-President shall, during, and in respect of, the period while he is so acting as,
or discharging the functions of, President, have all the powers and immunities of the President
and be entitled to such emoluments, allowances and privileges as may be determined by
Parliament by law and, until provision in that behalf is so made, such emoluments,
allowances and privileges as are specified in the Second Schedule.
66. Election of Vice-President.—(1) The Vice-President shall be elected by the members
of an electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament in accordance
with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and
the voting at such election shall be by secret ballot.
(2) Th e Vi ce-Pr esid en t sh all not b e a me mb er of eith er Hous e of
P ar l i a men t o r o f a H o u s e o f t h e L e g i s l atu r e o f a n y S t at e , an d i f a me mb e r
of eith er Hous e of P a rli a me nt or of a Hous e of th e Legi sl atur e of an y St at e
b e el e ct ed Vi c e-Pr es id ent , h e sh all b e d e e me d to h av e v a c at ed his s e at in
25 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation in the following form, that is to say—
"I , A. B . , d o s w e a r i n t h e n a m e o f G o d t h at I w i l l b e ar t r u e f ai t h an d
solemnly affirm
all eg i an ce to the Consti tution of Indi a as b y l aw est abl ish ed an d th at I will
f ai th f u l l y d i s ch a r g e t h e d u t y u p o n wh i ch I a m a b o u t t o en t er . "
70. Discharge of President's functions in other contingencies.—Parliament may make
such provisions as it thinks fit for the discharge of the functions of the President in any
contingency not provided for in this Chapter.
71. Matt ers relating to , o r co nn ect ed w ith, th e el ection of a
Presid ent o r Vi ce- P resi den t.— (1) All doub ts and disput es aris ing out o f
or in conn ect ion wi th th e el ection o f a Pr esid ent or Vi ce-P resident sh all b e
inqui r ed into an d d e cid ed b y th e Supr eme Court whos e d e cision sh al l b e
fin a l.
(2) If the election of a person as President or Vice-President is declared void by the
Supreme Court, acts done by him in the exercise and performance of the powers and duties of
the office of President or Vice-President, as the case may be, on or before the date of the
decision of the Supreme Court shall not be invalidated by reason of that declaration.
(3) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, Parliament may by law regulate any
matter relating to or connected with the election of a President or Vice-President.
(4) The election of a person as President or Vice-President shall not be called in question
on the ground of the existence of any vacancy for whatever reason among the members of the
electoral college electing him.
72. Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute
sentences in certain cases.— (1) The President shall have the power to grant pardons,
reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence
of any person convicted of any offence—
(a) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is by a Court Martial;
(b) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is for an offence against any law
relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends;
(c) in all cases where the sentence is a sentence of death.
(2) Nothing in sub-clause (a) of clause (1) shall affect the power conferred by law on any
officer of the Armed Forces of the Union to suspend, remit or commute a sentence passed by
a Court Martial.
(3) Nothing in sub-clause (c) of clause (1) shall affect the power to suspend, remit or
commute a sentence of death exercisable by the Governor of a State under any law for the
time being in force.
73. Extent of executive power of the Union.— (1) Subject to the provisions of this
Constitution, the executive power of the Union shall extend—
(a ) t o th e matt ers with r e sp ect to whi ch P a rliamen t h as power to
ma k e l aw s; and
27 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(4) Befor e a Minist er ent ers upon his off ice, th e P r esident sh all
ad minis ter to him t h e o aths of offi ce and of s e cr ecy accord ing to th e for ms
s et out for th e purpos e in th e Third S ch edul e.
(5) A Minis t er who for an y period of six cons ecut iv e months is not a
memb er of eith er Hous e of P ar liamen t sh all at th e exp ir ation o f t h at p eriod
c e a s e t o b e a Min i s t er.
(6 ) Th e s a l ari es an d a llo w an c es o f M in ist ers sh all b e su ch as P arl i a men t
ma y f ro m ti me to ti me b y l a w d et e r mine a nd , unti l Pa rl i a ment so
d et er min es , sh all b e as sp ecifi ed in th e S e cond Sch edul e.
The Attorney-General for India
76. Attorney-General for India.—(1) The President shall appoint a person who is
qualified to be appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court to be Attorney- General for India.
(2) It shall be the duty of the Attorney-General to give advice to the Government of India
upon such legal matters, and to perform such other duties of a legal character, as may from
time to time be referred or assigned to him by the President, and to discharge the functions
conferred on him by or under this Constitution or any other law for the time being in force.
(3) In the performance of his duties the Attorney-General shall have right of audience in
all courts in the territory of India.
(4) The Attorney-General shall hold office during the pleasure of the President, and shall
receive such remuneration as the President may determine.
Conduct of Government Business
77. Conduct of business of the Government of India.—(1) All executive action of the
Government of India shall be expressed to be taken in the name of the President.
(2) Orders and other instruments made and executed in the name of the President shall be
authenticated in such manner as may be specified in rules to be made by the President, and
the validity of an order or instrument which is so authenticated shall not be called in question
on the ground that it is not an order or instrument made or executed by the President.
(3) The President shall make rules for the more convenient transaction of the business of
the Government of India, and for the allocation among Ministers of the said business.
* * * * *
78. Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the
President, etc.—It shall be the duty of the Prime Minister—
(a ) t o co mmu ni cat e to th e Pr esid ent all d e ci sions of th e Coun cil of
Minist ers r e l ating to th e ad minis tr ation of th e aff ai rs of th e Union and
propos al s fo r l egis l ation;
(b ) t o furnish su ch infor mation r e l ating to th e ad min istr ation of th e
aff ai rs of th e Un ion and p roposals for l egis l ation as th e Pr es id en t ma y
call for ; and
(c ) i f th e Pr esid ent so r equir es , to sub mit for th e consid eration of
th e Coun cil of M inist e rs an y ma tt e r on whi ch a d e cision h as b ee n t ak en
b y a Min ist er b u t wh i ch h as n o t b e en co n sid er ed b y th e Co u n c il.
29 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
CHAPTER II.—PARLIAMENT
General
79. Constitution of Parliament.—There shall be a Parliament for the Union which shall
consist of the President and two Houses to be known respectively as the Council of States and
the House of the People.
80. Composition of the Council of States.—(1) The Council of States shall consist of—
(a) twelve members to be nominated by the President in accordance with the
provisions of clause (3); and
(b) not more than two hundred and thirty-eight representatives of the States and of
the Union territories.
(2) The allocation of seats in the Council of States to be filled by representatives of the
States and of the Union territories shall be in accordance with the provisions in that behalf
contained in the Fourth Schedule.
(3) The members to be nominated by the President under sub-clause (a) of clause (1)
shall consist of persons having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such
matters as the following, namely:—
Literature, science, art and social service.
(4) The representatives of each State in the Council of States shall be elected by the
elected members of the Legislative Assembly of the State in accordance with the system of
proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.
(5) The representatives of the Union territories in the Council of States shall be chosen in
such manner as Parliament may by law prescribe.
81. Composition of the House of the People.—(1) Subject to the provisions of article
331, the House of the People shall consist of—
(a) not more than five hundred and thirty members chosen by direct election from
territorial constituencies in the States, and
(b) not more than twenty members to represent the Union territories, chosen in such
manner as Parliament may by law provide.
(2) For the purposes of sub-clause (a) of clause (1),—
(a) there shall be allotted to each State a number of seats in the House of the People
in such manner that the ratio between that number and the population of the State is, so far
as practicable, the same for all States; and
(b) each State shall be divided into territorial constituencies in such manner that the
ratio between the population of each constituency and the number of seats allotted to it is,
so far as practicable, the same throughout the State:
Provided that the provisions of sub-clause (a) of this clause shall not be applicable for the
purpose of allotment of seats in the House of the People to any State so long as the population
of that State does not exceed six millions.
30 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(3) In this article, the expression “population” means the population as ascertained at the
last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published:
Provided that the reference in this clause to the last preceding census of which the
relevant figures have been published shall, until the relevant figures for the first census taken
after the year 2026 have been published, be construed, —
(i) for the purposes of sub-clause (a) of clause (2) and the proviso to that clause, as a
reference to the 1971 census; and
(ii) for the purposes of sub-clause (b) of clause (2) as a reference to the 2001 census.
82. Readjustment after each census.—Upon the completion of each census, the
allocation of seats in the House of the People to the States and the division of each State into
territorial constituencies shall be readjusted by such authority and in such manner as
Parliament may by law determine:
Provided that such readjustment shall not affect representation in the House of the People
until the dissolution of the then existing House:
Provided further that such readjustment shall take effect from such date as the President
may, by order, specify and until such readjustment takes effect, any election to the House may
be held on the basis of the territorial constituencies existing before such readjustment:
Provided also that until the relevant figures for the first census taken after the year 2026
have been published, it shall not be necessary to readjust—
(i) the allocation of seats in the House of People to the States as readjusted on
the basis of the 1971 census; and
(ii) the division of each State into territorial constituencies as may be readjusted
on the basis of the 2001 census,
under this article.
8 3 . Du ra t i o n o f Ho u s es o f P a rl i a me n t .—(1) Th e Coun cil of St at es
sh al l no t b e subj ect to d issolution , but as n e arl y as pos sibl e on e-th ird of
th e me mb ers ther eo f sh all r et ire as soon as ma y b e on th e expir a tion of
ev er y s e cond year in acco rd an ce with th e provision s mad e in that b eh al f b y
P arl i a men t b y l aw .
(2) Th e Hous e o f th e P eopl e, un l ess soon er dis solv ed, sh all con tinu e
for fiv e years fro m t h e d at e appoint ed for its fir st me eting and no long er
and th e expi r ation of th e s a id p eriod o f fiv e years sh all oper at e as a
dis solution of th e Ho u s e:
Pro v id ed th at th e s aid p erio d ma y , w h il e a P ro cl a ma tio n o f Eme r g en c y
is in op er ation, b e ext end ed b y P arli a me nt b y l a w for a p eriod not
ex ceeding on e year at a ti me and not ext ending in an y cas e b e yond a p eriod
of six months aft er th e Pro cl a ma tion h as c e as ed to o p er at e .
84 . Qualif i cation fo r me mb er ship of Pa rliamen t.—A p erson sh all not
b e qu alif ied to b e chos en to fill a s e at in P arli amen t unl ess h e—
(a ) i s a c it i zen o f Indi a , and ma k e s and subs crib e s b efor e so me
p erson au thorised in th at b eh alf b y th e El ection Co mmi ssion an o ath or
31 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
P o w er s , Pr i vi l eg es a n d I m mu n i t i es o f Pa r l i a m en t
and its Memb ers
105 . Pow e rs , privi l eg es , et c., of th e Hous es of Pa rlia me n t and of t he
me mb e r s a n d co mmi t t e es t h e re o f .— (1) Subj ec t to th e prov isions of thi s
Consti tution and to th e rul es and st anding orders r egul ating th e pro c edur e
of P arli a me nt , th er e sh all b e fr ee do m o f sp eech in P arl i a ment .
(2) No me mb er of P arli a me nt sh all b e li abl e to an y pro ceedings in an y
court in r esp ect of an y thing s aid or an y vot e giv en b y h i m in Parl i a ment or
a n y co mmi tt e e th er eo f , and no p erso n sh all b e so li ab l e in re sp e ct of th e
publi cation b y or und er th e authori t y o f eith er Hous e of P arli ame n t of an y
r ep o r t , p ap er , v o t es o r p r o c e ed i n g s .
(3) In o th er r esp ects , th e powers , priv il eg es and i mmu niti es of each
Hous e of P arliame n t , and of th e me mb ers and th e co mmi ttees of each
H ous e , sh all b e su ch as ma y from t i me to ti me b e d efin ed b y Pa rl i a ment b y
l a w , an d , u n til so d efin ed , sh a ll b e th o s e o f th a t Ho u s e an d o f its me mb ers
and co mmi tt ees i mme d i at el y b efor e th e co ming i nto for ce of section 15 of
th e Consti tution (Fort y-fou rth Amen d men t) Act , 1978.
(4) Th e provisions o f cl au s es (1) , (2) and (3) sh al l appl y in rel at ion to
p erso n s w h o b y v irtu e o f th is C o n sti tu tio n h av e th e rig h t to sp e ak in , an d
oth er wis e to t ake p art in th e pro ceedings of , a Hous e of P arli ame n t or an y
co mmi tt ee th er eo f as th ey appl y in r el ation to memb ers of P arli amen t .
106 . Sala ri es and allow ances of me mb ers .— M e mb er s o f e ith er Ho u s e
of P a rli a me nt sh all b e enti tl ed to r e c eiv e su ch s a l ari es and a llo w an c es a s
may f ro m ti me to t i me b e d et er min ed b y P arl i a ment b y l aw and, un til
provis ion in that r e sp ect is so ma d e , allo wances at su ch r ates and upon
su ch condi tions as wer e i mme di at el y b efor e th e co mme n c ement of this
Consti tution appli c ab l e in th e cas e o f memb ers of th e Constitu en t
A s s e mbl y o f t h e D o min io n o f I n d i a .
L egis lati ve Pro cedur e
107 . Prov isions as to i nt rodu ction and pa ssing of Bil ls .— (1) Subj ect
to th e provisions of arti cl es 109 and 117 wi th r esp ect to Mon ey Bil ls and
oth er fin an c i al Bil ls, a Bill ma y origin ate in eith er Hous e of Parl i a ment .
(2) Subj ect to th e provision s of arti cl es 108 an d 109, a Bill shall not b e
d e e me d to h av e b e en p ass ed b y th e Ho us es o f Pa rl i a ment u n l ess i t h as b e en
agr e ed to b y both Hous es , eith er without amen d ment or with su ch
a me n d men ts o n ly a s ar e ag r eed to b y b o th Ho u se s .
(3) A Bill p ending in P arl i ame n t sh all not l a ps e b y r e ason of th e
prorog at ion o f th e Hou s es.
(4 ) A B ill p en d in g in th e Co u n cil o f St a t es wh ic h h as n o t b e en p ass ed b y
th e Hous e of the P eopl e sh all not l aps e on a dissolu tion o f th e Hous e o f th e
P eo p l e .
38 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(a ) th e su ms r eq u ir ed to me e t e x p en d itu r e d es c rib ed b y t h is
Consti tution as exp end itur e ch arg ed upon the Conso lid at ed F und of
Indi a; and
(b ) th e su ms r equir ed to meet oth er exp enditur e propos ed to b e ma d e
fro m th e Consolid at ed Fund of Indi a,
and sh al l distingui sh exp enditu r e on r evenu e account fro m oth er
exp enditu re.
(3) The following expenditure shall be expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of
India—
(a) the emoluments and allowances of the President and other expenditure relating to
his office;
(b) the salaries and allowances of the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the
Council of States and the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the House of the People;
(c) debt charges for which the Government of India is liable including interest,
sinking fund charges and redemption charges, and other expenditure relating to the raising
of loans and the service and redemption of debt;
(d) (i) the salaries, allowances and pensions payable to or in respect of Judges of the
Supreme Court;
(ii) the pensions payable to or in respect of Judges of the Federal Court;
(iii) the pensions payable to or in respect of Judges of any High Court which
exercises jurisdiction in relation to any area included in the territory of India or which at
any time before the commencement of this Constitution exercised jurisdiction in relation
to any area included in a Governor's Province of the Dominion of India;
(e) the salary, allowances and pension payable to or in respect of the Comptroller and
Auditor-General of India;
(f) any sums required to satisfy any judgment, decree or award of any court or arbitral
tribunal;
(g) any other expenditure declared by this Constitution or by Parliament by law to be
so charged.
113. Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates.—(1) So much of the estimates
as relates to expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India shall not be submitted
to the vote of Parliament, but nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the
discussion in either House of Parliament of any of those estimates.
(2) So much of the said estimates as relates to other expenditure shall be submitted in the
form of demands for grants to the House of the People, and the House of the People shall
have power to assent, or to refuse to assent, to any demand, or to assent to any demand
subject to a reduction of the amount specified therein.
(3) No demand for a grant shall be made except on the recommendation of the President.
114. Appropriation Bills.— (1) As soon as may be after the grants under article 113 have
been made by the House of the People, there shall be introduced a Bill to provide for the
appropriation out of the Consolidated Fund of India of all moneys required to meet—
(a) the grants so made by the House of th e P eopl e; and
42 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(b) the expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India but not exceeding in
any case the amount shown in the statement previously laid before Parliament.
(2) No amendment shall be proposed to any such Bill in either House of Parliament which
will have the effect of varying the amount or altering the destination of any grant so made or
of varying the amount of any expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India, and the
decision of the person presiding as to whether an amendment is inadmissible under this clause
shall be final.
(3) Subject to the provisions of articles 115 and 116, no money shall be withdrawn from
the Consolidated Fund of India except under appropriation made by law passed in accordance
with the provisions of this article.
115. Supplementary, additional or excess grants.— (1) The President shall—
(a) if the amount authorised by any law made in accordance with the provisions of
article 114 to be expended for a particular service for the current financial year is found to
be insufficient for the purposes of that year or when a need has arisen during the current
financial year for supplementary or additional expenditure upon some new service not
contemplated in the annual financial statement for that year, or
(b) if any money has been spent on any service during a financial year in excess of
the amount granted for that service and for that year,
cause to be laid before both the Houses of Parliament another statement showing the
estimated amount of that expenditure or cause to be presented to the House of the People a
demand for such excess, as the case may be.
(2) The provisions of articles 112, 113 and 114 shall have effect in relation to any such
statement and expenditure or demand and also to any law to be made authorising the
appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of India to meet such expenditure or
the grant in respect of such demand as they have effect in relation to the annual financial
statement and the expenditure mentioned therein or to a demand for a grant and the law to be
made for the authorisation of appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of India
to meet such expenditure or grant.
116. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.—(1) Notwithstanding
anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, the House of the People shall have
power—
(a) to make any grant in advance in resp e ct of th e e stima t e d exp endi tur e for
a p ar t of an y fin an ci a l year pending th e co mpl et ion of th e pro c edur e
pr es cr ib ed in arti cl e 113 fo r the voting of su ch gr ant and th e passing of
th e l a w in accord an ce with th e provis ions of art i cl e 114 in rel at ion to
th at exp endi tur e;
(b ) to ma k e a gr ant for meeting an un exp ected d e mand upon th e
r esour ces of Indi a wh en on account o f th e ma gnitud e or th e ind efin it e
ch ar act er of the s erv i ce th e dema n d cannot be s tat ed with th e d et a ils
ordin ar il y giv en in an annu al f in an ci al s tat ement;
( c) to ma k e an e x c ep tio n a l g r an t wh i ch fo r ms n o p art o f th e cu rr en t
s erv i c e o f an y fin an ci al y e ar;
43 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
that period resolutions disapproving it are passed by both Houses, upon the passing of the
second of those resolutions; and
(b ) may b e withdr awn at an y time b y th e Pr es id en t .
Explanation . —Wh e r e th e Ho u s es o f P arli ame n t ar e su mmo n ed to
r e ass e mb l e on diff er en t d at es , t h e p eriod of six week s sh al l b e r e ckon ed
fro m th e l at er of thos e d at es for th e purpos es of this cl aus e .
(3) If and so f ar as an Ordin ance und er th is arti cl e ma k es an y provision
whi ch P a rli a ment wou ld not und er this Constitution b e co mp etent to en act,
it sh all be void .
* * * * *
C H A P T E R I V .—T H E U N I O N J U D I C I A R Y
124 . Establishmen t and co nstitu tion of Sup reme Cou rt .— (1) Th er e
sh al l b e a Supreme Co urt of Indi a cons isting of a Chi e f Justi ce of Indi a
and , unti l P arliame n t b y l aw pr es cr ib es a l arger nu mb er , of not mor e th an
1
s ev en o t h er J u d g es .
(2) Ev er y Judg e of th e Supr eme Cou rt shall b e appointed b y th e
Pr esid en t b y warr an t und er his h and an d seal aft er consult at ion with su ch
of th e Judg es of th e Sup r eme Court an d of th e High Courts in th e St at es as
th e Pr esid ent may d eem n ecessar y for the purpos e and sh al l hold offi ce
unti l h e at t ains th e ag e of sixt y-fiv e years :
Provid ed th at in th e cas e of appoint me nt of a Judg e oth er th an th e Ch i ef
Jus ti c e, th e Chief Just i c e of Indi a sh al l al ways b e consult ed:
P r o v i d ed f u r t h er t h at —
(a ) a Judg e ma y, b y wri ting und er hi s h and addr essed to th e
Pr esid en t, r es ign his offi ce;
(b ) a Judg e ma y b e r e mov ed fro m h is offi ce in th e ma nn er provid ed in
cl aus e (4) .
(2 A) Th e ag e of a Judg e o f the Supr eme Court sh al l b e d et ermi n ed b y
su ch authori t y and in su ch manner as P arli a me nt ma y b y l a w provid e .
(3) A p er son sh all not b e qu ali fi ed for appo int ment as a Judg e of th e
Supr eme Cou rt unl ess h e is a citi zen of Indi a and—
(a ) h as been for at l e ast f iv e years a Judg e of a High Cour t or of two
or mor e su ch Courts in su cces sion; or
(b ) h as b e en for at l east t en years an advo cat e of a High Court or of
t wo or mor e su ch Courts in su ccession ; o r
( c) is , in th e opinion of th e Pr esid en t, a dist inguish ed jur ist .
Explanation I .— In thi s cl aus e "High Court'' mean s a High Court wh i ch
ex er cis e s, or whi ch at an y t i me b efor e th e co mme n c emen t of this
Consti tution ex er cis ed , jur isdi ction in an y p art of th e t err itor y of Indi a.
_______________________________________________
1. Now “twenty-five”, vide Act 22 of 1986, s. 2
46 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ju r isd i ctio n ma y p as s su ch d e cr e e o r ma k e su c h o rd e r as is n e c e ss ar y fo r
doing co mp l e t e ju sti ce in an y caus e or ma t t er p ending b efor e i t, and an y
d e cr ee so p ass ed or o rd er so ma d e sh all b e enfor ceabl e throughout th e
t err itor y of India in su ch ma nn er as ma y b e pr es crib ed b y or und er an y l a w
ma d e b y P arli ame n t and , until provis ion in th at b eh alf is so ma d e , in su ch
ma n n er as th e Pr esid en t ma y b y o rd er p r es crib e.
(2) Subj ect to t h e provis ions o f an y l a w ma d e in this b eh alf b y
P arl i a ment , th e Supr eme Court sh al l, as r esp ects the who l e of th e t er ritor y
of Ind i a, h av e all and ev er y po wer to ma k e an y ord er for the purpos e o f
s e curing th e attend an ce of an y p erson , th e d is cov er y or produ ction of an y
do cu me nts , or th e inv est igation or punish me nt of an y cont emp t of its el f.
143 . Pow e r o f Presid ent to consul t Sup reme Cou rt . — (1) If at an y
ti me i t app ears to th e Pr es id ent th at a qu es tion of l a w or f a ct has aris en , or
is lik el y to ar ise, whi ch is of su ch a n atur e and of su ch pub lic i mport an ce
th at it is exp edient to ob t ain the opinion o f th e Supr eme Court upon it , h e
ma y r e f er th e qu est ion to th at Court fo r consid er at ion and the Court ma y,
aft er su ch h e aring as it th inks f it , r eport to th e Pr esid ent it s opinion
th er eon .
(2) Th e Pr esid ent may, no twithst and ing an ything in th e p roviso to arti cl e
131 , r ef er a disput e of th e kind men tion ed in th e s aid proviso to th e
Supr eme Court for opinion an d th e Supr eme Court sh all , aft er su ch h e ar ing
as it th inks fit , r eport to th e Pr esid en t its opinion th er eo n .
144 . Civil and judi cial autho rit i es to a ct in aid of th e Sup reme
C o u rt .— All a u th o ri ti es , civ i l an d ju d i ci al , in th e t errito r y o f In d i a sh al l
act in aid of th e Supr eme Cour t.
1 4 4 A . [ Special pro vis ions as to disposa l of qu est ions r elating to
const itutional va lid it y of laws.] Rep . b y th e Co n stitu tion (Fort y- third
A m e n d m en t ) A ct , 1 9 7 7 , s . 5 ( w . e. f . 1 3 - 4 - 1 9 7 8 ) .
145 . Rul es of Cou rt , et c.— (1) Subj ect to th e provisions of an y l a w
mad e b y P ar li amen t , th e Sup r eme Co urt may f ro m t i me to time, wi th th e
approv al of th e Pr esid en t, mak e ru l es for r egulating g en er all y th e pr acti ce
and pro c edur e of th e Court in cluding —
(a ) rul es as to th e p ersons pr actis ing b efo r e the Court;
(b ) rul es as to th e pro c edur e for h earing app eals and oth er ma tt ers
p ert aining to ap p e als in cluding th e t i me within whi ch ap p eals to th e
Court ar e to b e ent er ed ;
( c) rul e s as to th e pro ceedings in th e Court fo r th e enfor c ement of
an y of th e rights conf err ed b y Part III ;
( c c) rul es as to th e pro ceedings in th e Court under arti cl e 139 A;
(d ) rul es as to th e en t e rt ain me nt o f ap p e als u nd er sub- cl aus e (c ) o f
cl aus e (1) of arti cl e 134;
52 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
C HA P TE R V.—C OM P TR O L LE R A N D A U DI T OR -G E N ER A L OF I N D I A
148 . Co mpt ro ller and Audito r- Gen e ral of India .— (1) Th er e sh a ll b e a
Co mptroll er and Aud itor- Gen er al of Indi a who sh all b e appoint ed b y th e
Pr esid en t b y wa rr an t und er his h and and s eal and sh all onl y b e remo v ed
fro m offi ce in lik e ma nn er an d on th e lik e grounds as a Judg e of th e
S u p r e me Cou rt .
(2) Ev er y p erson appoint ed to be th e Co mpt roller and Aud itor-Gen er al of
Indi a sh all , b efor e h e en t ers upon hi s offi ce, ma k e and sub s crib e b efor e th e
Pr esid en t, or so me p erson appoint ed in th at b eh al f b y hi m, an o a th or
affi r mation according to the for m s et out for th e purpos e in th e Third
S ch ed u l e .
(3) Th e s al a r y and oth er cond ition s of s ervi c e of th e Co mptroll e r and
A uditor- G en er al sh al l b e su ch a s ma y b e d et ermi n ed b y P a rli ame n t b y l aw
and , unti l th ey ar e so d et er min ed , sh al l b e as sp ecifi ed in th e S e cond
S ch ed u l e:
Provid ed th at neith er th e s al a ry of a Co mp troll e r an d Auditor- Gen er al
nor his rights in r esp ect of l e av e of ab s en ce, p ension or ag e of r etir ement
sh al l b e v ari ed to his dis adv an t ag e aft er his appoint me nt .
54 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(4 ) Th e Co mp tro ll e r an d Au d ito r- G en er al sh a ll n o t b e el ig ib l e fo r fu r th er
offi ce eith er und er th e Gov ernme n t of Indi a or und er th e Gov ern me nt o f
an y St at e aft er h e h as ceas ed to hold his offi ce.
(5) Sub j ect to the prov isions of this Con stitut ion and of an y l a w mad e by
P arl i a ment , th e condit ions o f s ervi ce of p ersons s erving in th e Indi an Audit
and Accounts Dep art me nt and th e ad min istr ative po wers of the Co mptroll er
a n d Au d ito r- G en er al sh all b e su ch as ma y b e pr es cr ib ed b y ru l es ma d e b y
th e Pr esid en t aft er consul t ation with th e Co mptroll e r an d Auditor- Gen er al .
(6) Th e ad min istr a tiv e exp enses of th e off ice of th e Co mp trol l er and
A uditor- G en era l , in clud ing all s a l ari es , allow a n c es and p ension s p a yabl e
to or in r esp ect of p e rsons s erv ing in th at offi ce, sh al l b e ch arged upon th e
Consolid at ed Fund of Indi a.
149. Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General.—The Comptroller
and Auditor-General shall perform such duties and exercise such powers in relation to the
accounts of the Union and of the States and of any other authority or body as may be
prescribed by or under any law made by Parliament and, until provision in that behalf is so
made, shall perform such duties and exercise such powers in relation to the accounts of the
Union and of the States as were conferred on or exercisable by the Auditor-General of India
immediately before the commencement of this Constitution in relation to the accounts of the
Dominion of India and of the Provinces respectively.
1 5 0 . Fo r m o f a c c o u n t s o f t h e U n i o n a n d o f t h e S t a t es. — Th e a c c o u n t s
of the Un ion an d of th e St at es sh al l b e k ept in su ch for m as th e Pr es id en t
ma y, on th e advi ce of th e Co mptrol ler and Aud itor- Gen eral of Indi a,
pr es cr ib e.
151 . Audi t repo rts .—(1) Th e r eport s of th e Co mptroll er and Aud itor-
Gen er al of Indi a r e l ating to th e accounts of th e Union sh all b e sub mitt ed to
th e Pr esid en t , who sh all cause t h em to b e laid b efor e each Hous e of
P arl i a ment .
(2) Th e r epor ts of th e Co mp tro ll er an d Audi tor-Gen er al of Ind ia r el a ting
to th e accoun ts of a St at e sh all b e sub mit t ed to th e Go v ernor of th e S t at e,
who sh all caus e th em to b e l aid b efor e th e Legisl atu r e of th e St at e.
55 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART VI
THE STATES
C HA P TE R I.—G EN ER A L
1 5 2 . D ef i n it i o n .— In th is P ar t, unl ess th e cont ext oth er wis e r equir es , the
expr ess ion “S t ate” do es not in clud e th e St at e of J a mmu and Kash mir .
C H A P T E R I I. — T H E E X E C U T I V E
Th e Governor
153 . Gov e rno rs of Stat es .— Th e r e s h all b e a Go v er n o r f o r e a ch S t at e:
Provid ed th at nothing in this arti cl e sh all pr ev en t th e appoin t me nt of th e
s a me p er s o n as G o v er n o r f o r t wo o r mor e S t a t es.
154 . Ex ecutiv e pow e r of Stat e.—(1) Th e ex ecutiv e po wer o f th e St at e
sh al l b e v est ed in th e Gov ern o r and sh a ll b e e x er cis ed b y hi m ei th er
dir ectl y or through offi cers subordin a t e to him i n accord an ce with th is
Consti tution .
(2) Nothing in this art i cl e sh all—
(a ) b e d e emed to tr ansf er to th e Gov ernor any fun c tions conf err ed
b y an y ex isting l a w on an y oth er au thori t y; or
(b ) p r ev en t Pa rl i a ment o r th e L eg isl atu r e o f th e St at e fro m
conf err ing b y l a w fun ction s on an y au thorit y subo rdin at e to th e
G o v er n o r .
155 . Appoint ment of Go v e rno r .— Th e Gov ern o r of a St at e sh all b e
appoint ed b y the Pr esid ent b y warr ant und er his h and and s e al.
1 5 6 . T e r m o f o f f i c e o f Go v e rno r .—(1) Th e Gov ernor sh all hold offi ce
during th e pl easur e of th e Pr esid ent .
(2) Th e Gov ernor ma y, b y wri ting und er his h and addr essed to th e
Pr esid en t, r es ign his offi ce.
(3) Subj ect to th e fo r egoing provis ions of this ar ti cl e, a Go v ernor sh all
hold offi ce for a t e r m of fiv e years fro m th e dat e on whi ch h e en t ers upon
his off i ce:
Provid ed th at a Go v e rnor sh all, no twithst anding th e expir ation of his
t er m, continu e to hold offi ce unti l h is su ccessor ent ers upon his offi ce.
157 . Qualifi ca tions fo r appoint men t as Gov e rno r .— No p erson sh al l b e
elig ibl e for appoint me nt as Governor unl ess h e is a cit i z en of Indi a and h as
co mpl et ed th e ag e of thirt y-fiv e years .
158 . Co ndit ions of Go v e rno r's offi ce.—(1 ) The Gov erno r sh all not b e a
me mb er of either Hou s e of P arli a me nt or of a Hous e o f th e Legis l atur e o f
an y St at e sp ecifi ed in th e Firs t S ch edul e, and if a me mb er of eith er Hous e
55
56 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(3) The Governor shall make rules for the more convenient transaction of the business of
the Government of the State, and for the allocation among Ministers of the said business in so
far as it is not business with respect to which the Governor is by or under this Constitution
required to act in his discretion.
* * * * *
167. Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor,
etc.—It shall be the duty of the Chief Minister of each State—
(a) to communicate to the Governor of the State all decisions of the Council of
Ministers relating to the administration of the affairs of the State and proposals for
legislation;
(b) to furnish such information relating to the administration of the affairs of the State
and proposals for legislation as the Governor may call for; and
(c) if the Governor so requires, to submit for the consideration of the Council of
Ministers any matter on which a decision has been taken by a Minister but which has not
been considered by the Council.
CHAPTER III.—THE STATE LEGISLATURE
General
168. Constitution of Legislatures in States.—(1) For every State there shall be a
Legislature which shall consist of the Governor, and—
(a) in the States of Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh, two Houses;
(b) in other States, one House.
(2) Where there are two Houses of the Legislature of a State, one shall be known as the
Legislative Council and the other as the Legislative Assembly, and where there is only one
House, it shall be known as the Legislative Assembly.
169. Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States.—(1) Notwithstanding
anything in article 168, Parliament may by law provide for the abolition of the Legislative
Council of a State having such a Council or for the creation of such a Council in a State
having no such Council, if the Legislative Assembly of the State passes a resolution to that
effect by a majority of th e to t al me mb e rship o f th e A ss e mbl y and b y a ma jo ri t y
of not l e ss th an two -thirds of t h e me mb ers of th e Ass e mbl y p r es ent and
voting .
(2) An y l a w r e ferr ed to in cl aus e (1) sh all cont ain su ch provision s for
th e amend ment of this Consti tution as may b e n ecess ar y to giv e eff ect to
th e provision s of th e l a w and ma y also cont ain su ch suppl ement al ,
i n cid en t al an d co n s eq u en t i al p ro v i s io n s a s P ar li a me n t ma y d e em n e c e s s ar y .
(3) No su ch l a w as afor es aid shall b e d eemed to b e an amend ment o f this
Consti tution for th e purpos es of arti cle 368 .
170 . Co mp osition o f th e Leg islat iv e Ass e mb li es.—(1) Sub j ec t to th e
provis ions of art i cl e 333 , th e Legisl ativ e Assemb l y of each St at e sh all
60 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
173 . Qual ifi cation fo r me mb ership of the Stat e Leg islatu re.— A
p erson sh al l not b e qu alifi ed to b e chos en to fill a s e at in th e Legisl atur e
o f a S t at e u n l ess h e—
(a ) is a c it i zen o f In d i a , an d ma k e s an d su b s crib e s b efo r e so me
p erson au thorised in th at b eh alf b y th e El ection Co mmi ssion an o ath or
affi r mation according to the for m s et out for th e purpos e in th e Third
S ch ed u l e;
(b ) i s, in th e ca s e of a s e at in th e Legis l ative Ass e mbl y, not l e ss
th an t w en t y-f ive years of ag e and , in th e cas e of a s eat in the
Legisl ativ e Coun cil , not l ess than thir t y years of ag e; and
( c) poss ess es such o th er qu al ification s as may b e pr es crib ed in t h at
b eh al f b y o r u n d e r an y l a w ma d e b y P a r l i a me n t .
174 . S essions of th e Stat e Legis latu r e, p ro rogation and dis solut ion.—
(1 ) Th e Go v e rn o r sh al l f ro m t ime t o ti me su mmo n th e Ho u se o r e a ch Ho u s e
of th e Legis l atur e of th e St at e to meet at su ch ti me and pl ace as h e think s
fi t, but six months sh al l not int e rv en e b et w ee n its l ast sit ting in on e
s ess ion and th e d at e appoint ed for its f irst sit ting in th e n ext s ession .
(2) Th e Gov ernor may f ro m ti me to ti me—
(a ) p r o r o g u e t h e H o u s e o r ei t h er H o u s e;
(b ) dis solv e th e Legisl ativ e As semb l y.
175 . Right of Gov e rno r to address and s end mes sag es to th e Hous e o r
H o u s es .—(1) Th e Gov erno r may addr ess th e Legisl ativ e Assemb l y o r, in
th e cas e of a St at e h aving a Legis l ativ e Coun cil , eith er Hous e of th e
Legisl atur e of th e St at e, or both Ho u ses as semb l ed tog eth er , an d ma y for
th at purpos e r equir e th e att end an ce of me mb ers .
(2) Th e Go v ernor ma y s end me ss ag es to th e Hous e or Houses of th e
Legisl atur e of th e S t at e, wh ether wi th r esp ect to a Bill th en pending in th e
Legisl atur e or oth er wis e, an d a Hous e to wh ich an y mes s ag e is so s ent
sh al l with all conv eni ent d esp at ch consid er an y ma tt er r equir ed b y th e
mes s ag e to b e t ak en into consid er at ion.
1 7 6 . S p e ci a l a d d r ess b y t h e Go v e rno r .—( 1 ) A t t h e co mme n c e me n t o f
th e firs t s e ssion aft er each g en er al el ect ion to th e Leg isl ativ e Ass e mb l y
and at th e co mmen ceme n t of th e fi rst s ess ion of each year , th e Go v ernor
sh al l addr ess the Legisl ativ e Ass e mbl y or , in th e cas e of a S tat e h aving a
Legisl ativ e Coun cil , both Hous es ass e mbl ed tog eth er and infor m th e
Legisl atur e o f th e caus es of its su mmo ns.
(2) Prov ision shall b e mad e b y th e ru les r egul ating th e pro c edur e of th e
Hous e or ei th er Hous e fo r the allot ment of ti me for dis cussion of th e
ma t t ers r ef er r ed to in su ch ad d re ss .
177 . Rights of Minist ers and Advo cat e-Gen eral as resp ects th e
H o u s es .— Ev er y M inist er an d th e Ad vo c at e- G en er al for a St ate sh all h av e
th e right to sp ea k in, and oth erwis e to t ak e p art in th e pro ceedings of , th e
63 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
the Chairman, or while any resolution for the removal of the Deputy Chairman from his office
is under consideration, the Deputy Chairman, shall not, though he is present, preside, and the
provisions of clause (2) of article 184 shall apply in relation to every such sitting as they
apply in relation to a sitting from which the Chairman or, as the case may be, the Deputy
Chairman is absent.
(2) Th e Ch air man sh all h av e the right to sp eak in , an d oth er wis e to t ak e
p art in th e p roceedings of , the Legisl ativ e Coun cil wh il e an y resolu tion fo r
his r e mo v a l from o ffi ce is under cons id er ation in th e Coun cil an d sh all ,
not with st anding an ything in articl e 189 , b e ent itl ed to vot e onl y in th e first
ins t an ce on su ch r eso lution o r on an y o th er ma tt er during such pro ceed ings
but not in th e cas e of an eq u a lity of vot es .
1 8 6 . S a l a ri e s a n d a l l ow a n c e s o f t h e S p ea ke r a n d D ep u t y S p e a ke r a n d
t h e Cha i r ma n a n d D ep ut y Cha i r ma n .— Th er e sh al l b e p aid to th e Sp eak er
and th e Deput y Sp eak er of th e Legisl ativ e Assemb l y , and to th e Ch air man
and th e Deput y Ch air man of th e Legisl ativ e Coun cil , su ch sal ar i es and
allo wan c es as ma y b e r esp ectiv el y fix ed b y th e Legisl atur e of th e S t at e b y
l a w an d , until provis ion in th at b eh alf is so mad e, su ch s al ar i es an d
allo wan c es as are sp ecifi ed in the S e cond S ch edul e.
1 8 7 . S e c r et a ria t o f S t a t e L eg i s l a t u r e . —( 1 ) Th e H o u s e o r e a c h H o u s e o f
th e L egisl a tu r e o f a St at e sh all h av e a s ep ar at e s e cr et a ri al st aff:
Provid ed th at nothing in this claus e sh al l, in the cas e of th e Legis l ature
of a S t at e h aving a Legis l ative Coun cil , b e constru ed as pr ev en ting th e
cr eat ion of posts co mmon to both Hous es of such Legisl atur e.
(2) Th e Legisl atur e of a St at e ma y b y l aw r egul at e th e r ecruitmen t , and
th e cond itions of s e rvi ce of persons appoint ed , to th e s e cr etari a l st aff of
th e Hous e or Hous es of th e Legisl atur e o f the Stat e.
(3) Unt il provision is ma de b y th e Legi sl atur e of th e St at e under cl au s e
(2) , th e Gov ernor ma y, af t er consult a tion with th e Sp eak er of th e
Legisl ativ e Assemb l y or th e Ch air man of th e Legisl ativ e Coun cil , as th e
cas e ma y b e , ma k e rul es r egul ating th e r e crui tmen t , and th e condit ions o f
s ervi ce o f p ersons appoin t ed, to th e s e cr et ari al st af f of th e Assemb l y or th e
Coun cil , and any rul es so ma d e sh all h av e eff ect subj ect to the provis ions
o f an y l a w ma d e u n d er t h e s ai d c l aus e .
Condu ct of Busin ess
188 . Oath o r a ffi rma tion by me mb ers .— Ev er y me mb e r o f th e
Legisl ativ e Assemb l y or th e Le gis l ativ e Council of a St at e sh all , b efo r e
t aking his s e at , ma k e and subscrib e b efor e th e Gov ernor , o r so me p erson
appoint ed in that b eh a lf b y him, an o ath or affi r mation according to th e
for m s et out for th e purpos e in th e Third S ch edul e.
189 . Vot ing in Hou s es, pow e r o f Hous es to a c t notw ithstand ing
va can ci es and quo ru m. — (1) S av e as other wis e provid ed in this
Consti tution , al l qu es tions at any s itting of a Hous e o f th e Legisl atur e of a
66 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
St at e sh al l b e d e t er min ed b y a ma j o ri t y o f v o te s o f th e me mb e rs p r es en t
and voting , oth er th an th e Sp eaker or Ch air man, or p erson acting as su ch.
Th e Sp eak er or Ch air man , or p erson acting as su ch , sh al l not vot e in th e
fir st inst an c e , but sh all h av e and ex er cis e a c asting vot e in th e c a s e of an
e q u al i t y o f v o t es .
(2) A Hous e of th e Legi sl atur e of a St at e sh al l h av e power to act
not with st anding an y v acan c y in th e me mb ership th er eof , and an y
pro ceedings in th e Legisl atu re of a St at e sh all b e v alid notwiths t anding
th at it i s dis cover ed sub sequ en tl y th at so me p erson who was not en titl ed so
to do s at or vot ed or oth er wis e took p art in th e pro c eedings .
(3) Unt il th e Le gis l atur e of the St at e b y l a w oth er wi s e provid es , th e
quoru m to consti tut e a meeting of a Hous e o f th e Legi sl atur e of a St at e
sh al l b e t en me mb ers or on e-t enth o f th e to t al nu mb er of me mb ers of th e
H o u s e , whi ch ev e r i s g r e at er .
(4) If at an y t ime d u ring a me eting of th e Legis l ativ e Ass e mb l y or th e
Legisl ativ e Coun cil of a St at e th er e i s no quoru m, it sh all b e th e dut y of
th e Sp eak er or Ch air man , or person acting as su ch , ei th er to adjou rn th e
Hous e or to susp en d th e meeting until th er e i s a quoru m.
Disqual ifi ca tions of Memb ers
1 9 0 . Va ca t i o n o f s ea t s .—(1) No p erson sh all b e a me mb er o f both
Hous es of th e Legisl atur e of a St at e an d provis ion sh al l b e ma d e b y th e
L e gisl a tur e o f th e St at e b y l aw for th e v a c ation b y a p erson who is chos en
a me mb er of both Hous es of h is s e at in on e house or th e oth er .
(2) No person sh al l b e a me mb er of th e Legisl atur es of two or mor e
St at e s sp e c ifi ed in th e First S ch edul e and if a p erson is chos en a me mb e r
of th e Legi sl atur es of two or mo r e su ch St at es , th en , at th e expir a tion of
su ch p eriod as may b e sp ecifi ed in rul e s mad e b y th e Pr esid en t, th at
p erson's s e at in t h e L egis l ature s of al l su ch St at e s sh al l b e co me v a c ant ,
unl ess h e h as p revious l y r esign ed his s eat in th e Legisl atur es of all bu t on e
o f th e St at es .
( 3 ) I f a me mb er o f a Ho u s e o f t h e L e g i s l atu r e o f a S t at e—
(a ) b e co mes subj ect to an y of th e disqu a lification s mentioned in
c l au s e ( 1 ) o r cl au s e ( 2 ) o f art i cle 1 9 1 ; o r
(b ) r es igns his s e at b y writing und er h is h and addr es sed to th e
sp eak er or th e Ch air man , as th e cas e ma y be, an d his r es ign ation is
a c c e p t ed b y t h e S p e ak er o r t h e C h air ma n , a s t h e c a s e ma y b e ,
his s e at sh all ther eupon b e co me v acant:
Provid ed th at in th e cas e of an y r esign ation r eferr ed to in sub-cl au s e (b ) ,
if fro m info r mation r eceiv ed or oth er wis e and aft er ma king su ch inquir y as
h e th inks fit , the Sp eak er or the Ch air man , as th e cas e may b e, is s atisf ied
th at su ch resignation is not volunt ar y or g enuin e , h e sh all not accep t su ch
r esign ation .
67 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(4) A Bill pending in the Legislative Council of a State which has not been passed by the
Legislative Assembly shall not lapse on a dissolution of the Assembly.
(5) A Bill which is pending in the Legislative Assembly of a State, or which having been
passed by the Legislative Assembly is pending in the Legislative Council, shall lapse on a
dissolution of the Assembly.
197. Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money
Bills.—(1) If after a Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of a State having a
Legislative Council and transmitted to the Legislative Council—
(a) the Bill is rejected by the Council; or
(b) more than three months elapse from the date on which the Bill is laid before the
Council without the Bill being passed by it; or
(c) the Bill is passed by the Council with amendments to which the Legislative
Assembly does not agree;
th e Legis l ativ e Ass e mbl y may, subj ect to th e ru l es r egul at ing its
pro c edur e, p ass th e Bi ll ag ain in th e s a me or in an y subs equ ent s es sion
with o r without su ch amend ments , if an y, as h av e b e en ma d e , sugg est ed o r
agr e ed to b y th e Legis l ativ e Coun cil and th en tr an s mit th e Bil l as so p ass ed
to th e Legisl ativ e Coun cil .
(2) If aft er a Bill h as b e en so p a ss ed fo r th e s e cond time b y the
Legisl ativ e As semb l y and tr ansmi tt ed to th e Legis l ativ e Coun cil —
(a ) th e Bill is r ej e ct ed b y the Coun cil; or
(b ) mo r e th an on e month el ap ses fro m th e d at e on wh i ch th e Bil l
is l a id b efo re the Coun cil without th e Bill b eing p ass ed b y it; or
( c) th e Bill is p ass ed b y th e Coun cil with amend ments to which
th e Legisl ativ e Ass e mb l y do es not agr e e;
th e Bill sh al l b e d e e med to h av e b e en p asse d b y th e Ho u s es o f th e
Legisl atur e of th e St at e in th e fo r m in whi ch it was p ass ed b y th e
Legisl ativ e Assemb l y for th e s econd ti me with su ch amend ments , if an y, as
h av e b e en ma d e o r su g g est ed b y th e L eg isl ativ e C o u n cil a n d ag r e ed to b y
th e Legisl ativ e Ass e mbl y .
(3) Nothing in thi s ar ti cl e sh all appl y to a Money Bill .
198. Sp ecial pro c edu re in resp ect of Mon ey Bil ls.—(1) A Mon e y Bill
sh al l no t b e int rodu ced in a Legis l ativ e Coun cil.
(2) Aft er a Mo n e y Bil l h as b ee n p ass ed b y th e L e gisl a tiv e Ass e mb l y of
a St at e h av ing a L egisl a tiv e Coun c il , i t sh all b e tr ans mit t ed to th e
Legisl ativ e Coun cil for its r e co mme nd ations , and th e Legi sl ativ e Coun cil
sh al l with in a period of fourt e en d a ys f ro m th e d at e o f i ts r ece ipt of th e
Bil l r eturn th e Bil l to th e Legisl ativ e Ass e mbly wi th it s r e commen d a tions ,
and th e Legi sl ativ e Ass e mbl y ma y t h er eupon eith er accept or r ej e ct all or
an y of th e r e comme n d a tions of th e Legisl at iv e Coun cil .
70 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
200. Assent to Bills.—When a Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of a State
or, in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, has been passed by both Houses of the
Legislature of the State, it shall be presented to the Governor and the Governor shall declare
either that he assents to the Bill or that he withholds assent therefrom or that he reserves the
Bill for the consideration of the President:
Provided that the Governor may, as soon as possible after the presentation to him of the
Bill for assent, return the Bill if it is not a Money Bill together with a message requesting that
the House or Houses will reconsider the Bill or any specified provisions thereof and, in
particular, will consider the desirability of introducing any such amendments as he may
recommend in his message and, wh en a Bill is so r eturn ed , th e Hous e or Hous es
sh al l r e consid er th e Bil l accordingl y, an d if th e Bill is p ass ed ag ain b y th e
Hous e or Hous es with or wi thout amend ment and pr es ent ed to th e Gov ernor
for ass ent , th e Gov ernor sh all not withhold assent th er ef ro m:
Provid ed furth er th at th e Go v ernor sh all not ass ent to , but sh all r es erv e
for th e consid eration of th e Pr esid en t, an y Bill whi ch in th e opinion of th e
Gov ernor would, if i t b ecame l aw, so d erog at e fro m th e po wers of th e High
Court as to endang er th e position wh i ch th at Court is b y this Consti tution
d esign ed to fi ll .
201 . Bills res erv ed fo r consid eration . —Wh en a B ill is r es erv ed b y a
Gov ernor for the cons ider ation of th e Pr esid en t, th e Pr esid en t sh all d e cl ar e
eith er that h e ass ents to th e Bil l or th at h e withholds ass en t th er efro m:
Provid ed th at, wh er e th e Bil l is no t a Mon e y Bil l, th e P r esid en t may
dir ect th e Governor to r eturn th e Bill to th e Hous e or, as th e cas e ma y b e ,
th e Hous es of th e Legisl atur e of th e S t at e tog eth er with su ch a me s s ag e as
is mention ed in th e fi rst proviso to ar ti cl e 200 and , wh en a Bill is so
r eturn ed , th e Hous e o r Hous es sh all r e cons ider it accordingl y wi thin a
p eriod of six months fro m th e d at e of r eceipt of su ch me s s age and , if it i s
ag ain p ass ed b y t h e Hous e or Hous es wi th or without amen dmen t , i t sh al l
b e p r es en t ed ag a in to th e Pr esid e n t fo r h is co n sid er at io n .
Pro c edur e in Finan cial Matt er s
202 . Annual finan cial stat emen t .—(1 ) Th e Governor sh all in r esp ect o f
ev er y f in an ci al year caus e to be l a id b efor e the Hous e or Hous es o f th e
Legisl atur e o f th e St at e a st at ement of th e esti ma t ed receipt s and
exp enditu re of th e St at e for th at year , in this P art r ef err ed to as th e
“ an nu al fin an ci al st a t e men t " .
(2) Th e es ti ma t es o f ex p enditur e embodi ed in th e annu al fin an c i al
st a t e men t sh a ll sho w s ep ar at el y—
(a ) th e su ms r e q u ir ed to me e t e x p en d itu r e d es crib ed b y t h is
Consti tution as exp enditu re ch arg ed upon th e Consolid at ed Fund of th e
St at e ; and
(b ) t h e su ms requir ed to meet oth e r exp end itur e propo s ed to b e
ma d e fro m th e C onsolid a t ed Fund o f th e S t at e;
72 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(3) Subject to the provisions of articles 205 and 206, no money shall be withdrawn from
the Consolidated Fund of the State except under appropriation made by law passed in
accordance with the provisions of this article.
205. Supplementary, additional or excess grants.—(1) The Governor shall—
(a) if the amount authorised by any law made in accordance with the provisions of
article 204 to be expended for a particular service for the current financial year is found to
be insufficient for the purposes of that year or when a need has arisen during the current
financial year for supplementary or additional expenditure upon some new service not
contemplated in the annual financial statement for that year, or
(b) if any money has been spent on any service during a financial year in excess of
the amount granted for that service and for that year,
cause to be laid before the House or the Houses of the Legislature of the State another
statement showing the estimated amount of that expenditure or cause to be presented to the
Legislative Assembly of the State a demand for such excess, as the case may be.
(2) The provisions of articles 202, 203 and 204 shall have effect in relation to any such
statement and expenditure or demand and also to any law to be made authorising the
appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of the State to meet such expenditure
or the grant in respect of such demand as they have effect in relation to the annual financial
statement and the expenditure mentioned therein or to a demand for a grant and the law to be
made for the authorisation of appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of the
State to meet such expenditure or grant.
206. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.—(1) Notwithstanding
anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, the Legislative Assembly of a State shall
have power—
(a) to make any grant in advance in respect of the estimated expenditure for a part of
any financial year pending the completion of the procedure prescribed in article 203 for
the voting of such grant and the passing of the law in accordance with the provisions of
article 204 in relation to that expenditure;
(b) to make a grant for meeting an unexpected demand upon the resources of the
State when on account of the magnitude or the indefinite character of the service the
demand cannot be stated with the details ordinarily given in an annual financial statement;
(c) to make an exceptional grant which forms no part of the current service of any
financial year;
and the Legislature of the State shall have power to authorise by law the withdrawal of
moneys from the Consolidated Fund of the State for the purposes for which the said grants are
made.
(2) The provisions of articles 203 and 204 shall have effect in relation to the making of any
grant under clause (1) and to any law to be made under that clause as they have effect in
relation to the making of a grant with regard to any expenditure mentioned in the annual
financial statement and the law to be made for the authorisation of appropriation of moneys
out of the Consolidated Fund of the State to meet such expenditure.
74 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
adequately express himself in any of the languages aforesaid to address the House in his
mother-tongue.
(2) Unless the Legislature of the State by law otherwise provides, this article shall, after
the expiration of a period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution, have
effect as if the words “or in English” were omitted therefrom:
Provided that in relation to the Legislatures of the States of Himachal Pradesh, Manipur,
Meghalaya and Tripura this clause shall have effect as if for the words "fifteen" years
occurring therein, the words "twenty-five years" were substituted:
Provided further that in relation to the Legislatures of the States of Arunachal Pradesh,
Goa and Mizoram, this clause shall have effect as if for the words "fifteen years" occurring
therein, the words "forty years" were substituted.
211. Restriction on discussion in the Legislature. —No discussion shall take place in
the Legislature of a State with respect to the conduct of any Judge of the Supreme Court or of
a High Court in the discharge of his duties.
212. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature.—(1) The validity of
any proceedings in the Legislature of a State shall not be called in question on the ground of
any alleged irregularity of procedure.
(2) No officer or member of the Legislature of a State in whom powers are vested by or
under this Constitution for regulating procedure or the conduct of business, or for maintaining
order, in the Legislature shall be subject to the jurisdiction of any court in respect of the
exercise by him of those powers.
expiration of six weeks from the reassembly of the Legislature, or if before the expiration
of that period a resolution disapproving it is passed by the Legislative Assembly and
agreed to by the Legislative Council, if any, upon the passing of the resolution or, as the
case may be, on the resolution being agreed to by the Council; and
(b) may be withdrawn at any time by the Governor.
Explanation.—Where the Houses of the Legislature of a State having a Legislative Council
are summoned to reassemble on different dates, the period of six weeks shall be reckoned
from the later of those dates for the purposes of this clause.
(3) If and so far as an Ordinance under this article makes any provision which would not
be valid if enacted in an Act of the Legislature of the State assented to by the Governor, it
shall be void:
Provided that, for the purposes of the provisions of this Constitution relating to the effect
of an Act of the Legislature of a State which is repugnant to an Act of Parliament or an
existing law with respect to a matter enumerated in the Concurrent List, an Ordinance
promulgated under this article in pursuance of instructions from the President shall be deemed
to be an Act of the Legislature of the State which has been reserved for the consideration of
the President and assented to by him.
* * * * *
(c) the office of a Judge shall be vacated by his being appointed by the President to
be a Judge of the Supreme Court or by his being transferred by the President to any other
High Court within the territory of India.
(2) A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a Judge of a High Court unless he is
a citizen of India and—
(a) has for at least ten years held a judicial office in the territory of India; or
(b) has for at least ten years been an advocate of a High Court or of two or more such
Courts in succession.
* * * * *
Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause—
(a) in computing the period during which a person has held judicial office in the
territory of India, there shall be included any period, after he has held any judicial office,
during which the person has been an advocate of a High Court or has held the office of a
member of a tribunal or any post, under the Union or a State, requiring special knowledge
of law;
(aa) in computing the period during which a person has been an advocate of a High
Court, there shall be included any period during which the person has held judicial office or
the office of a member of a tribunal or any post, under the Union or a State, requiring
special knowledge of law after he became an advocate;
(b) in computing the period during which a person has held judicial office in the
territory of India or been an advocate of a High Court, there shall be included any period
before the commencement of this Constitution during which he has held judicial office in
any area which was comprised before the fifteenth day of August, 1947, within India as
defined by the Government of India Act, 1935, or has been an advocate of any High Court
in any such area, as the case may be.
(3) If any question arises as to the age of a Judge of a High Court, the question shall be
decided by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the decision of
the President shall be final.
218. Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts.—
The provisions of clauses (4) and (5) of article 124 shall apply in relation to a High Court as
they apply in relation to the Supreme Court with the substitution of references to the High
Court for references to the Supreme Court.
219. Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts.—Every person appointed to be a
Judge of a High Court shall, before he enters upon his office, make and subscribe before the
Governor of the State, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation
according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule.
220. Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge.—No person who, after the
commencement of this Constitution, has held office as a permanent Judge of a High Court
shall plead or act in any court or before any authority in India except the Supreme Court and
the other High Courts.
78 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Explanation.—In this article, the expression “High Court” does not include a High Court
for a State specified in Part B of the First Schedule as it existed before the commencement of
the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956.
221. Salaries, etc., of Judges.—(1) There shall be paid to the Judges of each High Court
such salaries as may be determined by Parliament by law and, until provision in that behalf is
so made, such salaries as are specified in the Second Schedule.
(2) Every Judge shall be entitled to such allowances and to such rights in respect of leave
of absence and pension as may from time to time be determined by or under law made by
Parliament and, until so determined, to such allowances and rights as are specified in the
Second Schedule:
Provided that neither the allowances of a Judge nor his rights in respect of leave of
absence or pension shall be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment.
222. Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another.—(1) The President may,
after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, transfer a Judge from one High Court to any
other High Court.
(2) When a Judge has been or is so transferred, he shall, during the period he serves, after
the commencement of the Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, as a Judge of the
other High Court, be entitled to receive in addition to his salary such compensatory allowance
as may be determined by Parliament by law and, until so determined, such compensatory
allowance as the President may by order fix.
223. Appointment of acting Chief Justice.—When the office of Chief Justice of a High
Court is vacant or when any such Chief Justice is, by reason of absence or otherwise, unable
to perform the duties of his office, the duties of the office shall be performed by such one of
the other Judges of the Court as the President may appoint for the purpose.
224. Appointment of additional and acting Judges.—(1) If by reason of any temporary
increase in the business of a High Court or by reason of arrears of work therein, it appears to
the President that the number of the Judges of that Court should be for the time being
increased, the President may appoint duly qualified persons to be additional Judges of the
Court for such period not exceeding two years as he may specify.
(2) When any Judge of a High Court other than the Chief Justice is by reason of absence
or for any other reason unable to perform the duties of his office or is appointed to act
temporarily as Chief Justice, the President may appoint a duly qualified person to act as a
Judge of that Court until the permanent Judge has resumed his duties.
(3) No person appointed as an additional or acting Judge of a High Court shall hold office
after attaining the age of sixty-two years.
224A. Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts.—Notwithstanding
anything in this Chapter, the Chief Justice of a High Court for any State may at any time, with
the previous consent of the President, request any person who has held the office of a Judge
of that Court or of any other High Court to sit and act as a Judge of the High Court for that
State, and every such person so requested shall, while so sitting and acting, be entitled to such
allowances as the President may by order determine and have all the jurisdiction, powers and
privileges of, but shall not otherwise be deemed to be, a Judge of that High Court:
79 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Provided that nothing in this article shall be deemed to require any such person as
aforesaid to sit and act as a Judge of that High Court unless he consents so to do.
225. Jurisdiction of existing High Courts.—Subject to the provisions of this Constitution
and to the provisions of any law of the appropriate Legislature made by virtue of powers
conferred on that Legislature by this Constitution, the jurisdiction of, and the law
administered in, any existing High Court, and the respective powers of the Judges thereof in
relation to the administration of justice in the Court, including any power to make rules of
Court and to regulate the sittings of the Court and of members thereof sitting alone or in
Division Courts, shall be the same as immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution:
Provided that any restriction to which the exercise of original jurisdiction by any of the
High Courts with respect to any matter concerning the revenue or concerning any act ordered
or done in the collection thereof was subject immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution shall no longer apply to the exercise of such jurisdiction.
226. Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.—(1) Notwithstanding anything in
article 32 every High Court shall have power, throughout the territories in relation to which it
exercises jurisdiction, to issue to any person or authority, including in appropriate cases, any
Government, within those territories directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature
of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, or any of them, for
the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by Part III and for any other purpose.
(2) The power conferred by clause (1) to issue directions, orders or writs to any
Government, authority or person may also be exercised by any High Court exercising
jurisdiction in relation to the territories within which the cause of action, wholly or in part,
arises for the exercise of such power, notwithstanding that the seat of such Government or
authority or the residence of such person is not within those territories.
(3) Where any party against whom an interim order, whether by way of injunction or stay
or in any other manner, is made on, or in any proceedings relating to, a petition under clause
(1), without—
(a) furnishing to such party copies of such petition and all documents in support of
the plea for such interim order; and
(b) giving such party an opportunity of being heard,
makes an application to the High Court for the vacation of such order and furnishes a copy of
such application to the party in whose favour such order has been made or the counsel of such
party, the High Court shall dispose of the application within a period of two weeks from the
date on which it is received or from the date on which the copy of such application is so
furnished, whichever is later, or where the High Court is closed on the last day of that period,
before the expiry of the next day afterwards on which the High Court is open; and if the
application is not so disposed of, the interim order shall, on the expiry of that period, or, as
the case may be, the expiry of the said next day, stand vacated.
(4) The power conferred on a High Court by this article shall not be in derogation of the
power conferred on the Supreme Court by clause (2) of article 32.
80 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(2) Subject to the provisions of any law made by the Legislature of the State, the
conditions of service of officers and servants of a High Court shall be such as may be
prescribed by rules made by the Chief Justice of the Court or by some other Judge or officer
of the Court authorised by the Chief Justice to make rules for the purpose:
Provided that the rules made under this clause shall, so far as they relate to salaries,
allowances, leave or pensions, require the approval of the Governor of the State.
(3) The administrative expenses of a High Court, including all salaries, allowances and
pensions payable to or in respect of the officers and servants of the Court, shall be charged
upon the Consolidated Fund of the State, and any fees or other moneys taken by the Court
shall form part of that Fund.
230. Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories.—(1) Parliament
may by law extend the jurisdiction of a High Court to, or exclude the jurisdiction of a High
Court from, any Union territory.
(2) Where the High Court of a State exercises jurisdiction in relation to a Union
territory,—
(a ) noth ing in this Cons titut ion sh al l b e constru ed as empo wering
th e L eg isl atu r e of th e S ta t e to in cr e as e , r est ri ct o r abo li sh th a t
jur isdi ction ; and
(b ) th e r ef er en ce in arti cl e 227 to th e Gov ernor sh all , in r e lation to
an y rul es , for ms or t abl es for subordin a t e courts in th at t err itor y , b e
constru ed as a ref er en ce to th e Pr esid en t.
231. Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States.—(1)
Notwithstanding anything contained in the preceding provisions of this Chapter, Parliament
may by law establish a common High Court for two or more States or for two or more States
and a Union territory.
(2) In relation to any such High Court,—
(a) the reference in article 217 to the Governor of the State shall be construed as a
reference to the Governors of all the States in relation to which the High Court exercises
jurisdiction;
(b) the reference in article 227 to the Governor shall, in relation to any rules, forms or
tables for subordinate courts, be construed as a reference to the Governor of the State in
which the subordinate courts are situate; and
(c) the references in articles 219 and 229 to the State shall be construed as a reference
to the State in which the High Court has its principal seat:
Provided that if such principal seat is in a Union territory, the references in articles 219
and 229 to the Governor, Public Service Commission, Legislature and Consolidated Fund of
the State shall be construed respectively as references to the President, Union Public Service
Commission, Parliament and Consolidated Fund of India.
82 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
court, chief presidency magistrate, additional chief presidency magistrate, sessions judge,
additional sessions judge and assistant sessions Judge;
(b) the expression “judicial service” means a service consisting exclusively of
persons intended to fill the post of district judge and other civil judicial posts inferior to
the post of district judge.
237. Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of
magistrates.—The Governor may by public notification direct that the foregoing provisions
of this Chapter and any rules made thereunder shall with effect from such date as may be
fixed by him in that behalf apply in relation to any class or classes of magistrates in the State
as they apply in relation to persons appointed to the judicial service of the State subject to
such exceptions and modifications as may be specified in the notification.
84 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
84
85 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART VIII
THE UNION TERRITORIES
239. Administration of Union territories.—(1) Save as otherwise provided by
Parliament by law, every Union territory shall be administered by the President acting, to
such extent as he thinks fit, through an administrator to be appointed by him with such
designation as he may specify.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in Part VI, the President my appoint the Governor
of a State as the administrator of an adjoining Union territory, and where a Governor is so
appointed, he shall exercise his functions as such administrator independently of his Council
of Ministers.
239A. Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain
Union territories.—(1) Parliament may by law create for the Union territory of
Pondicherry—
(a) a body, whether elected or partly nominated and partly elected, to function as a
Legislature for the Union territory, or
(b) a Council of Ministers,
or both with such constitution, powers and functions, in each case, as may be specified in the
law.
(2) Any such law as is referred to in clause (1) shall not be deemed to be an amendment of
this Constitution for the purposes of article 368 notwithstanding that it contains any provision
which amends or has the effect of amending this Constitution.
239AA. Special provisions with respect to Delhi.—(1) As from the date of
commencement of the Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991, the Union territory
of Delhi shall be called the National Capital Territory of Delhi (hereafter in this Part referred
to as the National Capital Territory) and the administrator thereof appointed under article 239
shall be designated as the Lieutenant Governor.
(2)(a) There shall be a Legislative Assembly for the National Capital Territory and the
seats in such Assembly shall be filled by members chosen by direct election from territorial
constituencies in the National Capital Territory.
(b) The total number of seats in the Legislative Assembly, the number of seats reserved for
Scheduled Castes, the division of the National Capital Territory into territorial constituencies
(including the basis for such division) and all other matters relating to the functioning of the
Legislative Assembly shall be regulated by law made by Parliament.
(c) The provisions of articles 324 to 327 and 329 shall apply in relation to the National
Capital Territory, the Legislative Assembly of the National Capital Territory and the
members thereof as they apply, in relation to a State, the Legislative Assembly of a State and
the members thereof respectively; and any reference in articles 326 and 329 to “appropriate
Legislature” shall be deemed to be a reference to Parliament.
(3) (a) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Legislative Assembly shall have
power to make laws for the whole or any part of the National Capital Territory with respect to
85
86 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
any of the matters enumerated in the State List or in the Concurrent List in so far as any such
matter is applicable to Union territories except matters with respect to Entries 1, 2 and 18 of
the State List and Entries 64, 65 and 66 of that List in so far as they relate to the said Entries
1, 2 and 18.
(b) Nothing in sub-clause (a) shall derogate from the powers of Parliament under this
Constitution to make laws with respect to any matter for a Union territory or any part thereof.
(c) If any provision of a law made by the Legislative Assembly with respect to any matter
is repugnant to any provision of a law made by Parliament with respect to that matter,
whether passed before or after the law made by the Legislative Assembly, or of an earlier law,
other than a law made by the Legislative Assembly, then, in either case, the law made by
Parliament, or, as the case may be, such earlier law, shall prevail and the law made by the
Legislative Assembly shall, to the extent of the repugnancy, be void:
Provided that if any such law made by the Legislative Assembly has been reserved for the
consideration of the President and has received his assent, such law shall prevail in the
National Capital Territory:
Provided further that nothing in this sub-clause shall prevent Parliament from enacting at
any time any law with respect to the same matter including a law adding to, amending,
varying or repealing the law so made by the Legislative Assembly.
(4) There shall be a Council of Ministers consisting of not more than ten per cent. of the
total number of members in the Legislative Assembly, with the Chief Minister at the head to
aid and advise the Lieutenant Governor in the exercise of his functions in relation to matters
with respect to which the Legislative Assembly has power to make laws, except in so far as
he is, by or under any law, required to act in his discretion:
Provided that in the case of difference of opinion between the Lieutenant Governor and his
Ministers on any matter, the Lieutenant Governor shall refer it to the President for decision
and act according to the decision given thereon by the President and pending such decision it
shall be competent for the Lieutenant Governor in any case where the matter, in his opinion,
is so urgent that it is necessary for him to take immediate action, to take such action or to give
such direction in the matter as he deems necessary.
(5) The Chief Minister shall be appointed by the President and other Ministers shall be
appointed by the President on the advice of the Chief Minister and the Ministers shall hold
office during the pleasure of the President.
(6) The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly.
(7) (a) Parliament may, by law, make provisions for giving effect to, or supplementing the
provisions contained in the foregoing clauses and for all matters incidental or consequential
thereto.
(b) Any such law as is referred to in sub-clause (a) shall not be deemed to be an
amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of article 368 notwithstanding that it
contains any provision which amends or has the effect of amending, this Constitution.
(8) The provisions of article 239B shall, so far as may be, apply in relation to the National
Capital Territory, the Lieutenant Governor and the Legislative Assembly, as they apply in
relation to the Union territory of Pondicherry, the administrator and its Legislature,
87 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
respectively; and any reference in that article to “clause (1) of article 239A” shall be deemed
to be a reference to this article or article 239AB, as the case may be.
239AB. Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery.—If the President, on
receipt of a report from the Lieutenant Governor or otherwise, is satisfied—
(a) that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the National Capital
Territory cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of article 239AA or of
any law made in pursuance of that article; or
(b) that for the proper administration of the National Capital Territory it is necessary
or expedient so to do,
the President may by order suspend the operation of any provision of article 239AA or of all
or any of the provisions of any law made in pursuance of that article for such period and
subject to such conditions as may be specified in such law and make such incidental and
consequential provisions as may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering
the National Capital Territory in accordance with the provisions of article 239 and article
239AA.
239B. Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of
Legislature.—(1) If at any time, except when the Legislature of the Union territory of
Pondicherry is in session, the administrator thereof is satisfied that circumstances exist which
render it necessary for him to take immediate action, he may promulgate such Ordinances as
the circumstances appear to him to require:
Provided that no such Ordinance shall be promulgated by the administrator except after
obtaining instructions from the President in that behalf:
Provided further that whenever the said Legislature is dissolved, or its functioning
remains suspended on account of any action taken under any such law as is referred to in
clause (1) of article 239A, the administrator shall not promulgate any Ordinance during the
period of such dissolution or suspension.
(2) An Ordinance promulgated under this article in pursuance of instructions from the
President shall be deemed to be an Act of the Legislature of the Union territory which has
been duly enacted after complying with the provisions in that behalf contained in any such
law as is referred to in clause (1) of article 239A, but every such Ordinance—
(a) shall be laid before the Legislature of the Union territory and shall cease to
operate at the expiration of six weeks from the reassembly of the Legislature or if, before
the expiration of that period, a resolution disapproving it is passed by the Legislature,
upon the passing of the resolution; and
(b) may be withdrawn at any time by the administrator after obtaining instructions
from the President in that behalf.
(3) If and so far as an Ordinance under this article makes any provision which would not
be valid if enacted in an Act of the Legislature of the Union territory made after complying
with the provisions in that behalf contained in any such law as is referred to in clause (1) of
article 239A, it shall be void.
* * * * *
88 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
240. Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories.— (1) The
President may make regulations for the peace, progress and good government of the Union
territory of—
(a ) th e And a man and Ni cob a r Isl ands ;
(b ) L aksh ad w e ep;
( c) D ad r a an d Na g ar H av el i ;
(d ) D a man and D iu;
( e) Pondi ch err y :
Provided that when any body is created under article 239A to function as a Legislature for
the Union territory of Pondicherry, the President shall not make any regulation for the peace,
progress and good government of that Union territory with effect from the date appointed for
the first meeting of the Legislature:
Provided further that whenever the body functioning as a Legislature for the Union territory of Pondicherry is dissolved,
or the functioning of that body as such Legislature remains suspended on account of any action taken under any such law as
is referred to in clause (1) of article 239A, the President may, during the period of such dissolution or suspension, make
regulations for the peace, progress and good government of that Union territory.
(2) Any regulation so made may repeal or amend any Act made by Parliament or any other
law which is for the time being applicable to the Union territory and, when promulgated by
the President, shall have the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament which applies to
that territory.
241. High Courts for Union territories—(1) Parliament may by law constitute a High
Court for a Union territory or declare any court in any such territory to be a High Court for all
or any of the purposes of this Constitution.
(2) The provisions of Chapter V of Part VI shall apply in relation to every High Court
referred to in clause (1) as they apply in relation to a High Court referred to in article 214
subject to such modifications or exceptions as Parliament may by law provide.
(3) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and to the provisions of any law of the
appropriate Legislature made by virtue of powers conferred on that Legislature by or under
this Constitution, every High Court exercising jurisdiction immediately before the
commencement of the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, in relation to any Union
territory shall continue to exercise such jurisdiction in relation to that territory after such
commencement.
(4) Nothing in this article derogates from the power of Parliament to extend or exclude the
jurisdiction of a High Court for a State to, or from, any Union territory or part thereof.
242. [Coorg.] Rep. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch.
89 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART IX
THE PANCHAYATS
243 . Def initions .— In th is P art , unl ess th e context oth er wis e r equir es , —
(a) “district” means a district in a State;
(b) “Gram Sabha” means a body consisting of persons registered in the electoral rolls
relating to a village comprised within the area of Panchayat at the village level;
(c) “intermediate level” means a level between the village and district levels specified
by the Governor of a State by public notification to be the intermediate level for the
purposes of this Part;
(d) “Panchayat” means an institution (by whatever name called) of self- government
constituted under article 243B, for the rural areas;
(e) “Panchayat area” means the territorial area of a Panchayat;
(f) “Population” means the population as ascertained at the last preceding census of
which the relevant figures have been published;
(g) “village” means a village specified by the Governor by public notification to be a
village for the purposes of this Part and includes a group of villages so specified.
2 4 3 A . G ra m S ab h a .— A Gr am S a b h a ma y e x er cis e s u ch p o w e r s an d
p erfor m su ch fun ction s at th e vill ag e l ev e l as th e Legisl ature of a St at e
ma y , b y l a w , p ro v id e .
243 B. Co nstitution o f Pan chayats .—(1) Th ere sh al l b e consti tut ed in
e v er y St at e , P an ch a yats at th e vill ag e , int er me di at e and distri ct l ev e ls in
accord an ce with th e provision s of this P ar t.
(2) Not wi thst anding an ything in cl aus e (1) , P an ch a yats at th e
int e r med i a t e l ev el may not b e constitu t ed in a St at e h aving a popul ation
n o t ex c e ed i n g t w e n t y l ak h s .
243 C. Co mp osition of Pan chayats . — (1) Subj ect to th e provis ions of
thi s P art , the Legis l atur e of a St at e ma y, b y law, ma k e provision s with
r esp ect to th e co mposit ion of Pan ch a yats :
Provid ed th at the r at io b e tween th e popul ation of th e t e rritor ial ar ea of a
P an ch a yat at any l ev el and th e nu mb er of s e ats in su ch P an ch a yat to b e
fi ll ed b y el ection sh all , so f ar as pr act i c abl e , be th e s a me throughout th e
S t at e .
(2) All th e s eats in a P an ch a ya t sh al l b e filled b y p ersons chos en b y
dir ect el ect ion fro m t errito ri al co n stitu en ci es in th e P an ch a ya t ar ea and ,
for this purpose, each P an ch ayat ar ea sh al l b e d ivid ed in to t e rritor i al
const itu en ci es in su ch ma nn er th at th e ratio b e tween th e popul ation of e a ch
const itu en cy an d th e nu mb er of s e ats allot ted to it sh all , so f a r as
p r a ct i cab l e, b e t h e s a me t h r o u g h o u t t h e p an ch a ya t ar e a .
(3) Th e L egisl atu r e o f a St at e ma y, b y l a w , p rovid e for th e
r epr es en t ation—
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90 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(a) of the Chairpersons of the Panchayats at the village level, in the Panchayats at the
intermediate level or, in the case of a State not having Panchayats at the intermediate
level, in the Panchayats at the district level;
(b) of the Chairpersons of the Panchayats at the intermediate level, in the Panchayats
at the district level;
(c) of the members of the House of the People and the members of the Legislative
Assembly of the State representing constituencies which comprise wholly or partly a
Panchayat area at a level other than the village level, in such Panchayat;
(d) of the members of the Council of States and the members of the Legislative
Council of the State, where they are registered as electors within—
(i) a Panchayat area at the intermediate level, in Panchayat at the intermediate
level;
(ii) a Panchayat area at the district level, in Panchayat at the district level.
(4) Th e Ch ai rperson of a P an chayat and o th er me mb er s of a Pan ch a yat
wh eth er o r not chos en b y dir e ct el ection fro m t err itori al constitu en ci es in
th e P an ch a yat ar ea sh all h av e th e right to vot e in th e meeting s of th e
P an ch a yats .
(5) Th e Ch airp erson of —
(a) a panchayat at the village level shall be elected in such manner as the Legislature
of a State may, by law, provide; and
(b) a Panchayat at the intermediate level or district level shall be elected by, and from
amongst, the elected members thereof.
2 4 3 D . R es e rv a t i o n o f s ea t s .— (1 ) S e ats sh al l b e r es erv ed fo r —
(a) the Scheduled Castes; and
(b) the Scheduled Tribes,
in ev er y P an cha ya t an d th e nu mb er o f s e a ts so r es erv ed sh all b e ar , as
n e arl y as ma y b e , th e s a me proport ion to th e tot a l nu mb er of s e at s to b e
fi ll ed b y dir e ct el ect ion in th at P an ch a yat as th e popul ation of th e
S ch edul ed Cas tes in th at P an chayat ar ea or of th e S ch edul ed Trib es in th at
P an ch a yat ar ea b e ars to th e total popul ation of th at ar ea and s u ch s e ats
may b e al lott ed b y rot at ion to diff er en t cons tituen ci es in a P an ch a yat .
(2) No t l ess th an on e- third o f th e tot al nu mb er of s e ats r es erved und er
cl au s e (1) sh al l b e r e s erv ed for wo me n b elonging to th e S ch edul ed Cas t es
or , as th e c a s e ma y b e , th e S ch edul ed Trib es .
(3) Not l ess th an on e- third (in cluding th e nu mb er of s e ats r e serv ed fo r
wo men b e longing to th e S ch edu led Cast es and th e S ch edul ed Trib es) o f th e
tot a l nu mb er of s e at s to b e f ill ed b y dir e ct el ect ion in ev ery P an ch a yat
sh al l b e r es erv ed for wo me n and su ch s e a ts ma y b e al lott ed b y rot a tion to
diff er ent constitu en ci es in a P anch a yat .
(4) Th e off i ces of th e Ch airp ersons in th e P an ch a yats at th e vill ag e or
a n y o th er l ev el sh al l b e r es erv ed fo r th e S ch ed u l ed C ast es , th e S ch ed u l ed
91 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Provided that no person shall be disqualified on the ground that he is less than twenty-five
years of age, if he has attained the age of twenty-one years;
(b) if he is so disqualified by or under any law made by the Legislature of the State.
(2) I f an y qu estion a ris es as to wh eth er a me mb e r of a P an ch a yat h as
b e co me sub j ect to an y of th e disqu al ifi cations men tion ed in claus e (1) , th e
qu est ion sh al l b e r ef err ed fo r th e d e cision of s u ch author it y a nd in su ch
ma n n er as t h e Le g i s l atu r e o f a S t at e ma y , b y l aw , p r o v i d e.
243G. Pow e rs , autho rity and re spons ibilit i es of Pan chayats .— Subj ect
to th e provisions of this Constitut ion, th e Legisl atur e of a St at e may, b y
l a w, endo w th e P an ch a yats with su ch power s and autho rit y as ma y b e
n ecess ar y to enabl e th em to fun ction as inst itution s of s el f-gov ern ment and
su ch l a w ma y cont ain provision s fo r th e d evolut ion o f po wers and
r espons ibili ti es upon P an ch a yats at th e appropri a t e l ev el , subject to su ch
condit ions as ma y b e sp ecifi ed th er ein, with r esp ect to —
(a) the preparation of plans for economic development and social justice;
(b) the implementation of schemes for economic development and social justice as
may be entrusted to them including those in relation to the matters listed in the Eleventh
Schedule.
2 4 3 H. P ow e r s t o i mp o s e t a x es b y , a n d Fu n d s o f , t h e Pa n ch a y a t s .—Th e
L e g isl a tu r e o f a St at e ma y , b y la w , —
(a) authorise a Panchayat to levy, collect and appropriate such taxes, duties, tolls and
fees in accordance with such procedure and subject to such limits;
(b) assign to a Panchayat such taxes, duties, tolls and fees levied and collected by the
State Government for such purposes and subject to such conditions and limits;
(c) provide for making such grants-in-aid to the Panchayats from the Consolidated
Fund of the State; and
(d) provide for constitution of such Funds for crediting all moneys received,
respectively, by or on behalf of the Panchayats and also for the withdrawal of such
moneys therefrom,
as may b e sp ecifi ed in th e l a w.
243-I . Constitution o f Finan ce Co mmi s sion to revi ew finan c ial
posi tion .—(1) Th e Go v ernor of a S t at e sh all , as soon as ma y b e with in on e
year fro m the co mme n cement of th e Consti tution (S ev en t y- third
A me n d me n t ) A ct , 1 9 9 2 , a n d t h er e af t e r at t h e ex p i r a t i o n o f e v ery f if t h y e a r ,
const itut e a F inan ce Co mmiss ion to r evi ew the fin an ci al position of th e
P an ch a yats and to mak e r eco mmend ation s to th e Governor as to—
(a) the principles which should govern—
(i) the distribution between the State and the Panchayats of the net proceeds of
the taxes, duties, tolls and fees leviable by the State, which may be divided between
them under this Part and the allocation between the Panchayats at all levels of their
respective shares of such proceeds;
93 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(ii) the determination of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees which may be assigned
to, or appropriated by, the Panchayats;
(iii) the grants-in-aid to the Panchayats from the Consolidated Fund of the
State;
(b) the measures needed to improve the financial position of the Panchayats;
(c) any other matter referred to the Finance Commission by the Governor in the
interests of sound finance of the Panchayats.
(2) The Legisl atur e of a S t at e ma y, b y l a w, p rovid e for the comp osit ion
of th e Co mmiss ion, th e qu ali fi c ations which sh all b e requis it e for
appoint me nt as me mb ers th er eof and th e mann er in wh i ch they sh al l b e
s el e c t ed .
(3) Th e Co mmi ssion sh all d et e rmi n e th eir pro cedur e and shall h av e su ch
po wers in th e perfor man ce of th eir fun ct ions as th e Legisl atu re of th e St ate
ma y , b y l a w , co n f er o n t h e m.
(4) Th e Go v ernor shall cause ev er y r e co mmen d ation ma de b y th e
Co mmi ssion und er this art i cl e tog eth er with an expl an ator y me mo r a ndu m
as to th e action t ak en th er eon to b e l aid b efor e th e Legisl atur e of th e St at e.
243J . Audit of a c counts of Pan chayats . —The Legisl atur e of a St at e
ma y, b y l a w, ma k e provisions with r esp ect to th e ma int en an c e of accoun ts
b y th e P an ch a yats an d th e auditing of su ch accounts .
243 K. El ections to th e Pa n chayats . —(1 ) Th e su p erin t en d en c e , d ir e c tio n
and control of th e pr ep ar ation of el ector a l ro lls for , an d th e condu ct of , all
e l e ct ions to th e P an ch a yats sh all b e v est ed in a St at e El e ct ion C o mmi ssion
consis ting of a St at e El ection Co mmis sion er to b e appointed b y th e
G o v er n o r .
(2) Sub j ect to th e provi sions of an y l a w ma d e b y th e Leg isl atur e o f a
St at e, th e condition s of s ervi c e and tenu r e of offi ce of th e Stat e El ection
C o mmi ssion er sh all b e su ch as th e Go v e rno r ma y b y ru l e d et er min e:
Provid ed th at th e St at e El ection Co mmis sioner sh all not b e r e mov ed
fro m h is off i ce ex cept in l ik e ma nn er and on the l ik e grounds as a Judg e o f
a High Court and th e condit ions o f s ervi ce of th e St at e El ect ion
Co mmi ssion er sh al l not b e v ar i ed to his dis adv an t age af t er hi s
a p p o i n t me n t .
(3 ) T h e G o v ern o r of a S t at e s h all , wh en so r eq u e st ed b y t h e St at e
El ection Co mmis sion, mak e av ail ab l e to th e St at e El ection Co mmi ssion
su ch st aff as may b e n ecess ar y for th e di s ch arg e of th e fun c tions conf err ed
on th e St at e El ec tion Co mmi ssion b y cl aus e (1).
(4) Subj ect to th e prov isions of this Cons titution , th e Legisl atur e of a
St at e may, b y law, mak e provision with r e sp ec t to al l matt ers r el ating to ,
or in conn ection with , el ections to th e P an ch a yats .
243 L. Appl i cation to Union territo ri es.—Th e provision s of this P art
sh al l ap p l y to th e Union t erritor i es an d sh all, in th eir application to a
Union t errito r y, hav e eff e ct as if th e r ef er en c es to th e Gov ernor of a St at e
94 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
P A R T I XA
96 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART IXA
T H E M UN I C I P A L I TI ES
2 4 3 P . D ef in i t i o n s .—In this P art , unl ess th e cont ex t oth er wis e
r eq u ir e s, —
(a ) “ Co mmi tt ee” mean s a Co mmi tt ee const ituted und er arti cl e 243S;
(b ) “dis tri ct ” means a distr ict in a S t at e;
( c) “ M etropoli tan ar ea” me ans an ar ea h av ing a popul ation of t en
l akhs or mo r e, co mp ris ed in one or mo r e dis tricts an d consist ing of two
or mo r e Municip al iti es or Pan ch a yats or oth er contiguous ar eas ,
sp ecif i ed b y the Gov ernor b y publi c notif i c ation to b e a Metropo lit an
ar ea for th e purpos es of this P art ;
(d ) “ Muni cip a l ar ea” means th e t er ritori al ar ea of a Muni cip a lit y as
is not ifi ed b y the Gov e rnor;
( e) “ Muni cip a lit y” means an ins titut ion of s e lf-gov ernmen t
const itut ed und er arti cl e 243 Q;
(f) “ P an ch a y at ” me a n s a P an ch ay a t co n st itu t ed u n d er arti c l e 2 4 3 B;
(g ) “popul at ion” mean s th e popul at ion as ascert a ined at the l ast
pr eceding census of whi ch th e rel ev ant figu r es h av e b een pub lish ed .
243 Q. Constitution of Muni cipali ti es .—(1) T h er e sh all b e c onst itut ed
in ev er y St at e ,—
(a ) a Nag ar P anch a yat (b y wh atev er n a me call ed) for a tr ansition al
ar ea, th at is to s a y, an ar ea in tr an s ition fro m a r u r al ar ea to an urb an
a r e a;
(b ) a Mun i cip al C oun cil for a sma l l er u rb an ar ea ; and
( c) a Mun i cip al Corpor at ion fo r a l arg er urb an ar ea,
in accord an ce with th e provi sions of this P art :
Provid ed th at a M uni cip ali t y und er this cl aus e ma y n ot b e con sti tut ed in
su ch urb an ar ea or p art th er eof as th e Gov ernor ma y, h aving reg ard to th e
si ze of th e ar ea and th e muni cip al s ervi c es b eing p rovid ed or propos ed to
b e provid ed b y an industri al est ab lish ment in th at ar ea and su ch o th er
f a ctor s as h e ma y d eem fit , b y publi c notif i c ation , sp ecif y to b e an
indus tri al to wnship .
(2) In thi s ar ticl e , “ a tr an sit ion al ar ea”, “ a smal l er urb an area” or “ a
l arg er urb an ar ea ” me a ns su ch ar e a as th e Gov ernor ma y, h aving r eg ard to
th e popu l ation of th e ar ea, th e d ensi t y of th e popu l ation th er ein, th e
r ev enu e g en er ate d for lo c al admi nis tr ation , the p er c ent ag e of e mp lo ymen t
in non -ag ri cultur al activit i es, th e econo mi c i mport an ce or su ch o th er
f a ctor s as h e ma y d eem fi t, sp ec if y b y publi c noti fi c ation for th e purpos es
of this P ar t.
243 R. Co mp osition of Mun i cipali ti es .—(1) Sav e as provid ed in cl aus e
(2) , al l th e s e ats in a Muni cipali t y sh all be fil l ed b y p ersons chos en b y
dir ect el ection fro m th e t er ritorial cons titu en ci es in th e Muni cip al ar ea and
96
97 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
for thi s purpo se each Muni cip al ar ea sh all b e divid ed into t erri tori al
c onst itu en ci es to b e kno wn as w a rds .
( 2 ) Th e L eg is l atu r e o f a S t at e ma y , b y l a w , p r o v i d e —
(a ) for th e r epr es en t a tion in a Muni cip a lit y of—
(i) p erson s having sp eci al knowl edg e or ex p eri en ce in
Muni cip al ad minis tr ation;
(i i) th e me mb ers of th e Hous e of th e P eopl e and th e me mb er s o f
th e Legi sl ativ e Ass e mbl y of the St at e r epr es enting constitu en ci es
w hi ch co mp ris e w h oll y or p artl y th e Mun i cip al ar e a;
(i ii) th e me mb e rs o f th e Co u n cil o f St at es an d th e me mb e rs o f
th e L eg isl at iv e C o u n cil o f th e St at e r eg is t er ed a s el e c to rs wi th in
th e Muni cip al ar e a;
(i v) th e Ch airp ersons of th e Co mmit t e es const itut ed und er
cl aus e (5) of arti cl e 243S:
Provid ed th at the p ersons r ef erre d to in p a r agr aph (i) sh all not h av e th e
righ t to vo te in th e meetings of th e Muni cip ali ty;
(b ) th e ma n n er o f el e ctio n o f th e Ch airp erso n o f a Mu n i cip a li t y.
243S . Cons titution and co mp osit ion of Wa rds Co mmi t t e es, et c.—(1)
Th er e sh all b e const itut ed Wards Co mmi tt ees , consist ing o f on e or mor e
wards , within th e t err itori al area of a Muni cipali t y h aving a popul at ion of
t h r e e l ak h s o r mo r e .
(2) Th e Leg isl atur e of a S t at e ma y, b y l a w, make provision with r esp ect
to —
(a ) th e co mp o si tio n an d th e t erri to ri al ar e a o f a W ard s Co mmi tt e e ;
(b ) th e mann er in wh i ch the s e ats in a Wards Co mmi tt ee sh all b e
fi ll ed .
(3) A memb er of a Muni cip ali t y r epr es enting a ward within th e
t err itori al ar ea of th e Wards Co mmi tt ee shall b e a me mb er of th at
C o mmi tt e e .
( 4 ) W h e r e a W ar d s Co mmi t t e e co n s i st s o f —
(a ) on e ward , th e memb er r ep r es en ting th at ward in th e
M u ni cip ali t y; o r
(b ) two or more wards, on e of th e me mb ers r epr es en t ing su ch wards
in th e Muni cip ali t y el ect ed b y th e me mb ers of th e Wards Co mm it t e e,
sh al l b e th e Ch airp er son of th at Co mmi tt ee.
(5) Nothing in this arti cl e sh al l be d e emed to pr ev en t th e Leg isl atu r e of
a St at e fro m making an y provision for th e const itution o f Co mmi tt ees in
addit ion to th e Wards Co mmi ttees .
2 4 3 T . R es e rv a t i o n o f s ea t s .—(1) S eats shall b e r es erv ed for th e
S ch edul ed Castes and th e S ch edul ed Trib es in ev er y Muni cipali t y and th e
nu mb er of s e ats so r e s erv ed sh all b e a r, as ne a rl y as ma y be , th e s a me
proport ion to th e tot al nu mb er of s e ats to b e fil l ed b y d ir e ct el ect ion in
98 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
of th e p eriod for whi ch th e d isso lved M uni cip ali t y would h av e con tinu ed
und er cl au s e (1) h ad it not b e en so disso lv ed .
243 V. Disqualif i cations fo r me mb ers hip .— ( 1 ) A p er s o n s h all b e
disqu a lifi ed for b e ing chos en as , and for b eing , a me mb e r of a
M u n i cip al i t y—
(a ) if h e i s so disqu a lifi ed b y or und er an y l a w for th e t i me b eing in
for ce fo r th e purpos es o f election s to th e Legisl atur e of th e S tat e
c on c ern ed:
Provid ed th at no p e rson sh al l b e d isqu alif i ed on th e ground th at h e is
l ess th an t w ent y-fiv e y e a rs of a g e , if h e h as at ta in ed th e ag e of t w ent y-on e
years;
(b ) if h e is so di squ alifi ed b y or und er an y l a w ma d e b y th e
Legisl atur e o f th e St at e.
(2) I f an y qu estion ar is es as to w h eth er a me m b er of a Muni cip ali t y h as
b e co me sub j ect to an y of th e disqu al ifi cations men tion ed in claus e (1) , th e
qu est ion sh al l b e r ef err ed fo r th e d e cision of s u ch au thor it y a nd in su ch
ma n n er as t h e Le g i s l atu r e o f a S t at e ma y , b y l aw , p r o v i d e.
243W. Pow e rs, autho rity and re spons ibilit i es of Mun i cipalit ies , et c.—
Subj ect to th e provis ions of this Const itution, th e Leg isl ature of a St at e
ma y , b y l a w , en d o w—
(a ) th e Mun i cip ali ti es with such po wers an d author it y as may b e
n ecess ar y to enabl e th em t o fun ction as inst itution s of s elf-gov ern ment
and su ch l aw ma y cont ain provis ions for th e devolut ion of powers and
r espons ibili ti es upon Muni cip a lit i es , subj ect to s u ch condit ions as ma y
b e sp ecifi ed th er ein , with r esp ec t to —
(i) th e pr ep ar ation of pl an s for econo mi c dev elop ment and
so ci al justi c e;
(i i) th e p e rfo rma n c e o f fu n c tio n s an d th e imp l e me n t atio n o f
s ch e mes as may b e en trus t ed to th em in clud ing thos e in r el ation to
th e matt ers l ist ed in th e Twel fth S ch edul e;
(b ) th e Co mmi tt ees wi th su ch po wers an d au thor it y as may b e
n ecess ar y to en abl e th em to carr y out th e responsib ilit i es conf err ed
upon th em in cluding thos e in r e l ation to the ma t t e rs l ist ed in th e
T w e lfth S ch edule .
243 X. Pow er to i mp os e tax es by , and Funds of , th e Muni cipali ti es .—
T h e L eg is l atu r e o f a S t at e ma y , b y l a w, —
(a ) au th o ris e a M u ni cip al it y to l ev y , col l e ct a nd ap pro pr i at e su ch
t ax es , d u ti es , to ll s an d f e es in a c co rd an c e w ith su ch p ro ce d u r e an d
subj ect to su ch li mit s;
(b ) a ssig n to a M u n i cip ali t y suc h t ax es , d u ti es, tol ls an d f e es l evi ed
and co l l e ct ed by th e St at e Govern me nt for su ch purpos es and subj ect to
su ch condit ions and li mits ;
100 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
( c) p rovid e for mak ing su ch gr an ts- in- aid to th e Muni cip a liti es fro m
th e Consolid at ed Fund of th e S tat e; and
(d ) provid e for const itution of su ch Funds for cr edi ting all mon e ys
r eceiv ed , r esp ectiv el y, b y or on b eh alf o f th e Muni cip a liti es and also for
th e with d r a w al o f su ch mo n e y s th er ef ro m,
as may b e sp ecifi ed in th e l a w.
243 Y. Finan ce Co mmi s sion .—(1) Th e F inan c e Co mmiss ion const itut ed
und er art icl e 243-I sh al l also r evi ew th e fin an ci a l po sit ion of th e
Muni cip ali ti es an d mak e r e co mmen d ations to th e Gov e rnor as to —
(a ) th e prin cip l es wh i ch should gov ern —
(i) th e dis tribution b et w een th e St at e and the Muni cip ali ti es of
th e n et pro ceeds of th e t ax es , duti e s, tol ls and f e es l evi ab l e b y th e
St at e, whi ch ma y b e divid ed b et w een th em under thi s P art and the
allo cation b etween th e Muni cip a liti es at all l ev e ls o f th ei r
r esp ect iv e shar es of su ch pro c eeds;
(i i) th e d et er min ation of th e t ax es , duti e s, tolls an d fees whi ch
may b e ass ign ed to , o r approp ri at ed b y , th e Muni cip a liti es ;
(i ii) th e g r ants- in- aid to th e Mun icip aliti es fro m th e
Consolid at ed Fund of th e St at e;
(b ) th e measures n e ed ed to imp rov e th e finan ci al po sition of th e
Muni cip ali ti es;
( c) an y o th er ma t t er r ef e rr ed to th e F in an ce C o mmi ssion b y th e
Gov ernor in th e int e r ests of sound fin an ce of the Mu n i cip alit i es.
(2) Th e Go v ernor shall cause ev er y r e co mmen d ation ma de b y th e
Co mmi ssion und er this art i cl e tog eth er with an expl an ator y me mo r a ndu m
as to th e action t ak en th er eon to b e l aid b efor e th e Legisl atur e of th e St at e.
243 Z. Au dit of a c counts o f Muni cipa liti es . —Th e L eg i s l atu r e o f a S t at e
ma y, b y l a w, ma k e provisions with r esp ect to th e ma int en an c e of accoun ts
b y th e Mu n i cip ali ti es and th e audit ing o f su ch accounts .
243 ZA . El ections to th e Muni cipa liti es . —(1) Th e sup erint end en c e ,
dir e c tion and contro l o f th e p r ep ar at ion o f el e cto r al roll s for , and th e
condu ct of , all el ect ions to th e Mun i cip ali ti es sh al l b e v es t ed in th e St at e
El ection Co mmi ss ion r ef e rr ed to in arti cl e 243K.
(2) Subj ect to th e prov isions of this Cons titution , th e Legisl atur e of a
St at e may, b y law, mak e provision with r e sp ec t to al l matt ers r el ating to ,
or in conn ection with , el ections to th e Muni cip ali ti es .
243 ZB . Appli cation to Union territo ri es.—The provision s of thi s P ar t
sh al l ap p l y to th e Union t erritor i es an d sh all, in th eir application to a
Union t errito r y, hav e eff e ct as if th e r ef er en c es to th e Gov ernor of a St at e
wer e r ef er en c es to th e Ad minis trator of th e Un ion t err itor y appoint ed und er
art i cl e 239 and r ef er en c es to th e Legisl atur e or th e Legi sl ativ e Ass e mbl y
of a St at e were r ef er en c es in r el ation to a Un ion t erritory h aving a
Legisl ativ e As semb l y , to th at Legis l ativ e Ass emb l y:
101 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART X
THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS
2 4 4 . A d mi n i s t r a t i o n o f S ch ed u l ed A r ea s a n d t ri b a l a r ea s . —( 1 ) T h e
provis ions of th e Fif th S ch edul e sh all appl y to th e ad min istr a tion and
contro l of th e S ch edul ed Ar eas and S chedu l ed Trib es in an y St at e oth er
t h an t h e S t at es o f Ass a m, M eg h a l a y a , Tri p u r a an d M i zo r a m.
(2) Th e provis ions of th e Sixth S ch edul e sh all apply to th e
ad minis tr ation of th e tr ib al ar eas in th e St at es of Ass a m, Megh al aya,
T ripur a and M i zor a m.
244 A. Fo rmation o f an au tono mo us Stat e comp ri sing certain t ribal
a r ea s in Assam a nd creation of lo ca l Le gis latu r e o r Coun cil of
Minist ers o r both th erefo r.— (1) No t withst anding an ything in this
Consti tution , P arl i a ment may, b y l a w, for m within th e St at e of Ass a m an
autono mous St at e co mp ris ing (wh eth er wholl y or in p art ) all or an y of th e
tr ib al ar eas sp ec if i ed in P art I of th e t abl e append ed to p ar ag raph 20 of the
S i x t h S ch ed u l e a n d cr e at e t h er efo r —
(a ) a bod y, wheth er elect ed or p art l y no minated and p art l y elect ed,
to fun ct ion as a Legisl atur e for th e au tono mous St at e, or
(b ) a Coun cil of Minist er s,
or both wi th such const itution , po wers and function s, in each cas e, as ma y
b e sp ecifi ed in th e l a w.
(2) An y su ch l aw a s is r ef err ed to in cl au s e (1) ma y, in p art i cula r ,—
(a ) sp ecif y the ma t t ers enumer at ed in th e St at e List or th e
Con curr ent List with r esp ect to whi ch th e Legisl atu r e of th e autono mous
St at e sh al l h av e p o w e r to ma k e l a ws fo r th e who l e o r an y p art th er eo f ,
wh eth er to th e ex clus ion of the Legis l atur e of the St at e of Ass a m or
oth er wis e;
(b ) d efin e th e ma t t ers with r esp ect to whi ch the ex ecutiv e power of
th e au tono mous St at e sh all ex t end;
( c) provid e that an y t ax l evied by th e St ate of Ass a m shall b e
assign ed to th e autono mous St at e in so f ar as th e pro ceeds ther eo f are
att ribut ab l e to th e au tono mous St at e;
(d ) prov id e that an y r ef er en ce t o a S t at e in an y arti cl e of t his
Consti tution shall b e const rued as in cluding a r ef er en c e t o th e
a u t o n o mo u s S t at e; an d
( e) ma k e such suppl emental , in cid en t al and cons eq u enti a l
p r o v i s io n s as ma y b e d e e me d n e c e s s ar y .
(3) An a mend me n t o f an y su ch l aw as afor es aid in so f ar as su ch
a me n d men t r el at es to an y of th e ma t t ers sp e cif i ed in sub- cl aus e (a ) o r
sub- cl au s e (b ) o f cl au s e (2 ) sh a ll h av e n o eff ec t u n l ess th e ame n d men t is
p ass ed in each Hou s e of P ar li a me nt b y not l ess th an t wo-thirds of th e
me mb e r s p r es en t an d v o tin g .
104
105 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
P A R T XI
R E L A TI O NS BE T W E E N T H E U N I O N AN D TH E S T A T ES
C H A P T E R I . —L E G I S L A T I V E R E L A T I O N S
Dist ribution of L egis lati ve Po we rs
245. Ex t ent of law s ma d e by Pa rlia me n t and by th e Leg islatu r es of
Stat es . —(1) Subj ect to th e provis ions of this Consti tution , P arl i a ment ma y
ma k e l a ws for th e who l e or an y p ar t of th e t err itor y o f Indi a , and th e
Legisl atur e of a St at e ma y ma k e l aws for the wh o le or an y p art o f th e
S t at e .
(2) No l a w ma d e b y P a rli a me nt sh al l b e d e eme d to b e inv alid on th e
ground th at it would h av e ex tr a-t err itori al op er ation .
246. Subj ect-ma t t e r o f laws mad e by Pa rlia me n t and by th e
L e g i s l a tu r es o f S t a t es . — (1) Not withs t anding an ything in cl aus es (2) and
(3) , P arli a ment h as ex clusiv e po wer to mak e laws with r esp ec t to an y of
th e matt ers enu mer at ed in Lis t I in th e S ev enth S ch edul e (in thi s
Consti tution r eferr ed to as th e “Union List ”) .
(2) Not withst anding an ything in cl aus e (3) , Parl i a ment , and , subj ect to
cl aus e (1) , th e Legisl atur e of an y S t at e also , hav e po wer to ma k e l a ws with
r esp ect to an y of th e matt ers enu mer at ed in Li st III in th e Sev en th
S ch edul e (in this Consti tution ref err ed to as th e “ Con curr ent List ”) .
(3) Subj ect to cl aus es (1) and (2), th e Legisl atur e of an y St at e h as
e x clu s iv e po w er to ma k e l a ws fo r su ch St at e o r an y p art th er eo f w ith
r esp ect to an y of th e matt ers enu mer at ed in List II in th e S ev enth S ch edul e
(in th is Cons titution r ef e rr ed to as th e “St at e List ”') .
(4) P ar li a men t h as po wer to ma k e l a ws wi th resp ect to an y matt er for
an y p art of th e t err itor y of Indi a not in clud ed in a St at e no twiths t anding
th at su ch ma tt er is a ma tt er enume r a t ed in th e St at e Lis t.
247 . Pow er of Pa rlia me n t to p rovid e fo r th e establ ish men t of certain
a d d i t io n a l co u rt s . —No twi thst anding an ything in this Ch ap t er , P arl i a men t
may b y l a w provid e for th e establi sh men t of an y ad d ition al courts for th e
b ett e r ad min istra tio n o f l a ws ma d e b y P a rli a me n t o r of an y ex is tin g l a ws
with r esp ect to a mat t er en u merat ed in th e Union List .
248 . Residua ry pow e rs of l egis lation .—(1) Pa rl i a ment h as ex clus iv e
po wer to mak e an y l a w wi th r esp ect to an y matt er not en u merat ed in th e
C o n cu r r en t Lis t o r S t at e Lis t .
(2) Su ch power sh all in clud e th e po wer of ma king an y l a w imp osing a
t ax not me ntioned in eith er of thos e Lists .
249 . Pow er o f Pa rlia me n t to legis lat e w ith re sp ect to a ma tt er in th e
Stat e List in th e nat ional in terest .—(1) No twiths t anding anything in th e
for egoing provision s of th is Chapt er , if th e Coun cil of St at es h as d e cl ar ed
b y r esolution support ed b y not less th an two -thirds of th e me mb ers pr es en t
and voting th at i t is n e cess ar y or ex p edi en t in th e n a tion al int er es t th at
106
107 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
2 5 8 . Pow e r o f t h e Un i o n t o con f e r p ow e rs , e t c . , o n S ta t es i n c e r t a i n
c as es .— (1) Notwiths t anding anything in this Consti tution , the Pr esid ent
ma y, wi th th e cons en t of the Gov ern me nt of a St ate, entrus t eith er
condit ion all y or un cond ition all y to th at Govern ment or to it s offi cer s
fun ct ions in r elation to an y matt er to wh i ch th e ex ecutiv e po wer of th e
U n i o n ex t en d s .
(2) A l a w ma d e b y P arli a me nt wh i ch appli e s in an y Stat e ma y,
not with st anding th at it r e l at es to a mat t er with r esp ect to whi ch th e
L e g i s l a t u r e o f t h e S t a t e h as n o p o w er t o ma k e l a ws , co n f er p o w er s an d
i mpos e du ti es , or au thoris e th e conf erring of po wers and th e imp osit ion of
duti e s, upon th e St at e or offi cers an d au thorit i es th er eo f .
(3) Wh er e b y virtu e of th is arti cl e po wers and dut i es h av e b e en
conf err ed or i mpos ed upon a Stat e or offi cers or authori ti es th er eof , th er e
sh al l b e p aid b y th e Go v ern me nt of Indi a to th e St ate su ch su m as ma y b e
agr e ed , or, in def aul t of agr e emen t , as ma y be d et er min ed b y an arbitr ato r
appoint ed b y the Chi ef Ju sti c e of Ind ia, in r esp ect of an y ex tr a co s ts of
ad minis tr ation in cu rr ed b y th e S t at e in connection with th e ex er cis e of
t h o s e p o w er s an d d u t i es .
258 A. Pow er of th e Sta t es to ent rus t functions to th e Union .—
Not withs t anding an ything in this Constitu tion , t h e Gov ernor of a St at e
ma y, wi th th e cons en t of th e Go v ern men t of Indi a, entrus t eith er
condit ion all y or un cond ition all y to th at Govern ment or to it s offi cer s
fun ct ions in r elation to an y matt er to wh i ch th e ex ecutiv e po wer of th e
St at e ext ends .
2 5 9 . [ Ar med For c es in Stat es in Part B of th e Firs t S ch edul e.] R e p . b y
th e Consti tution (S eventh Am end m ent ) Act , 1 9 5 6 , s. 2 9 a n d S ch .
260 . Ju risd i ction of th e Union in relation to t errito ri es outs id e
India . —Th e Gov ern me nt of Indi a ma y b y agr e emen t wi th th e Gov ern me nt
of an y t erri tory no t b eing p art of th e t erri tor y o f Indi a und ert ak e an y
ex ecutiv e, l egisl at iv e or judi cial fun ctions v est ed in th e Go v ern me nt of
su ch t erri tor y, but ev er y su ch agr eement sh all b e subj ect to , and gov ern ed
b y , an y l a w r elating to th e ex er cis e o f for eign jur isdi ction for th e ti me
b ein g in fo r c e .
2 6 1 . P u b l i c a ct s , r e co rd s a n d j u d i c i a l p ro c e ed i n g s . —(1) Full f aith and
cr ed i t sh all b e giv en throughout th e t erri tory of Indi a to publi c acts ,
r e cords and judici al pro ceeding s of th e Un ion and of ev er y S t at e.
(2) Th e ma nn er in whi ch and th e condi tions und er whi ch th e acts ,
r e co rds an d proceedings r ef e rr ed to in cl au s e (1) sh al l b e prov ed an d th e
eff e ct th er eo f det er min ed sh al l b e as provid ed by l a w ma d e b y Parl i a ment .
(3) F in al judg me nts o r ord ers de liv e r ed or p asse d b y civ il courts in an y
p art of th e t erritor y of Indi a sh all b e cap abl e of ex ecution an ywh er e within
th at t e rritor y according to l a w.
111 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
P A R T XII
F I N AN C E , P ROP E R TY , CO N TR A C TS A ND S U I TS
C H A P T E R I . —F I N A N C E
G e n er a l
2 6 4 . Int e rp retation . —In this P art , “F in an ce Co mmi ss ion ” means a
Fin an ce Co mmiss ion cons titut ed und er arti cl e 280 .
265 . Tax es not to b e i mpos ed sav e by aut hority of law .— No t ax s h al l
b e l evi ed or collect ed ex cept b y author it y of l aw.
266 . Co nsolidat ed Funds and publ i c a c counts o f India and of th e
S t a t es . —(1) Subj ect to th e provis ions of art i cle 267 an d to the provi sions
of this Ch apt er with r esp ect to th e assign ment of th e who l e or p art of th e
n et pro ceeds o f cert a in t ax es an d duti es to S t ates , all r ev enu es r eceiv ed b y
th e Gov ern men t of Ind i a, all loa ns r ais ed b y tha t Gov ern men t b y th e issu e
of tr easur y bi lls , lo ans or wa ys and me ans adv an c es and all mon e ys
r eceiv ed b y that Gov ern ment in r ep a yment of lo an s sh all for m on e
consol id at ed fund to b e enti tl ed “th e Consolid at ed Fund of Indi a”, and all
r ev enu es r eceived b y th e Go v ern me nt of a St at e, all lo an s r ais ed b y th at
Gov ern me nt b y th e issu e of tr easu r y bi lls , lo ans or ways and means
a dv an c es and all mon e ys r e c eiv ed b y th a t Gov ern me nt in r ep a yme nt of
lo an s sh all form o n e consolidat ed fund to b e ent itl ed “th e Consolid at ed
Fund of th e St ate”.
(2) All o th er publi c mon e ys r e ce iv ed b y or on b eh alf of th e Gov ern me nt
of Indi a or th e Gov ern me nt of a St at e sh all b e cr edit ed to t h e publi c
a c c o u n t o f I n d i a o r t h e p u b l i c a cc o u n t o f t h e S t at e , as t h e ca s e ma y b e .
(3) No mo n e ys ou t of th e Conso lid at ed Fund of Indi a o r th e
Consolid at ed Fund of a St at e sh al l b e appropri a t ed ex cept in accord an ce
with l a w and for the purposes and in th e man n er provid ed in th is
Consti tution .
2 6 7 . Co n t i n g en cy Fu n d . —(1 ) P arli a me n t ma y b y l a w e st ab lish a
Conting en c y Fund in th e n atur e o f an i mpr est to b e enti tl ed “th e
Conting en c y Fund o f Indi a” into wh i ch sh al l b e p aid fro m ti me t o ti me
su ch su ms as ma y b e d et er min ed b y su ch l aw , a n d th e s aid Fu n d sh all b e
pl aced at th e dispos al of th e Pr esid en t to en ab l e adv an ces to b e ma d e b y
hi m out of su ch Fund for th e purpos es of meeting unfor es een exp enditu re
p ending au thoris at ion of su ch exp enditur e by P arli a me nt by l a w und er
a r t i cl e 1 1 5 o r art i c l e 1 1 6 .
( 2 ) Th e L eg i s l atu r e o f a S t at e ma y b y l a w es t ab l i sh a Co n t i n g en c y F u n d
in th e n atur e of an i mpr est to b e en titl ed “the Conting en c y Fund of th e
St at e” into which sh all b e p aid fro m t i me to ti me su ch su ms as may b e
d et er min ed b y su ch l a w , and the s aid Fund sh all b e pl a c ed at th e dispos a l
of th e Gov ernor of th e S t at e to en abl e adv an c es to b e ma d e b y hi m out of
su ch Fund for th e purpos es o f meet ing unfores een exp enditur e p ending
112
113 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
coll ect ed b y th e Gov ern me nt of I ndi a and sh all b e dist ribut ed b et w een th e
Union and th e St at es in the ma nn er provid ed in cl au s e (2) .
(2) Su ch per c ent ag e , as ma y b e pr es crib ed , of th e n et pro c eeds of an y
su ch t ax or dut y in an y finan ci al year shall no t for m p art of th e
Consolid at ed Fund of Indi a, but sh al l b e assign ed to th e St at es wi thin
whi ch th at t ax or du t y is l eviabl e in th at year , an d sh all be d istribut ed
a mo n g th o s e St at e s in su ch ma n n er an d fro m su ch ti me a s ma y b e
pr es cr ib ed in the mann er prov ided in cl aus e (3) .
(3) In this ar ti cle, "pr es cr ib ed" mean s , —
(i) until a Fin an c e Co mmi ssion h as b e en consti tut ed , pr es cr ibe d b y
th e Pr esid en t b y ord er , and
(i i) aft er a F in an c e Co mmi ssion h as b e en con stitut ed , pr es crib ed b y
th e Pr esid en t by ord er aft er consid er ing th e r e co mme nd ations of th e
Fin an c e Co mmiss io n .
271 . Surcha rge on certain duti e s and taxes fo r pu rposes of th e
U n i o n .—Not withst and ing an ything in arti cles 269 and 270 , P arli a me nt ma y
at an y t i me in creas e an y of the duti e s or t ax es r ef err ed to in thos e art i cl es
b y a sur ch arg e for purpos es of t h e Union and t h e whol e pro ceeds o f an y
su ch sur ch arg e sh al l fo r m p art of th e Consolidat ed Fund of Indi a.
2 7 2 . [ Taxes whi ch ar e l evi ed and co ll ected by th e Union and ma y b e
dis tribut ed b etween the Union and th e Stat es.] —Rep . b y th e Cons titut ion
(E i g h t i eth A m en d m en t ) A c t , 2 0 0 0 , s .4 .
2 7 3 . G ra n t s i n l i eu o f e x p o rt d u t y o n j u t e a n d j ut e p ro d u ct s . —(1)
Th er e sh all b e ch arg ed on th e Consolid at ed Fund of Indi a in each year as
gr ants -in- aid of t h e r ev enu es of th e S tat es of Ass a m, Bih ar, Oris s a and
West Beng al , in l i eu of assign me nt of an y sh ar e of th e n et pro ceeds in each
year of expor t dut y on jut e and jut e p rodu cts to thos e S t at es , su ch su ms as
ma y b e p r es c r i b e d .
(2) Th e su ms so pr es c rib ed sh all continue to b e ch arge d on th e
Consolid at ed Fund of Indi a so long as an y export du t y on jut e or jut e
produ cts continu es to b e l evi ed b y th e Gov ern me nt o f Indi a or until th e
expir a tion of ten years fro m t h e co mmen cemen t of thi s Consti tution
w h i ch ev er is e arli e r.
(3) In this arti cle, th e expr ess ion “pr es cr ib ed” h as th e s a me meaning as
in art i cl e 270 .
274 . Prio r reco mmen dat ion of Presid ent requi red to Bi lls a ff e cting
taxation in whi ch Stat es a re i nt erest ed .—(1) No Bill or amen d ment
w h i ch i mp o s es o r v ar i es an y t ax o r d u t y i n wh i ch S t a t es ar e i n t er es t ed , o r
whi ch v ari es th e me an ing o f th e expr ession “ agri cul tur al in co me” as
d efin ed fo r th e purpos es of th e en act ments r elating to Indi an in co me-t ax ,
or whi ch aff e cts the p rin ciples on wh i ch und er an y of the for egoing
provis ions of this Ch ap t er mo n eys ar e or ma y be d istribut ab l e to S t at es , or
whi ch i mpo ses an y su ch sur charg e for th e purpos es of th e Union as is
men tion ed in the for ego ing provis ions of th is Ch ap t er , sh al l be in trodu ced
115 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
and cert ifi ed by th e Co mp troll er and Audi tor- Gen er al of Indi a, whos e
c e rt ifi c at e sh all b e fin al .
(2) Subj ect as afor es aid , and to an y oth er expr ess provis ion of this
C h ap t er , a l aw ma d e b y P ar li ame n t o r a n o rd er o f th e Pr es id en t ma y , in a n y
cas e wh er e under thi s P a rt th e pro ceeds of an y dut y or t ax ar e, or ma y b e ,
assign ed to an y St at e, provid e for th e mann er in wh i ch th e proceeds ar e to
b e c al cu l at ed , fo r th e ti me fro m o r a t wh i ch an d th e man n er in wh i ch an y
p a yments ar e to b e ma d e, for th e ma king of adjust me nts bet w een on e
fin an c i al year and anoth er , an d for an y oth er in cid ent al or an ci ll ar y
ma t t ers .
280. Finan ce Co mmi s sion .—(1) Th e Pr esid en t sh all , within two years
fro m th e co mmen cemen t of th is Consti tution and th er ea ft er at th e
e x p ir a tio n o f ev er y f ifth y e ar o r at su ch e arl i er ti me a s th e Pr es id en t
consid er s n ecess ar y, b y ord er const itut e a Fin an ce Co mmi ssion whi ch sh all
consis t of a Ch air man an d four o th er me mb ers to b e appoint ed b y th e
Pr esid en t.
(2) P arli a ment may b y l aw d eter min e th e qu alif i c ations whi ch sh all b e
r equis it e for appoint me nt as memb ers of th e Co mmi s sion and the ma n n er in
whi ch th ey sh all b e s el e ct ed .
(3) It sh al l b e th e dut y of th e Co mmi ssion to mak e r e co mmend ation s to
th e Pr esid en t as to—
(a ) th e d istribution b e tw e en the U nion and the St at es o f th e n et
p r o c e ed s o f t ax e s wh i ch ar e t o b e , o r ma y b e, d i v i d ed b e t w ee n t h e m
und er th is Ch apt er an d th e al lo cation b etween th e S tates of th e
r esp ect iv e shar es of su ch pro ceeds;
(b ) th e pr in cipl es whi ch should gov ern th e gr ants-in - aid of th e
r ev enu es of th e St at es ou t of th e Consolid at ed Fund of Indi a;
(b b) th e measur es n e ed ed to aug ment th e Consol id at ed Fund of a
St at e to suppl emen t th e r esources of th e P an ch a yats in th e Stat e on th e
b asis of th e r e co mme nd a tions ma d e b y th e Fin an c e Co mmiss ion of th e
S t at e ;
( c) th e me asur es n e ed ed to aug ment the Consol id at ed Fund of a
St at e to suppl emen t th e r e sources of th e Municip al iti es in th e St at e on
th e b asis o f th e r e co mme n d at io n s ma d e b y th e Fin an c e Co mmis sio n o f
th e St at e;
(d ) an y oth er ma t t er r ef err ed to th e Co mmi ssion b y th e P re side nt in
th e int e rests of sound fin an ce.
(4) Th e Co mmi ss ion sh a ll d et ermi n e th eir pro c edur e and sh all ha v e su ch
po wers in th e p erfor man ce of th eir fun ct ions as P arli a me nt ma y b y l a w
conf er on th em.
281. Reco mme ndation s of the Finan c e Co mmi s s ion .— Th e Pr esid ent
sh al l c aus e ev ery r e co mme nd at ion mad e b y th e Fin an c e Co mmiss ion und er
th e provisions o f thi s Const itution tog eth er with an exp l an ator y
118 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
prop ert y o f th e Union to whi ch su ch prop ert y was i mme d i at ely b efor e th e
co mmen cement of this Cons titution li abl e or treat ed as li ab l e, so long as
th at t ax cont inues to b e l evi ed in th at St at e.
286. Rest ri ct ions as to i mp o sition of tax on th e sal e o r pu rc has e of
g o o d s .— ( 1 ) No l a w o f a S t at e s h all i mp o s e , o r a u t h o r i s e t h e i mp o s i t i o n o f ,
a t ax on th e s a le or pur ch as e of goods wh er e su ch s al e or purch as e t ak es
place—
(a ) ou tsid e th e St at e; or
(b ) in the cours e of th e i mport of th e goods into , or expo rt of th e
goods out of , the t erri tor y of Indi a.
(2) P ar li a men t ma y b y l a w formu l at e p rin c iple s for d e te r mining wh en a
s al e or pur ch ase of goods t akes pl ace in an y of th e wa ys me ntion ed in
cl aus e (1) .
(3) An y l aw of a S t at e sh all, in so f ar as it imp os es , or au thoris es th e
i mposi tion of,—
(a ) a t ax on th e s al e o r pur ch as e of good s decl ar ed b y P a rliame n t
b y l a w to b e of sp e ci a l i mpor t an c e in int er-S t ate tr ad e or co mme r c e; or
(b ) a t ax o n t h e s al e o r p u r ch as e o f g o o d s , b ei n g a t ax o f t h e n at u r e
r ef err ed to in sub- cl aus e (b ) , sub- cl aus e ( c) or sub- cl aus e (d ) of cl au s e
( 2 9 A) o f art i cl e 3 6 6 ,
b e subj ect to su ch r est ri ctions and condit ions in r eg ard to the s ys t em of
l ev y, r at es and o th er in c iden ts o f th e t ax as P arli a me nt ma y b y l a w sp e cif y.
2 8 7 . Ex e mp ti o n f ro m t a x es o n e l ec t ri ci t y .—S av e in so f ar a s
P arl i a ment ma y b y l a w oth e rwis e prov id e, no law of a St at e sh all i mpo s e,
or au thoris e the i mpos ition of , a t ax on the consu mpt ion o r s al e of
el ect ri cit y ( wh eth er produ ced b y a Go v ern me nt or o th er p ersons) wh i ch
is —
(a ) consu med b y th e Go v ern me nt of Indi a, or so ld to th e
Gov ern me nt of Indi a for consu mption b y th at Go v ern me nt; or
(b ) consu med in th e constru ction , main t en an ce or op er ation of an y
r ai lway b y th e Gov ern me nt of Indi a o r a r ail wa y co mp an y op er at ing th at
r ai lway, or so ld to th at Go v e rn me nt or an y su ch r ai lway co mp an y for
consu mption in th e constru ct ion , main t en an ce or op er ation of an y
r ai lw a y,
and an y su ch l aw i mpos ing, or author ising th e i mposi tion o f, a t ax on th e
s al e of el ec tri cit y sh all s e cu r e th at th e p ri c e of el ect ri cit y sold to th e
Gov ern me nt of Indi a for consump tion b y th at Gov ern me nt , or to an y su ch
r ai lway co mp an y as afor es aid for consu mption in th e constru c tion ,
ma i nt en an ce or op er at ion of an y r a il way, sh al l be l e ss b y th e amount of th e
t ax th an th e price ch arg ed to oth er consu mers of a subs t anti al quan tit y of
el ect ri cit y.
288 . Ex emp tion f ro m t axation by Stat es in resp e ct of w ater o r
el ect ri c ity in certain ca s es.—(1) S av e in so f ar as th e Pr es id ent may b y
120 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
C H A P T E R I II.—P R O P E R T Y . C O N T R A C T S , R I G H T S , L I A B I L I T I E S ,
OBLIGAT IONS AND SUITS
294 . Su cces sion to p rop erty , ass et s, rights , liabil iti es and obliga tions
in certain cas es.— As fro m th e co mmen cement of this Const itution —
(a ) a l l p rop ert y and ass ets w h i ch i mme di at e l y b e for e su ch
co mmen cement were v est ed in His Maj es t y for th e pu rpos es of th e
Gov ern me nt of th e Do min ion of Indi a and all prop ert y and ass ets whi ch
i mme d i at el y b efor e su ch co mme n c e me nt w er e ve st ed in His M aj es t y for
th e purpos es o f t h e Go v ern me nt of each Gov e rnor's Provin ce sh all v est
r esp ect iv el y in th e Un ion and the corr esponding St at e, and
(b ) al l rights , li abi liti es and oblig ations o f the Gov ern ment of th e
Do minion of Indi a and of th e Gov ern me nt of each Gov ernor's Prov in ce,
wh eth er arising out of an y contr act or oth erwis e, shall b e th e rights ,
li ab ilit i es and oblig ations r esp ec tiv el y of th e Gov ern me nt of Indi a and
th e Gov ern me nt of each cor responding St at e,
subj ect to an y adjus t ment ma de o r to b e ma de b y r e ason of th e cr eation
b efor e th e co mmen cemen t of this Constitu tion of th e Do minion of P akist an
o r o f t h e P r o v i n c es o f W e s t Be n g al , E as t B en g al , W es t P u n j ab and E ast
P u n j ab ,
295 . Su cces sion to p rop erty , ass et s, rights , liabil iti es and obliga tions
in oth e r cas es .— ( 1 ) As fro m th e co mmen cement of this Const itut ion—
(a ) a l l p rop ert y and ass ets w h i ch i mme di at e l y b e for e su ch
co mme n cement wer e v est ed in an y Indi an S t at e corr espond ing to a St at e
sp ecif i ed in P art B of th e First S ch edu l e sh all v est in th e Union , if th e
purpos es for whi ch su ch propert y and ass e ts wer e h eld i mme d i at el y
b efor e su ch comme n cemen t wil l th er eaft er be purpos es of th e Union
r el a ting to an y of th e matt ers en u mer at ed in the Un ion List , an d
(b ) al l righ ts, li abi liti es and oblig ations of the Gov e rn ment of an y
Indi an S t at e co rr espond ing to a St at e sp ecifi ed in P ar t B of th e Fi rst
S ch edul e, wh ether arising out of an y contr act or oth er wis e, sh all b e th e
righ ts, li ab ilit i es and obl ig ations of th e Go v ern me nt of Ind ia, if th e
purpos es for whi ch su ch r ights wer e acquir ed o r li ab ili ti es or
o b lig a tio n s w ere i n cu rr ed b efo re s u ch co mme n c e me n t wi ll th er e aft e r b e
purpos es of th e Gov e rn men t of Indi a r el at ing to an y o f th e ma t t ers
enu mer at ed in th e Un ion List ,
subj ect to an y ag r eement ent er ed into in th at beh alf b y th e Gov ern ment of
Indi a with th e Gov ern me nt of that St at e.
(2) Sub j ect as afor es aid, th e Gov ern me nt of each St at e sp ecifi ed in P a rt
B of th e Fir st S ch edul e shall , as fro m th e co mme n cement of this
Consti tution , be th e su ccessor of th e Gov ernme n t of th e corr espond ing
Indi an St a t e as r eg ards al l prope rt y and ass ets a nd all righ ts, l ia bil iti es and
oblig ations , wh eth er ari sing out of an y contr act or oth er wis e, oth er th an
thos e r ef er r ed to in cl aus e (1) .
123 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
2 9 6 . P ro p e rt y a c c ru i n g b y e s c h ea t o r l a p s e o r a s bona vacantia . —
Subj ect as h er ein af t er provid ed , an y prop erty i n th e t erritor y o f Indi a
whi ch , if thi s Cons titut ion h ad no t co me into op er ation , would h av e
accru ed to His Maj est y or , as th e cas e ma y b e, to th e Rul er of an Indi an
St at e b y es ch e a t o r l aps e , o r as bona va can tia for wan t of a rightfu l o wn er ,
sh al l, if it is prop ert y si tu at e in a St a t e, v est in su ch St at e , and sh all , in
an y oth er cas e , v est in th e Union:
Provid ed th a t an y prop ert y whi ch at th e d at e w h en it wou ld h av e so
accru ed to His Maj es t y or to t h e Rul er of an Ind i an St at e was in th e
poss es sion or und er th e co n trol of th e Go v ern me nt of Indi a or th e
Gov ern me nt of a St at e sh all , according as th e purpos es fo r wh i ch i t was
th en us ed or h eld wer e purpo ses of th e Un ion or of a St at e, v est in th e
Union or in th at St at e.
Explanation . —In th is arti cl e, the expr ess ions “Rul er ” and “Indi an S t at e”
h av e th e s a me mean ings as in art i cl e 363 .
297 . Things of valu e w ithin t errito r ial w a ters o r co ntin ental sh elf
and resou rces of th e ex clusiv e econo mi c zon e to v e st in th e Union .— (1)
All l ands , min er als and o th er things of valu e und erl y ing th e o cean wi thin
th e t e rritori al wat ers , or th e contin en t al sh elf, or th e ex clus iv e econo mi c
zon e , o f Indi a sh all v es t in th e Union and b e h eld for th e purpos es of th e
Union.
(2) All o th er resour ces of th e ex clusiv e econo mi c zon e of Indi a sh all
also v est in th e Union and b e h eld for th e purpos es of th e Union.
(3) Th e li mit s of th e t err itori al wat e rs, the contin ent a l sh elf , the
ex clus iv e economi c zon e , and oth er ma riti me zon es , o f Indi a sh all b e su ch
as ma y b e sp ecif i ed, fro m ti me to ti me , b y or und er an y law ma d e b y
P arl i a ment .
2 9 8 . Pow e r t o c a r ry o n t ra d e , e t c .— Th e ex ecutiv e po wer of th e Union
and of each St at e sh all ex t end to th e carr ying on of an y tr ad e or bu sin ess
and to th e acquisi tion , hold ing and dispos al of prop ert y an d the ma king of
contr acts for any purpos e:
Pro v id ed th a t—
(a ) th e s aid ex ecutiv e po wer of th e Union shall , in so f ar as su ch
tr ad e or busin ess or su ch pu rpos e is not one wi th r esp ect to wh i ch
P arl i a ment ma y ma k e l a ws , b e subj e ct in e a ch St at e to l egi sl ation b y th e
St at e ; and
(b ) th e said ex ec utiv e po wer of each St at e sh all , in so f ar as su ch
tr ad e or busin ess or su ch purpos e is not on e with r esp ect to wh i ch th e
St at e Legisl atur e ma y ma k e l a ws, b e subj ect to l egis lation by
P arl i a ment .
299 . Cont ra cts .— (1) All con tr acts ma d e in th e ex er cis e of th e ex ecutiv e
p o w er o f th e Un io n o r o f a S ta t e sh a ll b e ex p r ess ed to b e ma d e b y th e
Pr esid en t, or b y th e Gov ernor of th e St at e, as th e cas e ma y b e , and all su ch
contr acts an d all assu r an c es of prop ert y ma d e in th e ex er ci s e of th at po wer
124 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART XIII
TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN THE
TERRITORY OF INDIA
3 0 1 . F r e ed o m o f t ra d e, co mme r c e a n d i n t e r c o u rs e .—Sub ject to th e
oth er provis ions of th is P a rt , tr ad e, co mme r ce and in t er cours e throughout
th e t err itor y of Indi a sh al l b e free.
302 . Pow er of Pa rlia me n t to imp o s e rest ri ctions on t rad e, co mmerce
and int ercou rse. —P ar li amen t may b y l aw i mpos e su ch r estriction s on th e
fr eedo m of tr ade, co mme r ce or int e rcou rs e b etween on e St at e and anoth er
or within an y p art of th e t errito r y of Indi a as ma y b e r e quir ed in th e
publi c in t er est .
3 0 3 . Rest ri ctions on th e l egi slat iv e pow e rs of th e Union and of th e
Stat es w ith re ga rd to t rade a nd co mmerce. —(1) No twiths t anding
an ything in articl e 302 , n ei th er P arl i a men t nor th e Legi sl atur e of a S t at e
sh al l h av e po wer to ma k e an y law giving , or au thor ising th e giving of , an y
pr ef er en ce to one St at e ov er anoth er , or ma king , or au thorising th e ma king
o f , an y d i s c r i min at io n b et w e en o n e S ta t e an d an o t h er , b y v i r tu e o f an y
entr y r el at ing to tr ad e and co mme r ce i n an y of th e Lis ts in th e S ev enth
S ch ed u l e .
(2) No thing in cl aus e (1) sh al l pr ev ent P arli amen t fro m making an y l aw
giving , or authoris ing th e giving of, an y pr ef er en ce or ma k ing , or
author ising th e mak ing of , an y dis cr i min ation if i t is d e cl ared b y su ch l aw
th at it is n ecess ar y to do so for th e purpos e of d e aling wi th a s itu ation
aris ing fro m s c ar ci t y of goods in an y p a rt of the t erri tor y of Indi a.
3 0 4 . R es t ri ct i o n s o n t ra d e , c o mme r c e a nd i nt e r co u rs e a mo ng
Stat es . —No twithst an d ing an ything in arti cl e 301 o r ar ti cl e 303 , th e
L e g isl a tu r e o f a St at e ma y b y la w —
(a ) i mpos e on good s i mported f ro m oth er S t at es or th e Union
t err itori es an y tax to wh i ch si mil a r goods ma nuf actur ed or p rodu ced in
t h at S t at e a r e s u b j e ct , s o , h o w eve r , as n o t t o d i s c r i min at e b et w ee n g o o d s
so i mport ed and goods so manufactur ed or produ ced; and
(b ) i mpos e su ch r e ason ab l e r estr i ctions on the fr eedo m of tr ad e,
co mmer ce or inter cours e with or within th at St ate as may b e r equir ed in
th e publi c in t erest :
Provid ed th at no Bill or amendmen t for the purpos es of cl au s e (b ) shall
b e introdu ced or mo v ed in th e Legisl atur e of a St at e without th e pr ev ious
s an ct ion of th e Pr esid en t.
305 . Saving of exist ing law s and laws p roviding fo r Stat e
mo n o po li es .— Nothing in art i cl es 301 and 303 sh al l aff e ct th e prov isions
of an y existing l a w ex cep t in so f ar as the Pr es id ent may b y o rd er
oth er wis e dir e ct; and noth ing in arti cl e 301 shall aff e ct th e op er at ion of
an y l a w mad e b efor e th e co mmen cemen t of the Co n stitu tion ( Fourth
A me n d me n t ) A ct , 1 9 5 5 , i n s o f ar as i t r el at e s t o , o r p r ev en t P ar l i a men t o r
125
126 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART XIV
SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES
CHAPTER I.— SERVICES
3 0 8 . I n t e rp r et a t i o n . —In th is P a rt, unl ess t h e cont ext o th erwis e
r equir e s, th e expr ess ion “St a te” do es not in clud e th e St at e of J a mmu and
Kash mir .
309 . Recruit me nt and cond itions of s e rvi c e of p ersons s erving th e
U nion o r a Stat e .—Sub j ect to th e prov isions of th is Constitu tion , Acts of
th e appropr i at e Legisl atur e ma y r egul at e th e r ecrui t men t , an d condit ions of
s ervi ce of p ersons appoin t ed, to pub li c s ervi ces an d pos ts in conn ect ion
with th e aff air s of th e Un ion or of an y S t at e:
Pro v id ed th a t it sh all b e co mp et en t fo r th e Pr esid en t o r su ch p erso n as
h e ma y di r e ct in th e cas e of s ervi ces an d post s in conn ect ion with th e
aff ai rs of th e Un ion , an d for the Gov ernor of a S t at e o r su ch person as h e
may d ir e ct in the cas e of s ervi ces and posts in conn ection with th e aff airs
of th e S t at e, to ma k e rul es r egul at ing th e r e crui t men t, an d the conditions
of s ervi ce o f persons appoint ed , to su ch s ervices and posts unti l provis ion
in th at b eh alf is mad e b y or und er an Act of th e appropri at e Leg isl atur e
und er this arti cl e, and an y rul es so mad e sh all h av e eff e ct subj ect to th e
provis ions of any su ch Act.
3 1 0 . T en u r e o f o f f i c e o f p e rso n s s e rv i n g t h e U n i o n o r a S t a t e .—(1)
Ex cept as expr ess l y provid ed by t h is Co n stitution , ev er y p e rson who is a
me mb er of a def en ce s ervi ce or of a civ il servi ce of th e Union or of an
all -Indi a s erv ice or ho lds an y post connect ed with d ef en ce or any civ il post
und er th e Un ion holds offi ce during th e pl easur e of th e Pr esid en t, an d
ev er y p erson who is a me mb er o f a civ il s ervi ce of a St at e or ho lds an y
civi l po st und er a St at e holds offi ce during th e pl easur e of th e Gov ernor
of th e St at e.
(2) No t wi thst anding th at a p erson holding a civil po st und er th e Un ion
or a S t at e holds off i ce during th e pl easu r e of th e Pr es id ent or , as th e cas e
ma y b e , of th e Gov ernor o f th e S t at e, an y con tr a ct und er whi ch a p erson ,
not b eing a memb er of a d ef ence s ervi ce or of an all-Indi a s ervi ce or of a
civi l s ervi ce of th e Un ion or a St at e, is appoint ed und er thi s Consti tution
to hold su ch a post ma y, i f th e Pr esid en t or th e Gov ernor , as th e cas e ma y
b e , d e e ms it n ec e ss ar y in o rd er t o s e cu r e th e se rv i c es of a p erso n h av in g
sp eci a l qu al ifi cation s, provid e for th e p a ymen t to hi m of co mp en s at ion, if
b efor e th e expi ration of an agr eed p er iod th at post is abolish ed or h e is , for
r e asons not conn ect ed wi th an y mi s condu ct on hi s p art , r equ ired to v acat e
th at pos t.
311 . D is mi ssal , r e mo va l o r r edu ction in rank o f p e rsons emp l o y ed in
c ivi l capa citi es und e r th e Union o r a State . —(1) No person wh o is a
me mb er of a civil s e rvi ce of th e Un ion o r an all- Indi a s ervi ce or a civil
s ervi ce o f a St at e or ho lds a civil po st und er the Union or a St at e sh all b e
127
128 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(4) Th e p rovisions of this arti cl e sh all h ave eff ect not withst an d ing
an ything in ar ticl e 314 as or igin all y en act ed or i n an y oth e r provis ion of
thi s Cons titution .
313 . Trans itional p rovision s.— Unt il oth er provis ion is ma d e in this
b eh alf und er this Cons titution , all th e l a ws in for ce i mmed i at ely b efor e th e
co mmen cement of this Const itution and appli c ab l e to an y public s erv i ce or
an y post wh i ch continu es to exist aft er th e co mmen cement of this
Consti tution , as an al l-Indi a s ervi ce or as s e rvi ce or po st under th e Un ion
or a S t at e sh al l continu e in for ce so far as consist en t with th e provis ions of
thi s Cons titution .
3 1 4 . [ Pro vision for pro t ec tion of exis ting offi ce rs of cer tain ser vi c es .]
Rep . b y the Const itution (T wenty- eigh th Amendment ) Act , 1 9 7 2 , s. 3 (w . e . f .
29-8-1972).
C HA P TE R II.— P UB LIC S ER V I C E C O M M I S S I O N S
315 . Pub li c S e rvi ce Co mmi ss ions fo r th e Un ion and fo r th e Stat es .—
(1) Sub ject to th e prov isions of th is arti cl e, th er e sh al l b e a Publi c
S ervi ce Co mmi ss ion for th e Union and a Publi c S erv i ce Co mmi ssion for
e a c h S t at e .
(2) Two or mo re St at es ma y agr ee th at th er e sh all b e on e Publi c S erv i c e
Co mmi ssion for t h at group of St at es, and if a r e solution to th at eff e ct is
p as s ed b y t h e Ho u s e o r , wh er e t h er e ar e t wo Ho u s es , b y e a ch Ho u s e o f t h e
Legisl atur e of each o f thos e St at es , P arli a me nt ma y b y l a w provid e for th e
appoint me nt of a J oint S t at e Publi c S ervi ce Commi s sion (r ef err ed to in this
C h ap t er as Jo in t C o mmis sio n ) to s erv e th e n e ed s o f th o s e St at es.
(3) An y su ch l a w a s afo r es aid ma y c o nta in su ch in c ide nt al a nd
cons equ ent ial provis ions as ma y b e n eces s ar y or d esir ab le for giving eff e ct
to th e purpos es of th e l a w.
(4) Th e Pub li c S ervi ce Co mmi ssion for th e Union , if r equ est ed so to do
b y th e Gov ernor of a St at e ma y, with th e approv al of th e Pr esid ent , agr ee
to s erv e all or an y of th e n e eds of th e St at e.
(5) Ref er en c es in this Co n sti tution to th e Un ion Publ i c S ervi ce
Co mmi ssion or a St at e Pub li c Servi c e Co mmi ssion sh all , unl ess th e cont ex t
oth er wis e r equir es , b e cons tru ed as r ef er en c es to th e Co mmi ssion s erving
th e n e eds of the Union or , as th e cas e ma y b e , th e S t at e as r esp ect s th e
p art i cul ar matt er in qu estion .
316 . Appoint ment and t erm of of fi ce of me mb ers .—(1 ) Th e C h air ma n
and oth er me mbers of a Pub li c S ervi ce Co mmiss ion sh all b e appoint ed , in
th e cas e o f the Union Co mmi ssion or a Join t Co mmis sion , b y th e
Pr esid en t, and in th e c as e of a St at e Co mmi ssion , b y th e Gove rnor of th e
S t at e :
Provid ed th at as n e arl y as ma y b e on e-h al f of th e me mb ers of ev er y
Publi c S ervi ce Co mmi ssion shall b e p ersons who at the d ates of th eir
r esp ect iv e appoint me nts h av e h eld o ffi ce for at least t en years eith er und er
131 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(3) Not withst anding an ything in cl aus e (1 ), the Pr esid ent ma y b y ord er
r e mov e f ro m offi ce th e Ch air man or an y oth er me mb er of a Publi c S ervi c e
C o mmi ssion if th e Ch air ma n o r su ch o th er me mb er , as th e c a se ma y b e , —
(a ) is ad judged an insolv en t; or
(b ) en g ag es during hi s t er m of offi ce in an y p aid emplo y me nt outs id e
th e duti e s of hi s offi ce; or
( c) is , in th e opinion of th e Pr esid en t, unf it to continu e in offi ce b y
r e ason of infi r mit y of mind or bod y.
(4) If th e Ch air man or an y oth er me mb er of a Publi c S ervi c e
Co mmi ssion i s or beco me s in an y way con cern ed or int er est ed in an y
contr act or agr eemen t ma d e b y or on b eh alf o f th e Gov ern me nt of Indi a o r
th e Gov ern ment of a S t at e or part i cip at es in any way i n th e p rofi t th er eo f
or in an y b en efi t or emolu ment ar ising th erefro m oth er wi se th an as a
me mb e r an d in c o mmon with th e oth e r me mb e rs of an in corpor a t ed
co mp an y, h e shall , for th e purpos es of cl aus e (1) , b e d eemed to b e gui lty
o f mis b eh avi o u r .
318 . Pow er to ma ke reg ulations a s to condit ions of s ervi c e of
me mb ers and staf f o f th e Co mmi s sion .—In th e cas e of th e Un ion
Co mmi ssion or a Joint Co mmis sion, th e Pr esid en t and , in th e cas e of a
St at e Co mmi ssion , th e Gov ernor of th e St at e ma y b y r egul ations —
(a ) d et er min e th e nu mb er of me mb ers of th e Co mmi ss ion and th eir
condit ions of s ervi ce; and
(b ) ma k e provis ion with r esp ect to th e numb e r of me mb ers of th e
st af f of th e Co mmi ssion and th eir condit ions o f servi ce:
Provid ed th at the cond itions of s ervi ce of a me mb er of a Publ ic S e rvi c e
Co mmi ssion sh all not b e v ari ed to his dis adv an tag e aft er his appoint me nt .
319 . Prohibition as to th e holding of offi ces by me mb ers of
Co mmi s sion on ceas ing to b e su ch me mb ers .— On ceasing to hold
office—
(a ) th e Ch ai r man of th e Un ion Publi c S e rvi ce Co mmi ssion sh all b e
in el igibl e for furth er emplo y me nt eith er und er th e Go v ern men t of Indi a
or und er th e Gov ern me nt of a St at e;
(b ) th e Ch ai r man o f a S t at e Publi c S ervi ce Co mmi ssion shall b e
elig ibl e for appoint me nt as th e Ch air man or an y oth er me mber of th e
Union Publi c S ervi ce Co mmi ssion or as th e Chair man of an y oth er St at e
Publi c S ervi ce Co mmi ssion , but not for an y oth er emplo y me nt eith er
und er th e Gov ern me nt of Indi a or und er th e Gov ern me nt of a St at e;
( c) a me mb er oth er th an th e Ch air man of th e Union Publi c Servi ce
Co mmi ssion shall b e eligibl e for appoint me nt as th e Ch air man o f th e
Union Publi c Servi c e Co mmi ssion or as th e Ch air man of a Stat e Publi c
S ervi ce Co mmi ssion , but not for an y oth e r emplo y me nt ei th er und er th e
G o v er n me n t o f I n d i a o r u n d er t h e Go v e r n men t o f a S t at e;
133 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
conn ection wi th th e af f airs of a St ate, may mak e r egul ations specif y ing th e
ma t t ers in whi ch eith er g en er a ll y, or in an y p art i cul ar cl ass of cas e or in
an y p art i cul ar cir cu mst an ces , it sh al l not b e n ecess ar y for a Publi c S ervi c e
Co mmi ssion to b e consult ed .
(4) No thing in cl aus e (3) sh all r e quir e a Public S e rvi ce Co mmi ssion to
b e consu lt ed as r e sp ects th e mann er in whi ch an y prov ision ref err ed to in
cl aus e (4) of arti cl e 16 ma y b e ma d e or as r e sp ects th e ma nner in whi ch
eff e ct ma y b e g iv en to th e provision s of art i cl e 335 .
(5) All r egul ations ma d e und er th e p roviso to cl au s e (3) b y th e Pr esid ent
or th e Gov ernor of a St at e shall b e l a id for not l es s th an fourt e en d a ys
b efor e each Hous e of P arl i ame n t or th e Hous e or each Hous e of the
Legisl atur e of th e S t at e, as th e cas e ma y b e , as s oon as possible af t er th ey
ar e mad e , and sh all b e subj ect to su ch modif i ca tion s, wh eth er b y way of
r ep e al or amend ment , as both Hous es o f P arliame n t or th e Hous e o r both
Hous es of th e Legisl atur e of th e St at e ma y ma k e during the s ession in
w h i ch th e y ar e so l aid .
321 . Pow er to ext end fun ct ions of Publi c S e rvi ce Co mmi s sions .— An
A c t mad e b y P ar l i a men t o r , as t h e c as e ma y b e, t h e L eg i s l atu r e o f a S t at e
ma y p rovid e for th e ex er cis e of addit ion al function s b y the Un ion Publ i c
S ervi ce Co mmi ss ion or th e Stat e Publi c S ervi ce Co mmi ssion as r esp ects
th e s ervi c es of th e Un ion or the S tat e an d al so as r esp ects th e s e rvi c es of
an y lo cal authori t y or o ther bod y corpor at e const itut ed b y l aw or o f an y
publi c in stitut ion .
3 2 2 . Exp en s es o f Pu b l i c S e rvi c e C o m mi ss io n s .— Th e exp enses of th e
Union or a Stat e Publi c S ervi ce Co mmi ssion , in cluding an y s al ari es ,
allo wan c es and p ensions p a yable to or in r e sp ect of th e me mb ers or st aff of
th e Co mmi ss ion, sh al l b e ch arged on th e Consolid at ed Fund o f Indi a or , as
th e cas e ma y b e, th e Conso lid ated Fund o f th e St at e.
3 2 3 . R ep o rts o f P u b li c S e rv i c e C o m mi s s i o n s .— (1) It sh all be t h e dut y
of th e Un ion Commi s sion to pr es ent annu all y to th e P r esid ent a r eport as to
th e wo rk don e b y th e Co mm is sion an d on r eceip t of su ch r e port th e
Pr esid en t sh all caus e a copy th er eof tog eth er with a me mo r a ndu m
expl ain ing, as r esp ects th e cas es , if an y, wh er e th e advi ce of th e
Co mmi ssion was not accept ed, th e r e asons for su ch non- accept an ce to b e
l ai d b ef o r e e a ch H o u s e o f P ar li ame n t .
(2) I t sh all b e th e dut y of a S t at e Co mmi ss ion to pr es en t annu all y to th e
Gov ernor of th e S t at e a r eport as to th e wo rk don e b y th e Co mm is sion, and
it sh all b e th e du t y of a Joint Co mmi ss ion t o pr es en t annu all y to th e
G o v ern o r o f e a ch o f th e St a t es th e n e ed s o f wh i ch ar e s erv ed b y th e Jo in t
Co mmi ssion a report as to th e work don e b y the Co mmi ssion in r e lation to
th at St at e , and in ei the r c as e the G ov ernor , sh all , on r e c e ipt of su ch r epor t,
c a us e a cop y the r eof tog eth er w ith a me mo r andu m exp l aining , a s r e sp e cts
t h e c a s es, i f an y , w h er e t h e ad v i c e o f t h e Commi s si o n w as n o t a c c ep t ed,
th e r easons for su ch non- accep tan ce to b e l aid b efor e th e Legisl atu r e of th e
S t at e .
135 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
P A R T XI VA
T R I BU N A LS
323 A. Ad min istrativ e t ribunals .— (1) P arli a me nt ma y, b y l aw, provid e
for th e ad judi ca tion or tri al by ad min istr at ive t ribun als of dispu t es and
co mp l aints wi th r esp ect to r e cruit ment an d condit ions of s ervi c e of p ersons
appoint ed to publi c s ervi c es an d post s in conn ec tion wi th th e aff ai rs of th e
Union or of an y St at e or of an y lo cal or oth er author it y wi thin th e t erri tor y
of Indi a or und er th e control of th e Go v ern me nt of Ind i a or o f an y
corpor at ion o wned or controll ed b y th e Gov ernme n t .
(2) A l aw mad e und er cl aus e (1) may—
(a ) prov id e for th e es t ablish ment of an ad minis tr ativ e t ribun al fo r
th e Un ion and a s e p ar at e ad minis tr ativ e tribun al for each Stat e or fo r
t wo or mor e St at es ;
(b ) sp ecif y th e jur isdi ction , powers (in c luding th e po wer to punish
for c ont e mp t) and au thorit y whi ch ma y b e e x erc is ed b y e a ch of th e s aid
tr ibun als;
( c) provid e for th e pro c edur e ( in cluding provisions as to l i mitation
and rul es of evid en ce) to b e follo wed b y th e s aid tribun als;
(d ) ex clud e th e jur isdi ction o f all courts , ex cept th e jurisd i ction of
th e Supr eme Court und er ar ticl e 136, with resp ect to th e dispu t es or
co mpl aints r ef e rr ed to in cl au s e (1);
( e) provid e for th e tr ansf er to each su ch ad minis tr ativ e tribun al of
an y cas e s p ending b efor e an y cour t or oth er au thorit y i mme d i at el y
b efo r e th e es t ab li sh men t o f su ch trib u n al a s wo u ld h av e b e en with in th e
jur isdi ction of su ch tribun al if th e caus es of action on whi ch such su its
or pro ceedings ar e b as ed h ad aris en aft e r su ch est ab lish ment;
(f) r ep e al o r a me n d an y ord er ma d e b y th e Pr esid en t u n d er c l au se (3 )
of arti cl e 371 D;
(g ) cont ain su ch suppl ement al , in cid en tal and cons equenti a l
provis ions ( in cluding provisions as to f e es) as P arli a me nt ma y d eem
n ecess ar y for th e eff e ctiv e function ing of , and f or th e sp eed y d ispos al
of cas es b y, and th e enfor cement of th e ord ers of , su ch tribun als.
(3) Th e p rovisions of this arti cl e sh all h ave eff ect not withst an d ing
an ything in an y oth er provision of this Con stitution or in an y oth er l a w for
th e ti me b eing in for ce.
323 B. Tribunals fo r oth er ma tt ers . — (1) Th e appropri at e Le gis l atur e
ma y, b y l a w, provid e for th e adjudi cation or tri a l b y tr ibun als of an y
dispu t es, co mplaint s, or off en ces with r esp ect to al l or an y of th e matt ers
sp ecif i ed in cl au s e (2) with r esp ect to whi ch su ch Legisl atur e h as po wer to
ma k e l aw s .
(2) Th e mat t ers r ef err ed to in claus e (1) ar e th e fol lowing, n a mel y: —
(a ) l ev y, ass essmen t , co ll ection and en for cement of an y t ax;
135
136 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(4) Th e p rovisions of this arti cl e sh all h ave eff ect not withst an d ing
an ything in an y oth er provision of this Con stitution or in an y oth er l a w for
th e ti me b eing in for ce.
Explanation . —In this arti cl e, “ appropri a t e Legis l atur e”, in rel at ion to
a n y ma t t er , me a n s P ar li a me n t o r , as t h e c as e ma y b e , a S t at e L e g i s l atu r e
co mp et en t to mak e l a ws with resp ect to su ch mat t er in accordan ce with th e
p r o v i s io n s o f P ar t XI .
138 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART XV
ELECTIONS
324 . Sup erint end en ce, di rection and cont rol of el ect ions to b e v est ed
in an El ection Co mmi s sion .— (1) Th e sup erin t end ence, dir e ction and
contro l of th e pr ep ar at ion o f the el ector a l ro lls for , and th e condu ct of , all
el ect ions to P arl i a ment an d to th e Legis latur e of ev er y St at e and of
el ect ions to th e of fi ces of Pr esid en t and Vi ce -Pr es id ent h eld und er this
Consti tution shall b e v es t ed in a Co mmi ss ion (r ef err ed to in this
Consti tution as th e El ection Co mmi s sion) .
(2) Th e El ection Co mmi ssion sh all cons ist of th e Chi ef El ection
Co mmi ssion er and su ch nu mb er of oth e r El ection Co mmi ssion ers , if an y, as
th e Pr esid en t ma y fro m t i me to t i me f ix an d the appoint me nt of th e Ch i ef
El ection Co mmi ss ioner and other El ection Commi s sion ers shall , subj ect to
th e provision s of an y l a w ma de i n th at b eh alf b y P arli a me nt , b e ma d e b y
th e Pr esid en t.
(3) Wh en an y oth er El ection Co mmi ssion er is so appoin t ed th e Chi ef
El ection Co mmi ssion er sh all act as th e Ch air man of th e El ect ion
C o mmi ssion .
(4) Befor e each g en er a l el ection to th e Ho u s e of th e P eopl e and to th e
Legisl ativ e Assemb l y of each St at e, and b e for e th e first g ener al el ection
and th er eaft er befor e each bi enni al el ect ion to t h e Legis l ativ e Coun cil of
each St at e h aving su ch Council , th e Pr esident ma y also appoint aft e r
consul t ation with th e El ect ion Co mmi ssion such Region al Co mmi s sion ers
as h e ma y consid er n ecess ar y to ass ist th e El ection Co mm is sion in th e
p erfor man ce of th e fun ct ions conf err ed on th e Co mmi ssion b y claus e (1) .
(5) Subj ect to th e provisions of any l a w ma d e b y P arl i ame n t , th e
condit ions of servi c e and t enur e of offi ce of th e Election Commi s sion ers
a n d th e R eg io n al Co mmi ssio n ers sh al l b e su ch a s th e Pr es id en t ma y b y ru l e
d et er min e:
Provid ed th at th e Ch i ef El ection Co mmis sioner sh all not b e r e mo v ed
fro m h is off i ce ex cept in l ik e ma nn er and on the l ik e grounds as a Judg e o f
th e Supr eme Court and th e condit ions of s ervi ce of th e Chi ef El ect ion
Co mmi ssion er sh al l not b e v ar i ed to his dis adv ant age af t er hi s
appoint me nt :
Provid ed furth er th at an y oth er El ection Co mmi ssion er or a Region al
Co mmi ssion er sh al l not be r e mov ed from o ff i ce ex ce pt on th e
r e co mme nd ation of th e Ch i ef Election Co mmi ssion er .
(6) Th e Pr esid ent , or th e Gov ernor of a St at e , sh all , wh en so r equ est ed
b y th e El ection Co mmi ssion , ma k e av ail abl e to th e El ection Co mmi s sion or
to a Region al Co mmi ssion er su ch s t aff as ma y b e n ecess ar y fo r th e
dis ch arg e of th e f un ctions conf err ed on th e El ection Co mmi ssion b y cl aus e
(1) .
138
139 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
3 2 9 A . [Sp ecial pro vis ion as to el ections to Parl iamen t in the cas e of
Pri m e Min ist er and Sp ea ker .] Rep . b y th e Cons titut ion (F ort y- fourth
A m e n d m en t ) A ct , 1 9 7 8 , s . 3 6 (w . e . f . 20 -6-1979) .
141 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART XVI
SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING
TO CERTAIN CLASSES
330 . Res e rvation of s eat s fo r Sch edul ed Ca st es and S ch edul ed Trib es
in th e Hous e of th e Peopl e .—(1) S e ats sh all b e r e s erv ed in th e Hous e o f
t h e P eo p l e f o r —
(a ) th e S ch edul ed C ast es;
(b ) the S ch edul ed Trib es except th e Sch edul ed Trib es in th e
autono mous distri cts o f Ass a m; and
( c) th e S ch edul ed Trib es in th e autono mous distri cts o f Ass a m.
(2) Th e nu mb er of s e ats r es erved in an y St at e or Union t erritor y fo r th e
S ch edul ed Castes or th e S ch edul ed Trib es under cl aus e (1) shall b e ar , as
n e arl y as ma y be, th e s a me proport ion to the tot al nu mb er of s e ats al lott ed
to th at St at e or Union t erritor y in th e Hous e of th e P eopl e as th e
popul at ion of the S ch edu l ed Cast es in th e St at e or Un ion t err itor y o r of th e
S ch edul ed Tribes in th e St at e o r Union t erritor y or p ar t of t h e St at e or
Union t erritor y , as th e cas e ma y b e , in r esp ec t of whi ch s eats ar e so
r es erv ed , b e ars to th e tot a l popul at ion o f th e Stat e or Un ion t erri tor y.
(3) No t withst anding an ything cont ain ed in claus e (2) , the nu mb er o f
s e ats r es erv ed in the Hous e of th e P eop l e for th e S ch edul ed Trib es in th e
autono mous distr i cts of Ass a m sh all b e ar to th e tot a l nu mb er of s e ats
allo tt ed to th at St at e a proport ion not l ess th an th e population of th e
S ch edul ed Tribes in th e s aid autono mous dis tri cts b e ars to th e tot al
popul at ion o f the St at e.
Explanation . — In this ar ti cl e an d in articl e 332 , th e expr ess ion
“popul at ion ” means th e popu lation as as certain ed at th e l ast pr eceding
census of whi ch th e r el ev ant figur es h av e b e en publi sh ed:
Provid ed th at th e r ef er en ce in th is Explanation to th e l ast pr eceding
c e nsus of wh ich th e r e l ev ant figur es h av e b e en publish ed sh all , until th e
r el ev an t figur es for th e firs t ce nsus t ak en after th e year 2026 h av e b e en
p u b l i sh ed , b e co n s t r u ed as a r ef e r en c e t o t h e 2 0 0 1 c en s u s .
331 . Rep res entation o f th e Anglo-I ndian Commu n i ty in th e Hous e of
t h e P eo p l e . — Not with st anding an ything in art icl e 81 , th e Pr esid ent ma y, if
h e is of opinion th at th e Anglo-Ind i an co mmu n it y is not ad eq u at e l y
r epr es en t ed in th e Hous e o f th e P eopl e, nomi n at e no t mo r e th an t wo
me mb er s o f that co mmuni t y to th e Hou s e of th e P eopl e.
332 . Res e rvation of s eat s fo r Sch edul ed Ca st es and S ch edul ed Trib es
in th e Legisla tiv e Ass e mb li es of th e Stat es .— (1) S e ats sh al l b e r es erv ed
for th e S ch eduled Cas t es and th e S ch edu l ed Trib es , ex cept the S ch edu l ed
Trib es in the autono mous d istri ct s of Ass a m, i n th e Legisl ative Ass e mbl y
of ev er y St at e .
141
142 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(2) S eats sh all b e r e s erv ed also for th e au tono mous dis tricts in th e
Legisl ativ e As semb l y of th e St at e of Ass a m.
(3) Th e nu mb er of s e ats r es erv ed for th e Sch edul ed Cas t es or th e
S ch edul ed Trib es in th e Leg isl ativ e Ass e mb l y of an y St at e und er cl au s e (1 )
sh al l b e ar , as nearl y as ma y b e, th e s a me proport ion to th e total nu mb er of
s e ats in th e Ass e mb l y as the popul at ion of th e S ch edul ed Ca st es in th e
St at e or of th e S ch edul ed Tr ibes in th e S t at e or p ar t of th e St at e, as th e
cas e ma y b e , in r esp ect of which s e at s ar e so r es erv ed , b e ars to th e tot al
popul at ion o f the St at e.
(3 A) No t withst anding an ything cont ain ed in cl au s e (3) , until the t aking
eff e ct , und er arti cl e 170 , of the r e- adjust ment, on th e b asis of th e firs t
census aft er the year 2026 , of th e nu mb er of s e ats in th e Legi sl ativ e
A ss e mbli es of th e St at es of Arun a ch al Pr ad esh, M egh al a ya , Mi zor a m a nd
Nag al and , th e seats whi ch sh al l b e r es erv ed for th e S ch edul ed Trib es in th e
Legisl ativ e As semb l y of an y such St at e sh all be,—
(a ) i f all th e s e at s in th e Legis l ativ e Ass e mbl y of su ch St at e in
exis t en ce on the d at e of co ming in to for ce o f th e Cons titut ion (F ift y-
s ev enth Amendmen t) Act , 1987 (h er eaft er in thi s cl aus e r ef err ed to as
th e existing Ass e mbl y) ar e h eld b y memb ers of th e S ch edul ed Tr ib es,
a ll th e s e at s ex ce p t o n e;
(b ) in an y oth er c a s e, su ch nu mb er of s ea ts a s b e ars to t h e tot a l
nu mb er of s e ats, a propo rtion not l ess th an th e nu mb er ( a s on th e s aid
d at e) of me mbers b elonging to th e S ch edul ed Trib es in th e exist ing
Ass e mbl y b e ars to th e tot a l nu mb er of s e ats in th e ex ist ing Ass emb l y .
(3 B) Not with standing an yth ing cont ain ed in cl aus e (3), unti l th e r e-
adjus t ment , under art i cl e 170 , tak es eff ect on th e b asis o f th e fir st census
aft er th e year 2026 , of th e nu mb er o f s e ats in th e Legis l ativ e Ass e mb l y of
th e St a t e o f Tr ipur a , th e s e ats w hi ch sh all b e r es erv ed for th e S ch edul ed
Trib es in th e Legis l ativ e Ass e mbl y sh all b e, such nu mb er of s eats as b e ar s
to th e to t al nu mb er of s e ats , a proport ion no t l ess th an th e numb e r , as on
th e d at e of co ming into for ce of th e Const itution (S ev ent y-s econd
Amend ment ) Act , 1992, of memb ers b elonging to th e S ch edul ed Trib es in
th e Leg isl ativ e Ass e mbl y in ex is t en ce on th e s aid d at e b e ars t o th e tot al
n u mb er o f s e ats in th at Ass e mb ly .
(4) Th e nu mb er of seats res erv ed for an au tono mous distr ict in th e
Legisl ativ e Assemb l y o f th e Stat e of Ass a m s hall b e ar to th e tot al nu mb er
of s e ats in th at Ass e mb l y a proport ion not l ess t h an th e population of th e
dis tri ct b e ars to th e tot al popul ation of th e St at e.
(5) Th e const ituen ci es for th e seats r es erv ed for an y autono mous distr i ct
of Ass a m shall not co mpris e any ar ea outsid e th at dis tri ct .
(6) No p erson who is not a me mb er o f a S ch edul ed Trib e of an y
autono mous d istri ct of th e St at e of Ass a m sh all b e eligibl e for el ect ion to
th e Legi sl ativ e Ass e mbl y of th e S t at e fro m an y cons titu en cy of th at
dis tri ct:
143 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(2) Nothing in clause (1) shall bar the appointment of members of the Anglo-Indian
community to posts other than, or in addition to, those reserved for the community under that
clause if such members are found qualified for appointment on merit as compared with the
members of other communities.
337. Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of Anglo-
Indian community.— During the first three financial years after the commencement of this
Constitution, the same grants, if any, shall be made by the Union and by each State for the
benefit of the Anglo-Indian community in respect of education as were made in the financial
year ending on the thirty-first day of March, 1948.
During every succeeding period of three years the grants may be less by ten per cent. than
those for the immediately preceding period of three years :
Provided that at the end of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution such
grants, to the extent to which they are a special concession to the Anglo-Indian community,
shall cease:
Provid ed furth er th at no ed u cation a l in stitut ion sh all b e en ti tl ed to
r eceiv e an y gr an t und er this arti cl e unl ess at least fort y p er ce nt . of th e
a nnu al ad missions th er ein ar e ma d e av a il abl e to me mb e rs o f c o mmu n iti es
oth er th an th e Anglo-Ind i an co mmu nit y.
338. National Commission for Scheduled Castes.— (1) There shall be a Commission
for the Scheduled Castes to be known as the National Commission for the Scheduled Castes.
(2) Subject to the provisions of any law made in this behalf by Parliament, the
Commission shall consist of a Chairperson, Vice- Chairperson and three other Members and
the conditions of service and tenure of office of the Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other
Members so appointed shall be such as the President may by rule determine.
(3) Th e Ch airp erson , Vi ce- Ch airp er son and oth er Memb ers of th e
Co mmi ssion sh all b e appoint ed b y th e P r esid en t b y warr an t under hi s h and
a n d s e al .
(4) Th e Co mmi ssion sh al l h av e th e power to r egul at e i ts own pro c edur e.
(5) It sh al l b e the dut y of th e Co mmi s sion —
(a ) to inv e stig at e and monitor all matt ers r el ating to th e s af egu ards
provid ed for th e S ch edu l ed Castes und er this Const itution or und er an y
oth er l a w for th e t i me b eing in for ce or und er an y ord er of th e
Gov ern me nt and to ev alu at e th e working of su ch s af egu ards;
(b ) to inquir e into sp ecifi c co mp l aints with r esp ect to th e
d epriv ation o f right s and s af eguards of th e S ch edul ed Cast es ;
( c) to p arti cip at e an d ad v i s e o n th e p lan n in g p ro c ess o f so cio -
e c o n o mi c d ev e lo p me n t o f th e S ch ed u l ed C aste s an d to ev alu at e th e
progr es s of th eir d ev elop ment und er th e Un ion and an y S t at e;
(d ) to p re s en t to th e Pr es id en t , a n n u all y an d at su ch oth e r ti me s as
th e Co mmi ssion ma y d eem fit , r eport s upon th e working of thos e
s af eg u ard s ;
( e) to mak e in su ch r epo rts r e co mmen d a tions as t o th e measur es t h at
should b e t aken b y th e Union or an y St at e for th e eff e ct iv e
145 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
i mpl ement at ion of thos e s afegu ards and oth er measur es for the
prot ection, welfar e and so cio- ec ono mi c d ev elop ment of th e Sch edul ed
C a st es ; an d
(f) to d is ch arg e su ch oth er function s in r el ation to th e prot ec tion ,
w e lf ar e an d d ev elo p me n t an d a d v an c e me n t o f th e S ch ed u l ed C a st es as
th e P resid en t ma y, s ubj ect to th e provisions of an y l a w ma d e b y
P arl i a ment , b y rul e sp e cif y.
(6) Th e Pr es id ent sh all caus e all su ch r eports to b e l aid b efor e each
Hous e of P a rli ame n t along with a me mo r andu m expl aining th e action t ak en
or propo s ed to b e t ak en on th e r e co mme n d ations r e l ating to the U nion and
th e r e asons for th e non- accept an ce, if an y, of any of su ch
r e co mme n d a t i o n s .
(7 ) Wh er e an y su ch r ep o rt , o r an y p art th er eo f , r el a t es to an y ma tt e r wi th
w hi ch an y S t at e G ov ern men t is c on c ern ed , a cop y of su ch r eport sh al l b e
for w ard ed to the Gov ernor of th e St at e who shall caus e i t to be l aid b efor e
th e Legi sl atur e of th e St at e along wi th a me mo r a ndu m expl ain ing th e
a c tio n t ak en o r pro p o s ed to b e t ak en on th e re c o mme n d a tio n s r e l atin g to
th e St at e and th e r e asons for th e non- accept an ce, if an y, of an y of su ch
r e co mme n d a t i o n s .
(8) Th e Co mmi ssion sh all , wh ile i n v estig at ing an y mat t er r ef e rr ed to in
sub- cl au s e (a ) or inqu iring in to an y co mpl aint ref err ed to in sub- cl au s e (b )
of cl aus e (5) , hav e all th e po we rs of a civil court tr ying a sui t and in
p art i cul ar in r esp ect of th e following matt ers , namel y :—
(a ) su mmoning and en for cing th e att end an ce of an y p erson from an y
p art of Indi a an d ex amining him on o ath ;
(b ) r equir ing the dis cov er y and produ ct ion of an y do cu men t;
( c) r eceiving ev id en ce on affid avit s;
(d ) r equ isition ing an y publi c record or cop y th er eof fro m an y court
or offi ce;
( e) issuing commi s sions for t h e ex amin at ion o f witn es s es and
do cu me nts;
(f) an y oth er matt er whi ch th e Pr esid en t may, by rul e , d et er mine.
(9) Th e Union and ev e r y St a t e G ov ern me nt sh all consul t th e Co mmi ssion
o n all ma jo r p o li c y ma tt es aff e ctin g S ch ed u l ed C a st es .
(10) In this art i cl e , r ef er en ces to th e S chedul ed Cas t es sh al l b e
constru ed as including r ef er ences to su ch other b a ck ward class es as th e
Pr esid en t ma y, on r eceipt of the r epo rt of a Co mmi ssion appoint ed und er
cl au s e (1) of art i cl e 340 , b y ord er sp ecif y an d also to th e Anglo-Indi an
c o mmun it y.
338A. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.—(1) There shall be a
Commission for the Scheduled Tribes to be known as the National Commission for the
Scheduled Tribes.
146 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(2) Subject to the provisions of any law made in this behalf by Parliament, the
Commission shall consist of a Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and three other Members and
the conditions of service and tenure of office of the Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other
Members so appointed shall be such as the President by rule determine.
(3) The Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other Members of the Commission shall be
appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal.
(4) The Commission shall have the power to regulate its own procedure.
(5) It shall be the duty of the Commission—
(a) to investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for
the Scheduled Tribes under this Constitution or under any other law for the time being
in force or under any order of the Government and to evaluate the working of such
safeguards;
(b) to inquire into specific complaints with respect to the deprivation of rights and
safeguards of the Scheduled Tribes;
(c) to participate and advise on the planning process of socio-economic
development of the Scheduled Tribes and to evaluate the progress of their development
under the Union and any State;
(d) to present to the President, annually and at such other times as the Commission
may deem fit, reports upon the working of those safeguards;
(e) to make in such reports recommendation as to the measures that should be
taken by the Union or any State for the effective implementation of those safeguards
and other measures for the protection, welfare and socioeconomic development of the
Scheduled Tribes; and
(f) to discharge such other functions in relation to the protection, welfare and
development and advancement of the Scheduled Tribes as the President may, subject to
the provisions of any law made by Parliament, by rule specify.
(6) The President shall cause all such reports to be laid before each House of Parliament
along with a memorandum explaining the action taken or proposed to be taken on the
recommendations relating to the Union and the reasons for the non-acceptance, if any, of
any such recommendations.
(7) Where any such report, or any part thereof, relates to any matter with which any
State Government is concerned, a copy of such report shall be forwarded to the Governor of
the State who shall cause it to be laid before the Legislature of the State along with a
memorandum explaining the action taken or proposed to be taken on the recommendations
relating to the State and the reasons for the non-acceptance, if any, of any of such
recommendations.
(8) The Commission shall, while investigating any matter referred to in sub-clause (a) or
inquiring into any complaint referred to in sub-clause (b) of clause (5), have all the powers
of a civil court trying a suit and in particular in respect of the following matters, namely: —
(a) summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person from any part of India
and examining him on oath;
(b) requiring the discovery and production of any document;
(c) receiving evidence on affidavits;
147 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(d) requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office;
(e) issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses and documents;
(f) any other matter which the President may, by rule, determine.
(9) The Union and every State Government shall consult the Commission on all major
policy matters affecting Scheduled Tribes.
339 . Cont rol o f th e Un ion ov er th e ad mi nist ration of S ch eduled Areas
and th e w elfa re of S ch edul ed T r ib es .— (1) The Pr esid ent ma y a t an y ti me
and sh all , at the expir ation of t en years fro m th e co mmen c emen t of this
Consti tution b y ord er appo int a Co mmi ssion to r eport on th e admi nis tr ation
of th e S ch eduled Ar eas and th e welf ar e of th e S ch edul ed Trib es in the
S t at e s .
Th e ord er ma y d ef in e th e comp osit ion, powers and pro c edur e o f th e
Co mmi ssion an d ma y cont ain su ch in cid ent al or an ci ll ar y provis ions as th e
Pr esid en t ma y consid er n ecess ary or d esir abl e.
(2) Th e ex ecu tiv e po wer of th e Union sh all ext end to th e giving of
dir ections to a St at e as to th e d r aw ing up and ex ecution of s ch e me s
sp ecif i ed in th e di r e ction to b e ess en ti al fo r the welf ar e of th e S ch edul ed
Trib es in th e Stat e.
340 . Appoint ment of a Co mmi s sion to investiga t e th e condit ions of
ba c kw a rd classe s .—(1 ) Th e Presid en t ma y b y ord er appoin t a Co mmi ssion
consis ting of such p erson s as he th inks fi t to inv est ig at e th e condit ions of
so ci all y an d edu c ation a ll y b a ck ward cl ass es within th e t erritor y of Ind i a
and th e dif fi culti es und er wh i ch th ey l abour and to ma k e r e comme n d a tions
as to th e s tep s th at should b e tak en b y th e Un ion or an y St ate to r e mo v e
su ch d iffi cu l ti es an d to i mprov e th eir condit ion an d as to the gr an ts th at
should b e made for th e purpos e b y th e Un ion or an y St at e and th e
condit ions subject to whi ch su ch gr an ts should b e ma de, and th e ord er
appoint ing su ch Co mmi ssion shall d efin e th e pro c edur e to b e fol lowed b y
th e Co mmi ssion.
(2) A Co mmi ssion so appoint ed s h all inv estig ate t h e ma tt ers r ef err ed to
th em and pr es ent to the Pr esid ent a r eport s ett ing ou t th e f a cts as found b y
th em and ma king su ch r e co mme nd ation s as th ey think prop er .
(3) Th e Pr esid en t shall caus e a cop y of th e r eport so pr es en t ed tog e th er
with a memo r andu m expl ain ing th e action t ak en th er eon to b e l a id b efor e
e a c h Hou s e o f P a r l i a men t .
3 4 1 . S ch edul ed C a st es .—(1) Th e Pr esid ent may wi th r esp ec t to an y
St at e or Un ion terri tor y , an d wher e it is a St at e, aft er consult at ion with th e
Gov ernor th er eof , b y pub li c no tif i c ation , sp ecify th e cast es , r a ce s or trib es
or p arts of or groups within cast es , r aces or t rib es wh i ch sh all for th e
purpos es of this Cons titut ion b e d eemed to b e Sch edul ed Cast es i n r el a tion
to th at St at e or Union t erri tor y , as th e cas e may b e.
(2) P ar li a men t ma y b y l a w in clud e in or ex clud e fro m th e li st of
S ch edul ed Castes sp ecif i ed in a notif i c ation issu ed und er cl aus e (1) an y
cast e , r ace or trib e or p art of or group within an y cast e, r ace or trib e, but
148 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART XVII
OFFICIAL LANGUAGE
C HA P TE R I.—L A NG U A GE OF T H E U N I ON
3 4 3 . O f f i cia l l a n g u a g e o f t h e U n i o n .—(1 ) Th e offi ci al l anguag e of th e
U nion sh all b e H indi in D ev an ag ari s cr ipt .
Th e for m of numer als to b e used for th e offi ci al purpos es of th e Union
sh al l b e th e int ern at ion al for m of Indi an nu mer als .
(2) No t withst anding an ything in cl au s e (1), for a p er iod of fift een years
fro m th e co mmen cement of this Consti tution , th e English l angu ag e sh all
continu e to b e us ed for all th e of fi ci al pu rposes o f th e Un ion fo r wh i ch it
w a s b eing us ed i mme d i at el y b efor e su ch co mme n c e me nt:
Provid ed that th e Pr es id en t ma y, du ring the s aid p er iod, b y ord er
author is e th e use of th e Hind i langu ag e in addition to th e English l angu ag e
and of th e Devan ag ari for m of nu mer als in addit ion to th e int ern ation al
for m of Indi an nu me r als for an y of th e offi ci al purpos es of th e Union .
(3) Not withst anding an ything in this arti cl e, P arl i a ment ma y b y l aw
provid e for th e us e, aft er th e s aid p eriod of fif teen years , o f—
(a ) th e English langu ag e, o r
(b ) t h e D ev an ag a r i f o r m o f n u me r al s ,
for su ch purposes as ma y b e specif i ed in th e l aw.
344 . Co mmi s sion and Co mmi t t ee of Pa rlia me n t on offi cial
languag e .—(1) Th e Pr esid ent sh all , at th e expir at ion of fiv e years fro m th e
co mmen cement of thi s Cons titution an d th er eaft er at th e expi ration of t en
years fro m su ch co mme n cemen t, b y o rd er consti tut e a Co mmi ssion wh i ch
sh al l consis t of a Ch air man and su ch oth er me mb ers r epres ent ing th e
diff er ent l angu ag es sp ecif i ed in th e Eighth S chedul e as th e Presid en t ma y
appoint , and the ord er sh all defin e th e pro c edur e to b e follo wed b y th e
C o mmi ssion .
(2) It sh all b e th e du t y of th e Co mmi ssion to mak e r e co mmen d ation s to
th e Pr esid en t as to—
(a ) th e progr ess ive us e of th e Hindi l anguag e for th e offi ci al
purpos es of th e Union;
(b ) r es tri ction s on th e us e of the English l anguag e for all o r an y of
th e offi ci al purpos es of th e Un ion;
( c) th e l angu ag e to b e us ed fo r all o r an y of the purpos es me ntion ed
in art i cl e 348 ;
(d ) th e fo r m of nu me r als to b e us ed for an y on e or mor e sp ec if i ed
purpos es of th e Union;
( e) an y oth er ma tt er r ef err ed to t h e Co mmi ssion b y th e Pr esident as
r eg ards th e offi ci al l angu ag e of th e Un ion and th e l angu ag e for
149
150 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
C H A P T E R I II.—L A N G U A G E O F T H E S U P R E M E C O U R T ,
HIGH COURTS, ETC.
348 . Languag e to b e us ed in th e Sup reme Cou rt and in th e High
C o u rt s a n d f o r A c t s , Bil ls , e t c .—(1 ) No twiths t anding an ything in th e
for egoing provis ions of th is P art , un til Parl i a ment b y law oth er wis e
provid es —
(a ) all pro ceedings in th e Supr eme Cour t an d in ev er y High Court ,
(b ) th e au thori t ativ e t ex ts—
(i) of al l Bills to b e introdu ced or amend ments th er eto to b e
mo v ed in eith er Hous e of P arli a me nt or in th e Hous e or eith er
H o u s e o f t h e L eg i s l atu r e o f a S t a t e ,
(i i) of all Acts p ass ed b y P ar li a me nt or th e Legisl atur e of a
St at e a nd of a ll Ord in an c es pro mulg at ed b y th e Pr e sid ent or t h e
G ov ernor of a St at e , and
(i ii) of al l o rd ers , rul e s, r egu l ation s and b ye-l aw s issu ed und e r
thi s Cons titut ion or und er any l a w mad e by P arli a ment or th e
L e gisl a tur e o f a St at e ,
sh all b e in th e English l angu ag e.
(2) No t with st anding an yth ing in sub- cl au s e (a ) of cl au s e (1) , the
Gov ernor of a S t at e ma y, with th e pr ev iou s cons en t of the Pr esid ent,
author is e th e use o f th e Hindi langu ag e, or an y o th er l anguag e us ed for an y
offi ci al purpo s es of th e St at e, in p roceed ings in th e High Court h aving its
prin cip al s e at in th at St at e:
Provid ed th at nothing in this claus e sh all ap p l y t o an y judg ment , d e cr ee
or ord er p ass ed or ma d e b y su ch High Cour t.
(3) Not withs t anding an yth ing in sub- cl aus e (b ) of cl aus e (1) , w h er e the
Legisl atur e of a S t at e h a s pr es crib ed an y languag e o th er th an th e En g lish
l angu ag e for u se in Bi lls introdu ced in, or Acts p ass ed b y, th e Legisl atur e
of th e S t at e or in Ordin an c es pro mulg at ed b y the G ov ernor of th e St at e o r
in an y ord er , rul e , r egu l ation or b ye -l aw r ef erre d to in p ar agra ph ( iii) o f
th at sub- cl au s e, a tr an sl ation o f th e s a me in th e English l angu ag e publish ed
und er th e au thori t y of th e Go v ernor of th e St ate in th e Of fi ci al Gazett e of
th at S t at e sh all b e d e emed to b e th e authorit ativ e t ext th er eof in th e
English l angu ag e und er this articl e .
349 . Sp ecial pro c edu re fo r ena ct men t of certain law s relat ing to
languag e .—During th e p eriod of fift een years fro m the co mm en cement of
thi s Constitu tion , no Bil l or amend ment making prov ision for th e l angu ag e
to b e us ed for an y of th e purpos es me ntion ed in cl au s e (1) o f arti cl e 348
sh al l b e introdu ced o r mo v ed i n ei th er House o f P arl i a ment wi thout th e
pr evious s an ct ion of th e Pr esid ent , and th e Pr esid en t sh all not giv e h is
s an ct ion to th e in trodu ction of an y su ch Bill or th e moving of an y su ch
a me n d men t exc e pt af t er he h as t ak en in to conside r at ion th e
r e co mmend ations of th e Co mmi ssion cons titut ed und er cl au s e (1) of art icl e
152 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
P A R T XV I I I
E M E R G E NC Y P R O V I S I O NS
3 5 2 . P ro c l a mat i o n o f E me r g e n c y .—(1) I f th e Pr esid en t is s atisfi ed th at
a g rav e emer g en c y ex ists wh ereb y th e s e curi ty o f Indi a or of an y p art of
th e t err ito r y th e r eo f is th r e at en ed , wh e th e r b y w a r o r ex t ern al ag g r ess io n
or ar med r eb ellion , h e may, by Pro cl a mation , mak e a d e cl aration to th at
eff e ct in r e sp ec t of th e whole of Indi a or of su ch p art of th e t err itor y
th er eof as may b e sp ecifi ed in th e Pro cl a mation.
Explanation . —A Pro cl a ma tion of E me rg en c y d e cl ar ing th at th e s e curi t y
of Indi a or an y p ar t of th e t erri tor y th er eo f is thr e at en ed b y war or b y
ext ern al aggr ession or b y ar me d r eb ell ion ma y b e mad e b efore th e actu al
o c cu rr en ce of war or of an y such aggr es sion or r eb e llion , if th e Pr es id en t
is s at isfi ed th at th er e is i mmi n ent d ang er th er eof .
(2 ) A Pro cl a ma tio n i ssu ed u n d er cl au s e (1 ) may b e v ari ed o r re v o k ed b y
a su b s eq u en t Pro cl a ma tio n .
(3 ) Th e Pr esid en t sh all n o t issu e a Pro cl a ma tio n u n d er c l au s e (1 ) o r a
Pro cl a ma tio n v ar yin g su ch Pro cl a ma tio n u n l ess th e d e c isio n o f th e Un io n
Cabin et (th a t is to s a y, th e Coun cil cons isting of th e Pri me Minist er and
oth er Min ist ers of Cabin e t r ank appoin t ed und er ar ti cl e 75) th at su ch a
Pro cl a ma tion ma y b e issu ed h as b e en co mmu ni ca t ed to hi m in wri ting .
(4) Ev er y Pro clamat ion issu ed und er thi s ar ti cle sh all b e l aid befor e each
Hous e of P arl i ame n t and sh all , ex cept wh ere it is a Pro c l a ma tion r evoking
a pr evious Pro cl a ma tion , ceas e to op er at e at th e expir at ion of on e mon th
unl ess b efor e th e expir ation of th at p eriod it h as b e en approv ed b y
r esolu tions of both Hous es of Parl i a ment :
Pro v id ed th a t if an y su ch Pro cl a ma tio n (n o t b ein g a Pro cl a ma tio n
r evoking a pr ev ious Pro cl a ma t ion) is is su ed at a ti me wh en th e Hous e of
th e P eopl e h as b e en disso lv ed , or th e d issolut ion of th e Hous e of th e
P eopl e t ak es place during th e p eriod of on e mo nth r ef err ed to in this
c l aus e , and if a r e solution a pproving th e Pro c la ma t ion h a s b e en p as s ed b y
th e Coun cil of St at es, but no resolu tion with resp ect to su ch Pro cl a mation
h as b e en p ass ed b y th e Hous e of th e P eopl e befor e th e expir ation of th at
p eriod , th e Pro cl a ma tion sh all ceas e to op er at e at th e expir at ion of thirt y
d a ys fro m th e d at e on whi ch th e Hous e of th e P eop l e firs t s its aft er i ts
r e const itution , unl ess b efor e the expi r ation of th e s a id p eriod of thirt y d a ys
a r esolut ion approving th e Pro cl a ma tion h as b een also p ass ed by th e Hou s e
of th e P eopl e.
(5) A Pro cl a ma tion so approv ed sh all , unl es s re vok ed , c e as e to op er at e
on th e exp ir ation of a p eriod of six mon ths f rom t h e d at e of the p assing of
th e s e cond of the r esolut ions approving th e Procl a ma tion und er cl aus e (4):
Provid ed th at if and so oft en as a r esolution approving th e continu an ce
in for ce of su ch a P ro cl a ma tion i s p ass ed b y both Hous es of P arl i a ment th e
Pro cl a ma tion shall , unl ess r evok ed , continu e in for ce fo r a furth er period
153
154 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART XIX
MISCELLANEOUS
361 . Prot ection of Presid ent and Gov e rno rs and Rajp ra mu kh s .— (1)
Th e Pr esid en t, or th e Gov ernor or Rajpr a mukh of a St at e, sh all no t b e
ans w er abl e to an y court for th e ex er cis e and p erfor man ce of th e po wers and
duti e s of hi s o ffi ce or for an y ac t don e or purport ing to b e done b y hi m in
t h e ex er cis e an d p er f o r ma n c e o f t h o s e p o w er s an d d u t i es :
Provid ed th at the condu ct of the P r esid en t ma y b e brought under r evi ew
b y an y court , tribun al or bod y appoint ed or d esign at ed b y ei ther Hous e of
P arl i a ment for th e inv est igation of a ch arg e under arti cl e 61 :
Provid ed furth er th at nothing i n th is cl au se s h all be constru ed as
r est ri cting th e right of an y p er son to bring appropri a t e p ro c eed ings ag ains t
th e Gov ern me nt of Indi a or th e Gov ern me nt of a St at e.
(2) No cri min al p roceed ings wh atso ev er sh all b e institu t ed or continu ed
ag ains t th e Pr esid ent , or th e Gov ernor of a Stat e, in an y court dur ing his
t er m o f o f f i c e .
(3) No p ro c ess for th e arr es t or i mprison me nt of th e Pr esid en t , or th e
Gov ernor of a St at e, sh all i ssu e fro m an y cou rt during his t e r m of offi ce.
(4) No civil proceedings in which r e li ef is cl aime d ag ains t th e Pr esid en t,
or th e Gov erno r of a St at e, sh all b e institu t ed during his t er m of offi ce in
an y court in r esp ect of an y act don e or purporting to b e don e by hi m in h is
p erson al cap acit y, wh eth er b e for e or aft er h e ent er ed upon his offi ce as
Pr esid en t, or as Gov ernor of such S t at e, unt il th e exp ir ation of t wo mo nths
n ext aft er notice in wri ting has b e en d el iv ered to th e Pr es id en t or th e
Gov ernor , as the cas e ma y b e , or l eft at his offi ce st ating th e n atur e of th e
pro ceedings , the caus e of act ion th er efo r, th e n a me , d e scription and pl ace
of r esid en ce of t h e p art y b y who m su ch p roceedings ar e to b e inst itut ed
a n d th e r eli ef wh i ch h e cl ai ms .
361 A. Prot ection of publi cation o f p ro c eedings of Pa rliamen t and
Stat e Legis latures .—(1 ) No person sh al l be li ab l e to an y pro ceedings ,
civi l or cri min al , in an y court in r esp ect of th e publi cation in a n e wsp ap er
of a sub st anti all y tru e r eport of an y pro c ee dings of eith er Ho u s e of
P arl i a ment or th e Legisl ativ e Ass e mbl y, or , as th e cas e may b e , eith er
Hous e of th e Le gis l atur e, of a St at e, un l ess th e publi c ation is prov ed to
h av e b e en ma d e w ith ma li c e:
Provid ed that nothing in this claus e sh al l appl y to th e publ i c ation of an y
r eport of th e pro ceedings of a s e cr et sit ting of ei th er Hous e of P a rli a me nt
or th e Legisl at iv e Ass e mb l y, or , as th e cas e ma y b e , eith er Hous e of th e
Legisl atur e, of a St at e.
161
165
162 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(2) Cl aus e (1) sh all appl y in r el at ion to r eports or ma tt ers broad c ast b y
mean s of wir e l ess t el egr aph y as p art of an y progr amme o r s ervice provid ed
b y means of a bro ad c ast ing station as i t appli es in r el a tion to r epor ts or
ma t t ers publ ish ed in a n e wsp ap er .
Explanation.—In this article, “newspaper” includes a news agency report containing
material for publication in a newspaper.
3 6 1 B. Di squali fi cation fo r appoint men t on remun erativ e politi ca l
p o s t . —A member of a Hous e belonging to an y po liti cal part y who is
disqu a lifi ed for b e ing a me mb e r o f th e Hou se und er p ar agr aph 2 of th e
T e n th S ch ed u l e s h all a lso b e d isq u alif i ed to h o ld an y r emu n er ativ e
poli ti c al post for dur ation of the p eriod co mme n cing fro m th e d at e o f hi s
disqu a lifi c at ion ti ll th e d at e on whi ch th e t er m of his offi ce as su ch
me mb er would expir e or t ill th e d a t e on wh i ch h e co n tests an el ect ion to a
H ous e and is d ec l ar ed el e ct ed , w hi ch ev er is e arli e r.
Explanation .- For th e purpos es of this ar ti cl e,—
(a ) th e expression “ Hous e” h as th e meaning assign ed to it in
c l au s e ( a) o f p ar a g r ap h 1 o f t h e T e n t h S ch ed u l e;
(b ) t h e expression “r emun er at iv e polit i c al post ” means an y
offi ce—
(i ) u n d er th e Gov ern me nt of Indi a or th e Go v ern me nt of a
St at e wh er e th e s al ar y or r e muner at ion for such off i ce is p a id out
of th e publ i c r ev enu e of th e Go v ern men t of Indi a or th e
G o v er n me n t o f t h e S t at e , as t h e c a s e ma y b e; o r
PART XX
AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION
368 . Pow er of Pa rlia me n t to a men d th e Consti tution and pro c edu re
t h e r ef o r .— (1) Not withs t anding an ything in this Cons titut ion, P arl i a men t
may i n ex er cise of i ts constitu ent po wer amen d b y way of addi tion,
v ari ation or repeal an y provision of this Consti tution in accord an ce with
th e pro c edur e l aid do wn in this art i cl e.
(2) An amen d ment of thi s Const itution may b e init i at ed only b y th e
int rodu ction of a Bill fo r th e purpos e in ei th er Hous e of P arliamen t , and
wh en th e Bi ll is p ass ed in each Hous e b y a ma jor it y of th e tot al
me mb er ship of th at Hous e and by a ma j o rit y of not l ess th an t wo-th irds of
th e memb ers of th at Hous e pr es en t and voting , it sh al l b e pr esent ed to th e
Pr esid en t who sh all g iv e his ass en t to the Bill an d ther eupon th e
Consti tution sh all s t and amend ed in accord an c e with th e t er ms of th e Bill :
Pro v id ed th a t i f su ch a me n d men t s e ek s to mak e an y ch an g e in —
(a ) a r t i cl e 5 4 , a r t i cl e 5 5 , art i cl e 7 3 , ar t i cl e 1 6 2 o r art i cl e 2 4 1 , o r
(b ) Ch ap t er IV o f P art V , Ch ap t er V of P art VI , or Ch ap t er I of
P art XI , o r
( c) an y of th e List s in th e S eventh S ch edul e, or
(d ) th e r epr es ent at ion o f S tat es in P arli a me nt , or
( e) th e p rovisions of this art i cl e ,
th e amend ment sh al l also r equir e to b e r atifi ed b y th e Legi sl atur es of not
l ess th an on e-half of th e St ates b y r esolutions to th at ef f ect p a ss ed b y
thos e Legisl atures b efor e th e Bill ma king p rovision for su ch amen d men t i s
pr es ent ed to th e Pr esid en t for ass ent .
(3) Nothing in art i cl e 13 sh all appl y to an y amend ment mad e und er thi s
a rt i cl e.
1
[(4 ) No amendmen t of this Const itution (in cluding th e provis ions o f
P art III) mad e or purpo rting to h av e b e en made und er this arti cl e wh eth er
b efor e o r aft er th e co mmen cement o f s e ction 55 of th e Const itution (Fort y-
s e cond Amend ment) Act, 1976 sh al l b e call ed in qu estion in an y cou rt on
any ground.
(5) Fo r th e r emo v al of doubts, i t is h er eb y decl ar ed th at th er e sh all b e
no li mit ation wh at ev er on th e const itu ent po wer o f P arl i a ment to amend b y
way o f ad d ition , v a ri ation or r ep e al th e provis ions o f this Constitu tion
und er this ar ti cle.]
1. Cls. (4) and (5) were ins. “in article 368 by s. 55 of the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976. This section
has been declared invalid by the Supreme Court in Minerva Mills Ltd. and Others Vs. Union of India and Others
(1980 ) 2 S.C.C. 591.
168
169 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART XXI
TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL
PROVISIONS
369 . Tempo ra ry pow er to Pa rlia me n t to ma ke l aw s w ith re sp ect to
certain ma tt ers in th e Stat e Lis t as if th ey w ere ma tt ers in th e
C o n cu r r ent List . — Notwithst anding an ything in this Const itution ,
P arl i a ment sh al l, du ring a p eriod of fiv e year s fro m th e co mme n cement of
thi s Const itution , h av e power to mak e l a ws with r esp ect to the follo wing
mat t ers as if th ey wer e en u mer ated in th e Concurr ent Lis t, n a mel y: —
(a ) tr ad e and co mme r ce within a S t at e in , an d th e produ ction , suppl y
and d istribu tion of, cotton and wooll en t exti l es, r a w cotton (including
ginn ed co tton and unginn ed cotton or ka p a s) , co tto n s e ed , p ap e r
(in c luding n e wsprin t), food-stuffs (in cluding edibl e oils eeds and oi l) ,
c a tt l e fodd er (in c luding oil-c a k es and othe r con c entr a t es) , co al
(in c luding cok e a nd d eriv ativ e s of co al) , iron , ste e l and mi c a;
(b ) off en c es ag ain st l a ws with r esp ect to an y of the mat t er s
me n tion ed in cla us e (a ), jurisdiction and powers of all cour ts ex cept th e
Supr eme Court with r esp ect to an y of thos e ma tt ers, an d f e es in r esp ect
of an y of thos e ma t t ers but not in clud ing fees tak en in an y court ;
but an y l a w ma d e b y P arli a me nt , whi ch P arli ame n t would not bu t for th e
provis ions o f this art i cl e h av e been co mp et en t to mak e , sh all , to th e ex t ent
of th e in co mp et en cy, ceas e to hav e eff e ct on th e expi r ation of th e s aid
p eriod , ex cept as r e sp ec ts things don e o r o mitt ed to b e don e b efor e th e
expir a tion th er eof .
1
370 . Temp o rary p rovis ions w ith resp ect to th e S tat e of Ja mmu and
K a s h mi r . —(1) Not withs t anding an ything in this Constitu tion ,—
(a ) th e provis ions of arti cl e 238 sh all not appl y in r el at ion to th e
S t at e o f J a mmu a n d K as h mir ;
(b ) th e power of P ar li a men t to mak e l a ws for th e s aid S t at e shall be
li mi t ed to—
(i) thos e matt ers in th e Union List an d th e Con curr ent List
whi ch , in consult a tion with th e Gov ern ment o f th e St at e, ar e
d e cl ar ed b y th e Pr esid en t to corr espond to ma tt ers sp ecifi ed in th e
Inst ru men t of Accession gov erning th e accession of th e St at e to th e
Do minion of Indi a as th e ma t t ers wi th resp ect to wh i ch th e
D o minion L egisl atu r e ma y ma k e l a ws for th at Sta t e; and
(i i) su ch oth e r mat t ers in th e said Li sts as , wi th th e con curr ence
of th e Go v ern me nt of th e St at e, th e Pr esid en t ma y b y o rd er sp ecif y.
________________________________________________________________________________________
1. In exercise of the powers conferred by this article the President, on the recommendation of the Constituent
Assembly of the State of Jammu and Kashmir, declared that, as from the 17th day of November, 1952, the
said art. 370 shall be operative with the modification that for the Explanation in cl. (1) thereof, the following
Explanation is substituted, namely:-
“Explanation – For the purposes of this article, the Government of the State means the person for the time
being recognised by the President on the recommendation of the Legislative Assembly of the State as the
*Sadar-I Riyasat of Jammu and Kashmir, acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers of the State for
the time being in office.”.
(Ministry of Law Order No. C.O. 44, dated the 15th November, 1952).
*Now “Governor”.
169
170 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Explanation . — Fo r th e pu rp o s es o f th is a rt i cl e, th e Go v ern me nt
of th e S t at e means th e p erson for th e ti me b e ing r e cognis ed b y the
Pr esid en t as th e M a h ar aj a of J ammu a n d K a shmi r a c ting on th e adv i c e of
th e Coun cil of Minist ers for the t i me b eing in offi ce und er th e Mah ar aj a’ s
Pro cl a ma tion d at ed th e fif th d a y of Mar ch , 1948;
( c) th e prov isions of art i cl e 1 an d of this art i cl e sh all appl y in
r el a tion to th at St at e;
(d ) su ch of th e oth er prov isions of th is Constitut ion sh all appl y in
r el a tion to th at St at e sub j ect to su ch ex ceptions and modi fi cations as th e
Pr esid en t ma y by ord er sp ecif y:
Pro v id ed th at n o su ch o rd er wh i ch re l at es to th e ma t t er s sp e cifi ed in th e
Inst ru men t of Accession of the S t at e r ef er r ed t o in p a r agr aph ( i) of sub-
c l au s e (b ) sh al l b e issu ed ex cept in consul t ation with th e Gov ern ment of
th e St at e:
Provid ed furth er th at no su ch ord er wh i ch r e lat es to ma tt ers oth er th an
thos e r ef err ed to in th e l ast preceding proviso s h all b e issu ed ex cep t with
th e co n cu rr en c e o f th at Go v ern me n t .
(2) If th e co n curr en c e of th e Gov ern me nt of t h e St at e r ef err ed to in
p ar agr aph (ii) of sub- cl aus e (b ) of cl au s e (1) or in th e s e cond proviso to
sub- cl au s e (d ) of th a t cl aus e b e giv en b efor e the C onsti tu ent Ass e mbl y for
th e purpo se of fr aming th e Const itution o f th e St ate is conv en ed , it sh all
b e pl a c ed b efore su ch As s e mb ly for su ch d e cision as it ma y t ak e th er eon .
(3) No t with st anding an yth ing in th e for ego ing provis ions of this ar ti cl e,
th e Pr es id en t ma y, b y publi c noti fi c ation , d e cl ar e th at this art i cl e sh all
ceas e to b e op er at iv e or sh all b e op er ativ e onl y with su ch ex ception s and
mo difi cat ions and fro m su ch d at e as h e ma y specif y:
Provid ed th at th e r e co mmen d ation of th e Const itu ent Ass e mbl y o f th e
St at e r ef err ed to in cl au se (2) sh al l b e ne c ess ar y b efo r e the Pr esid en t
is sues such a noti fi c ation .
371 . Sp ecial p rovis ion w ith re sp ect to th e Stat es of Maha ra sht ra and
G u j a rat .— * * * * *
(2) Not withs tanding an ything in this Consti tution , th e Pr esid en t may b y
ord er mad e with r esp ect to th e St at e of Mah ar ashtr a or Guj ar a t, provid e for
an y sp eci al r esponsib ilit y of th e Governor for—
(a ) th e est ab lish me nt of s ep ar at e dev e lop men t bo ards for Vid arbh a ,
M a r at h w ad a, a n d t h e r es t o f M a h ar as h t ra o r , as t h e c as e ma y b e ,
S aur asht r a, Kutch and th e r est of Guj ar at with th e prov ision th at a
r eport on th e wo rking of each of th es e bo ard s will b e p l aced each year
b efo r e th e St at e L e g isl at iv e Asse mb l y;
(b ) th e equi t able allo cation of funds for d ev e lop ment al exp enditu r e
o v er th e s aid are a s , su b j e ct to th e r eq u ir e me n ts o f th e S t at e as a wh o l e;
and
171 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(2) The Governor shall annually, or whenever so required by the President, make a report
to the President regarding the administration of the Hill Areas in the State of Manipur and the
executive power of the Union shall extend to the giving of directions to the State as to the
administration of the said areas.
Explanation.—In this article, the expression “Hill Areas” means such areas as the
President may, by order, declare to be Hill areas.
371D. Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh.—(1) The
President may by order made with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh provide, having
regard to the requirements of the State as a whole, for equitable opportunities and facilities for
the people belonging to different parts of the State, in the matter of public employment and in
the matter of education, and different provisions may be made for various parts of the State.
(2) An order made under clause (1) may, in particular,—
(a) require the State Government to organise any class or classes of posts in a civil
service of, or any class or classes of civil posts under, the State into different local cadres
for different parts of the State and allot in accordance with such principles and procedure
as may be specified in the order the persons holding such posts to the local cadres so
organised;
(b) specify any part or parts of the State which shall be regarded as the local area—
(i) for direct recruitment to posts in any local cadre (whether organised in
pursuance of an order under this article or constituted otherwise) under the State
Government;
(ii) for direct recruitment to posts in any cadre under any local authority within the
State; and
(iii) for the purposes of admission to any University within the State or to any other
educational institution which is subject to the control of the State Government;
(c) specify the extent to which, the manner in which and the conditions subject to
which, preference or reservation shall be given or made—
(i) in the matter of direct recruitment to posts in any such cadre referred to in
sub-clause (b) as may be specified in this behalf in the order;
(ii) in the matter of admission to any such University or other educational
institution referred to in sub-clause (b) as may be specified in this behalf in the
order,
to or in f avour of candid at es wh o h av e r esid ed o r stud i ed for an y p e riod
sp ecif i ed in th e ord er in th e lo ca l ar ea in r e spec t of su ch cadr e, Un iv ersit y
or oth er edu c ation al ins titution , as th e cas e may b e.
(3) The Pr esident may, b y ord er , prov id e for th e const itution o f an
Ad ministr a tiv e Tribun al for the St at e of Andhr a Pr ad esh to ex er cis e su ch
jur isdi ction , powers and au thori t y [in clud ing an y ju risdi ct ion, po wer and
author it y whi ch i mme d i at el y b efor e the co mme n cement of th e Consti tution
( Th i r t y-s e co n d A me n d me n t ) A ct , 1 9 7 3 , w as ex er cis ab l e b y an y c o u r t ( o t h er
th an th e Supr eme Cour t) o r by an y tribun al or oth er au thorit y] as ma y b e
sp ecif i ed in th e ord er with r esp ec t to th e follo wing matt ers , n a me l y: —
175 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
_______________________________________________
1. In P. Sambamurthy and others vs. State of Andhara Pradesh and other (1987) 1SCC, p. 362, the Supreme Court
declared clause (5) of art. 371D along with the proviso to be unconstitutional and void.
176 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(i) the High Court functioning as such immediately before the appointed day in the
territories comprised in the State of Sikkim shall, on and from the appointed day, be
deemed to be the High Court for the State of Sikkim;
(j) all courts of civil, criminal and revenue jurisdiction, all authorities and all officers,
judicial, executive and ministerial, throughout the territory of the State of Sikkim shall
continue on and from the appointed day to exercise their respective functions subject to
the provisions of this Constitution;
(k) all laws in force immediately before the appointed day in the territories comprised
in the State of Sikkim or any part thereof shall continue to be in force therein until
amended or repealed by a competent Legislature or other competent authority;
(l) for the purpose of facilitating the application of any such law as is referred to in
clause (k) in relation to the administration of the State of Sikkim and for the purpose of
bringing the provisions of any such law into accord with the provisions of this
Constitution, the President may, within two years from the appointed day, by order, make
such adaptations and modifications of the law, whether by way of repeal or amendment,
as may be necessary or expedient, and thereupon, every such law shall have effect subject
to the adaptations and modifications so made, and any such adaptation or modification
shall not be questioned in any court of law;
(m) neither the Supreme Court nor any other court shall have jurisdiction in respect
of any dispute or other matter arising out of any treaty, agreement, engagement or other
similar instrument relating to Sikkim which was entered into or executed before the
appointed day and to which the Government of India or any of its predecessor
Governments was a party, but nothing in this clause shall be construed to derogate from
the provisions of article 143;
(n) the President may, by public notification, extend with such restrictions or
modifications as he thinks fit to the State of Sikkim any enactment which is in force in a
State in India at the date of the notification;
(o) if any difficulty arises in giving effect to any of the foregoing provisions of this
article, the President may, by order, do anything (including any adaptation or modification
of any other article) which appears to him to be necessary for the purpose of removing
that difficulty:
Provid ed th at no su ch ord er shall b e ma d e after th e expir y of two
years fro m th e appoint ed d a y;
(p) all things done and all actions taken in or in relation to the State of Sikkim or the
territories comprised therein during the period commencing on the appointed day and
ending immediately before the date on which the Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amendment)
Act, 1975, receives the assent of the President shall, in so far as they are in conformity
with the provisions of this Constitution as amended by the Constitution (Thirty-sixth
Amendment) Act, 1975, be deemed for all purposes to have been validly done or taken
under this Constitution as so amended.
371G. Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.—Notwithstanding
anything in this Constitution,—
(a) no Act of Parliament in respect of—
(i) religious or social practices of the Mizos,
(ii) Mizo customary law and procedure,
179 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART XXII
SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUTHORITATIVE
TEXT IN HINDI AND REPEALS
393 . Sho rt tit le. — This Constitut ion may be call ed th e Consti tution of
India.
3 9 4 . Co mme n c e me n t.— Th i s art i c l e an d art i cl es 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 6 0 , 3 2 4 ,
3 6 6 , 3 6 7 , 3 7 9 , 3 8 0 , 3 8 8 , 3 9 1 , 3 9 2 an d 3 9 3 s h a l l co me i n t o f o r c e at o n c e,
and th e r e maining provis ions of thi s Cons titut ion sh all co me into for c e on
th e t w ent y- sixth d a y of J anu ar y, 1950 , whi ch d a y is r ef er red to in th is
Consti tution as th e co mmen c ement of this Consti tution .
394 A. Autho ritativ e t ext in th e Hindi languag e .—(1 ) Th e Pr esid ent
sh al l caus e to be publish ed under his au thor it y,—
(a ) th e tr an sl ation of this Constitu tion in th e Hindi l angu ag e, sign ed
b y th e memb ers of th e Consti tu ent As s e mbl y, with su ch modifi ca tion s as
ma y b e n eces s ary to bring i t in confor mit y with th e l angu ag e, st yl e and
t er mino logy adopt ed in th e author it ativ e t exts of Centr al Acts in th e
Hindi l angu ag e, and in co rpor ating th er ein al l th e amend men t s of this
Consti tution ma d e b efor e su ch publi cation; and
(b ) th e tr an sl ation in th e Hindi l angu ag e of ev er y amend ment of this
Consti tution mad e in th e Eng lish l angu ag e.
(2) Th e tr ansl ation of this Consti tution and of ev er y amend ment th er eof
publi sh ed und er cl aus e (1) shall b e cons tru ed to h av e th e s a me mean ing as
th e origin al th ereof and i f an y diff i cult y aris es in so cons truing an y p art o f
su ch tr ans l ation, th e P r esid ent sh all c aus e th e sa me t o b e r evi s ed suit ab l y.
(3) Th e tr ansl ation of this Consti tution and of ev er y amend ment th er eof
publi sh ed und er this arti cl e sh all b e d e emed to b e, for all purpos es , th e
author it ativ e t ext th er eof in th e Hindi l angu ag e.
3 9 5 . R ep ea l s . —Th e Ind i an Ind ep end en ce Act , 1947 , and th e Gov ern me nt
of Indi a Act , 1935 , tog ether wi th all en act ments amending or
suppl ementing th e l a tt er Act , but not in cluding th e Abol ition of Pr iv y
C o u n cil J u r is d i ct i o n A ct , 1 9 4 9 , a r e h er eb y r ep ea l ed .
184
185 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
FIRST SCHEDULE
[Articles 1 and 4]
I . T H E S TA T ES
Name Territories
1. Andhra Pradesh The territories specified in sub-section (1) of section 3 of the
Andhra State Act, 1953, sub-section (1) of section 3 of the
States Reorganisation Act, 1956, the First Schedule to the
Andhra Pradesh and Madras (Alteration of Boundaries) Act,
1959, and the Schedule to the Andhra Pradesh and Mysore
(Transfer of Territory) Act, 1968, but excluding the
territories specified in the Second Schedule to the Andhra
Pradesh and Madras (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1959.
2. Assam The territories which immediately before the commencement
of this Constitution were comprised in the Province of
Assam, the Khasi States and the Assam Tribal Areas, but
excluding the territories specified in the Schedule to the
Assam (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1951 and the
territories specified in sub-section (1) of section 3 of the
State of Nagaland Act, 1962 and the territories specified in
sections 5, 6 and 7 of the North-Eastern Areas
(Reorganisation) Act, 1971.
3. Bihar The territories which immediately before the commencement
of this Constitution were either comprised in the Province of
Bihar or were being administered as if they formed part of
that Province and the territories specified in clause (a) of
sub-section (1) of section 3 of the Bihar and Uttar Pradesh
(Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1968, but excluding the
territories specified in sub-section (1) of section 3 of the
Bihar and West Bengal (Transfer of Territories) Act, 1956,
and the territories specified in clause (b) of sub-section (1) of
section 3 of the first mentioned Act and the territories
specified in section 3 of the Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000.
4. Gujarat The territories referred to in sub-section (1) of section 3 of the
Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960.
5. Kerala The territories specified in sub-section (1) of section 5 of the
States Reorganisation Act, 1956.
6. Madhya Pradesh The territories specified in sub-section (1) of section 9 of the
States Reorganisation Act, 1956 and the First Schedule to
the Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh (Transfer of Territories)
Act, 1959 but excluding the territories specified in section 3
of the Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000.
185
186 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
I I . TH E UN I O N T E R RI T O RI ES
Name Extent
1. Delhi The territory which immediately before the commencement
of this Constitution was comprised in the Chief
Commissioner’s Province of Delhi.
* * * * *
* * * * *
2.The Andaman and The territory which immediately before the commencement of
Nicobar Islands this Constitution was comprised in the Chief
Commissioner’s Province of the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands.
3. Lakshadweep The territory specified in section 6 of the States
Reorganisation Act, 1956.
4. Dadra and The territory which immediately before the eleventh day of
Nagar Haveli August 1961 was comprised in Free Dadra and Nagar
Haveli.
5. Daman and Diu The territories specified in section 4 of the Goa, Daman and
Diu Reorganisation Act, 1987.
6. Pondicherry The territories which immediately before the sixteenth day
of August, 1962, were comprised in the French
Establishments in India known as Pondicherry, Karikal,
Mahe and Yanam.
7. Chandigarh The territories specified in section 4 of the Punjab
Reorganisation Act, 1966.
* * * * *
* * * * *
189 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
SECOND SCHEDULE
[ Ar t i c l es 5 9 ( 3 ) , 6 5 ( 3 ) , 7 5 ( 6 ) , 9 7 , 1 2 5 , 1 4 8 ( 3 ) , 1 5 8 ( 3 ) ,
1 6 4 ( 5 ) , 1 8 6 an d 2 2 1 ]
PART A
PROVISIONS AS TO THE PRESIDENT AND THE GOVERNORS OF STATES
1. There shall be paid to the President and to the Governors of the States the following
emoluments per mensem, that is to say:—
The President .. 10,000 rupees*.
The Governor of a State .. 5,500 rupees**.
2. There shall also be paid to the President and to the Governors of the States such
allowances as were payable respectively to the Governor-General of the Dominion of India
and to the Governors of the corresponding Provinces immediately before the commencement
of this Constitution.
3. The President and the Governors of the States throughout their respective terms of
office shall be entitled to the same privileges to which the Governor-General and the
Governors of the corresponding Provinces were respectively entitled immediately before the
commencement of this Constitution.
4. While the Vice-President or any other person is discharging the functions of, or is
acting as, President, or any person is discharging the functions of the Governor, he shall be
entitled to the same emoluments, allowances and privileges as the President or the Governor
whose functions he discharges or for whom he acts, as the case may be.
* * * * *
PART C
PROVISIONS AS TO THE SPEAKER AND THE DEPUTY SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE
OF THE PEOPLE AND THE CHAIRMAN AND THE DEPUTY CHAIRMAN
OF THE COUNCIL OF STATES AND THE SPEAKER AND THE
DEPUTY SPEAKER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
AND THE CHAIRMAN AND THE DEPUTY
CHAIRMAN OF THE LEGISLAT IVE
COUNCIL OF A STATE
7. There shall be paid to the Speaker of the House of the People and the Chairman of the
Council of States such salaries and allowances as were payable to the Speaker of the
Constituent Assembly of the Dominion of India immediately before the commencement of
this Constitution, and there shall be paid to the Deputy Speaker of the House of the People
and to the Deputy Chairman of the Council of States such salaries and allowances as were
payable to the Deputy Speaker of the Constituent Assembly of the Dominion of India
immediately before such commencement.
8. There shall be paid to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly
and to the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council of a State such
salaries and allowances as were payable respectively to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker
of the Legislative Assembly and the President and the Deputy President of the Legislative
________________________________________________________________________________________________
* Now 50,000 rupees, vide Act 25 of 1998, s. 2 (w.e.f. 1.1.1996).
** Now 36,000 rupees, vide Act 27 of 1998, s. 2 (w.e.f. 1.1.1996)
189
190 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
__________________________________________________________
*Now 33.000 rupees, vide Act 18 of 1998, s. 7 (w.e.f. 1-1-1996)
** Now 30.000 rupees, vide s. 7, ibid (w.e.f. 1-1-1996).
191 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(4) Every Judge of the Supreme Court shall receive such reasonable allowances to
reimburse him for expenses incurred in travelling on duty within the territory of India and
shall be afforded such reasonable facilities in connection with travelling as the President may
from time to time prescribe.
(5) The rights in respect of leave of absence (including leave allowances) and pension of
the Judges of the Supreme Court shall be governed by the provisions which, immediately
before the commencement of this Constitution, were applicable to the Judges of the Federal
Court.
10. (1) There shall be paid to the Judges of High Courts, in respect of time spent on actual
service, salary at the following rates per mensem, that is to say,—
T h e Ch i ef J u s t i ce .. 9 ,0 0 0 r u p e es* .
A n y o t h er J u d g e .. 8 ,0 0 0 r u p e es* * :
Provided that if a Judge of a High Court at the time of his appointment is in receipt of a
pension (other than a disability or wound pension) in respect of any previous service under
the Government of India or any of its predecessor Governments or under the Government of
a State or any of its predecessor Governments, his salary in respect of service in the High
Court shall be reduced—
(a ) b y th e amo unt of th at pension , and
(b ) if h e h as , b e for e su ch appoint me nt , r e ce iv ed in li eu of a po rtion
of th e p ension du e to hi m in r esp ect of su ch pr ev ious servi ce th e
co mmu t ed v alu e t h er eof , b y th e amo unt of th at por tion of th e p ension ,
and
( c) if h e h as , b efor e such appoin t men t, r eceiv ed a reti r e ment
gr atu it y in r espe c t o f su ch pr evious s ervi c e , b y t he p ension equiv al en t of
th at gr atuit y.
(2) Every person who immediately before the commencement of this Constitution—
(a ) was holding o ffi ce as th e Chi ef Just ice of a High Court in an y
Pro v in c e an d h a s o n su ch co mme n c e me n t b e co me th e Ch i ef Ju s ti c e o f
th e High Cour t in th e corr esponding S t at e und er cl au s e (1) of ar ti cl e
376, or
(b ) was ho lding offi ce as an y oth er Judg e of a High Court in an y
Provin ce an d h as on su ch co mm en cement b e co me a Judg e (oth er th an th e
Chi ef Justi c e) of th e High Court in th e corr esponding St at e und er th e
s aid cl aus e ,
shall, if he was immediately before such commencement drawing a salary at a rate higher
than that specified in sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph, be entitled to receive in respect of
time spent on actual service as such Chief Justice or other Judge, as the case may be, in
addition to the salary specified in the said sub-paragraph as special pay an amount equivalent
to the difference between the salary so specified and the salary which he was drawing
immediately before such commencement.
____________________________________________________________
* Now 30,000 rupees, vide Act 18 of 1988, s. 4 (w.e.f. 1.1.1996)
** Now 26,000 rupees, vide s. 4, ibid. (w.e.f. 1.1.1996)
192 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(3) Any person who, immediately before the commencement of the Constitution (Seventh
Amendment) Act, 1956, was holding office as the Chief Justice of the High Court of a State
specified in Part B of the First Schedule and has on such commencement become the Chief
Justice of the High Court of a State specified in the said Schedule as amended by the said Act,
shall, if he was immediately before such commencement drawing any amount as allowance in
addition to his salary, be entitled to receive in respect of time spent on actual service as such
Chief Justice, the same amount as allowance in addition to the salary specified in sub-
paragraph (1) of this paragraph.
11. In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,—
(a ) th e expr es sion “ Chi ef Just ice” i nclud es an act ing Chi ef Just i c e,
a n d a “ Ju d g e ” in clu d es an a d h o c Judg e;
(b ) “ a ctu al s er v i c e ” i n clu d es —
(i) t i me sp ent b y a Judg e on dut y as a Judg e or in the
p erfor man ce o f su ch oth er fun c tions as h e ma y at th e r equ est of th e
Pr esid en t und ertak e to dis ch arg e;
(ii) v acations , ex cluding an y ti me during whi ch th e Judg e is
a b s en t o n l e av e; a n d
(iii) join ing t ime on tr ansf er fro m a High Court to th e Supr eme
Court or fro m on e High Cour t to anoth er .
PART E
PROVISIONS AS TO THE COMPTROLLER AND
A U D I T O R -G E N E R A L O F I N D I A
12. (1) There shall be paid to the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India a salary at the
rate of *four thousand rupees per mensem.
(2) The person who was holding office immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution as Auditor-General of India and has become on such commencement the
Comptroller and Auditor-General of India under artcle 377 shall in addition to the salary
specified in sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph be entitled to receive as special pay an
amount equivalent to the difference between the salary so specified and the salary which he
was drawing as Auditor-General of India immediately before such commencement.
(3) The rights in respect of leave of absence and pension and the other conditions of
service of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India shall be governed or shall continue to
be governed, as the case may be, by the provisions which were applicable to the Auditor-
General of India immediately before the commencement of this Constitution and all
references in those provisions to the Governor-General shall be construed as references to the
President.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
* The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India shall be paid a salary equal to the salary of the Judges of the
Supreme Court vide s. 3 of Act 56 of 1971. The salary of Judges of the Supreme Court has been raised to
Rs. 30,000 per mensem by Act 18 of 1998, s. 7 (w.e.f.1.1.1996).
193 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
THIRD SCHEDULE
[Articles 75(4), 99, 124(6), 148(2), 164(3), 188 and 219]*
F o r ms o f Oat h s o r Aff i r ma t i o n s
I
Form of oath of office for a Minister for the Union:—
“I, A.B., do swear in the name of God that I will bear true faith and
solemnly affirm
allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty
and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a
Minister for the Union and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the
Constitution and the law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.”
II
______________________________________________________
*See also arts. 84(a) and 173(a).
193
194 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
IV
Form of oath or affirmation to be made by the Judges of the Supreme Court and the
Comptroller and Auditor-General of India:—
“I, A.B., having been appointed Chief Justice (or a Judge) of the Supreme Court of
India (or Comptroller and Auditor-General of India) do swear in the name of God that I
solemnly affirm
will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that
I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will duly and faithfully and to the
best of my ability, knowledge and judgment perform the duties of my office without fear or
favour, affection or ill-will and that I will uphold the Constitution and the laws.”
V
Form of oath of office for a Minister for a State:—
“I, A.B., do swear in the name of God that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the
solemnly affirm
Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of
India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Minister for the State
of ..........and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution
and the law without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.”
VI
Form of oath of secrecy for a Minister for a State:—
“I, A.B., do swear in the name of God that I will not directly or indirectly
solemnly affirm
communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter which shall be brought under my
consideration or shall become known to me as a Minister for the State of ....................except
as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as such Minister.”
VII
A
Form of oath or affirmation to be made by a candidate for election to the Legislature of a
State:—
“I, A.B., having been nominated as a candidate to fill a seat in the Legislative
Assembly (or Legislative Council), do swear in the name of God that I will bear true
solemnly affirm
faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and that I will uphold
the sovereignty and integrity of India.”
B
Form of oath or affirmation to be made by a member of the Legislature of a State:—
“I, A.B., having been elected (or nominated) a member of the Legislative Assembly (or
Legislative Council), do swear in the name of God that I will bear true faith and
solemnly affirm
195 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty
and integrity of India and that I will faithfully discharge the duty upon which I am about to
enter.”
VIII
Form of oath or affirmation to be made by the Judges of a High Court:—
“I, A.B., having been appointed Chief Justice (or a Judge) of the High Court at
(or of) ..........do swear in the name of God that I will bear true faith and allegiance to
solemnly affirm
the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity
of India, that I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgment
perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will and that I will
uphold the Constitution and the laws.”
196 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
FOURTH SCHEDULE
[Articles 4(1) and 80(2)]
Allo cat ion of s eats in th e Coun cil of St ates
To each State or Union territory specified in the first column of the following table, there
shall be allotted the number of seats specified in the second column thereof opposite to that
State or that Union territory, as the case may be.
TABLE
1. Andhra Pradesh………………………………………………… 18
2. Assam ………………………………………………………….. 7
3. Bihar…………………………………………………………….. 16
4. Jharkhand……………………………………………………….. 6
5. Goa……………………………………………………………….. 1
6. Gujarat……………………………………………………………. 11
7. Haryana…………………………………………………………… 5
8. Kerala…………………………………………………………….. 9
9. Madhya Pradesh…………………………………………………. 11
10. Chhattisgarh……………………………………………………… 5
11. Tamil Nadu ……………………………………………………… 18
12. Maharashtra………………………………………………………… 19
13. Karnataka…………………………………………………………. 12
14. Orissa……………………………………………………………… 10
15. Punjab……………………………………………………………… 7
16. Rajasthan………………………………………………………….. 10
17. Uttar Pradesh………………………………………………………. 31
18. Uttaranchal………………………………………………………… 3
19. West Bengal……………………………………………………….. 16
20. Jammu and Kashmir………………………………………………. 4
21. Nagaland……………………………………………………………. 1
22. Himachal Pradesh…………………………………………………. 3
23. Manipur…………………………………………………………….. 1
24. Tripura………………………………………………………………. 1
25. Meghalaya…………………………………………………………. 1
26. Sikkim………………………………………………………………. 1
27. Mizoram…………………………………………………………….. 1
28. Arunachal Pradesh……………………………………………….. 1
29. Delhi………………………………………………………………… 3
30. Pondicherry………………………………………………………… 1
Total……………………………………………… 233
196
197 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
FIFTH SCHEDULE
[Article 244(1)]
Provisions as to the Ad min istration and Con tro l of Scheduled Areas
and Schedu led Tribes
PART A
GENERAL
1. Interpretation.—In this Schedule, unless the context otherwise requires, the expression
“State” does not include the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
2. Executive power of a State in Scheduled Areas.—Subject to the provisions of this
Schedule, the executive power of a State extends to the Scheduled Areas therein.
3. Report by the Governor to the President regarding the administration of
Scheduled Areas.—The Governor of each State having Scheduled Areas therein shall
annually, or whenever so required by the President, make a report to the President regarding
the administration of the Scheduled Areas in that State and the executive power of the Union
shall extend to the giving of directions to the State as to the administration of the said areas.
PART B
ADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL OF SCHEDULED AREAS AND SCHEDULED
TRIBES
4. Tribes Advisory Council.—(1) There shall be established in each State having
Scheduled Areas therein and, if the President so directs, also in any State having Scheduled
Tribes but not Scheduled Areas therein, a Tribes Advisory Council consisting of not more
than twenty members of whom, as nearly as may be, three-fourths shall be the representatives
of the Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assembly of the State:
Provided that if the number of representatives of the Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative
Assembly of the State is less than the number of seats in the Tribes Advisory Council to be
filled by such representatives, the remaining seats shall be filled by other members of those
tribes.
(2) It shall be the duty of the Tribes Advisory Council to advise on such matters pertaining
to the welfare and advancement of the Scheduled Tribes in the State as may be referred to
them by the Governor.
(3) The Governor may make rules prescribing or regulating, as the case may be,—
(a) the number of members of the Council, the mode of their appointment and the
appointment of the Chairman of the Council and of the officers and servants thereof;
(b) the conduct of its meetings and its procedure in general; and
(c) all other incidental matters.
5. Law applicable to Scheduled Areas.—(1) Notwithstanding anything in this
Constitution, the Governor may by public notification direct that any particular Act of
Parliament or of the Legislature of the State shall not apply to a Scheduled Area or
any part thereof in the State or shall apply to a Scheduled Area or any part thereof in the
State subject to such exceptions and modifications as he may specify in the notification and
197
198 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
any direction given under this sub-paragraph may be given so as to have retrospective effect.
(2) The Governor may make regulations for the peace and good government of any area in
a State which is for the time being a Scheduled Area.
In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such
regulations may—
(a) prohibit or restrict the transfer of land by or among members of the Scheduled
Tribes in such area;
(b) regulate the allotment of land to members of the Scheduled Tribes in such area;
(c) regulate the carrying on of business as money-lender by persons who lend money
to members of the Scheduled Tribes in such area.
(3) In making any such regulation as is referred to in sub-paragraph (2) of this paragraph,
the Governor may repeal or amend any Act of Parliament or of the Legislature of the State or
any existing law which is for the time being applicable to the area in question.
(4) All regulations made under this paragraph shall be submitted forthwith to the President
and, until assented to by him, shall have no effect.
(5) No regulation shall be made under this paragraph unless the Governor making the
regulation has, in the case where there is a Tribes Advisory Council for the State, consulted
such Council.
PART C
SCHEDULED AREAS
6. Scheduled Areas.—(1) In this Constitution, the expression “Scheduled Areas” means
1
such areas as the President may by order declare to be Scheduled Areas.
2
(2) The President may at any time by order —
(a) direct that the whole or any specified part of a Scheduled Area shall cease to be a
Scheduled Area or a part of such an area;
(aa) increase the area of any Scheduled Area in a State after consultation with the
Governor of that State;
(b) alter, but only by way of rectification of boundaries, any Scheduled Area;
(c) on any alteration of the boundaries of a State or on the admission into the Union
or the establishment of a new State, declare any territory not previously included in any
State to be, or to form part of, a Scheduled Area;
(d) rescind, in relation to any State or States, any order or orders made under this
paragraph, and in consultation with the Governor of the State concerned, make fresh
orders redefining the areas which are to be Scheduled Areas;
and any such order may contain such incidental and consequential provisions as appear to the
President to be necessary and proper, but save as aforesaid, the order made under sub-
paragraph (1) of this paragraph shall not be varied by any subsequent order.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
1. See the Scheduled Areas (Part A States) Order, 1950 (C.O. 9), the Scheduled Areas (Part B States) Order,
1950 (C.O.26), the Scheduled Areas (Himachal Pradesh) Order, 1975 (C.O. 102) and the Scheduled Areas
(States of Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa) Order, 1977 (C.O. 109)
2. See the Madras Scheduled Areas (Cessor) Order, 1950 (C.O. 30) and the Andhra Scheduled Areas (Cessor)
Order, 1955 (C.O. 50).
199 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART D
AMENDMENT OF THE SCHEDULE
7. Amendment of the Schedule.—(1) Parliament may from time to time by law amend by
way of addition, variation or repeal any of the provisions of this Schedule and, when the
Schedule is so amended, any reference to this Schedule in this Constitution shall be construed
as a reference to such Schedule as so amended.
(2) No such law as is mentioned in sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph shall be deemed to
be an amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of article 368.
200 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
SIXTH SCHEDULE
[ Arti c l es 244(2) and 275 (1) ]
Provision s as to th e Ad mi ni stration of Tribal Areas in th e Stat es of
Assa m, Meghalaya , Tripu ra and Mizo ra m
1
1. Autonomous districts and autonomous regions.—(1) Subject to the provisions of
this paragraph, the tribal areas in each item of Parts I, II and IIA and in Part III of the table
appended to paragraph 20 of this Schedule shall be an autonomous district.
(2) If there are different Scheduled Tribes in an autonomous district, the Governor may, by
public notification, divide the area or areas inhabited by them into autonomous regions.
(3) The Governor may, by public notification,—
(a) include any area in any of the Parts of the said table,
(b) exclude any area from any of the Parts of the said table,
(c) create a new autonomous district,
(d) increase the area of any autonomous district,
(e) diminish the area of any autonomous district,
(f) unite two or more autonomous districts or parts thereof so as to form one
autonomous district,
(ff) alter the name of any autonomous district,
(g) define the boundaries of any autonomous district:
Provided that no order shall be made by the Governor under clauses (c), (d), (e) and (f) of
this sub-paragraph except after consideration of the report of a Commission appointed under
sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 14 of this Schedule:
Provided further that any order made by the Governor under this sub-paragraph may
contain such incidental and consequential provisions (including any amendment of paragraph
20 and of any item in any of the Parts of the said table) as appear to the Governor to be
necessary for giving effect to the provisions of the order.
2
2. Constitution of District Councils and Regional Councils.—(1) There shall be a
1. Paragraph 1 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution
(Amendment) Act, 2003 (44 of 2003),s. 2 , so as to insert the following proviso after sub-paragraph (2), namely:
“Provided that nothing in this sub-paragraph shall apply to the Bodoland Territorial Areas District.”\
*2. Paragraph 2 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by s. 2,ibid., so as to insert the following
proviso after sub-paragraph (1), namely: —
“Provided that the Bodoland Territorial Council shall consist of not more than forty-six members of whom
forty shall be elected on the basis of adult suffrage, of whom thirty shall be reserved for the Scheduled Tribes, five
for non-tribal communities, five open for all communities and the remaining six shall be nominated by the
Governor having same rights and privileges as other members, including voting rights, from amongst the un-
represented communities of the Bodoland Territorial Areas District, of which at least two shall be women.”
*Paragraph 2 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution
(Amendment) Act, 1995 (42 of 1995), s.2 so as to insert the following proviso after sub-paragraph (3), namely,-
“Provided that the District Council constituted for the North Cachar Hills District shall be called as the North
Cachar Hills Autonomous Council and the District Council constituted for the Karbi Anglong District shall be
called as the Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council.”
*Paragraph 2 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution
(Amendment) Act, 2003 (44 of 2003)s. 2 , so as to insert the following proviso after the proviso in sub-paragraph
(3), namely: —
“Provided further that the District Council constituted for the Bodoland Territorial Areas District shall be
called the Bodoland Territorial Council.”
200
201 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
District Council for each autonomous district consisting of not more than thirty
members, of whom not more than four persons shall be nominated by the Governor and the
rest shall be elected on the basis of adult suffrage.
(2) There shall be a separate Regional Council for each area constituted an autonomous
region under sub-paragraph (2) of paragraph 1 of this Schedule.
(3) Each District Council and each Regional Council shall be a body corporate by the
name respectively of “the District Council of (name of district)” and “the Regional Council of
(name of region)”, shall have perpetual succession and a common seal and shall by the said
name sue and be sued.
(4) Subject to the provisions of this Schedule, the administration of an autonomous district
shall, in so far as it is not vested under this Schedule in any Regional Council within such
district, be vested in the District Council for such district and the administration of an
autonomous region shall be vested in the Regional Council for such region.
(5) In an autonomous district with Regional Councils, the District Council shall have only
such powers with respect to the areas under the authority of the Regional Council as may be
delegated to it by the Regional Council in addition to the powers conferred on it by this
Schedule with respect to such areas.
(6) The Governor shall make rules for the first constitution of District Councils and
Regional Councils in consultation with the existing tribal Councils or other representative
tribal organisations within the autonomous districts or regions concerned, and such rules shall
provide for—
(a) the composition of the District Councils and Regional Councils and the allocation
of seats therein;
(b) the delimitation of territorial constituencies for the purpose of elections to those
Councils;
(c) the qualifications for voting at such elections and the preparation of electoral rolls
therefor;
(d) the qualifications for being elected at such elections as members of such
Councils;
(e) the term of office of members of Regional Councils;
(f) any other matter relating to or connected with elections or nominations to such
Councils;
(g) the procedure and the conduct of business (including the power to act
notwithstanding any vacancy) in the District and Regional Councils;
(h) the appointment of officers and staff of the District and Regional Councils.
(6A) The elected members of the District Council shall hold office for a term of five years
from the date appointed for the first meeting of the Council after the general elections to the
Council, unless the District Council is sooner dissolved under paragraph 16 and a nominated
member shall hold office at the pleasure of the Governor:
Provided that the said period of five years may, while a Proclamation of Emergency is in
operation or if circumstances exist which, in the opinion of the Governor, render the holding
of elections impracticable, be extended by the Governor for a period not exceeding one year
at a time and in any case where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation not extending
beyond a period of six months after the Proclamation has ceased to operate:
202 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Provided further that a member elected to fill a casual vacancy shall hold office only for
the remainder of the term of office of the member whom he replaces.
(7) The District or the Regional Council may after its first constitution make rules with
the approval of the Governor with regard to the matters specified in sub-paragraph (6) of this
paragraph and may also make rules with like approval regulating—
(a ) th e for mation of subordinat e lo cal Coun cil s or Bo ards an d th eir
pro c edur e and th e condu ct of their busin ess; and
(b ) g en er all y all matt ers r el at ing to th e trans act ion of busin es s
p ert aining to the ad ministr at ion of th e d istri ct or r egion , as th e cas e ma y
b e:
Provided that until rules are made by the District or the Regional Council under this sub-
paragraph the rules made by the Governor under sub-paragraph (6) of this paragraph shall
have effect in respect of elections to, the officers and staff of, and the procedure and the
conduct of business in, each such Council.
* * * * *
1
3. Powers of the District Councils and Regional Councils to make laws.—(1) The
Regional Council for an autonomous region in respect of all areas within such region and
_________________________________________________________________
*1. Paragraph 3 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth Schedule to the
Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003 (44 of 2003), s. 2 , so as to substitute sub-paragraph (3) as under, -
“(3) Save as otherwise provided in sub-paragraph (2) of paragraph 3A or sub-paragraph (2) of
paragraph 3B , all laws made under this paragraph or sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 3A or sub-
paragraph (1) of paragraph 3B shall be submitted forthwith to the Governor and, until assented to by
him, shall have no effect.”
After paragraph 3, the following paragraph has been inserted in its application to the State of Assam by the
Sixth Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1995 (42 of 1995), s.2 , namely:—
“3A. Additional powers of the North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council and the Karbi Anglong
Autonomous Council to make laws.—(1) Without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph 3, the North
Cachar Hills Autonomous Council and the Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council within their respective
districts, shall have power to make laws with respect to—
(a) industries, subject to the provisions of entries 7 and 52 of List I of
the Seventh Schedule;
( b ) c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , t h a t i s t o s a y, r o a d s , b r i d g e s , f e r r i e s a n d o t h e r
means of communication not specified in List I of the Seventh Schedule;
m u n i c i p a l t r a m w a y s , r o p e w a ys , i n l a n d w a t e r w a ys a n d t r a f f i c t h e r e o n s u b j e c t t o
the provisions of List I and List III of the Seventh Schedule with regard to
s u c h w a t e r w a ys ; v e h i c l e s o t h e r t h a n m e c h a n i c a l l y p r o p e l l e d v e h i c l e s ;
(c) preservation, protection and improvement of stock and prevention of
animal diseases; veterinary training and practice; cattle pounds;
(d) primary and secondary education;
(e) agriculture, including agricultural education and research, protection
against pests and prevention of plant diseases;
(f) fisheries;
( g ) w a t e r , t h a t i s t o s a y, w a t e r s u p p l i e s , i r r i g a t i o n a n d c a n a l s , d r a i n a g e
and embankments, water storage and water power subject to the provisions of
entry 56 of List I of the Seventh Schedule;
203 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
( h ) s o c i a l s e c u r i t y a n d s o c i a l i n s u r a n c e ; e m p l o y m e n t a n d u n e m p l o ym e n t ;
(i) flood control schemes for protection of villages, paddy fields,
markets, towns, etc. (not of technical nature);
(j) theatre and dramatic performances, cinemas subject to the provisions
of entry 60 of List I of the Seventh Schedule; sports entertainments and
amusements;
(k) public health and sanitation, hospitals and dispensaries;
(l) minor irrigation;
(m) trade and commerce in, and the production supply and distribution of, food stuffs, cattle
fodder, raw cotton and raw jute;
(n) libraries, museums and other similar Institutions controlled or financed by the State; ancient
and historical monuments and records other than those declared by or under any law made by
Parliament to be of national importance; and
(o) alienation of land.
(2) All laws made by the North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council and the Karbi Anglong Autonomous
Council under paragraph 3 or under this paragraph shall, in so far as they relate to matters specified in List
III of the Seventh Schedule, be submitted forthwith to the Governor who shall reserve the same for the
consideration of the President.
(3) When a law is reserved for the consideration of the President, the President shall declare either that
he assents to the said law or that he withholds assent therefrom:
Provided that the President may direct the Governor to return the law to the North Cachar Hills
Autonomous Council or the Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council, as the case may be, together with a
message requesting that the said Council will reconsider the law or any specified provisions thereof and, in
particular, will, consider the desirability of introducing any such amendments as he may recommend in his
message and, when the law is so returned, the said Council shall consider the law accordingly within a
period of six months from the date of receipt of such message and, if the law is again passed by the said
Council with or without amendment it shall be presented again to the President for his consideration.”.
*After paragraph 3A, the following paragraph has been inserted in its application to the State of Assam by the
Sixth Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003, (44 0f 2003), s. 2 , namely: —
“3B. Additional powers of the Bodoland Territorial Council to make laws.—(1) Without
prejudice to the provisions of paragraph 3, the Bodoland Territorial Council within its areas shall have
power to make laws with respect to :- (i) Agriculture, including agricultural education and research,
protection against pests and prevention of plant diseases; (ii) Animal husbandry and veterinary, that is to
say, preservation, protection and improvement of stock and prevention of animal diseases, veterinary
training and practice, cattle pounds; (iii) Co-operation; (iv) Cultural affairs; (v) Education, that is to say,
primary education, higher secondary including vocational training, adult education, college education
(general); (vi) Fisheries; (vii) Flood control for protection of village, paddy fields, markets and towns
(not of technical nature); (viii) Food and civil supply; (ix) Forests (other than reserved forests); (x)
Handloom and textile; (xi) Health and family welfare, (xii) Intoxicating liquors, opium and derivatives,
subject to the provisions of entry 84 of List I of the Seventh Schedule; (xiii) Irrigation; (xiv) Labour and
employment; (xv) Land and Revenue; (xvi) Library services (financed and controlled by the State
Government); (xvii) Lotteries (subject to the provisions of entry 40 of List I of the Seventh Schedule),
theatres, dramatic performances and cinemas (subject to the provisions of entry 60 of List I of the
Seventh Schedule); (xviii) Markets and fairs; (xix) Municipal corporation, improvement trust, district
boards and other local authorities; (xx) Museum and archaeology institutions controlled or financed by
the State, ancient and historical monuments and records other than those declared by or under any law
made by Parliament to be of national importance; (xxi) Panchayat and rural development; (xxii)
Planning and development; (xxiii) Printing and stationery; (xxiv) Pubic health engineering; (xxv) Public
works department; (xxvi) Publicity and public relations; (xxvii) Registration of births and deaths;
(xxviii) Relief and rehabilitation; (xxix) Sericulture; (xxx) Small, cottage and rural industry subject to
the provisions of entries 7 and 52 of List I of the Seventh Schedule; (xxxi) Social Welfare; (xxxii) Soil
conservation; (xxxiii) Sports and youth welfare; (xxxiv) Statistics; (xxxv) Tourism; (xxxvi) Transport
(roads, bridges, ferries and other means of communications not specified in List I of the Seventh
Schedule, municipal tramways, ropeways, inland waterways and traffic thereon subject to the provision
204 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
of List I and List III of the Seventh Schedule with regard to such waterways, vehicles other than
mechanically propelled vehicles); (xxxvii) Tribal research institute controlled and financed by the State
Government; (xxxviii) Urban development—town and country planning; (xxxix) Weights and
measures subject to the provisions of entry 50 of List I of the Seventh Schedule; and (xl) Welfare of
plain tribes and backward classes:
Provided that nothing in such laws shall--
(a) extinguish or modify the existing rights and privileges of any citizen in respect of his land at
the date of commencement of this Act; and
(b) disallow and citizen from acquiring land either by way of inheritance, allotment, settlement
or by any other way of transfer if such citizen is otherwise eligible for such acquisition of land within
the Bodoland Territorial Areas District.
(2) All laws made under paragraph 3 or under this paragraph shall in so far as they relate to matters
specified in List III of the Seventh Schedule, be submitted forthwith to the Governor who shall reserve the
same for the consideration of the President.
(3) When a law is reserved for the consideration of the President, the President shall declare either that
he assents to the said law or that he withholds assent therefrom:
Provided that the President may direct the Governor to return the law to the Bodoland Territorial
Council, together with the message requesting that the said Council will reconsider the law or any specified
provisions thereof and, in particular, will consider the desirability of introducing any such amendments as he
may recommend in his message and, when the law is so returned, the said Council shall consider the law
accordingly within a period of six month from the date of receipt of such message and, if the law is again
passéd by the said Council with or without amendments it shall be presented again to the President for his
consideration.”
205 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
the District Council for an autonomous district in respect of all areas within the district except
those which are under the authority of Regional Councils, if any, within the district shall have
power to make laws with respect to—
(a ) th e al lot ment , o c cup a tion or us e, or th e sett ing ap art , of l a nd,
oth er th an any l a nd whi ch is a r es erv ed for est for th e purpos es of
agri cu ltur e or gr azing o r for r es id enti al o r oth er non- ag ri cu l tur al
purpos es or fo r an y oth er purpos e l ik el y to pro mot e th e in ter est s of
th e inh abi t ants of an y vill ag e or to wn:
Provid ed th at nothing in su ch l a ws sh all pr ev ent th e co mpulsor y
acquis ition of an y l and, wh eth er o c cupi ed or uno ccupi ed , for publi c
purpos es b y th e Gov ern me nt of th e St at e co n cern ed in accordan ce with
th e l a w for th e ti me b eing in force authoris ing su ch acquisit ion;
(b ) th e ma n ag eme n t o f an y fo re st n ot b eing a re s erv ed for es t;
( c) th e us e of an y can al or wat er- cours e for th e purpos e of
agri cu ltur e;
(d ) th e r egul at ion of th e pr actice of jhu m or oth er for ms of shif ting
cult iv ation;
( e) th e es tab lishmen t of vill ag e or to wn co mmi tt ees or coun ci ls and
th ei r po wers ;
(f) an y oth er ma t t er r el at ing to vill ag e or to wn ad mini str at ion,
in clud ing v ill ag e or to wn po li ce and pub li c h e alth an d s anit at ion;
(g ) th e appointme n t or su ccession of Chi efs or Head me n;
(h ) th e inh eri t ance of prop ert y;
(i) ma rri ag e and divor ce;
(j) so c i al cu sto ms .
(2) In this paragraph, a “reserved forest” means any area which is a reserved forest under
the Assam Forest Regulation, 1891, or under any other law for the time being in force in the
area in question.
(3) All laws made under this paragraph shall be submitted forthwith to the Governor and,
until assented to by him, shall have no effect.
1
4. Administration of justice in autonomous districts and autonomous regions.—(1)
The Regional Council for an autonomous region in respect of areas within such region and
the District Council for an autonomous district in respect of areas within the district other
than those which are under the authority of the Regional Councils, if any, within the district
may constitute village councils or courts for the trial of suits and cases between
the parties all of whom belong to Scheduled Tribes within such areas, other than suits and
cases to which the provisions of sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 5 of this Schedule apply, to
________________________________________________________
1. Paragraph 4 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth Schedule to the
Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003 (44 of 2003), s. 2 , so as to insert the following sub-paragraph after
sub-paragraph (5), namely: —
“(6) Nothing in this paragraph shall apply to the Bodoland Territorial Council constituted under the
proviso to sub-paragraph (3) of paragraph 2 of this Schedule.”
206 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
the exclusion of any court in the State, and may appoint suitable persons to be members of
such village councils or presiding officers of such courts, and may also appoint such officers
as may be necessary for the administration of the laws made under paragraph 3 of this
Schedule.
(2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the Regional Council for an
autonomous region or any court constituted in that behalf by the Regional Council or, if in
respect of any area within an autonomous district there is no Regional Council, the District
Council for such district, or any court constituted in that behalf by the District Council, shall
exercise the powers of a court of appeal in respect of all suits and cases triable by a village
council or court constituted under sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph within such region or
area, as the case may be, other than those to which the provisions of sub-paragraph (1) of
paragraph 5 of this Schedule apply, and no other court except the High Court and the
Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction over such suits or cases.
(3) The High Court shall have and exercise such jurisdiction over the suits and cases to
which the provisions of sub-paragraph (2) of this paragraph apply as the Governor may from
time to time by order specify.
(4) A Regional Council or District Council, as the case may be, may with the previous
approval of the Governor make rules regulating —
(a ) th e cons titution of vi ll ag e coun cil s an d courts and th e po wers to
b e ex er cis ed b y th em und er this p ar agr aph;
(b ) th e pro c edure to b e fo llo wed b y v ill ag e coun cil s or court s in th e
tr i al of suits and cas es und er sub-p ar agr aph (1) of this p ar agr aph;
( c) the pro c edure to b e follo wed b y th e Region al or Di stri ct Coun cil
or an y court const itut ed b y su ch Coun cil in ap p e als an d oth er
pro ceedings under sub-p ar agr aph (2) of this p aragr aph;
(d ) th e en fo r c eme n t o f d e cis io n s an d o rd er s o f su ch co u n ci ls an d
courts ;
( e) all oth er an cil l ar y mat t ers for th e carr ying out of th e provision s
of sub-p ar agr aphs (1) and (2) of this p ar agr aph.
(5) On and from such date as the President may, after consulting the Government of the
State concerned, by notification appoint in this behalf, this paragraph shall have effect in
relation to such autonomous district or region as may be specified in the notification, as if—
(i) in sub-p ar agr aph (1) , for the w ords “b et w een th e p art i es all of
who m b elong to S ch edul ed Trib es within su ch ar eas, oth er th an suits
and cas es to whi ch th e provisions of sub-p ar agraph (1) of p ar agr aph 5 o f
thi s S ch edul e appl y,”, th e words “no t b eing suits and cas es of th e n atur e
r ef err ed to in sub-p ar agr aph (1) of p ar agr aph (5) of thi s S ch edul e,
whi ch th e Gov ernor may sp ecif y in this b eh alf ,” h ad b een subs titut ed ;
(i i) su b -p ar ag r ap h s (2 ) an d (3 ) h ad b e en o mi tt ed ;
(i ii) in su b -p ar ag r ap h (4 ) —
(a ) for th e words “A Region al Coun cil o r Distr i ct Coun ci l, as
th e cas e may be, may wi th th e pr evious app rov al of the Gov ernor
ma k e ru l es r eg u l at in g ”, th e wo rd s “ th e Go v ern o r ma y ma k e ru l es
r egul a ting ” h ad b e en substi tut ed; and
207 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(2) The Governor may, with the consent of any District Council, entrust either
conditionally or unconditionally to that Council or to its officers functions in relation to
agriculture, animal husbandry, community projects, co-operative societies, social welfare,
village planning or any other matter to which the executive power of the State extends.
7. District and Regional Funds.—(1) There shall be constituted for each autonomous
district, a District Fund and for each autonomous region, a Regional Fund to which shall be
credited all moneys received respectively by the District Council for that district and the
Regional Council for that region in the course of the administration of such district or region,
as the case may be, in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.
(2) The Governor may make rules for the management of the District Fund, or, as the case
may be, the Regional Fund and for the procedure to be followed in respect of payment of
money into the said Fund, the withdrawal of moneys therefrom, the custody of moneys
therein and any other matter connected with or ancillary to the matters aforesaid.
(3) The accounts of the District Council or, as the case may be, the Regional Council shall
be kept in such form as the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India may, with the approval
of the President, prescribe.
(4) The Comptroller and Auditor-General shall cause the accounts of the District and
Regional Councils to be audited in such manner as he may think fit, and the reports of the
Comptroller and Auditor-General relating to such accounts shall be submitted to the Governor
who shall cause them to be laid before the Council.
8. Powers to assess and collect land revenue and to impose taxes.—(1) The Regional
Council for an autonomous region in respect of all lands within such region and the District
Council for an autonomous district in respect of all lands within the district except those
which are in the areas under the authority of Regional Councils, if any, within the district,
shall have the power to assess and collect revenue in respect of such lands in accordance with
the principles for the time being followed by the Government of the State in assessing lands
for the purpose of land revenue in the State generally.
(2) The Regional Council for an autonomous region in respect of areas within such region
and the District Council for an autonomous district in respect of all areas in the district except
those which are under the authority of Regional Councils, if any, within the district, shall
have power to levy and collect taxes on lands and buildings, and tolls on persons resident
within such areas.
(3) The District Council for an autonomous district shall have the power to levy and
collect all or any of the following taxes within such district, that is to say —
(a ) t ax es on prof ess ions, t r ad es, calling s and emplo yments ;
(b ) t ax es o n an ima l s , v eh i cl es an d b o ats;
( c) t ax es on th e entr y of goods into a ma rk et for s a le th er ein, and
tol ls on p as s engers and goods carri ed in f err i es; and
(d ) t ax es for th e ma i nt en an ce of s chools , disp ens ari es or ro ads .
(4) A Regional Council or District Council, as the case may be, may make regulations to
provide for the levy and collection of any of the taxes specified in sub-paragraphs (2) and (3)
of this paragraph and every such regulation shall be submitted forthwith to the Governor and,
until assented to by him, shall have no effect.
209 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
1
9. Licences or leases for the purpose of prospecting for, or extraction of, minerals.—
(1) Such share of the royalties accruing each year from licences or leases for the purpose of
prospecting for, or the extraction of, minerals granted by the Government of the State in
respect of any area within an autonomous district as may be agreed upon between the
Government of the State and the District Council of such district shall be made over to that
District Council.
(2) If any dispute arises as to the share of such royalties to be made over to a District
Council, it shall be referred to the Governor for determination and the amount determined by
the Governor in his discretion shall be deemed to be the amount payable under sub-paragraph
(1) of this paragraph to the District Council and the decision of the Governor shall be final.
2
10. Power of District Council to make regulations for the control of money-lending
and trading by non-tribals.—(1) The District Council of an autonomous district may
make regulations for the regulation and control of money-lending or trading within the
district by persons other than Scheduled Tribes resident in the district.
(2) In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such
regulations may—
(a) prescribe that no one except the holder of a licence issued in that behalf shall
carry on the business of money-lending;
(b) prescribe the maximum rate of interest which may be charged or be recovered by
a money-lender;
(c) provide for the maintenance of accounts by money-lenders and for the inspection
of such accounts by officers appointed in that behalf by the District Council;
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Paragraph 9 has been amended in its application to the States of Tripura and Mizoram by the Sixth Schedule
to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1988 (67 of 1988), s.2, so as to insert the following sub-paragraph
after sub-paragraph (2), namely:-
“ ( 3 ) T h e G o v e r n o r m a y, b y o r d e r , d i r e c t t h a t t h e s h a r e o f r o ya l t i e s t o b e m a d e
over to a District Council under this paragraph shall be made over to that Council
w i t h i n a p e r i o d o f o n e ye a r f r o m t h e d a t e o f a n y a g r e e m e n t u n d e r s u b - p a r a g r a p h ( 1 )
or, as the case may be, of any determination under sub-paragraph (2).”.
*2. Paragraph 10 has been amended in its application to the States of Tripura and
Mizoram by the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1988 (67 of
1988), s.2, as under-
(d) prescribe that no person who is not a member of the Scheduled Tribes resident in the
district shall carry on wholesale or retail business in any commodity except under a licence
issued in that behalf by the District Council :
Provided that no regulations may be made under this paragraph unless they are passed by a
majority of not less than three-fourths of the total membership of the District Council:
Provided further that it shall not be competent under any such regulations to refuse the grant of a
licence to a money-lender or a trader who has been carrying on business within the district since
before the time of the making of such regulations.
(3) All regulations made under this paragraph shall be submitted forthwith to the Governor and,
until assented to by him, shall have no effect.
11. Publication of laws, rules and regulations made under the Schedule.—All laws, rules and
regulations made under this Schedule by a District Council or a Regional Council shall be published
forthwith in the Official Gazette of the State and shall on such publication have the force of law.
1
12. Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature of the State of Assam to
autonomous districts and autonomous regions in the State of Assam. —(1) Notwithstanding
anything in this Constitution —
(a) no Act of the Legislature of the State of Assam in respect of any of the matters specified
in paragraph 3 of this Schedule as matters with respect to which a District Council or a Regional
Council may make laws, and no Act of the Legislature of the State of Assam prohibiting or
restricting the consumption of any non-distilled alcoholic liquor shall apply to any autonomous
district or autonomous region in that State unless in either case the District Council for such
district or having jurisdiction over such region by public notification so directs, and the District
Council in giving such direction with respect to any Act may direct that the Act shall in its
application to such district or region or any part thereof have effect subject to such exceptions or
modifications as it thinks fit;
(b) the Governor may, by public notification, direct that any Act of Parliament or of the
Legislature of the State of Assam to which the provisions of clause (a) of this sub-paragraph do
not apply shall not apply to an autonomous district or an autonomous region in that State, or
shall apply to such district or region or any part thereof subject to such exceptions or
modifications as he may specify in the notification.
(2) Any direction given under sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph may be given so as to have
retrospective effect.
12A. Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature of the State of Meghalaya to
autonomous districts and autonomous regions in the State of Meghalaya.—Notwithstanding
anything in this Constitution,—
( a ) i f a n y p r o v i si o n o f a l a w ma d e b y a Di s t r i c t o r R e g i o n a l C o u nc i l i n
t h e S t a t e o f M e g h a l a ya wi t h r e s p e ct t o a n y ma t t e r s p e c i f i e d i n s u b -
p a r a g r a p h ( 1 ) o f p a r a g r a p h 3 o f t h i s S c h e d u l e o r i f a n y p r o v i s io n o f a n y
r e g u l a t i o n ma d e b y a Di s t r i c t C ou n c i l o r a R e g i o n a l C o u n c i l i n t h a t S t a t e
u n d e r p a r a g r a p h 8 o r p a r a g r a p h 1 0 o f t h i s S c h e d u l e , i s r e p u g na n t t o a n y
p r o v i s i o n o f a l a w ma d e b y t h e L e g i s l at u r e o f t h e S t a t e o f M e g h a l a ya w i t h
r e s p e c t t o t h a t ma t t e r , t h e n , t h e l a w o r r e g u l a t i o n ma d e b y t h e Di s t r i c t
C o u n c i l o r , a s t h e c a s e ma y b e , t h e R e g i o n a l C o u n c i l wh e th er ma d e b efo r e
__________________________________________________________
1. Paragraph 12 has been amended to its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth Schedule to the
Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1995 (42 of 1995), s.2, as under,-
‘in paragraph 12, in sub-paragraph (1), for the words and figure “matters specified in paragraph 3 of this
Schedule”, the words, figures and letter “matters specified in paragraph 3 or paragraph 3A of this Schedule”
shall be substituted.’;
Paragraph 12 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth Schedule to the
Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003 (44 of 2003), s. 2, as under, —
in paragraph 12, in sub-paragraph (1), in clause (a), for the words, figures and letter “matters specified in
paragraph 3 or paragraph 3A of this Schedule”, the words, figures and letter “matters specified in paragraph
3 or paragraph 3A or paragraph 3B of this Schedule” shall be substituted.
211 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
o r a f t er t h e l aw ma d e b y t h e L e g i s l atu r e o f t h e S t at e o f M e g h al a y a ,
sh al l, to th e ext ent of r epugn an cy, b e void and th e l aw ma de b y th e
Legisl atur e o f th e St at e of Megh al aya sh all pr ev ail ;
(b ) th e Pr esid ent may, with resp ect to an y Act of P ar li ament , b y
noti fi c ation , direct th at it sh all not ap p l y to an au tono mous dis tri ct or
an autono mous r egion in th e Stat e o f Meghal aya, or sh all app ly t o su ch
dis tri ct or r egion or an y p art th er eo f sub j ect to su ch ex ception s o r
mo difi cat ions as h e ma y sp ecif y in th e no tifi cation an d an y su ch
dir ection may be giv en so as to h av e r etrosp ect iv e eff ect .
12AA. Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature of the State of
Tripura to the autonomous districts and autonomous regions in the State of Tripura.—
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,—
(a ) no Act of th e Legis l atur e of th e St at e of Tripur a in r espect o f
an y of th e ma tters sp ecif i ed in p ar agr aph 3 of this S ch edul e as ma tt ers
with r esp ect to wh i ch a Distr ict Coun cil or a Region al Council ma y
ma k e l aws , an d n o A ct o f t h e L eg is l atu r e o f t h e S t at e o f Tri p u r a
prohib iting or restr i cting th e consu mption of any non-dis till ed al cohol i c
liquo r sh all appl y to th e au tonomo u s distr i ct o r an au tono mous r egion in
th at St at e u n l ess , in ei th er c as e, th e Dist ri ct Co u n cil fo r th at d is tri ct o r
h aving juri sdi ction ov er su ch region b y publi c notif ication so dir e cts ,
and th e Distr i ct Coun cil in g iving su ch dir ect ion wi th r esp ect to an y Act
may d ir ect th at th e Act sh all , in its appli cation to th at distr i ct or su ch
r eg io n o r an y p art th er eo f , h av e eff e ct su b j ec t to su ch ex c ep tio n s o r
mo difi cat ions as it think s f it;
(b ) th e Governor ma y, b y publi c noti fi c ation , d ir e ct th at an y Act of
th e Leg isl atur e of th e St at e of Tripur a to whi ch th e provis ions of cl aus e
( a) o f this sub-par agr aph do not appl y, sh all not appl y to th e au tono mous
dis tri ct or an y autono mous r egion in th at St ate, or sh all ap p ly to th at
dis tri ct or su ch r egion , or an y part th er eof , subject to su ch ex ception s or
mo difi cat ions , as h e ma y sp eci fy in th e notifi c ation ;
( c) the Pr esid ent ma y, w i th r e sp e ct to a ny A c t of P arl i ame n t , by
noti fi c ation , direct th at it sh al l not appl y to the autono mous dis tri ct or
an au tono mous r egion in th e St at e of Tr ipur a, o r sh al l appl y t o su ch
d is tri ct o r r eg io n o r an y p ar t th er eo f, su b j ec t to su ch ex ce p tio n s or
mo difi cat ions as h e ma y s p ec if y in th e noti fi c ation an d an y su ch
dir ection may be giv en so as to h av e r etrosp ect iv e eff ect .
12B. Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature of the State of Mizoram
to autonomous districts and autonomous regions in the State of Mizoram.—
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, —
(a ) no Act of th e Legisl atu r e of th e St at e of Mi zor am in r esp ect of
an y of th e ma tters sp ecif i ed in p ar agr aph 3 of this S ch edul e as ma tt ers
with r esp ect to wh i ch a Distr ict Coun cil or a Region al Council ma y
ma k e l aw s , an d n o A ct o f t h e L e g i s l atu r e o f t h e S t at e o f M i zo r a m
prohib iting or restr i cting th e consu mption of any non-dis till ed al cohol i c
liquo r sh all appl y to an y autono mous distr i ct or autono mous r egion in
th at St at e u n l ess , in ei th er c as e, th e Dist ri ct Co u n cil fo r su ch d is tri ct o r
212 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
________________________________________________________
1. Paragraph 14 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth Schedule to the
Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1995 (42 of 1995) , s. 2, as under,-
In paragraph 14 , in sub-paragraph (2), the words “with the recommendations of the Governor with
respect thereto” shall be omitted.
213 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(3) In allocating the business of the Government of the State among his Ministers the
Governor may place one of his Ministers specially in charge of the welfare of the autonomous
districts and autonomous regions in the State.
1
15. Annulment or suspension of acts and resolutions of District and Regional
Councils.— (1) If at any time the Governor is satisfied that an act or resolution of a District
or a Regional Council is likely to endanger the safety of India or is likely to be prejudicial to
public order, he may annul or suspend such act or resolution and take such steps as he may
consider necessary (including the suspension of the Council and the assumption to himself of
all or any of the powers vested in or exercisable by the Council) to prevent the commission or
continuance of such act, or the giving of effect to such resolution.
(2) Any order made by the Governor under sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph together
with the reasons therefor shall be laid before the Legislature of the State as soon as possible
and the order shall, unless revoked by the Legislature of the State, continue in force for a
period of twelve months from the date on which it was so made:
Provided that if and so often as a resolution approving the continuance in force of such
order is passed by the Legislature of the State, the order shall unless cancelled by the
Governor continue in force for a further period of twelve months from the date on which
under this paragraph it would otherwise have ceased to operate.
2
16. Dissolution of a District or a Regional Council.—(1) The Governor may on the
recommendation of a Commission appointed under paragraph 14 of this Schedule by public
notification order the dissolution of a District or a Regional Council, and—
(a ) d ir e ct th at a f r esh g en er al e l e ct io n sh al l b e h eld i mme di a t ely fo r
th e r e const itution of th e Coun cil, o r
(b ) subj ect to th e pr eviou s approv al o f th e Legis l atur e of th e St at e
assu me th e admi nis tr ation of th e ar ea und er th e author it y of su ch
Coun cil hi ms elf or pl ace th e ad min istr ation o f su ch ar ea und er th e
Co mmi ssion appoint ed und er th e s aid p ar agraph or an y oth er bod y
consid er ed su it abl e b y hi m for a p eriod not ex ceeding t w elv e months :
Provided that when an order under clause (a) of this paragraph has been made, the
Governor may take the action referred to in clause (b) of this paragraph with regard to the
administration of the area in question pending the reconstitution of the Council on fresh
general election:
Provided further that no action shall be taken under clause (b) of this paragraph without
giving the District or the Regional Council, as the case may be, an opportunity of placing its
views before the Legislature of the State.
________________________________________________________
1. Paragraph 15 has been amended in its application to the States of Tripura and Mizoram by the Sixth
Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1988 (67 of 1988), s. 2, as under,-
(a) in the opening paragraph, for the words “by the Legislature of the State”, the words “by him” shall
be substituted;
(b) the proviso shall be omitted.
2. Paragraph 16 has been amended in its application to the States of Tripura and Mizoram by s. 2, ibid., as
under,-
(a) in sub-paragraph (1), the words “subject to the previous approval of the Legislature of the State”
occurring in clause (b), and the second proviso shall be omitted;
(b) for sub-paragraph (3), the following sub-graph shall be substituted, namely:-
“(3) Every order made under sub-paragraph (1) or sub-paragraph (2) of this paragraph, along with
the reasons therefor shall be laid before the Legislature of the State.”’.
214 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(2) If at any time the Governor is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the
administration of an autonomous district or region cannot be carried on in accordance with
the provisions of this Schedule, he may, by public notification, assume to himself all or any of
the functions or powers vested in or exercisable by the District Council or, as the case may
be, the Regional Council and declare that such functions or powers shall be exercisable by
such person or authority as he may specify in this behalf, for a period not exceeding six
months:
Provided that the Governor may by a further order or orders extend the operation of the
initial order by a period not exceeding six months on each occasion.
(3) Every order made under sub-paragraph (2) of this paragraph with the reasons therefor
shall be laid before the Legislature of the State and shall cease to operate at the expiration of
thirty days from the date on which the State Legislature first sits after the issue of the order,
unless, before the expiry of that period it has been approved by that State Legislature.
1
17. Exclusion of areas from autonomous districts in forming constituencies in such
districts.—For the purposes of elections to the Legislative Assembly of Assam or Meghalaya
or Tripura or Mizoram, the Governor may by order declare that any area within an
autonomous district in the State of Assam or Meghalaya or Tripura or Mizoram, as the case
may be, shall not form part of any constituency to fill a seat or seats in the Assembly reserved
for any such district but shall form part of a constituency to fill a seat or seats in the Assembly
not so reserved to be specified in the order.
* * * * *
2
19. Transitional provisions.—(1) As soon as possible after the commencement of this
Constitution the Governor shall take steps for the constitution of a District Council for each
autonomous district in the State under this Schedule and, until a District Council is so
constituted for an autonomous district, the administration of such district shall be vested in
the Governor and the following provisions shall apply to the administration of the areas
within such district instead of the foregoing provisions of this Schedule, namely:—
(a) no Act of Parliament or of the Legislature of the State shall apply to any such area
unless the Governor by public notification so directs; and the Governor in giving such a
direction with respect to any Act may direct that the Act shall, in its application to the
area or to any specified part thereof, have effect subject to such exceptions or
modifications as he thinks fit;
____________________________________________
1. Paragraph 17 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by the Sixth Schedule to the
Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003 (44 of 2003), s. 2 , so as to insert the following proviso, namely: —
“Provided that nothing in this paragraph shall apply to the Bodoland Territorial Areas District.”
2. Paragraph 19 has been amended in its application to the State of Assam by s. 2 , ibid., so as to insert the
following sub-paragraph after sub-paragraph (3), namely: —
“(4) As soon as possible after the commencement of this Act, and Interim Executive Council for
Bodoland Territorial Areas District in Assam shall be formed by the Governor from amongst leaders of the
Bodo movement, including the signatories to the Memorandum of Settlement, and shall provide adequate
representation to the non-tribal communities in that area:
Provided that Interim Council shall be for a period of six months during which endeavour to hold the
election to the Council shall be made.
Explanation.---For the purposes of this sub-paragraph, the expression “Memorandum of Settlement”
means the Memorandum signed on the 10th day of February, 2003 between Government of India,
Government of Assam and Bodo Liberation Tigres.”
215 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(b ) th e Gov ernor may ma k e r egul ations for the peace and good
gov ern ment o f an y su ch ar ea and an y r egul at ions so mad e may r ep eal or
amen d an y Act of P arl i amen t or of th e Legi sl atur e of th e St ate or any
exis ting l a w whi ch is for th e time b e ing app li cabl e to su ch ar ea .
(2) Any direction given by the Governor under clause (a) of sub-paragraph (1) of this
paragraph may be given so as to have retrospective effect.
(3) All regulations made under clause (b) of sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph shall be
submitted forthwith to the President and, until assented to by him, shall have no effect.
20. Tribal areas.—(1) The areas specified in Parts I, II, IIA and III of the table below
shall respectively be the tribal areas within the State of Assam, the State of Meghalaya, the
State of Tripura and the State of Mizoram.
(2) Any reference in Part I, Part II or Part III of the table below to any district shall be
construed as a reference to the territories comprised within the autonomous district of that
name existing immediately before the day appointed under clause (b) of section 2 of the
North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971:
Provided that for the purposes of clauses (e) and (f) of sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 3,
paragraph 4, paragraph 5, paragraph 6, sub-paragraph (2), clauses (a), (b) and (d) of sub-
paragraph (3) and sub-paragraph (4) of paragraph 8 and clause (d) of sub-paragraph (2) of
paragraph 10 of this Schedule, no part of the area comprised within the municipality of
Shillong shall be deemed to be within the Khasi Hills District.
(3) The reference in Part IIA in the table below to the "Tripura Tribal Areas District" shall
be construed as a reference to the territory comprising the tribal areas specified in the First
Schedule to the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council Act, 1979.
TABLE
PART I
1. The North Cachar Hills District.
2. The Karbi Anglong District.
3. Th e Bodol and Terri tori al Ar eas Distr i ct .
P A R T II
P A R T III
** *
1. The Chakma District.
2. The Mara District.
3. The Lai District.
216 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
________________________________________________________
1. After paragraph 20B, the following paragraph has been inserted in its application to the State of Assam by the
Sixth Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1995 (42 of 1995), s. 2, namely:-
“20BA. Exercise of discretionary powers by the Governor in the discharge of his functions.-The
Governor in the discharge of his functions under sub-paragraphs (2) and (3) of paragraph 1, sub-paragraphs (1),
(6), sub-paragraph (6A) excluding the first proviso and sub-paragraph (7) of paragraph 2, sub-paragraph (3) of
paragraph 3, sub-paragraph (4) of paragraph 4, paragraph 5, sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 6, sub-paragraph (2)
of paragraph 7, sub-paragraph (4) of paragraph 8, sub-paragraph (3) of paragraph 9, sub-paragraph (3) of
paragraph 10, sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 14, sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 15 and sub-paragraphs (1) and
(2) of paragraph 16 of this Schedule, shall, after consulting the Council of Ministers and the North Cachar Hills
Autonomous Council or the Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council, as the case may be, take such action as he
considers necessary in his discretion.”
2. After paragraph 20B, the following paragraph has been inserted in its application to the States of Tripura and
Mizoram, by the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1988 (67 of 1988), s. 2, namely:-
“20BB. Exercise of discretionary powers by the Governor in the discharge of his functions.-The
Governor, in the discharge of his functions under sub-paragraphs (2) and (3) of paragraph 1, sub-paragraphs (1)
and (7) of paragraph 2, sub-paragraph (3) of paragraph 3, sub-paragraph (4) of paragraph 4, paragraph 5, sub-
paragraph (1) of paragraph 6, sub-paragraph (2) of paragraph 7, sub- paragraph (3) of paragraph 9, sub-
paragraph (1) of paragraph 14, sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 15 and sub-paragraphs (1) and (2) of paragraph
16 of this Schedule, shall, after consulting the Council of Ministers, and if he thinks it necessary, the District
Council or the Regional Council concerned, take such action as he considers necessary in his discretion.”
217 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
SEVENTH SCHEDULE
( Arti c l e 246 )
L i s t I — Un i o n Lis t
1. Defence of India and every part thereof including preparation for defence and all such
acts as may be conducive in times of war to its prosecution and after its termination to
effective demobilisation.
2. Naval, military and air forces; any other armed forces of the Union.
2A. Deployment of any armed force of the Union or any other force subject to the control of
the Union or any contingent or unit thereof in any State in aid of the civil power; powers,
jurisdiction, privileges and liabilities of the members of such forces while on such
deployment.
3. Delimitation of cantonment areas, local self-government in such areas, the constitution
and powers within such areas of cantonment authorities and the regulation of house
accommodation (including the control of rents) in such areas.
4. Naval, military and air force works.
5. Arms, firearms, ammunition and explosives.
6. Atomic energy and mineral resources necessary for its production.
7. Industries declared by Parliament by law to be necessary for the purpose of defence or
for the prosecution of war.
8. Central Bureau of Intelligence and Investigation.
9. Preventive detention for reasons connected with Defence, Foreign Affairs, or the
security of India; persons subjected to such detention.
10. Foreign affairs; all matters which bring the Union into relation with any foreign
country.
11. Diplomatic, consular and trade representation.
12. United Nations Organisation.
13. Participation in international conferences, associations and other bodies and
implementing of decisions made thereat.
14. Entering into treaties and agreements with foreign countries and implementing of
treaties, agreements and conventions with foreign countries.
15. War and peace.
16. Foreign jurisdiction.
17. Citizenship, naturalisation and aliens.
18. Extradition.
19. Admission into, and emigration and expulsion from, India; passports and visas.
20. Pilgrimages to places outside India.
21. Piracies and crimes committed on the high seas or in the air; offences against the law
of nations committed on land or the high seas or in the air.
22. Railways.
23. Highways declared by or under law made by Parliament to be national highways.
219
220 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
68. The Survey of India, the Geological, Botanical, Zoological and Anthropological
Surveys of India; Meteorological organisations.
69. Census.
70. Union Public Service; All-India Services; Union Public Service Commission.
71. Union pensions, that is to say, pensions payable by the Government of India or out of
the Consolidated Fund of India.
72. Elections to Parliament, to the Legislatures of States and to the offices of President and
Vice-President; the Election Commission.
73. Salaries and allowances of members of Parliament, the Chairman and Deputy
Chairman of the Council of States and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the
People.
74. Powers, privileges and immunities of each House of Parliament and of the members
and the Committees of each House; enforcement of attendance of persons for giving evidence
or producing documents before committees of Parliament or commissions appointed by
Parliament.
75. Emoluments, allowances, privileges, and rights in respect of leave of absence, of the
President and Governors; salaries and allowances of the Ministers for the Union; the salaries,
allowances, and rights in respect of leave of absence and other conditions of service of the
Comptroller and Auditor-General.
76. Audit of the accounts of the Union and of the States.
77. Constitution, organisation, jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme Court (including
contempt of such Court), and the fees taken therein; persons entitled to practise before the
Supreme Court.
78. Constitution and organisation (including vacations) of the High Courts except
provisions as to officers and servants of High Courts; persons entitled to practise before the
High Courts.
79. Extension of the jurisdiction of a High Court to, and exclusion of the jurisdiction of a
High Court from, any Union territory.
80. Extension of the powers and jurisdiction of members of a police force belonging to any
State to any area outside that State, but not so as to enable the police of one State to exercise
powers and jurisdiction in any area outside that State without the consent of the Government
of the State in which such area is situated; extension of the powers and jurisdiction of
members of a police force belonging to any State to railway areas outside that State.
81. Inter-State migration; inter-State quarantine.
82. Taxes on income other than agricultural income.
83. Duties of customs including export duties.
84. Duties of excise on tobacco and other goods manufactured or produced in India
except—
(a ) al cohol i c liquo rs for hu ma n consu mption;
(b ) o p i u m, I n d i an h e mp an d o t h er n ar co t i c d r u g s an d n ar co t i cs ,
but including medicinal and toilet preparations containing alcohol or any substance included
in sub-paragraph (b) of this entry.
85. Corporation tax.
223 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
86. Taxes on the capital value of the assets, exclusive of agricultural land, of individuals
and companies; taxes on the capital of companies.
87. Estate duty in respect of property other than agricultural land.
88. Duties in respect of succession to property other than agricultural land.
89. Terminal taxes on goods or passengers, carried by railway, sea or air; taxes on railway
fares and freights.
90. Taxes other than stamp duties on transactions in stock exchanges and futures markets.
91. Rates of stamp duty in respect of bills of exchange, cheques, promissory notes, bills of
lading, letters of credit, policies of insurance, transfer of shares, debentures, proxies and
receipts.
92. Taxes on the sale or purchase of newspapers and on advertisements published therein.
92A. Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers, where such sale or
purchase takes place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce.
92B. Taxes on the consignments of goods (whether the consignment is to the person
making it or to any other person), where such consignment takes place in the course of inter-
State trade or commerce.
93. Offences against laws with respect to any of the matters in this List.
94. Inquires, surveys and statistics for the purpose of any of the matters in this List.
95. Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the Supreme Court, with respect to any of
the matters in this List; admiralty jurisdiction.
96. Fees in respect of any of the matters in this List, but not including fees taken in any
court.
97. Any other matter not enumerated in List II or List III including any tax not mentioned
in either of those Lists.
L ist II —St at e Lis t
1. Public order (but not including the use of any naval, military or air force or any other
armed force of the Union or of any other force subject to the control of the Union or of any
contingent or unit thereof in aid of the civil power).
2. Police (including railway and village police) subject to the provisions of entry 2A of
List I.
3. Officers and servants of the High Court; procedure in rent and revenue courts; fees
taken in all courts except the Supreme Court.
4. Prisons, reformatories, Borstal institutions and other institutions of a like nature, and
persons detained therein; arrangements with other States for the use of prisons and other
institutions.
5. Local government, that is to say, the constitution and powers of municipal corporations,
improvement trusts, districts boards, mining settlement authorities and other local authorities
for the purpose of local self-government or village administration.
6. Public health and sanitation; hospitals and dispensaries.
7. Pilgrimages, other than pilgrimages to places outside India.
8. Intoxicating liquors, that is to say, the production, manufacture, possession, transport,
purchase and sale of intoxicating liquors.
224 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
37. Elections to the Legislature of the State subject to the provisions of any law made by
Parliament.
38. Salaries and allowances of members of the Legislature of the State, of the Speaker and
Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and, if there is a Legislative Council, of the
Chairman and Deputy Chairman thereof.
39. Powers, privileges and immunities of the Legislative Assembly and of the members
and the committees thereof, and, if there is a Legislative Council, of that Council and of the
members and the committees thereof; enforcement of attendance of persons for giving
evidence or producing documents before committees of the Legislature of the State.
40. Salaries and allowances of Ministers for the State.
41. State public services; State Public Service Commission.
42. State pensions, that is to say, pensions payable by the State or out of the Consolidated
Fund of the State.
43. Public debt of the State.
44. Treasure trove.
45. Land revenue, including the assessment and collection of revenue, the maintenance of
land records, survey for revenue purposes and records of rights, and alienation of revenues.
46. Taxes on agricultural income.
47. Duties in respect of succession to agricultural land.
48. Estate duty in respect of agricultural land.
49. Taxes on lands and buildings.
50. Taxes on mineral rights subject to any limitations imposed by Parliament by law
relating to mineral development.
51. Duties of excise on the following goods manufactured or produced in the State and
countervailing duties at the same or lower rates on similar goods manufactured or produced
elsewhere in India:—
( a) a l co h o l i c l i q u o r s f o r h u ma n co n su mp t i o n ;
( b ) o p i u m, I n d i an h e mp an d o t h er n ar co t i c d r u g s an d n ar co t i c s ,
but not including medicinal and toilet preparations containing alcohol or any substance
included in sub-paragraph (b) of this entry.
52. Taxes on the entry of goods into a local area for consumption, use or sale therein.
53. Taxes on the consumption or sale of electricity.
54. Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers, subject to the provisions
of entry 92A of List I.
55. Taxes on advertisements other than advertisements published in the newspapers and
advertisements broadcast by radio or television.
56. Taxes on goods and passengers carried by road or on inland waterways.
57. Taxes on vehicles, whether mechanically propelled or not, suitable for use on roads,
including tramcars subject to the provisions of entry 35 of List III.
58. Taxes on animals and boats.
59. Tolls.
60. Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments.
226 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
16. Lunacy and mental deficiency, including places for the reception or treatment of
lunatics and mental deficients.
17. Prevention of cruelty to animals.
17A. Forests.
17B. Protection of wild animals and birds.
18. Adulteration of foodstuffs and other goods.
19. Drugs and poisons, subject to the provisions of entry 59 of List I with respect to
opium.
20. Economic and social planning.
20A. Population control and family planning.
21. Commercial and industrial monopolies, combines and trusts.
22. Trade unions; industrial and labour disputes.
23. Social security and social insurance; employment and unemployment.
24. Welfare of labour including conditions of work, provident funds, employers' liability,
workmen's compensation, invalidity and old age pensions and maternity benefits.
25. Education, including technical education, medical education and universities, subject
to the provisions of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I; vocational and technical training of
labour.
26. Legal, medical and other professions.
27. Relief and rehabilitation of persons displaced from their original place of residence by
reason of the setting up of the Dominions of India and Pakistan.
28. Charities and charitable institutions, charitable and religious endowments and religious
institutions.
29. Prevention of the extension from one State to another of infectious or contagious
diseases or pests affecting men, animals or plants.
30. Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths.
31. Ports other than those declared by or under law made by Parliament or existing law to
be major ports.
32. Shipping and navigation on inland waterways as regards mechanically propelled
vessels, and the rule of the road on such waterways, and the carriage of passengers and goods
on inland waterways subject to the provisions of List I with respect to national waterways.
33. Trade and commerce in, and the production, supply and distribution of,—
(a ) th e produ cts of an y industry wh er e th e contro l of su ch industr y
b y th e Un io n is d e cl a r ed b y P arl i a men t b y l a w to b e ex p ed i en t in th e
publi c in t er est , and i mport ed goods of th e s ame kind as su ch produ cts ;
(b ) foods tuffs , in clud ing edibl e oi ls eeds and oils ;
( c) c at tl e fo d d er , in clu d in g o il c ak es an d o th er co n c en tr at es;
(d ) r aw cotton , wh eth er ginn ed or unginn ed , and cot ton s eed; and
( e) r a w ju te .
33A. Weights and measures except establishment of standards.
34. Price control.
228 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
35. Mechanically propelled vehicles including the principles on which taxes on such
vehicles are to be levied.
36. Factories
37. Boilers.
38. Electricity.
39. Newspapers, books and printing presses.
40. Archaeological sites and remains other than those declared by or under law made by
Parliament to be of national importance.
41. Custody, management and disposal of property (including agricultural land) declared
by law to be evacuee property.
42. Acquisition and requisitioning of property.
43. Recovery in a State of claims in respect of taxes and other public demands, including
arrears of land-revenue and sums recoverable as such arrears, arising outside that State.
44. Stamp duties other than duties or fees collected by means of judicial stamps, but not
including rates of stamp duty.
45. Inquiries and statistics for the purposes of any of the matters specified in
List II or List III.
46. Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the Supreme Court, with respect to any of
the matters in this List.
47. Fees in respect of any of the matters in this List, but not including fees taken in any
court.
229 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
EIGHTH SCHEDULE
[Articles 344 (1) and 351]
Lang uag es
1. Assamese.
2. Bengali.
3. Bodo.
4. Dogri.
5. Gujarati.
6. Hindi.
7. Kannada.
8. Kashmiri.
9. Konkani.
10. Maithili.
11. Malayalam.
12. Manipuri.
13. Marathi.
14. Nepali.
15. Oriya.
16. Punjabi.
17. Sanskrit.
18. Santhali.
19. Sindhi.
20. Tamil.
21. Telugu.
22. Urdu.
229
230 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
NINTH SCHEDULE
(Article 31B)
1. The Bihar Land Reforms Act, 1950 (Bihar Act XXX of 1950).
2. The Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948 (Bombay Act LXVII of 1948).
3. The Bombay Maleki Tenure Abolition Act, 1949 (Bombay Act LXI of 1949).
4. The Bombay Taluqdari Tenure Abolition Act, 1949 (Bombay Act LXII of 1949).
5. The Panch Mahals Mehwassi Tenure Abolition Act, 1949 (Bombay Act LXIII of 1949).
6. The Bombay Khoti Abolition Act, 1950 (Bombay Act VI of 1950).
7. The Bombay Paragana and Kulkarni Watan Abolition Act, 1950 (Bombay Act LX of
1950).
8. The Madhya Pradesh Abolition of Proprietary Rights (Estates, Mahals, Alienated
Lands) Act, 1950 (Madhya Pradesh Act I of 1951).
9. The Madras Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1948 (Madras Act
XXVI of 1948).
10. The Madras Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Amendment Act, 1950
(Madras Act I of 1950).
11. The Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950 (Uttar Pradesh
Act I of 1951).
12. The Hyderabad (Abolition of Jagirs) Regulation, 1358F (No. LXIX of 1358, Fasli).
13. The Hyderabad Jagirs (Commutation) Regulation, 1359F (No. XXV of 1359, Fasli).
14. The Bihar Displaced Persons Rehabilitation (Acquisition of Land) Act, 1950 (Bihar
Act XXXVIII of 1950).
15. The United Provinces Land Acquisition (Rehabilitation of Refugees) Act, 1948 (U.P.
Act XXVI of 1948).
16. The Resettlement of Displaced Persons (Land Acquisition) Act, 1948 (Act LX of
1948).
17. Sections 52A to 52G of the Insurance Act, 1938 (Act IV of 1938), as inserted by
section 42 of the Insurance (Amendment) Act, 1950 (Act XLVII of 1950).
18. The Railway Companies (Emergency Provisions) Act, 1951 (Act LI of 1951).
19. Chapter III-A of the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 (Act LXV of
1951), as inserted by section 13 of the Industries (Development and Regulation) Amendment
Act, 1953 (Act XXVI of 1953).
20. The West Bengal Land Development and Planning Act, 1948 (West Bengal Act XXI
of 1948), as amended by West Bengal Act XXIX of 1951.
21. The Andhra Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings Act, 1961 (Andhra Pradesh Act
X of 1961).
22. The Andhra Pradesh (Telangana Area) Tenancy and Agricultural Lands (Validation)
Act, 1961 (Andhra Pradesh Act XXI of 1961).
23. The Andhra Pradesh (Telangana Area) Ijara and Kowli Land Cancellation of Irregular
Pattas and Abolition of Concessional Assessment Act, 1961 (Andhra Pradesh Act XXXVI of
1961).
230
231 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
24. The Assam State Acquisition of Lands belonging to Religious or Charitable Institution
of Public Nature Act, 1959 (Assam Act IX of 1961).
25. The Bihar Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1953 (Bihar Act XX of 1954).
26. The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of Surplus Land)
Act, 1961 (Bihar Act XII of 1962), except section 28 of this Act.
27. The Bombay Taluqdari Tenure Abolition (Amendment) Act, 1954 (Bombay Act I of
1955).
28. The Bombay Taluqdari Tenure Abolition (Amendment) Act, 1957 (Bombay Act XVIII
of 1958).
29. The Bombay Inams (Kutch Area) Abolition Act, 1958 (Bombay Act XCVIII of 1958).
30. The Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands (Gujarat Amendment) Act, 1960
(Gujarat Act XVI of 1960).
31. The Gujarat Agricultural Lands Ceiling Act, 1960 (Gujarat Act XXVI of 1961).
32. The Sagbara and Mehwassi Estates (Proprietary Rights Abolition, etc.) Regulation,
1962 (Gujarat Regulation I of 1962).
33. The Gujarat Surviving Alienations Abolition Act, 1963 (Gujarat Act XXXIII of 1963),
except in so far as this Act relates to an alienation referred to in sub-clause (d) of clause (3) of
section 2 thereof.
34. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) Act, 1961 (Maharashtra
Act XXVII of 1961).
35. The Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Lands (Re-enactment, Validation and
Further Amendment) Act, 1961 (Maharashtra Act XLV of 1961).
36. The Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1950 (Hyderabad Act XXI of
1950).
37. The Jenmikaram Payment (Abolition) Act, 1960 (Kerala Act III of 1961).
38. The Kerala Land Tax Act, 1961 (Kerala Act XIII of 1961).
39. The Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963 (Kerala Act I of 1964).
40. The Madhya Pradesh Land Revenue Code, 1959 (Madhya Pradesh Act XX of 1959).
41. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings Act, 1960 (Madhya Pradesh
Act XX of 1960).
42. The Madras Cultivating Tenants Protection Act, 1955 (Madras Act XXV of 1955).
43. The Madras Cultivating Tenants (Payment of Fair Rent) Act, 1956 (Madras Act XXIV
of 1956).
44. The Madras Occupants of Kudiyiruppu (Protection from Eviction) Act, 1961 (Madras
Act XXXVIII of 1961).
45. The Madras Public Trusts (Regulation of Administration of Agricultural Lands) Act,
1961 (Madras Act LVII of 1961).
46. The Madras Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Act, 1961 (Madras Act LVIII
of 1961).
47. The Mysore Tenancy Act, 1952 (Mysore Act XIII of 1952).
48. The Coorg Tenants Act, 1957 (Mysore Act XIV of 1957).
49. The Mysore Village Offices Abolition Act, 1961 (Mysore Act XIV of 1961).
232 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
50. The Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Lands (Validation) Act, 1961 (Mysore Act
XXXVI of 1961).
51. The Mysore Land Reforms Act, 1961 (Mysore Act X of 1962).
52. The Orissa Land Reforms Act, 1960 (Orissa Act XVI of 1960).
53. The Orissa Merged Territories (Village Offices Abolition) Act, 1963 (Orissa Act X of
1963).
54. The Punjab Security of Land Tenures Act, 1953 (Punjab Act X of 1953).
55. The Rajasthan Tenancy Act, 1955 (Rajasthan Act III of 1955).
56. The Rajasthan Zamindari and Biswedari Abolition Act, 1959 (Rajasthan Act VIII of
1959).
57. The Kumaun and Uttarakhand Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1960
(Uttar Pradesh Act XVII of 1960).
58. The Uttar Pradesh Imposition of Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1960 (Uttar Pradesh
Act I of 1961).
59. The West Bengal Estates Acquisition Act, 1953 (West Bengal Act I of 1954).
60. The West Bengal Land Reforms Act, 1955 (West Bengal Act X of 1956).
61. The Delhi Land Reforms Act, 1954 (Delhi Act VIII of 1954).
62. The Delhi Land Holdings (Ceiling) Act, 1960 (Central Act 24 of 1960).
63. The Manipur Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act, 1960 (Central Act 33 of 1960).
64. The Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act, 1960 (Central Act 43 of 1960).
65. The Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1969 (Kerala Act 35 of 1969).
66. The Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1971 (Kerala Act 25 of 1971).
67. The Andhra Pradesh Land Reforms (Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings) Act, 1973
(Andhra Pradesh Act 1 of 1973).
68. The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of Surplus Land)
(Amendment) Act, 1972 (Bihar Act 1 of 1973).
69. The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of Surplus Land)
(Amendment) Act, 1973 (Bihar Act IX of 1973).
70. The Bihar Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1972 (Bihar Act V of 1972).
71. The Gujarat Agricultural Lands Ceiling (Amendment) Act, 1972 (Gujarat Act 2 of
1974).
72. The Haryana Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1972 (Haryana Act 26 of 1972).
73. The Himachal Pradesh Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1972 (Himachal Pradesh Act 19
of 1973).
74. The Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1972 (Kerala Act 17 of 1972).
75. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1972
(Madhya Pradesh Act 12 of 1974).
76. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Second Amendment) Act,
1972 (Madhya Pradesh Act 13 of 1974).
77. The Mysore Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1973 (Karnataka Act 1 of 1974).
78. The Punjab Land Reforms Act, 1972 (Punjab Act 10 of 1973).
233 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
79. The Rajasthan Imposition of Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings Act, 1973 (Rajasthan
Act 11 of 1973).
80. The Gudalur Janmam Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1969
(Tamil Nadu Act 24 of 1969).
81. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1972 (West Bengal Act XII of
1972).
82. The West Bengal Estates Acquisition (Amendment) Act, 1964 (West Bengal Act XXII
of 1964).
83. The West Bengal Estates Acquisition (Second Amendment) Act, 1973 (West Bengal
Act XXXIII of 1973).
84. The Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands (Gujarat Amendment) Act, 1972
(Gujarat Act 5 of 1973).
85. The Orissa Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1974 (Orissa Act 9 of 1974).
86. The Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act,1974
(Tripura Act 7 of 1974).
* * * * *
88. The Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 (Central Act 65 of 1951).
89. The Requisitioning and Acquisition of Immovable Property Act, 1952 (Central Act 30
of 1952).
90. The Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957 (Central Act 67 of
1957).
91. The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 (Central Act 54 of 1969).
* * * * *
93. The Coking Coal Mines (Emergency Provisions) Act, 1971 (Central Act 64 of 1971).
94. The Coking Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act, 1972 (Central Act 36 of 1972).
95. The General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Act, 1972 (Central Act 57 of 1972).
96. The Indian Copper Corporation (Acquisition of Undertaking) Act, 1972 (Central Act
58 of 1972).
97. The Sick Textile Undertakings (Taking Over of Management) Act, 1972 (Central Act
72 of 1972).
98. The Coal Mines (Taking Over of Management) Act, 1973 (Central Act 15 of 1973).
99. The Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act, 1973 (Central Act 26 of 1973).
100. The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973 (Central Act 46 of 1973).
101. The Alcock Ashdown Company Limited (Acquisition of Undertakings) Act, 1973
(Central Act 56 of 1973).
102. The Coal Mines (Conservation and Development) Act, 1974 (Central Act 28 of
1974).
103. The Additional Emoluments (Compulsory Deposit) Act, 1974 (Central Act 37 of
1974).
104. The Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act,
1974 (Central Act 52 of 1974).
105. The Sick Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Act, 1974 (Central Act 57 of 1974).
234 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
106. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Amendment) Act, 1964
(Maharashtra Act XVI of 1965).
107. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Amendment) Act, 1965
(Maharashtra Act XXXII of 1965).
108. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Amendment) Act, 1968
(Maharashtra Act XVI of 1968).
109. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Second Amendment)
Act, 1968 (Maharashtra Act XXXIII of 1968).
110. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Amendment) Act, 1969
(Maharashtra Act XXXVII of 1969).
111. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Second Amendment)
Act, 1969 (Maharashtra Act XXXVIII of 1969).
112. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Amendment) Act, 1970
(Maharashtra Act XXVII of 1970).
113. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Amendment) Act, 1972
(Maharashtra Act XIII of 1972).
114. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Amendment) Act, 1973
(Maharashtra Act L of 1973).
115. The Orissa Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1965 (Orissa Act 13 of 1965).
116. The Orissa Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1966 (Orissa Act 8 of 1967).
117. The Orissa Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1967 (Orissa Act 13 of 1967).
118. The Orissa Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1969 (Orissa Act 13 of 1969).
119. The Orissa Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1970 (Orissa Act 18 of 1970).
120. The Uttar Pradesh Imposition of Ceiling on Land Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1972
(Uttar Pradesh Act 18 of 1973).
121. The Uttar Pradesh Imposition of Ceiling on Land Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1974
(Uttar Pradesh Act 2 of 1975).
122. The Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms (Third Amendment) Act, 1975
(Tripura Act 3 of 1975).
123.The Dadra and Nagar Haveli Land Reforms Regulation, 1971 (3 of 1971).
124. The Dadra and Nagar Haveli Land Reforms (Amendment) Regulation, 1973 (5 of
1973).
125. Section 66A and Chapter IVA of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939* (Central Act 4 of
1939).
126. The Essential Commodities Act, 1955 (Central Act 10 of 1955).
127. The Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of Property) Act,
1976 (Central Act 13 of 1976).
128. The Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976 (Central Act 19 of 1976).
129. The Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities
(Amendment) Act, 1976 (Central Act 20 of 1976).
* * * * *
131. The Levy Sugar Price Equalisation Fund Act, 1976 (Central Act 31 of 1976).
__________________________________________________________________________________________
* See now the relevant provisions of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988).
235 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
132. The Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976 (Central Act 33 of 1976).
133. The Departmentalisation of Union Accounts (Transfer of Personnel) Act, 1976
(Central Act 59 of 1976).
134. The Assam Fixation of Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1956 (Assam Act 1 of 1957).
135. The Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands (Vidarbha Region) Act, 1958 (Bombay
Act XCIX of 1958).
136. The Gujarat Private Forests (Acquisition) Act, 1972 (Gujarat Act 14 of 1973).
137. The Haryana Ceiling on Land Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1976 (Haryana Act 17 of
1976).
138. The Himachal Pradesh Tenancy and Land Reforms Act, 1972 (Himachal Pradesh Act
8 of 1974).
139. The Himachal Pradesh Village Common Lands Vesting and Utilization Act, 1974
(Himachal Pradesh Act 18 of 1974).
140. The Karnataka Land Reforms (Second Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions)
Act, 1974 (Karnataka Act 31 of 1974).
141. The Karnataka Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1976 (Karnataka Act 27 of
1976).
142. The Kerala Prevention of Eviction Act, 1966 (Kerala Act 12 of 1966).
143. The Thiruppuvaram Payment (Abolition) Act, 1969 (Kerala Act 19 of 1969).
144. The Sreepadam Lands Enfranchisement Act, 1969 (Kerala Act 20 of 1969).
145. The Sree Pandaravaka Lands (Vesting and Enfranchisement) Act, 1971 (Kerala Act
20 of 1971).
146. The Kerala Private Forests (Vesting and Assignment) Act, 1971 (Kerala Act 26 of
1971).
147. The Kerala Agricultural Workers Act, 1974 (Kerala Act 18 of 1974).
148. The Kerala Cashew Factories (Acquisition) Act, 1974 (Kerala Act 29 of 1974).
149. The Kerala Chitties Act, 1975 (Kerala Act 23 of 1975).
150. The Kerala Scheduled Tribes (Restriction on Transfer of Lands and Restoration of
Alienated Lands) Act, 1975 (Kerala Act 31 of 1975).
151. The Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1976 (Kerala Act 15 of 1976).
152. The Kanam Tenancy Abolition Act, 1976 (Kerala Act 16 of 1976).
153. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1974
(Madhya Pradesh Act 20 of 1974).
154. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1975
(Madhya Pradesh Act 2 of 1976).
155. The West Khandesh Mehwassi Estates (Proprietary Rights Abolition, etc.)
Regulation, 1961 (Maharashtra Regulation 1 of 1962).
156. The Maharashtra Restoration of Lands to Scheduled Tribes Act, 1974 (Maharashtra
Act XIV of 1975).
157. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Lowering of Ceiling on Holdings) and
(Amendment) Act, 1972 (Maharashtra Act XXI of 1975).
236 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
158. The Maharashtra Private Forest (Acquisition) Act, 1975 (Maharashtra Act XXIX of
1975).
159. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Lowering of Ceiling on Holdings) and
(Amendment) Amendment Act, 1975 (Maharashtra Act XLVII of 1975).
160. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Amendment) Act, 1975
(Maharashtra Act II of 1976).
161. The Orissa Estates Abolition Act, 1951 (Orissa Act I of 1952).
162. The Rajasthan Colonisation Act, 1954 (Rajasthan Act XXVII of 1954).
163. The Rajasthan Land Reforms and Acquisition of Landowners’ Estates Act, 1963
(Rajasthan Act 11 of 1964).
164. The Rajasthan Imposition of Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Amendment) Act,
1976 (Rajasthan Act 8 of 1976).
165. The Rajasthan Tenancy (Amendment) Act, 1976 (Rajasthan Act 12 of 1976).
166. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Reduction of Ceiling on Land) Act, 1970 (Tamil
Nadu Act 17 of 1970).
167. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Amendment Act, 1971
(Tamil Nadu Act 41 of 1971).
168. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Amendment Act, 1972
(Tamil Nadu Act 10 of 1972).
169. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Second Amendment
Act, 1972 (Tamil Nadu Act 20 of 1972).
170. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Third Amendment Act,
1972 (Tamil Nadu Act 37 of 1972).
171. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Fourth Amendment
Act, 1972 (Tamil Nadu Act 39 of 1972).
172. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Sixth Amendment Act,
1972 (Tamil Nadu Act 7 of 1974).
173. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Fifth Amendment Act,
1972 (Tamil Nadu Act 10 of 1974).
174. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Amendment Act, 1974
(Tamil Nadu Act 15 of 1974).
175. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Third Amendment Act,
1974 (Tamil Nadu Act 30 of 1974).
176. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Second Amendment
Act, 1974 (Tamil Nadu Act 32 of 1974).
177. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Amendment Act, 1975
(Tamil Nadu Act 11 of 1975).
178. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Second Amendment
Act, 1975 (Tamil Nadu Act 21 of 1975).
179. Amendments made to the Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act,
1950 (Uttar Pradesh Act I of 1951) by the Uttar Pradesh Land Laws (Amendment) Act, 1971
(Uttar Pradesh Act 21 of 1971) and the Uttar Pradesh Land Laws (Amendment) Act, 1974
(Uttar Pradesh Act 34 of 1974).
237 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
180. The Uttar Pradesh Imposition of Ceiling on Land Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1976
(Uttar Pradesh Act 20 of 1976).
181. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1972 (West Bengal Act
XXVIII of 1972).
182. The West Bengal Restoration of Alienated Land Act, 1973 (West Bengal Act XXIII
of 1973).
183. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1974 (West Bengal Act XXXIII
of 1974).
184. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1975 (West Bengal Act XXIII of
1975).
185. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1976 (West Bengal Act XII of
1976).
186. The Delhi Land Holdings (Ceiling) Amendment Act, 1976 (Central Act 15 of 1976).
187. The Goa, Daman and Diu Mundkars (Protection from Eviction) Act, 1975 (Goa,
Daman and Diu Act 1 of 1976).
188. The Pondicherry Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Act, 1973 (Pondicherry
Act 9 of 1974).
189. The Assam (Temporarily Settled Areas) Tenancy Act, 1971 (Assam Act XXIII of
1971).
190. The Assam (Temporarily Settled Areas) Tenancy (Amendment) Act, 1974 (Assam
Act XVIII of 1974).
191. The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of Surplus Land)
(Amendment) Amending Act, 1974 (Bihar Act 13 of 1975).
192. The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of Surplus Land)
(Amendment) Act, 1976 (Bihar Act 22 of 1976).
193. The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of Surplus Land)
(Amendment) Act, 1978 (Bihar Act VII of 1978).
238 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
194. The Land Acquisition (Bihar Amendment) Act, 1979 (Bihar Act 2 of 1980).
195. The Haryana Ceiling on Land Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1977 (Haryana Act 14 of
1977).
196. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Amendment Act, 1978
(Tamil Nadu Act 25 of 1978).
197. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Amendment Act, 1979
(Tamil Nadu Act 11 of 1979).
198. The Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Abolition Laws (Amendment) Act, 1978
(Uttar Pradesh Act 15 of 1978).
199. The West Bengal Restoration of Alienated Land (Amendment) Act, 1978 (West
Bengal Act XXIV of 1978).
200. The West Bengal Restoration of Alienated Land (Amendment) Act, 1980 (West
Bengal Act LVI of 1980).
201. The Goa, Daman and Diu Agricultural Tenancy Act, 1964 (Goa, Daman and Diu Act
7 of 1964).
202. The Goa, Daman and Diu Agricultural Tenancy (Fifth Amendment) Act, 1976 (Goa,
Daman and Diu Act 17 of 1976).
203. The Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Areas Land Transfer Regulation, 1959
(Andhra Pradesh Regulation 1 of 1959).
204. The Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Areas Laws (Extension and Amendment) Regulation,
1963 (Andhra Pradesh Regulation 2 of 1963).
205. The Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Areas Land Transfer (Amendment) Regulation, 1970
(Andhra Pradesh Regulation 1 of 1970).
206. The Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Areas Land Transfer (Amendment) Regulation, 1971
(Andhra Pradesh Regulation 1 of 1971).
207. The Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Areas Land Transfer (Amendment) Regulation, 1978
(Andhra Pradesh Regulation 1 of 1978).
208. The Bihar Tenancy Act, 1885 (Bihar Act 8 of 1885).
209. The Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act, 1908 (Bengal Act 6 of 1908) (Chapter VIII—
sections 46, 47, 48, 48A and 49; Chapter X—sections 71, 71A and 71B; and Chapter XVIII—
sections 240, 241 and 242).
210. The Santhal Parganas Tenancy (Supplementary Provisions) Act, 1949 (Bihar Act 14
of 1949) except section 53.
211. The Bihar Scheduled Areas Regulation, 1969 (Bihar Regulation 1 of 1969).
212. The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of Surplus Land)
(Amendment) Act, 1982 (Bihar Act 55 of 1982).
213. The Gujarat Devasthan Inams Abolition Act, 1969 (Gujarat Act 16 of 1969).
239 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
214. The Gujarat Tenancy Laws (Amendment) Act, 1976 (Gujarat Act 37 of 1976).
215. The Gujarat Agricultural Lands Ceiling (Amendment) Act, 1976 (President's Act 43
of 1976).
216. The Gujarat Devasthan Inams Abolition (Amendment) Act, 1977 (Gujarat Act 27 of
1977).
217. The Gujarat Tenancy Laws (Amendment) Act, 1977 (Gujarat Act 30 of 1977).
218. The Bombay Land Revenue (Gujarat Second Amendment) Act, 1980 (Gujarat Act 37
of 1980).
219. The Bombay Land Revenue Code and Land Tenure Abolition Laws (Gujarat
Amendment) Act, 1982 (Gujarat Act 8 of 1982).
220. The Himachal Pradesh Transfer of Land (Regulation) Act, 1968
(Himachal Pradesh Act 15 of 1969).
221. The Himchal Pradesh Transfer of Land (Regulation) (Amendment) Act, 1986
(Himachal Pradesh Act 16 of 1986).
222. The Karnataka Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prohibition of Transfer of
Certain Lands) Act, 1978 (Karnataka Act 2 of 1979).
223. The Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1978 (Kerala Act 13 of 1978).
224. The Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1981 (Kerala Act 19 of 1981).
225. The Madhya Pradesh Land Revenue Code (Third Amendment) Act, 1976 (Madhya
Pradesh Act 61 of 1976).
226. The Madhya Pradesh Land Revenue Code (Amendment) Act, 1980
(Madhya Pradesh Act 15 of 1980).
227. The Madhya Pradesh Akrishik Jot Uchchatam Seema Adhiniyam, 1981
(Madhya Pradesh Act 11 of 1981).
228. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Second Amendment) Act,
1976 (Madhya Pradesh Act 1 of 1984).
229. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1984
(Madhya Pradesh Act 14 of 1984).
230. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1989
(Madhya Pradesh Act 8 of 1989).
231. The Maharashtra Land Revenue Code, 1966 (Maharashtra Act 41 of 1966), sections
36, 36A and 36B.
232. The Maharashtra Land Revenue Code and the Maharashtra Restoration of Lands to
Scheduled Tribes (Second Amendment) Act, 1976 (Maharashtra Act 30 of 1977).
233. The Maharashtra Abolition of Subsisting Proprietary Rights to Mines and Minerals in
certain Lands Act, 1985 (Maharashtra Act 16 of 1985).
234. The Orissa Scheduled Areas Transfer of Immovable Property (by Scheduled Tribes)
Regulation, 1956 (Orissa Regulation 2 of 1956).
235. The Orissa Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1975 (Orissa Act 29 of 1976).
236. The Orissa Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1976 (Orissa Act 30 of 1976).
237. The Orissa Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1976 (Orissa Act 44 of 1976).
240 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
238. The Rajasthan Colonisation (Amendment) Act, 1984 (Rajasthan Act 12 of 1984).
239. The Rajasthan Tenancy (Amendment) Act, 1984 (Rajasthan Act 13 of 1984).
240. The Rajasthan Tenancy (Amendment) Act, 1987 (Rajasthan Act 21 of 1987).
241. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Second Amendment
Act, 1979 (Tamil Nadu Act 8 of 1980).
242. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Amendment Act, 1980
(Tamil Nadu Act 21 of 1980).
243. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Amendment Act, 1981
(Tamil Nadu Act 59 of 1981).
244. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Second Amendment
Act, 1983 (Tamil Nadu Act 2 of 1984).
245. The Uttar Pradesh Land Laws (Amendment) Act, 1982 (Uttar Pradesh Act 20 of
1982).
246. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1965 (West Bengal Act 18 of
1965).
247. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1966 (West Bengal Act 11 of
1966).
248. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1969 (West Bengal Act
23 of 1969).
249. The West Bengal Estate Acquisition (Amendment) Act, 1977 (West Bengal Act 36 of
1977).
250. The West Bengal Land Holding Revenue Act, 1979 (West Bengal Act 44 of 1979).
251. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1980 (West Bengal Act 41 of
1980).
252. The West Bengal Land Holding Revenue (Amendment) Act, 1981 (West Bengal Act
33 of 1981).
253. The Calcutta Thikka Tenancy (Acquisition and Regulation) Act, 1981
(West Bengal Act 37 of 1981).
254. The West Bengal Land Holding Revenue (Amendment) Act, 1982
(West Bengal Act 23 of 1982).
255. The Calcutta Thikka Tenancy (Acquisition and Regulation) (Amendment) Act, 1984
(West Bengal Act 41 of 1984).
256. The Mahe Land Reforms Act, 1968 (Pondicherry Act 1 of 1968).
257. The Mahe Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1980 (Pondicherry Act 1 of 1981).
257A. The Tamil Nadu Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
(Reservation of Seats in Educational Institutions and of appointments or posts in the Services
under the State) Act, 1993 (Tamil Nadu Act 45 of 1994).
258. The Bihar Privileged Persons Homestead Tenancy Act, 1947 (Bihar Act 4
of 1948).
259. The Bihar Consolidation of Holdings and Prevention of Fragmentation Act, 1956
(Bihar Act 22 of 1956).
241 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
284. The West Bengal Land Reforms Tribunal Act, 1991 (West Bengal Act 12 of 1991).
Explanation.—Any acquisition made under the Rajasthan Tenancy Act, 1955 (Rajasthan
Act III of 1955), in contravention of the second proviso to clause (1) of article 31A shall, to
the extent of the contravention, be void.
243 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
TENTH SCHEDULE
[Articles 102(2) and 191(2)]
Provisions as to disqua lifica tion on ground of defectio n
1. Interpretation.—In this Schedule, unless the context otherwise requires,—
( a) "Hous e" means eith er Hous e of P ar li a ment or th e Legisl at iv e
Ass e mbl y or , as th e case ma y be, eith er Hous e of th e Leg isl atur e of a
S t at e ;
(b) "l egisl a tur e p art y", in r el ation to a me mb er of a Hous e b elonging
to an y poli ti c al p ar t y in accordan ce wi th th e provis ions of p aragr aph 2
or p a rag r aph 4 , mean s th e group cons isting of all th e me mb ers of th at
Hous e for th e t ime b eing b elonging to th at polit i c al p a rt y in accord an ce
with th e s aid provis ions;
( c) "orig inal poli ti c al p ar t y" , in r e lation to a me mb er of a Hous e,
mean s th e politi cal p art y to wh i ch h e b elongs fo r th e purposes o f sub-
p ar ag r ap h (1 ) o f p ar ag r ap h 2 ;
(d) "par agr aph" mean s a p ar agr aph of this S ch edul e.
2. Disqualification on ground of defection.—(1) Subject to the provisions of paragraphs
4 and 5, a member of a House belonging to any political party shall be disqualified for being a
member of the House—
( a) i f h e h as volunt aril y giv en up his me mb ership of such polit i c al
p art y; or
(b) if h e vot es or ab st ain s fro m voting in su ch Hous e contr ar y to an y
dir ection issu ed b y th e poli ti c al p art y to wh i ch h e b elongs or b y an y
p erson or authori t y authoris ed b y i t in th is b ehalf , withou t obtaining , in
eith er cas e , the prior p er mission of su ch poli ti c al p art y, person or
author it y an d su ch vo ting or abst en tion h as not b e en condoned b y su ch
poli ti c al p art y, p erson or au thori t y wi thin fift ee n d a ys fro m the d at e of
su ch voting or abst en tion .
Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-paragraph,—
( a) an el ect ed me mb er of a Hous e sh all b e deemed to b elong to th e
poli ti c al p a rt y, i f an y, b y whi ch h e was s et up as a candid at e for
el ect ion as su ch me mb er ;
( b ) a n o min at ed me mb e r o f a Ho u s e s h all , —
(i) where he is a member of any political party on the date of his nomination as
such member, be deemed to belong to such political party;
(ii) in any other case, be deemed to belong to the political party of which he
becomes, or, as the case may be, first becomes, a member before the expiry of six
months from the date on which he takes his seat after complying with the
requirements of article 99 or, as the case may be, article 188.
(2) An elected member of a House who has been elected as such otherwise than as a
candidate set up by any political party shall be disqualified for being a member of the House
if he joins any political party after such election.
243
244 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(3) A nominated member of a House shall be disqualified for being a member of the
House if he joins any political party after the expiry of six months from the date on which he
takes his seat after complying with the requirements of article 99 or, as the case may be,
article 188.
(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing provisions of this paragraph, a
person who, on the commencement of the Constitution (Fifty-second Amendment) Act, 1985,
is a member of a House (whether elected or nominated as such) shall,—
(i) wh er e h e wa s a me mb er o f p o li ti c al p arty i mme d i at el y b efo r e
su ch co mmen cemen t , b e d eemed , for th e purpos es of sub-p ar agr aph (1)
of th is p ar agr aph , to h av e b een el ect ed as a memb er of su ch Hous e as a
candid at e s et up b y su ch po liti cal p art y;
(i i) in an y o th er c as e, b e d e eme d to b e an el e ct ed me mb er of th e
H o u s e wh o h as b e en el e ct ed as su ch o th er wis e th an as a c an d id a t e s et u p
b y an y pol iti cal p ar t y for th e purpos es of sub-p ar agr aph (2) of this
p ar ag r ap h o r , as t h e c as e ma y b e , b e d e e med t o b e a n o min at ed me mb e r
of th e Hous e for th e purpos es of sub-p ar agr aph (3) of this p ar agraph .
* * * * *
4. Disqualification on ground of defection not to apply in case of merger.—(1) A
member of a House shall not be disqualified under sub-paragraph (1) of paragraph 2 where
his original political party merges with another political party and he claims that he and any
other members of his original political party—
( a) h av e b e co me me mb e rs o f su ch o th er poli tic a l p art y or , a s t h e
c a s e ma y b e , o f a n ew p o l i t i c al p ar t y f o r me d b y s u ch mer g e r ; o r
(b) h av e not accept ed th e me rg er and opt ed to fun ction as a s epar at e
group,
and fro m t h e ti me of su ch merg er , su ch other po liti cal p art y o r n ew
poli ti cal p ar t y or group , as the cas e may b e, sh al l b e d eemed to b e th e
poli ti c al p art y to whi ch h e b elongs for th e purpos es of sub-p ar agr aph (1) of
p ar agr ap h 2 and to b e hi s origin al pol iti cal p art y fo r th e purpos es of this
sub-p ar agr aph .
(2) For th e purpos es of sub-p aragr ap h (1) of this p ar agr ap h , the me rg er
of th e orig inal poli ti cal p art y of a memb er of a Hous e sh all b e d eemed to
h av e t ak en pl ace if , and onl y if, not l ess than two-third s of th e memb er s of
th e l egi sl atur e pa rt y con c ern ed h av e agr e ed to su ch me rg er.
5 . Ex empt ion,— Not wi thst anding an yth ing cont ain ed in this Sch edul e, a
p erson who h as b e en el ect ed to th e o ffi ce of th e Sp eak e r or th e Deput y
Sp eak er of th e Hous e of th e P eopl e or th e Deput y Ch air man of th e Coun cil
of St at es o r the Ch air man or th e Deput y Ch air man of th e Legisl at iv e
Coun cil of a Stat e or th e Sp eaker or th e Deputy Sp eak er of the Legisl ativ e
A s s e mb l y o f a S t at e , s h all n o t b e d i s q u al if i ed u n d er t h i s S ch ed u l e ,—
( a) i f h e, b y r eason of h is el ection to su ch office, volunt ari l y giv es
up th e me mb ership of th e poli ti c al p art y to wh i ch h e b elong ed
i mmed i at el y b efor e su ch el ection and do es not , so long as h e continu es
245 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
to hold such offi ce th er eaft er, r ejo in th at politi cal p art y or beco me a
me mb er of anoth er poli ti c al p art y; or
(b) if h e, h aving giv en up b y reason of h is el ec tion to su ch offi ce
his me mb er ship of th e poli ti c al part y to whi ch h e b e long ed i mme d i at el y
b efor e su ch election , r ejoin s su ch polit i c al p art y aft er h e ceas es to
hold su ch offi ce.
6 . Decision on qu estions as to disqua lifi cat ion on ground of
d ef e ction . —(1 ) If an y q u es tio n a ris e s as to wh eth er a me mb e r o f a Ho u s e
h as b e co me s ubj ect to di squ alifi cation und er thi s S ch edul e, th e qu es tion
sh al l b e r ef err ed for th e d ecision of th e Ch ai rman o r, as th e cas e ma y b e ,
th e Sp e ak er o f su ch Hou s e and h is d e cis ion sh all b e fin al :
Provided that where the question which has arisen is as to whether the Chairman or the
Speaker of a House has become subject to such disqualification, the question shall be referred
for the decision of such member of the House as the House may elect in this behalf and his
decision shall be final.
(2) All proceedings under sub-paragraph (1) of this paragraph in relation to any question
as to disqualification of a member of a House under this Schedule shall be deemed to be
proceedings in Parliament within the meaning of article 122 or, as the case may be,
proceedings in the Legislature of a State within the meaning of article 212.
*7. Bar of jurisdiction of courts.—Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, no
court shall have any jurisdiction in respect of any matter connected with the disqualification
of a member of a House under this Schedule.
8. Rules.—(1) Subject to the provisions of sub-paragraph (2) of this paragraph, the
Chairman or the Speaker of a House may make rules for giving effect to the provisions of this
Schedule, and in particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, such
rules may provide for—
( a) th e ma in t ena n c e of r eg ist ers o r o th er r e co rd s as to th e p olit i c al
p art i es, i f an y, to whi ch d iff er en t me mb er s o f th e Ho u s e b e long;
(b) th e r epor t wh i ch th e l e ad er of a l egis l atur e p art y in r e l ation t o a
me mb er of a Hous e sh all furn ish with r eg ard to an y condon ation of th e
n atu r e r ef err ed to in cl au s e (b ) o f su b -p ar ag r ap h (1 ) o f p ar ag r ap h 2 in
r esp ect of su ch me mb er , th e ti me with in which an d th e au thori t y to
w h o m su ch r ep o rt sh al l b e fu rn ish ed ;
( c) th e r eports whi ch a pol iti ca l p art y sh all furnish with r egard to
ad mission to such poli ti c al p arty of an y me mb ers of th e Hous e and th e
o ffi c e r o f th e Ho u s e to wh o m su ch r ep o rts sh all b e fu rn ish ed ; an d
(d) th e p rocedur e for d e cid ing an y qu estion r ef err ed to in sub-
p ar agr aph (1) of p ar agr aph 6 in cluding th e pro c edur e for an y inquir y
whi ch ma y b e ma d e for th e purpos e of d e ciding su ch qu estion .
(2) The rules made by the Chairman or the Speaker of a House under sub-paragraph (1) of
this paragraph shall be laid as soon as may be after they are made before the House for a total
period of thirty days which may be comprised in one session or in two or more successive
sessions and shall take effect upon the expiry of the said period of thirty days unless they are
sooner approved with or without modifications or disapproved by the House and where they
_________________________________________________________________
* Paragraph 7 declared invalid for want of ratification in accordance with the proviso to clause (2) of article
368 as per majority opinion in Kihoto Hollohon Vs. Zachilhu and others (1992) 1 S.C.C . 309.
246 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
are so approved, they shall take effect on such approval in the form in which they were laid or
in such modified form, as the case may be, and where they are so disapproved, they shall be
of no effect.
(3) The Chairman or the Speaker of a House may, without prejudice to the provisions of
article 105 or, as the case may be, article 194, and to any other power which he may have
under this Constitution direct that any wilful contravention by any person of the rules made
under this paragraph may be dealt with in the same manner as a breach of privilege of the
House.
247 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ELEVENTH SCHEDULE
(Article 243 G)
1. Agriculture, including agricultural extension.
2. Land improvement, implementation of land reforms, land consolidation and
soil conservation.
3. Minor irrigation, water management and watershed development.
4. Animal husbandry, dairying and poultry.
5. Fisheries.
6. Social forestry and farm forestry.
7. Minor forest produce.
8. Small scale industries, including food processing industries.
9. Khadi, village and cottage industries.
10. Rural housing.
11. Drinking water.
12. Fuel and fodder.
13. Roads, culverts, bridges, ferries, waterways and other means of
communication.
14. Rural electrification, including distribution of electricity.
15. Non-conventional energy sources.
16. Poverty alleviation programme.
17. Education, including primary and secondary schools.
18. Technical training and vocational education.
19. Adult and non-formal education.
20. Libraries.
21. Cultural activities.
22. Markets and fairs.
23. Health and sanitation, including hospitals, primary health centres and
dispensaries.
24. Family welfare.
25. Women and child development.
26. Social welfare, including welfare of the handicapped and mentally retarded.
27. Welfare of the weaker sections, and in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and
the Scheduled Tribes.
28. Public distribution system.
29. Maintenance of community assets.
247
248 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
TWELFTH SCHEDULE
(Article 243 W)
1. Urban planning including town planning.
2. Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings.
3. Planning for economic and social development.
4. Roads and bridges.
5. Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes.
6. Public health, sanitation conservancy and solid waste management.
7. Fire services.
8. Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological
aspects.
9. Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the
handicapped and mentally retarded.
10. Slum improvement and upgradation.
11. Urban poverty alleviation.
12. Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens,
playgrounds.
13. Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects.
14. Burials and burial grounds; cremations, cremation grounds; and electric
crematoriums.
15. Cattle pounds; prevention of cruelty to animals.
16. Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths.
17. Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public
conveniences.
18. Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries.
248
249 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
APPENDIX I
THE CONSTITUTION (APPLICATION TO JAMMU AND
KASHMIR) ORDER, 1954
C.O. 48
In exercise of the powers conferred by clause (1) of article 370 of the Constitution, the
President, with the concurrence of the Government of the State of Jammu and Kashmir, is
pleased to make the following Order:—
1. (1) This Order may be called the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir)
Order, 1954.
(2) It shall come into force on the fourteenth day of May, 1954, and shall thereupon
supersede the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1950.
2. The provisions of the Constitution as in force on the 20th day of June, 1964 and as
amended by the Constitution (Nineteenth Amendment) Act, 1966, the Constitution (Twenty-
first Amendment) Act, 1967, section 5 of the Constitution (Twenty-third Amendment) Act,
1969, the Constitution (Twenty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1971, section 2 of the Constitution
(Twenty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1971, the Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment) Act,
1971, the Constitution (Thirtieth Amendment) Act, 1972, section 2 of the Constitution
(Thirty-first Amendment) Act, 1973, section 2 of the Constitution (Thirty-third Amendment)
Act, 1974, sections 2, 5, 6 and 7 of the Constitution (Thirty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1975,
the Constitution (Thirty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1975, the Constitution (Fortieth
Amendment) Act, 1976, sections 2, 3 and 6 of the Constitution (Fifty-second Amendment)
Act, 1985 and the Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act, 1988 which, in addition to
article 1 and article 370, shall apply in relation to the State of Jammu and Kashmir and the
exceptions and modifications subject to which they shall so apply shall be as follows:—
(1) THE PREAMBLE.
(2) PART I.
To article 3, there shall be added the following further proviso, namely:—
"Provid ed fur th er th at no Bil l providing f or in cr eas ing or
di mini shing th e ar ea o f the Stat e of J a mmu and Kash mir or alt e ring
th e n a me or bound ar y of th at St at e sh al l b e introdu ced in P arl i a ment
without th e cons ent of th e Legisl atur e o f that St at e.".
(3) PART II.
( a) This P art sha ll b e d e e med to h av e b e en appli c ab l e in r el a tion to
th e St at e of J a mmu and Kash mir as fro m th e 26 th d a y o f J anu ary, 1950 .
(b) To article 7, there shall be added the following further proviso, namely:—
"Provided further that nothing in this article shall apply to a permanent resident
of the State of Jammu and Kashmir, who, after having so migrated to the territory
now included in Pakistan, returns to the territory of that State under a permit for
resettlement in that State or permanent return issued by or under the authority of any
law made by the Legislature of that State, and every such person shall be deemed to
be a citizen of India.".
249
250 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(vi) any jagir, inam, muafi or mukarrari or other similar grant, but does
not include—
(i) the site of any building in any town, or town area or village
abadi or any land appurtenant to any such building or site;
(ii) any land which is occupied as the site of a town or village; or
(iii) any land reserved for building purposes in a municipality or
notified area or cantonment or town area or any area for which a town
planning scheme is sanctioned.'.
(h) In arti c l e 32, c l aus e (3) sh all b e o mitt ed .
(i) In art i cl e 35—
(i) references to the commencement of the Constitution shall be construed as
references to the commencement of this Order;
(ii) in clause (a) (i), the words, brackets and figures "clause (3) of article 16,
clause (3) of article 32" shall be omitted; and
(iii) after clause (b), the following clause shall be added, namely:—
"(c) no law with respect to preventive detention made by the Legislature
of the State of Jammu and Kashmir, whether before or after the
commencement of the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir)
Order, 1954, shall be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with any of the
provisions of this part, but any such law shall, to the extent of such
inconsistency, cease to have effect on the expiration of twenty-five years from
the commencement of the said Order, except as respects things done or
omitted to be done before the expiration thereof.".
(j) Af t er arti cle 35 , th e follo wing n e w arti cl e sh all b e add ed ,
n a me l y: —
"35A. Saving of laws with respect to permanent residents and their rights.—
Notwithstanding anything contained in this Constitution, no existing law in force in
the State of Jammu and Kashmir, and no law hereafter enacted by the Legislature of
the State,—
(a) defining the classes of persons who are, or shall be, permanent
residents of the State of Jammu and Kashmir; or
(b) conferring on such permanent residents any special rights and
privileges or imposing upon other persons any restrictions as respects—
(i) employment under the State Government;
(ii) acquisition of immovable property in the State;
(iii) settlement in the State; or
(iv) right to scholarships and such other forms of aid as the State
Government may provide,
sh all b e void on th e ground that it is inconsis t ent with or t ak es
away or abr idg es an y rights conf err ed on the oth er citi zen s
of Indi a b y an y provis ion o f this P art .".
252 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(5) PART V.
( a) For th e purpos es o f arti cle 55 , th e popul at ion of th e St at e o f
J a mmu an d K ash mir sh all b e d ee me d to b e six t y-th r e e l ak h s.
(b ) In art ic l e 8 1 , fo r cl au s es (2 ) a n d (3 ) , th e fo llo win g cl au s es sh all b e
subs titut ed , n a me l y: —
" ( 2 ) F o r t h e p u r p o s es o f s u b - cl au s e ( a) o f cl au s e ( 1 ) ,—
(a) there shall be allotted to the State six seats in the House of the People;
(b) the State shall be divided into single member territorial constituencies by
the Delimitation Commission constituted under the Delimitation Act, 1972, in
accordance with such procedure as the Commission may deem fit;
(c) the constituencies shall, as far as practicable, be geographically compact
areas, and in delimiting them regard shall be had to physical features, existing
boundaries of administrative units, facilities of communication and public
convenience; and
(d) the constituencies into which the State is divided shall not comprise the
area under the occupation of Pakistan.
(3) Nothing in clause (2) shall affect the representation of the State in the House
of the People until the dissolution of the House existing on the date of publication in
the Gazette of India of the final order or orders of the Delimitation Commission
relating to the delimitation of parliamentary constituencies under the Delimitation
Act, 1972.
(4) (a) The Delimitation Commission shall associate with itself for the purpose of
assisting it in its duties in respect of the State, five persons who shall be members of
the House of the People representing the State.
(b) The persons to be so associated from the State shall be nominated by the
Speaker of the House of the People having due regard to the composition of the
House.
(c) The first nominations to be made under sub-clause (b) shall be made by the
Speaker of the House of the People within two months from the commencement of
the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Second Amendment Order,
1974.
(d) None of the associate members shall have a right to vote or to sign any
decision of the Delimitation Commission.
(e) If owing to death or resignation, the office of an associate member falls
vacant, it shall be filled as soon as may be practicable by the Speaker of the House of
the People and in accordance with the provisions of sub-clauses (a) and (b).".
( c) In art i cl e 133, aft er cl aus e (1) , th e follo wing cl aus e sh all b e
ins er t ed , n a mely: —
‘(1A) The provisions of section 3 of the Constitution (Thirtieth Amendment) Act,
1972, shall apply in relation to the State of Jammu and Kashmir subject to the
modification that references therein to "this Act", "the commencement of this Act",
"this Act had not been passed" and "as amended by this Act" shall be construed
respectively as references to "the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir)
253 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Second Amendment Order, 1974", "the commencement of the said Order", "the said
Order had not been made" and "as it stands after the commencement of the said
Order’’.’.
(d) In ar ti cl e 134 , cl au s e (2), aft er th e wo rds "P arli ament may", th e
words "on th e requ est of th e Legis l atur e of th e St at e" sh all b e ins ert ed .
( e) Art i cl es 135 and 139 sh all b e o mi tt ed .
* * * * *
(5 A) P AR T VI .
( a) Art i cl es 1 5 3 t o 2 1 7 , ar t i cl e 2 1 9 , art i cl e 2 2 1 , art i c l es 2 2 3 , 2 2 4 ,
224 A and 225 and arti cles 227 to 237 sh all b e omi tt ed .
(b) In arti cl e 220, r ef er en ces to th e comme n cemen t of th e
Consti tution shall b e constru ed as ref er en ces to th e co mmencemen t of
th e Cons titut ion ( Appl i cation to J a mmu and Kash mir) Amen d men t
O r d er , 1 9 6 0 .
( c) In arti cl e 222 , aft er clau s e (1) , th e fo llo wing n e w cl aus e shall b e
ins er t ed , n a mely: —
"(1A) Every such transfer from the High Court of Jammu and Kashmir or to
that High Court shall be made after consultation with the Governor.".
(6) PART XI.
( a) I n a r t i cle 2 4 6 , f o r t h e w o r d s , b r a ck et s a n d f i g u r es " cl au s es ( 2 )
and (3)" o ccurring in cl aus e (1) , th e word , br ack ets and figure "cl au se
(2 ) " sh all b e su b sti tu t ed , a n d th e wo rd s , b r a ck ets an d fig u r e
" No tw i t h s t an d i n g an yth i n g i n c l a u s e ( 3 ) ," o c cu r r i n g i n cl au s e ( 2 ) an d t h e
w h o l e o f cl au s es (3 ) an d (4 ) sh a ll b e o mitt ed .
(b) For arti cl e 248 , th e fol lowing ar ti cl e sh al l b e subst itut ed ,
n a me l y: —
"248. Residuary powers of legislation. —Parliament has exclusive power to
make any law with respect to—
(a) prevention of activities involving terrorist acts directed towards
overawing the Government as by law established or striking terror in the people
or any section of the people or alienating any section of the people or adversely
affecting the harmony amongst different sections of the people;
(aa) prevention of other activities directed towards disclaiming,
questioning or disrupting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of India or
bringing about cession of a part of the territory of India or secession of a part of
the territory of India from the Union or causing insult to the Indian National
Flag, the Indian National Anthem and this Constitution; and
(b) taxes on—
(i) foreign travel by sea or air;
(ii) inland air travel;
(iii) postal articles, including money orders, phonograms and
telegrams.".
254 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Explanation.—In this article, "terrorist act" means any act or thing by using
bombs, dynamite or other explosive substances or inflammable substances or
firearms or other lethal weapons or poisons or noxious gases or other chemicals or
any other substances (whether biological or otherwise) of a hazardous nature.
(bb) In ar ti cl e 249 , in cl aus e (1) , for th e words "an y matt er
enu mer at ed in th e S t at e Lis t specif i ed in th e r esolu tion" , th e words
" an y mat t er sp ecif i ed in th e r esolut ion, b eing a mat t er whi ch is not
enu mer at ed in th e Union List or in th e Co n curr ent List " sh all b e
subs titut ed .
( c) In arti cl e 250 , fo r th e words "to an y of th e mat t ers
enu mer at ed in th e S t at e List ", th e words "also to matt ers no t
enu mer at ed in th e Un ion List" sh all b e subst ituted .
* * * * *
( e) To art i cl e 253 , th e follo wing proviso sh al l b e add ed , n a me l y: —
"Provided that after the commencement of the Constitution (Application to Jammu and
Kashmir) Order, 1954, no decision affecting the disposition of the State of Jammu and
Kashmir shall be made by the Government of India without the consent of the Government
of that State.".
* * * * *
(f) Arti cl e 255 sh all b e o mitt ed .
(g ) Arti cl e 2 5 6 sh al l b e r e-n u mb e r ed as cl au se (1 ) o f th at arti cl e , an d th e
fo l lo w in g n e w cl au s e sh al l b e ad d ed th er eto , n ame l y : —
"(2) The State of Jammu and Kashmir shall so execise its executive power as to
facilitate the discharge by the Union of its duties and responsibilities under the
Constitution in relation to that State; and in particular, the said State shall, if so
required by the Union, acquire or requisition property on behalf and at the expense
of the Union, or if the property belongs to the State, transfer it to the Union on such
terms as may be agreed, or in default of agreement, as may be determined by an
arbitrator appointed by the Chief Justice of India.".
* * * * *
( h ) I n c l au s e ( 2 ) o f ar t i cl e 2 6 1 , t h e wo r d s " ma d e b y P ar l i a me n t"
sh al l b e o mitt ed.
(7) PART XII.
* * * * *
( a) Cl aus e (2) of ar ti cl e 267 , arti c le 273 , c l aus e (2 ) of art i cl e
283 and arti cl e 290 sh all b e o mit t ed.
( b ) I n a r t i cl es 2 6 6 , 2 8 2 , 2 8 4 , 2 9 8 , 2 9 9 an d 3 0 0 , r e f er en c e s t o
th e S t at e or S t ates sh all b e constru ed as not in cluding r ef er en c es to
th e St at e of J a mmu and K ash mir.
( c) In arti cles 277 and 295 , r ef er en ces to th e co mmen cement of
th e Cons titution sh al l b e const ru ed as r ef er en ces to th e
co mmen cement of this ord er .
255 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(iv) in entry 45, for the words and figures "List II or List III", the words "this
List" shall be substituted.
(23) EIGHTH SCHEDULE.
(24) NINTH SCHEDULE.
( a) Aft er entr y 64 , th e follo wing entri es sh all be add ed, n a mel y: —
64A. The Jammu and Kashmir State Kuth Act (No. I of Svt. 1978).
64B. The Jammu and Kashmir Tenancy Act (No. II of Svt. 1980).
64C. The Jammu and Kashmir Alienation of Land Act (No. V of Svt. 1995).
* * * * *
64D. The Jammu and Kashmir Big Landed Estates Abolition Act (No. XVII
of Svt. 2007).
64E. Order No. 6-H of 1951, dated the 10th March, 1951, regarding
Resumption of Jagirs and other assignments of land revenue, etc.
64F. The Jammu and Kashmir Restitution of Mortgaged Properties Act, 1976
(Act XIV of 1976).
64G. The Jammu and Kashmir Debtors' Relief Act, 1976 (Act XV of 1976).
(b) Ent ri es 87 to 124 , in sert ed b y th e Cons titu tion ( Thir t y-ninth
Amend ment ) Act , 1975 , sh all be r enu mb er ed as entr i es 65 to 102
r esp ect iv el y.
( c) Entri es 125 to 188 sh all be r enu mb er ed as entri e s 103 to 166
r esp ect iv el y.
(25) TENTH SCHEDULE.
( a) for th e brack ets , words and figur es "Art i cl es 102(2) and
191(2) ", th e brack ets , word and figur es "[ Arti cl e 102(2) ]" sh all b e
subs titut ed;
(b) in cl aus e ( a) o f p ar agr aph 1 , th e word s "or th e L egisl ative
Ass embl y or , as th e cas e may be, eith er Hous e of th e Legis latur e of a
St at e" sh all b e o mitt ed ;
( c) i n p ar ag r ap h 2 , —
(i) in sub-paragraph (1), in sub-clause (ii) of clause (b) of the Explanation, the
words and figures "or, as the case may be, article 188" shall be omitted;
(ii) in sub-paragraph (3), the words and figures "or, as the case may be, article
188" shall be omitted;
(iii) in sub-paragraph (4), the reference to the commencement of the
Constitution (Fifty-second Amendment) Act, 1985 shall be construed as a
reference to the commencement of the Constitution (Application to Jammu and
Kashmir) Amendment Order, 1989;
(d) in p ar agr aph 5 , the words " or th e Ch airman or th e Deput y
Ch air man of the Legi sl ativ e Coun cil of a St ate o r th e Sp eak er or th e
Deput y Sp eak er of th e Legis lativ e Ass e mbl y of a St at e" sh all be
o mitt ed ;
261 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
APPENDIX II
RE-STATEMENT, WITH REFERENCE TO THE PRESENT
TEXT OF THE CONSTITUTION, OF THE
EXCEPTIONS AND MODIFICATIONS
SUBJECT TO WHICH THE CONSTITUTION
APPLIES TO THE STATE OF
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
[Note.— The exceptions and modifications subject to which the Constitution applies to the
`State of Jammu and Kashmir are either those provided in the Constitution (Application to
Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954 or those consequential to the non-application to the State
of Jammu and Kashmir of certain amendments to the Constitution. All the exceptions and
modifications which have a practical significance are included in the re-statement which is
only for facility of quick reference. For ascertaining the exact position, reference will have to
be made to the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954 and to the text
of the Constitution on the 20th June, 1964, as amended by the subsequent amendments to the
Constitution mentioned in clause 2 of the said Order.]
(1) THE PREAMBLE.
( a) In th e firs t p a r ag r ap h , o mit "S O CI AL IST S EC U L A R ";
( b ) i n t h e p en u l t i ma t e p ar ag r ap h , o mi t " an d i n t eg r i t y" .
(2) PART I.
Article 3.—
(a) Add the following further proviso, namely:—
"Provided further that no Bill providing for increasing or diminishing the area
of the State of Jammu and Kashmir or altering the name or boundary of that State
shall be introduced in Parliament without the consent of the Legislature of that
State.";
(b) omit Explanation I and Explanation II.
(3) PART II.
(a ) T h is P ar t sh a ll b e d e e me d to h av e b e en ap p li c ab l e in r el atio n to
th e St at e of J a mmu and Kash mir as fro m th e 26 th d a y o f J anu ary, 1950 .
(b ) Ar ti cl e 7 . — Add th e follo wing furth er proviso , n a mel y:—
"Provided further that nothing in this article shall apply to a permanent
resident of the State of Jammu and Kashmir who, after having so migrated to the
territory now included in Pakistan, returns to that territory of that State under a
permit for resettlement in that State or permanent return issued by or under the
authority of any law made by the Legislature of that State, and every such person
shall be deemed to be a citizen of India.".
(4) PART III.
(a ) A r ti c l e 13 .— Ref er en c es to th e co mmen cemen t of th e
Consti tution sh all b e constru ed as r ef er en c es to th e co mmen c emen t of
262
263 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
th e Cons titut ion ( Appl i cation to J ammu and Kash mir) Ord er, 1954
( C . O. 4 8 ) , i . e. , t h e 1 4 t h d a y o f M a y , 1 9 5 4 .
* * * * *
(c ) A r ti cl e 16 .— In cl au s e (3) , r ef e ren ce to th e St at e shall b e
constru ed as not in clud ing a r ef er en ce to th e St at e of J ammu and
Kash mir .
(d ) A r ti cl e 19 .—
(A) In clause (1),—
(i) in sub-clause (e), omit "and" at the end;
(ii) after sub-clause (e), insert the following clause, namely:—
"(f) to acquire, hold and dispose of property; and";
(B) in clause (5), for "sub-clauses (d) and (e)", substitute "sub-clauses (d), (e)
and (f)”.
(e ) A r ti cl e 22 .— In cl au s es (4) and (7) , for "P arl i ament " , subst itut e
" th e L eg isl atur e of th e St at e ".
(f ) A r t i cl e 3 0 . —O mi t cl au s e (1 A) .
(g ) Af t er art icl e 30, in s ert th e follo wing , n a mely: —
" Right to Prop ert y
3 1 . Co mpulsor y a cqui sition of p rop ert y.—(1) No p erson sh al l b e
d epriv ed of his prop ert y s av e by authori t y of l aw.
(2) No prop ert y sh all b e co mpulsor il y acqu ired or r equ isition ed s av e
for a publi c purpos e and s av e b y au thorit y of a l aw whi ch provid es for
acquis ition or requis itioning of th e prop er t y for an amount wh i ch may b e
fix ed b y su ch la w or wh i ch ma y b e d et er mine d in a c cord an ce w i th su ch
prin cipl es and giv en in su ch mann er as may b e sp ecif i ed in su ch l aw; and
no su ch l aw shall b e call ed in qu est ion in an y court on th e ground th at th e
amo unt so fix ed or d et er min ed is not ad equ at e or th at th e whol e or an y p art
of su ch amoun t is to b e giv en oth er wis e th an in cash:
Provid ed th at in making an y l a w prov iding for th e co mpulsor y
acquis ition of an y prop ert y of an ed u c ation al ins titution es tabli sh ed an d
ad minis ter ed b y a minori t y, r ef err ed to in cl aus e (1) of art i cl e 30 , the St at e
sh al l en sur e th at th e amount fixed b y or d et er min ed und er su ch l a w for th e
acquis ition of su ch prop ert y i s s u ch as would not r estri ct or ab rog at e th e
rig h t g u ar an t e ed u n d er th at cl au s e .
(2A) Wh er e a l a w do es not provid e for th e t ransf er of th e o wn ership or
righ t to poss ession of an y propert y to th e S t ate or to a Co rpor at ion o wn ed
or con troll ed by t h e St at e, it sh all not b e d eemed to provid e for th e
co mpulsor y acquis ition or requis itioning of prop ert y , not withst an d ing th at
it d epr iv es an y p erson of his prop ert y.
(2 B ) No th in g in su b - cl au s e (f) o f c l au s e (1 ) o f ar ti cl e 1 9 sh a ll a ff e ct
a n y su ch l a w as is r ef er r ed to in c l aus e (2) .
* * * * *
264 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(d) the constituencies into which the State is divided shall not comprise the
area under the occupation of Pakistan.
(3) Nothing in clause (2) shall affect the representation of the State in the House
of the People until the dissolution of the House existing on the date of publication in
the Gazette of India of the final order or orders of the Delimitation Commission
relating to the delimitation of parliamentary constituencies under the Delimitation
Act, 1972.
(4) (a) The Delimitation Commission shall associate with itself for the purpose of
assisting it in its duties in respect of the State, five persons who shall be members of
the House of the People representing the State.
(b) The persons to be so associated from the State shall be nominated by the
Speaker of the House of the People having due regard to the composition of the
House.
(c) The first nominations to be made under sub-clause (b) shall be made by the
Speaker of the House of the People within two months from the commencement of
the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Second Amendment Order,
1974.
(d) None of the associate members shall have a right to vote or to sign any
decision of the Delimitation Commission.
(e) If owing to death or resignation, the office of an associate member falls
vacant, it shall be filled as soon as may be practicable by the Speaker of the House of
the People and in accordance with the provisions of sub-clauses (a) and (b).".
(c ) A r t i c l e 82 .— Omi t th e s econd and third proviso s.
(d ) A r t i cl e 105 .— In cl aus e (3), for "sh al l b e thos e of th at Hous e and of
it s me mb e rs an d co mmit t e es imme d i a t el y b efo r e th e co min g in to fo r c e o f
s e ct ion 15 of th e Constitu tion (Fort y-four th Amend ment) Act , 1978 "
subs titut e "sh all b e thos e of the Hous e of Co mmo n s of th e Parl i a ment of
th e Unit ed Kingdo m, and of i ts me mb ers and co mmi ttees , at th e
co mmen cement of this Const itution ".
(e ) F or arti cl e 132 , substitu t e the follo wing art icl e, n amel y:—
'132. Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain
cases.—(1) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment, decree or final
order of a High Court in the territory of India, whether in a civil, criminal or other
proceeding, if the High Court certifies that the case involves a substantial question of law
as to the interpretation of this Constitution.
(2) Where the High Court has refused to give such a certificate, the Supreme Court
may, if it is satisfied that the case involves a substantial question of law as to the
interpretation of this Constitution, grant special leave to appeal from such judgment,
decree or final order.
(3) Where such a certificate is given, or such leave is granted, any party in the case
may appeal to the Supreme Court on the ground that any such question as aforesaid has
been wrongly decided and, with the leave of the Supreme Court, on any other ground.
267 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Explanation.—For the purposes of this article, the expression "final order" includes an
order deciding an issue which, if decided in favour of the appellant, would be sufficient for
the final disposal of the case.'.
(f ) A r t i cl e 1 3 3 .—
(A) In clause (1), omit "under article 134A";
(B) after clause (1), insert the following clause, namely:—
' (1A) Th e provisions of s e ction 3 of th e Constitu tion ( Thir ti eth
Amend ment ) Ac t , 1972 , sh all appl y in r el a tion to th e S t ate of
J ammu and Kash mir subj ect to th e mod ifi cation th at r ef er en ces
th er ein to "this Act" , "th e co mmen cemen t of this Act ", "this Act
h ad n o t b e en p ass ed " an d " as a me n d ed b y th i s A c t" sh al l b e
constru ed r espectiv el y as ref er en c es to "th e Consti tution
( Appli cation to J ammu and Kash mir) S econd Amen d men t Ord er ,
1974 ", "th e co mme n cemen t of th e s aid Ord er ", "th e s a id Ord er h ad
not b een mad e" and "as i t st ands aft er the commen cemen t of th e
s ai d Ord er ".' .
(g ) A r t i c l e 1 3 4 .—
(A) In clause (1), in sub-clause (c), omit "under article 134A";
(B) in clause (2), after "Parliament may" insert "on the request of the Legislature of
the State".
(h ) A r t i c l es 1 3 4 A , 1 3 5 , 1 3 9 a n d 1 3 9 A .— Th e s e ar t i cl es ar e n o t
a p p l i c ab l e t o t h e S t at e o f J a mmu an d K as h mir .
(i ) A r t i cl e 1 4 5 .— I n cl au s e ( 1 ) , o mi t s u b - cl au s e (c c) .
(j ) A r t i cl e 150.— For "as the Pr esid ent may, on th e adv ice of the
Co mptroll er and Auditor- Gen er al of Indi a, pr es cr ib e" subst itut e "as th e
Co mptroll er and Audito r-Gen er al of Indi a ma y, with th e approv al o f th e
P r esid en t p r es crib e ".
(8) PART VI.
(a ) Omit arti cl es 153 to 217, arti cl e 219 , art icle 221 , ar ti cl es 223 , 224,
224 A and 225 , art i cl es 227 to 233 , arti cl e 233 A and arti cl es 234 to 237.
(b ) Ar t i cl e 220 .— Ref er en c es to th e co mmen c emen t of th e Const itution
sh al l b e construed as r ef er en ces to th e co mmen cement of th e Consti tution
( Appli cation to J ammu and Kash mir) Amendmen t Ord er, 1960 , i.e., th e
2 6 t h J an u ar y , 1 9 6 0 .
(c ) Ar ti cl e 222 .— Aft er claus e (1) , ins er t t h e fol lowing cl aus e,
n a me l y: —
"(1A) Every such transfer from the High Court of Jammu and Kashmir or to that
High Court shall be made after consultation with the Governor.".
(d ) A r ti cl e 2 2 6 .—
(A) Renumber clause (2) as clause (1A);
(B) omit clause (3);
268 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(C) renumber clause (4) as clause (2); and in clause (2) as so renumbered, for
"this article" substitute "clause (1) or clause (1A)".
(9) PART VIII.— This part is not applicable to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
(10) PART X.— This part is not applicable to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
(11) PART XI.
(a ) A r ti cl e 2 4 6 .—
(A) in clause (1), for "clauses (2) and (3)" substitute "clause (2)";
(B) in clause (2), omit "Notwithstanding anything in clause (3),";
(C) omit clauses (3) and (4).
(b ) F or arti cl e 248 , substitu t e the follo wing art icl e, n amel y:—
'248. Residuary powers of legislation.—Parliament has exclusive power to make
any law with respect to—
(a) prevention of activities involving terrorist acts directed towards
overawing the Government as by law established or striking terror in the people or
any section of the people or alienating any section of the people or adversely
affecting the harmony amongst different sections of the people;
(aa) prevention of other activities directed towards disclaiming, questioning
or disrupting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of India or bringing about
cession of a part of the territory of India or secession of a part of the territory of
India from the Union or causing insult to the Indian National Flag, the Indian
National Anthem and this Constitution; and
(b) taxes on—
(i) foreign travel by sea or air;
(ii) inland air travel;
(iii) postal articles, including money orders, phonograms and telegrams.
Explanation.— In this article, "terrorist act" means any act or thing by using
bombs, dynamite or other explosive substances or inflammable substances or
firearms or other lethal weapons or poisons or noxious gases or other chemicals or
any other substances (whether biological or otherwise) of a hazardous nature.'.
(b b ) A rt i cl e 249, in cl aus e (1) , for "an y matt er enu mer at ed in th e St at e
List sp ecifi ed in th e r esolution" , sub stitut e " an y matt er sp ecifi ed in th e
r esolu tion , b eing a matt er wh i ch is not en u merat ed in th e Union Lis t or
in th e Con curr ent List " .
(c ) A r t i c l e 250 .— For "to an y of th e matt ers enu mer at ed in the St at e
List " substi tut e " also to matt ers not enu merat ed in th e Un ion List " .
(d ) O mi t cl aus e (d) .
(e ) A r t i c l e 253 .— Add th e following proviso , namel y: —
"Provided that after the commencement of the Constitution (Application to
Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954, no decision affecting the disposition of the State
of Jammu and Kashmir shall be made by the Government of India without the
consent of the Government of that State.".
269 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(f ) O mi t art icl e 2 5 5 .
(g ) A r t i cl e 256.—Renu mb er this arti cl e as cl aus e (1) th er eof, and
add th e follo wing n ew cl au s e ther eto , n amel y:—
"(2) The State of Jammu and Kashmir shall so exercise its executive power as
to facilitate the discharge by the Union of its duties and responsibilities under the
Constitution in relation to that State; and in particular, the said State shall, if so
required by the Union, acquire or requisition property on behalf and at the
expense of the Union, or if the property belongs to the State, transfer it to the
Union on such terms as may be agreed, or in default of agreement, as may be
determined by an arbitrator appointed by the Chief Justice of India.".
(h ) A r ti cl e 261 .—In cl aus e (2), o mit "mad e b y P arl i ament ".
(12) PART XII.
(a ) A r t i c l es 266 , 282 , 284 , 298 , 299 and 300 . —In th es e arti cl es
r ef er en c es to th e S t at e o r S ta t es sh al l b e co n stru ed as n o t in clu d in g
r ef er en ces to the St at e of J ammu and K ash mir ;
(b ) o mi t cl aus e (2) of arti cl e 267 , arti cl e 273 , cl aus e (2) of articl e 283
and arti cl e 290;
(c ) A r ti cl es 277 and 295 .—In th es e ar ti cle s r ef er en c es to th e
co mmen cement of th e Constitu tion sh all b e constru ed as r ef er en ces to th e
co mmen cement of th e Constitu tion ( Appli c at ion to J a mmu and Kash mir)
O r d er , 1 9 5 4 , i . e. , t h e 1 4 t h d a y o f Ma y , 1 9 5 4 .
(d ) O mi t th e sub-h e ad ing " C H A P T E R I V. — R I G H T T O P R O P E R T Y " and
a rt i cl e 300 A .
(13) PART XIII.
In art i cl e 303, in cl au s e (1) , omi t "b y virtu e of an y en tr y r e lating to
tr ad e and co mmer ce in an y of th e Lists in th e Sev enth S ch edul e" .
(14) PART XIV.
Ex cep t in ar ti cl e 312 , r ef er en ce to "St at e" in this P art do es not in clud e
th e St at e of J a mmu and K ash mir.
(15) PART XIVA.
This Part is not applicable to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
(16) PART XV.—
(a ) A r t i cl e 324.— In cl aus e (1), th e r ef er en ce to th e Consti tution sh all ,
in r el at ion to election s to eith er Hous e of th e Legisl atur e of Jammu and
Kash mir , b e constru ed as a r efer en ce to th e Const itution of Jammu an d
Kash mir .
(b ) A r ti cl es 325 , 326 and 327 .— In th es e arti cl es th e r ef er en c es to a
St at e sh all b e constru ed as not in cluding a r ef er en ce to the S t at e of
J a mmu an d K ash mir .
(c ) O mi t art i cl e 3 2 8 .
(d ) A r t i cl e 3 2 9 . —
270 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(A) Reference to a State shall be construed as not including a reference to the State
of Jammu and Kashmir;
(B) omit "or article 328".
(17) PART XVI. —
Original clause (a) omitted and clauses (b) and (c) relettered as clauses (a) and (b).
(a) Omit articles 331, 332, 333, 336 and 337.
(b) Articles 334 and 335.—References to the State or the States shall be construed as
not including references to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
(c) Article 339, in clause (1), omit “the administration of the Scheduled Areas and”.
(18) PART XVII. — The provisions of this Part shall apply to the State of Jammu and
Kashmir only in so far as they relate to—
(i) The official language of the Union;
(ii) the official language for communication between one State and another, or
between a State and the Union; and
(iii) The language of the proceedings in the Supreme Court.
(19) PART XVIII.
(a) For article 352, substitute the following article, namely :—
“352. Proclamation of Emergency.—(1) If the President is satisfied that a grave
emergency exists whereby the security of India or of any part of the territory thereof is
threatened, whether by war or external aggression or internal disturbance, he may, by
Proclamation, make a declaration to that effect.
(2) A proclamation issued under clause (1)—
(a) may be revoked by a subsequent Proclamation;
(b) shall be laid before each House of Parliament;
(c) shall cease to operate at the expiration of two months unless before the
expiration of that period it has been approved by resolutions of both Houses of
Parliament:
Provided that if any such Proclamation is issued at a time when the House of the
People has been dissolved or the dissolution of the House of the People takes place
during the period of two months referred to in sub-clause (c), and if a resolution
approving the Proclamation has been passed by the Council of States but no resolution
with respect to such Proclamation has been passed by the House of the People before
the expiration of that period, the Proclamation shall cease to operate at the expiration of
thirty days from the date on which the House of the People first sits after its
reconstitution unless before the expiration of the said period of thirty days a resolution
approving the Proclamation has been also passed by the House of the people.
(3) A Proclamation of Emergency declaring that the security of India or of any
part of the territory thereof is threatened by war or by external aggression or by internal
disturbance may be made before the actual occurrence of war or of any such aggression
or disturbance if the President is satisfied that there is imminent danger thereof.
(4) The power conferred on the President by this article shall include the power to
issue different Proclamations on different grounds, being war or external aggression or
271 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
“(2) Any law made in exercise of the power of the Legislature of the State by
Parliament or the President or other authority referred to in sub-clause (a) of clause (1)
which Parliament or the President or such other authority would not, but for the issue of
a Proclamation under article 356, have been competent to make shall, to the extent of
the incompetency, cease to have effect on the expiration of a period of one year after
the Proclamation has ceased to operate except as respects things done or omitted to be
done before the expiration of the said period, unless the provisions which shall so cease
to have effect are sooner repealed or re-enacted with or without modification by Act of
the appropriate Legislature.”.
(e) For article 358, substitute the following article, namely :—
“358. Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies.— While a
Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, nothing in article 19 shall restrict the power
of the State as defined in Part III to make any law or to take any executive action which
the State would but for the provisions contained in that Part be competent to make or to
take, but any law so made shall, to the extent of the incompetency, cease to have effect
as soon as the Proclamation ceases to operate, except as respects things done or omitted
to be done before the law so ceases to have effect.”.
(f) Article 359, —
(A) in clause (1) omit “(except articles 20 and 21)”;
(B) in clause (1A),—
(i) omit “(except articles 20 and 21)”;
(ii) omit the proviso;
(C) omit clause (1B);
(D) in clause (2), omit the proviso.
(g) omit article 360.
(20) PART XIX.
(a) Article 361A.— This article is not applicable to the State of Jammu and
Kashmir.
(b) Omit article 365.
(c) Article 367.— After clause (3), add the following clause, namely :—
“(4) For the purposes of this Constitution as it applies in relation to the State of
Jammu and Kashmir —
(a) references to this Constitution or to the provisions thereof shall be
construed as references to the Constitution or the provisions thereof as applied
in relation to the said State;
(aa) references to the person for the time being recognised by the
President on the recommendation of the Legislative Assembly of the State as
the Sadar-i-Riyasat of Jammu and Kashmir, acting on the advice of the Council
of Ministers of the State for the time being in office, shall be construed as
references to the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir;
273 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(b) in clause (a) of paragraph 1, the words “or the Legislative Assembly or, as the
case may be, either House of the Legislature of a State” shall be omitted;
(c) in paragraph 2,—
(i) in sub-paragraph (1), in sub-clause (ii) of clause (b) of the Explanation, the
words and figures “or, as the case may be, article 188” shall be omitted;
(ii) in sub-paragraph (3), the words and figures “or, as the case may be, article
188” shall be omitted;
(iii) in sub-paragraph (4), the reference to the commencement of the
Constitution (Fifty-second Amendment) Act, 1985 shall be construed as a
reference to the commencement of the Constitution (Application to Jammu and
Kashmir) Amendment Order, 1989;
(d) in paragraph 5, the words “or the Chairman or the Deputy Chairman of the
Legislative Council of a State or the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative
Assembly of a State” shall be omitted;
(e) in sub-paragraph (2) of paragraph 6, the words and figures “or, as the case may
be, proceedings in the Legislature of a State within the meaning of article 212” shall be
omitted;
(f) in sub-paragraph (3) of paragraph 8, the words and figures “or, as the case may
be, article 194,” shall be omitted.
278 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
APPENDIX-III
EXTRACTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION (FORTY-FOURTH
AMENDMENT) ACT, 1978
* * * * * *
1. Short title and commencement.— (1) * * *
(2) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification in the
Official Gazette, appoint and different dates may be appointed for different provisions of this Act.
* * * * * *
3. Amendment of article 22.— In article 22 of the Constitution,—
(a) for clause (4), the following clause shall be substituted, namely:—
‘(4) No law providing for preventive detention shall authorise the detention of a
person for a longer period than two months unless an Advisory Board constituted in
accordance with the recommendations of the Chief Justice of the appropriate High Court
has reported before the expiration of the said period of two months that there is in its
opinion sufficient cause for such detention:
Provided that an Advisory Board shall consist of a Chairman and not less than two
other members, and the Chairman shall be a serving Judge of the appropriate High Court
and the other members shall be serving or retired Judges of any High Court:
Provided further that nothing in this clause shall authorise the detention of any person
beyond the maximum period prescribed by any law made by Parliament under sub-clause
(a) of clause (7).
Explanation.— In this clause, “appropriate High Court” means,—
(i) in the case of the detention of a person in pursuance of an order of detention
made by the Government of India or an officer or authority subordinate to that
Government, the High Court for the Union territory of Delhi;
(ii) in the case of the detention of a person in pursuance of an order of detention
made by the Government of any State (other than a Union territory), the High Court
for that State; and
(iii) in the case of the detention of a person in pursuance of an order of detention
made by the administrator of a Union territory or an officer or authority subordinate
to such administrator, such High Court as may be specified by or under any law made
by Parliament in this behalf.’;
(b) in clause (7),—
(i) sub-clause (a) shall be omitted;
(ii) sub-clause (b) shall be re-lettered as sub-clause (a); and
(iii) sub-clause (c) shall be re-lettered as sub-clause (b) and in the sub-clause as so re-
lettered, for the words, brackets, letter and figure “sub-clause (a) of clause (4)” , the word,
brackets and figure “clause (4)” shall be substituted.
* * * * *
278
279 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
APPENDIX-IV
___________________________________________________________________
*Date yet to be notified.
279
280 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
APPENDIX-V
1. Short title and Commencement.—(1) This Act may be called the Constitution
(Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003.
(2) It shall come into force on such date* as the Central Government may, by
notification in the Official Gazette, appoint.
2. Insertion of new article 268A.—After article 268 of the Constitution, the following
article shall be inserted, namely:--
“268A. Service tax levied by Union and collected and appropriated by the
Union and the States.—(1) Taxes on services shall be levied by the Government of
India and such tax shall be collected and appropriated by the Government of India and
the States in the manner provided in clause (2).
(2) The proceeds in any financial year of any such tax levied in accordance with
the provisions of clause (1) shall be—
(a) collected by the Government of India and the States;
(b) appropriated by the Government of India and the States,
in accordance with such principles of collection and appropriation as may be
formulated by Parliament by law.”.
3. Amendment of article 270.—In article 270 of the Constitution, in clause (1), for the
words and figures “articles 268 and 269”, the words, figures and letter “articles 268, 268A
and 269” shall be substituted.
4. Amendment of Seventh Schedule.—In the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution,
in List I–Union List, after entry 92B, the following entry shall be inserted, namely:--
“92C. Taxes on services.”.
_________________________________
*Date yet to be notified.
280
281 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
INDEX
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
A
ABOLITION —
of privy purses .....................................................................................363A.
ACCOUNTS—
Form of—of the Union and States...................................................... 150.
ACQUISITION—
of estates, etc., saving of laws providing for .................................... 31A.
of property, compulsory …………………………………………… Sch. VII, List III-42.
amount for—of any property of an educational institution
established and administered by a minority.................................... 30(1A).
ACTS—
Validation of certain—and Regulations ........................................... 31B, Sch. IX.
ADAPTATION OF LAWS—See PRESIDENT.
ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE ..................................................... Sch. VII, List III-11A.
ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS between the
Union and States ................................................................................... 256—262.
ADMINISTRATOR—
appointment of—for Union territory ................................................ 239(1).
power of—of Union territory to promulgate Ordinances................. …239B.
ADMINISTRATOR-GENERAL ......................................................... Sch. VII, List III-11.
ADMIRALTY jurisdiction VII, List I-95.
ADOPTION Sch. VII, List III-5.
ADULTERATION OF FOODSTUFFS, ETC. .................................... Sch. VII, List III-18.
ADULT SUFFRAGE—See ELECTIONS.
ADVISORY BOARD—See PREVENTIVE DETENTION.
ADVOCATE-GENERAL—
appointment of .................................................................................. 165(1).
duties of............................................................................................. 165(2).
qualifications for appointment of ..................................................... 165(1).
remuneration, etc., of ........................................................................ 165(3).
right of—to take part in proceedings of State Legislature................ 177.
term of office of ................................................................................ 165(3).
AERODROMES ................................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-29.
definition of....................................................................................... 364(2).
regulation and organisation of air traffic and of ............................... Sch. VII, List I-29.
special provision as to extension of laws to...................................... 364(1).
AERONAUTICAL EDUCATION, ETC. ............................................ Sch. VII, List I-29.
AGRICULTURAL INCOME, definition of......................................... 366(1).
AGRICULTURAL INDEBTEDNESS, relief of.................................. Sch. VII, List II-30.
AGRICULTURE .................................................................................. Sch. VII, List II-14.
AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY,
organisation of .................................................................................. 48.
ALIENS ................................................................................................ Sch. VII, List I-17.
ALL-INDIA SERVICES—See SERVICES.
AMMUNITION—See ARMS.
281
282 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
ANCIENT AND HISTORICAL MONUMENTS AND
RECORDS ......................................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-67.
ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS, territory of ...................... Sch. I.
ANDHRA PRADESH—
allocation of seats in the Council of States to................................... Sch. IV.
establishment of Central University in ............................................. 371E.
special provision for the Legislative Assembly of ........................... 378A.
special provisions with respect to the State of.................................. 371D.
State of .............................................................................................. Sch. I.
ANGLO-INDIANS—
definition of....................................................................................... 366(2).
educational grants for benefit of ....................................................... 337.
special provisions re:—
appointment of—to certain services ................................................. 336.
nomination of—to the House of the People ..................................... 331.
representation of—in State Legislative Assembly ........................... 333.
special representation of—to cease after 60 years............................ 334.
ANIMALS—
prevention of cruelty to..................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-17.
protection of wild—and birds ........................................................... Sch. VII, List III-17B.
ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENT—
before Parliament .............................................................................. 112.
before State Legislature .................................................................... 202.
ARBITRATION ................................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-13.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND REMAINS—
of national importance ...................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-67.
Others ................................................................................................ Sch. VII, List III-40.
ARMED FORCES—
court or tribunal constituted under law relating to—High
Court has no power of superintendence over ................................ 227(4).
deployment of armed forces or other forces of—, in any State
in aid of the civil power ................................................................ Sch. VII, List I-2A.
Fundamental Rights : Parliament may restrict or abrogate, in
their application to ........................................................................ 33.
Judgment, determination, sentence or order of court or
tribunal constituted under law relating to—Supreme Court
has no power to interfere ............................................................ 136(2).
of Union ......................................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-2.
ARMS, FIREARMS, AMMUNITION AND EXPLOSIVES.............. Sch. VII, List I-5.
ARTICLE, definition of........................................................................ 366(3).
ARUNACHAL PRADESH—
allocation of seats in the Council of States to................................... Sch. IV.
special provision with respect to the State of ................................... 371 H.
territory of ......................................................................................... Sch. I.
ASSAM—
allocation of seats in the Council of States to................................... Sch. IV.
formation of an autonomous State in................................................ 244A.
special provision with respect to the State of ................................... 371B.
283 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
State of .............................................................................................. Sch. I.
ASSOCIATIONS, literary, scientific and religious ............................. Sch. VII, List II-32.
ATOMIC ENERGY.............................................................................. Sch. VII, List I-6.
ATTORNEY-GENERAL—
appointment of .................................................................................. 76(1).
duties of............................................................................................. 76(2).
right of audience in all courts of ....................................................... 76(3).
right of—to take part in proceedings in Parliament.......................... 88.
salary and allowances, etc., of .......................................................... 76(4).
AUDIT OF UNION AND STATE ACCOUNTS ................................ Sch. VII, List I-76.
AUDITOR-GENERAL—See COMPTROLLER AND
AUDITOR-GENERAL
B
BACKWARD CLASSES—
Commission to investigate the conditions of.................................. 340.
making of special provisions for the advancement of ................... 15(4).
reservation of appointments, etc., for ............................................ 16(4).
BANKING ............................................................................................ Sch. VII, List I-45.
BANKING CORPORATIONS ............................................................ Sch. VII, List I-43.
BANKRUPTCY AND INSOLVENCY ............................................... Sch. VII, List III-9.
BEACONS ............................................................................................ Sch. VII, List I-26.
BETTING AND GAMBLING ............................................................. Sch. VII, List II-34.
BHARAT—See INDIA.
BIHAR—
allocation of seats in the Council of States to................................... Sch. IV.
Legislative Council for ..................................................................... 168.
State of .............................................................................................. Sch. I.
BILLS—
affecting taxation in which States are interested, prior
recommendation of President ...................................................... 274.
appropriation—
in Parliament ................................................................................ 114.
in State Legislature ...................................................................... 204.
assent to—
by Governor ................................................................................. 200.
by President.................................................................................. 111.
financial—
special provisions as to—
in Parliament ................................................................................ 117.
in State Legislature ...................................................................... 207.
introduction, passing and lapsing of—
in joint sitting ............................................................................. 100 & 108.
in Parliament .............................................................................. 107.
in State Legislature .................................................................... 196.
Money—in Parliament—
definition of................................................................................ 110
procedure in respect of.............................................................. 109.
Money—in State Legislature—
284 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
BILLS—contd..
definition of............................................................................. 199.
procedure in respect of............................................................ 198.
reservation of—by Governor for President ............................ 201.
BILLS OF EXCHANGE—cheques, promissory notes, etc. ................ Sch. VII, List I-46.
BIRTHS AND DEATHS...................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-30.
BOILERS .............................................................................................. Sch. VII, List III-37.
BONA VACANTIA, right to property accruing as ................................ 296.
BOOKS ................................................................................................. Sch. VII, List III-39.
BORROWING, definition of ................................................................ 366(4).
See also FINANCE
BORSTAL INSTITUTIONS ................................................................ Sch. VII, List II-4.
BRIDGES AND FERRIES................................................................... Sch. VII, List II-13.
BROADCASTING ............................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-31.
BURIALS AND BURIAL GROUNDS ............................................... Sch. VII, List II-10.
C
CANALS............................................................................................... Sch. VII, List II-17.
CANTONMENTS ................................................................................ Sch. VII, List I-3.
CARRIAGE OF PASSENGERS AND GOODS—
by air, rail or sea................................................................................ Sch. VII, List I-30.
on inland waterways ......................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-32.
CASES, TRANSFER OF—
relating to same question of law ....................................................... 139A.
CENSUS ............................................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-69.
CERTIORARI
power of High Court to issue........................................................... 226.
CHANDIGARH, territory of ................................................................ Sch. I.
CHARITIES.......................................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-28.
CHHATTISGARH—
allocation of seats in the Council of States to ……………. ……… Sch. IV
State of ……………………………………………………………. Sch. I.
CHIEF JUSTICE—
of High Court—See HIGH COURT.
of Supreme Court—See SUPREME COURT.
CHIEF MINISTER—
appointment of .................................................................................. 164.
Council of Ministers,—is head of..................................................... 163.
duty of—to furnish information, etc., to Governor .......................... 167.
CHILDREN—
employment of—See FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS.
free and compulsory education for—State to provide..................... 45.
CINEMAS............................................................................................. Sch. VII, List II-33.
CINEMATOGRAPH FILMS—
sanction of—for exhibition ............................................................... Sch. VII, List I-60.
CITIZENS OF INDIA, persons voluntarily acquiring citizen-
ship of a foreign State, not to be ...................................................... 9.
CITIZENSHIP ...................................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-17.
at the commencement of the Constitution ........................................ 5.
285 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
CITIZENSHIP—contd.
Parliament to regulate—by law ........................................................ 11.
right of—
continuance of............................................................................... 10.
of migrants from Pakistan............................................................. 6.
of migrants to Pakistan................................................................. 7.
of persons of Indian origin residing outside India....................... 8.
CIVIL CODE, uniform for all citizens ................................................. 44.
CIVIL PROCEDURE ........................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-13.
CLAUSE, definition of ......................................................................... 366(5).
COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY..................................................... 75(3).
COLONIZATION................................................................................. Sch. VII, List II-18.
COMMERCE—See TRADE, COMMERCE, ETC.
COMMERCIAL MONOPOLIES, combines and trusts....................... Sch. VII, List III-21.
COMMUNICATIONS—
posts and telegraphs, etc. .................................................................. Sch. VII, List I-31.
roads, municipal tramways, etc......................................................... Sch. VII, List II-13.
COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL ................................ Sch. VII, List I-75.
administrative expenses of—to be charged on the Consolidated
Fund of India.................................................................................. 148(6).
appointment of .................................................................................. 148(1).
audit reports by ................................................................................. 151.
conditions of service, etc., of ............................................................ 148(5).
duties and powers of ......................................................................... 149.
ineligibility for future appointment of .............................................. 148(4).
oath of office by ............................................................................... 148(2).
power of—to give direction re: manner of keeping accounts ......... 150.
removal from office of ..................................................................... 148(1).
salary, etc., of .................................................................................... 148(3), Sch. II, Pt. E.
transitional period, special provisions as to...................................... 377.
CONCURRENT LIST .......................................................................... Sch. VII, List III.
CONSOLIDATED FUND—
of India—See FINANCE.
of States—See FINANCE.
CONSTITUTION OF INDIA, the—
amendment of—power of Parliament to amend and
procedure therefor ........................................................................ 368.
authoritative text of—, in the Hindi language ................................. 394A.
commencement of ............................................................................ 394.
interpretation of—, provisions of General Clauses Act to
apply to........................................................................................... 367.
Short title.......................................................................................... 393.
CONSULAR REPRESENTATION ..................................................... Sch. VII, List I-11.
CONTEMPT OF COURT—
of courts other than the Supreme Court ........................................... Sch. VII, List III-14.
power of State to make laws relating to........................................... 19(2).
See also HIGH COURT and SUPREME COURT.
286 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
CONTINENTAL SHELF—
things lying in territorial waters or—vest in the Union.................... 297.
CONTINGENCY FUND—See FINANCE.
CONTRACTS—
by the Union or States to be made in the name of the President
or Governor .................................................................................... 299.
other than those relating to agricultural land ................................... Sch. VII, List III-7.
CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES ............................................................ Sch. VII, List II-32.
CO-ORDINATION between States...................................................... 263.
COPYRIGHT........................................................................................ Sch. VII, List I-49.
CORPORATIONS—
incorporation, regulation and winding up—
of trading—, including banking, insurance and financial ............. Sch. VII, List I-43.
of—, whether trading or not, with objects not confined to
one State......................................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-44.
of—, other than above, and universities ...................................... Sch. VII, List II-32.
municipal.......................................................................................... Sch. VII, List II-5.
CORPORATION TAX, definition of................................................... 366(6).
See also FINANCE.
CORRESPONDING—
Province, Indian State, State, etc., definition of ............................. 366(7).
COTTAGE INDUSTRIES, State to promote....................................... 43.
COUNCIL OF MINISTERS—
for States—
advice to Governor by—. No court to enquire into .................... 163(3).
Chief Minister—See CHIEF MINISTER.
collective responsibility of................................................................ 164(2).
functions of ....................................................................................... 163(1).
Ministers—
appointment of ............................................................................ 164(1).
oath of office and secrecy by ...................................................... 164(3).
right of—to take part in the proceedings of either House .......... 177.
salaries, etc., of ........................................................................... 164(5), Sch. VII,
List II-40.
for the Union—
advice to President by—. No court to enquire into .................... 74(2).
collective responsibility of ......................................................... 75(3).
functions of ................................................................................. 74.
Ministers—
appointment of ............................................................................. 75(1).
oath of office and secrecy by ....................................................... 75(4).
qualifications for the office of ..................................................... 75(5).
right of—to take part in proceedings of either House .................. 88.
salaries, etc., of............................................................................................................................................................ 75(6), Sch. VII, List I-75.
Prime Minister—See PRIME MINISTER.
COUNCIL OF STATES—
allocation of seats in......................................................................... 80(2), Sch. IV.
287 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
Chairman of—
not to preside while a resolution for his removal is under
consideration ............................................................................. 92.
salaries, etc., of........................................................................... 97, Sch. II, Part C,
Sch. VII, List I-73.
Vice-President of India to be ex officio .................................... 64, 89(1).
composition of .................................................................................. 80.
decision of—by majority .................................................................. 100(1).
Deputy Chairman of—
acts for Chairman .......................................................................... 91.
choosing of .................................................................................... 89(2).
not to preside while a resolution for his removal is under
consideration.................................................................................. 92.
removal from office of .................................................................. 90(c).
resignation of office by.................................................................. 90(b).
salaries, etc., of .............................................................................. 97, Sch. II, Part C,
Sch. VII, List I-73.
vacation of office by...................................................................... 90(a).
vote, casting................................................................................... 100.
duration of ..................................................................................... 83(1).
quorum for a meeting of................................................................ 100(3) & (4).
rules of procedure.......................................................................... 118.
secretarial staff of .......................................................................... 98(1).
See also PARLIAMENT.
COURTS—
additional—, creation of .................................................................. 247.
continuance of functions .................................................................. 375.
jurisdiction and powers of—in respect of matters in List I……… Sch. VII, List I-95.
Other than High Courts and Supreme Court, constitution
and organisation of........................................................................... Sch, VII, List II-3.
other than Supreme Court, jurisdiction and powers of—
in respect of matters in Concurrent List ....................................... Sch. VII, List III-46.
in respect of matters in State List.................................................. Sch. VII, List II-65.
COURTS OF WARDS—
for estates of Rulers.......................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-34.
for other estates ................................................................................. Sch. VII, List II-22.
COWS, SLAUGHTER OF, State to prohibit ....................................... 48.
CREMATIONS AND CREMATION GROUNDS.............................. Sch. VII, List II-10.
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE…………………………………………. Sch. VII, List III-2.
CRIMINAL LAW................................................................................. Sch. VII, List III-1.
CURRENCY, COINAGE AND LEGAL TENDER ............................ Sch. VII, List I-36.
CUSTOMS—
duties, See FINANCE.
frontiers, etc. ..................................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-41.
D
DADRA AND NAGAR HAVELI, territory of.................................... Sch. I.
DAMAN AND DIU, territory of .......................................................... Sch. I.
288 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
DEBT—
definition of...................................................................................... 366(8).
public—of the States........................................................................ Sch. VII, List II-43.
public—of the Union ...................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-35.
DEFENCE OF INDIA ..................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-1.
industries necessary for the purpose of............................................ Sch. VII, List I-7.
preventive detention for reasons connected with.................................. Sch. VII, List I-9.
DEFINITION OF—
certain expressions ........................................................................... 366.
“Consolidated Fund”—
of India ............................................................................................. 266(1).
of the State ....................................................................................... 266(1).
“Contingency Fund”—
of India ..................................................................................... 267(1).
of the State................................................................................ 267(2).
“Indian State” ........................................................................... 363(2)(a).
“Money Bill”—
in State Legislature ..................................................................... 199.
in Parliament ............................................................................... 110.
“net proceeds”............................................................................. 279(1).
“Ruler” ........................................................................................ 363(2)(b).
“Scheduled Areas”...................................................................... Sch. V, Part C, Para 6.
“State” for purposes of Part III ................................................... 12.
“State” for purposes of Part IV................................................... 36.
DELHI—
allocation of seats in the Council of States to................................... Sch. IV.
territory of ......................................................................................... Sch. I.
DEVASWOM FUND—
annual payments to........................................................................... 290A.
in the State of Kerala....................................................................... 290A.
in the State of Tamil Nadu ............................................................... 290A.
DEVELOPMENT BOARDS—
establishment of separate—for parts of Maharashtra and
Gujarat.......................................................................................... 371(2).
DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATION................................................. Sch. VII, List I-11.
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY............................... Part IV.
agriculture and animal husbandry, State to organise ....................... 48.
application of.................................................................................... 37.
assistance in case of unemployment, old age, etc.,
State, to provide ............................................................................. 41.
Civil Code, uniform for all citizens, State to secure........................ 44.
cottage industries, State to promote................................................. 43.
cows, etc., slaughter of, State to prohibit......................................... 48.
education, free and compulsory for children, State to
provide ........................................................................................... 45.
equal justice and free legal aid......................................................... 39A.
international peace and security, etc., State to promote .................. 51.
289 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY—contd..
judiciary, separation of, from executive, State to take
steps for ......................................................................................... 50.
just and humane conditions of work, State to secure....................... 42.
level of nutrition and standard of living, raising of, State to
regard as its primary duty .............................................................. 47.
living wage, etc., for workers, State to secure ................................. 43.
maternity relief, State to make provision for securing .................... 42.
monuments, etc., State to protect..................................................... 49.
participation of workers in management of industry....................... 43A.
principles of policy to be followed by the State .............................. 39.
prohibition of intoxicating drinks and drugs, State to
bring about ....................................................................................... 47.
right to work, to education and to public assistance in
cases of unemployment, etc., State to secure................................... 41.
saving of laws giving effect to certain ............................................. 31C.
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, etc., State to
protect from social injustice and exploitation.................................. 46.
the State, definition of, for the purposes of Part IV......................... 36.
village panchayats, State to organise ............................................... 40.
DISEASES AND PESTS—
prevention of extension of—from one State to another .................. Sch. VII, List III-29.
DISPLACED PERSONS, relief and rehabilitation of.......................... Sch. VII, List III-27.
DISPUTES—
industrial and labour .......................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-22.
DISQUALIFICATION—
decision on questions as to disqualifications of members ................. 103 & 192.
DISTRICT BOARDS ........................................................................... Sch. VII, List II-5.
DISTRICT JUDGES—
appointment of ................................................................................... 233.
recruitment of persons other than—to judicial service...................... 234.
validation of appointment, etc., of certain ......................................... 233A.
DOUBLE JEOPARDY......................................................................... 20(2).
DIVORCE............................................................................................. Sch. VII, List III-5.
DRUGS ................................................................................................. Sch. VII, List III-19.
DUTIES—
Fundamental...................................................................................... 51A.
See also under FINANCE.
DUTY OF UNION—
to promote spread of Hindi language................................................. 351.
to protect States against aggression and disturbances ....................... 355.
E
EDUCATION ....................................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-25.
free and compulsory—for children—
See DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES.
See also UNIVERSITY.
in mother-tongue in primary stage................................................... 350A.
institutions for—
290 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
higher education, co-ordination and determination of
standards ........................................................................................ Sch. VII, List I-66.
professional, vocational, etc., training........................................... Sch. VII, List I-65.
scientific and technical .................................................................. Sch. VII, List I-64.
ELECTIONS......................................................................................... Part XV.
adult suffrage..................................................................................... 326.
Election Commission ............................................................................ 324, Sch. VII, List I-72.
Commissioners—
appointment of Chief Election and other Election........................ 324(2) & (3).
conditions of services, etc., of ....................................................... 324(5).
Regional......................................................................................... 324(4).
removal from office of .................................................................. 324(5) Provisos.
constitution of................................................................................ 324(2).
Governor to consult—on questions of disqualification of
a member of State Legislature ...................................................... 192(2).
President to consult-on questions of disqualification of
a member of Parliament ................................................................ 103(2).
staff of .............................................................................................. 324(6).
superintendence, direction and control of elections to
vest in ........................................................................................... 324(1).
elections to Parliament and State Legislatures, power of
Parliament to make laws relating to ............................................. 327, Sch. VII, List I-72.
elections to State Legislatures, power of State Legislature
to make laws relating to ............................................................... 328, Sch. VII, List II-37.
electoral matters, bar to interference by courts in............................ 329.
electoral roll, to be general............................................................... 325.
readjustment of territorial constituencies after each
census ............................................................................................. 82.
suffrage, adult.................................................................................... 326.
ELECTRICITY, taxes on —See under FINANCE.
EMERGENCY—
financial—
directions to StateS in case of ....................................................... 360(3).
proclamation in case of.................................................................. 360(1).
revocation, etc., of ......................................................................... 360(2).
freedom of speech, etc., right to, suspension of provisions
re: during .................................................................................... 358.
Fundamental rights, suspension of the enforcement of,
during......................................................................................... 359.
See also under FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS.
Proclamation of ................................................................................ 352.
definition of...................................................................................... 366(18).
duration of ........................................................................................ 352(4) & (5).
effect of ............................................................................................ 353.
laying of—before each House of Parliament................................... 352(4).
revocation of ................................................................................... 352(2) & (7).
EMERGENCY PROVISIONS—
Proclamation of, in the case of failure of constitutional
291 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
machinery in a State......................................................................... 356.
duration of ........................................................................................ 356(4).
laying of—before each House of Parliament................................... 356(3).
legislative powers, exercise of, during............................................. 357.
revocation, variation, etc., of ........................................................... 356(2).
provisions re: distribution of revenues, application of,
during ............................................................................................. 354.
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT ...................................... Sch. VII, List III-23.
ENDOWMENTS, charitable and religious .......................................... Sch. VII, List III-28.
ENEMY ALIEN—
no protection to—against arrest and detention ................................ 22(3).
ENTERTAINMENTS AND AMUSEMENTS .................................... Sch. VII, List II-33.
ENTRUSTMENT OF STATE FUNCTIONS—on Union.................. 258A.
ENVIRONMENT, protection and improvement of ............................. 48A.
EQUALITY—
of opportunity for public employment............................................. 16(3).
of status and opportunity, securing of right to, before law.............. Preamble, 14.
See also FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
ESCHEAT, property accruing by ......................................................... 296.
ESSENTIAL SUPPLIES AND SERVICES, preventive detention
for maintenance of ............................................................................ Sch. VII, List III-3.
ESTATE DUTY—
definition of....................................................................................... 366(9).
in respect of agricultural land ........................................................... Sch. VII, List II-48.
in respect of other property............................................................... Sch. VII, List I-87.
EVACUEE PROPERTY, custody, management and
disposal of ........................................................................................ Sch. VII, List III-41.
EVIDENCE........................................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-12.
EXCISE, duties of. See under FINANCE.
EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONES .................................................... 297.
EXECUTIVE POWER—UNION—STATES ..................................... 298.
extent of executive power
power to carry on business ............................................................. 53, 154, 298.
power to acquire property
power to carry on trade .................................................................... 298.
EXISTING LAW, definition of ............................................................ 366(10).
EXPLOSIVES....................................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-5.
EXTRADITION ................................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-18.
F
FACTORIES......................................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-36.
FAIRS—See MARKETS AND FAIRS.
FAMILY PLANNING—
Population control and ...................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-20A.
FEDERAL COURT—
definition of...................................................................................... 366(11).
provisions as to Judges of ................................................................ 374(1).
provisions as to suits, etc., pending in ............................................ 374(2).
292 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
FEES—
in respect of matters in Concurrent List excepting
courts fees ........................................................................................ Sch. VII, . List III-47.
in respect of matters in State List excepting court fees ................... Sch. VII, List II-66.
in respect of matters in Union List excepting court fees ................. Sch. VII, List I-96.
taken in courts other than Supreme Court ....................................... Sch. VII, List II-3.
taken in Supreme Court ................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-77.
FINANCE—
adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions
between Union and States............................................................. 290.
annual financial statement— See ANNUAL FINANCIAL
STATEMENT.
annual payments to Devaswom Funds ............................................ 290A.
Bill, financial—
in Parliament ..................................................................................... 117.
in State Legislature ........................................................................... 207.
Bills, regarding taxation affecting States.......................................... 274.
See also BILLLS.
Commission—
constitution of ............................................................................. 280(1).
duty of ......................................................................................... 280(3).
powers of— , Parliament to determine ....................................... 280(4).
qualifications for membership of................................................ 280(2).
recommendations of—to be laid before each
House of Parliament ................................................................ 281.
Consolidated Fund of India ........................................................ 266.
borrowing on the security of....................................................... 292.
custody, etc., of ........................................................................... 283(1).
definition of................................................................................. 266(1).
expenditure charged on............................................................... 112(3).
not subject to vote of Parliament ................................................ 113(1).
Consolidated Fund of the States ...................................................... 266.
borrowing on the security of....................................................... 293.
custody, etc., of ........................................................................... 283(2).
definition of ................................................................................ 266(1).
expenditure charged on............................................................... 202(3).
not subject to vote of Legislature................................................ 203(1).
Contingency Fund of India ................................................................ 267(1)
custody, etc., of ............................................................................ 283(1).
Contingency Fund of States............................................................... 267(2).
custody, etc., of ............................................................................ 283(2).
duties—
collected by Union and may be distributed between
Union and States ......................................................................... 270.
in respect of succession to agricultural land............................... Sch. VII, List II-47.
in respect of succession to property other than
agricultural land ...................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-88.
293 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
FINANCE—contd.
levied by Union and collected and appropriated
by States ...................................................................................... 268.
of customs including export duties ............................................. Sch. VII, List I-83.
of excise, on alcoholic liquors, opium, Indian hemp, etc. .......... Sch. VII, List II-51.
of excise, on tobacco, etc. ........................................................... Sch. VII, List I-84.
stamp, other than duties or fees collected by judicial
PRESIDENT—contd.
period of detention—
not to exceed 3 months .................................................... 22(4).
may exceed 3 months in certain circumstances................. 22(4)(a) & (b).
maximum—may be prescribed by Parliament....................... 22(7) (a) & (b).
person detained under—
facts may not be communicated to—if against
public interest........................................................................ 22(6).
grounds of detention to be communicated to......................... 22(5)
PRICE CONTROL .................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-34.
PRIMARY EDUCATION in mother tongue ................................ 350A.
PRIME MINISTER—
appointment of...................................................................... 75(1).
duties of—as respects furnishing information to President 78.
is head of Council of Ministers ............................................ 74(1).
salary and allowances of ...................................................... 75(6),Sch.VII,List I-75.
PRINTING PRESSES............................................................... Sch. VII, List III-39.
PRISONERS subjected to preventive detention, removal
from one State to another .................................................... Sch. VII, List III-4.
PRISONS.................................................................................. Sch. VII, List II-4.
PROCLAMATION OF EMERGENCY, definition of ................... 366(18).
PROFESSIONS— legal, medical, etc. ...................................... Sch. VII, List III-26.
PROHIBITION of intoxicating drinks and drugs, State to
introduce— See DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES.
Power of High Court to issue writ of .......................................... 226.
PROPERTY—
acquisition and requisitioning of ........................................... Sch. VII, List III-42.
amount for acquisition of any—of an educational institution
established and administered by a minority.......................... 30(1A).
no person to be deprived of—save by authority of law ......... 300A.
succession to—, etc. ............................................................ 294-295.
transfer of agricultural land................................................... Sch. VII, List II-18.
transfer of—other than agricultural property......................... Sch. VII, List III-6.
PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION—
by single transferable vote:
election of members of State Legislative Council ............... 171(4).
election of President........................................................... 55(3).
election of State representatives in the Council of States ... . 80(4).
election of Vice-President................................................... 66(1).
PUBLIC acts and records, recognition of .................................. 261,Sch. VII,
LIST III-12.
PUBLIC DEBT—
of the States— See DEBT.
of the Union—See DEBT.
PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION ....................................... Sch. VII, List II-6.
315 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
PUBLIC NOTIFICATION, definition of....................................... 366(19).
PUBLIC ORDER....................................................................... Sch. VII, List II-1.
PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION—
annual report of.................................................................... 323.
Chairman and members of—
appointment of ................................................................. 316(1) & (1A).
conditions of service of..................................................... 318.
eligibility for holding of offices after ceasing to be
members....................................................................... 319(b), (c) & (d).
eligibility for re-employment.............................................. 319.
ineligibility for re-appointment........................................... 316(3).
removal from office of....................................................... 316(2) Proviso (b).
removal or suspension from office of................................ 317.
resignation by................................................................... 316(2) Proviso (a).
term of office of ................................................................ 316(2).
expenses of—charged on the Consolidated Fund .............. 322.
functions ............................................................................. 320.
power to extend—of ........................................................... 321.
joint—for two or more States .............................................. 315(2).
of State ............................................................................... 315(1),Sch.VII,
List II-41.
transitional period, provisions as to..................................... 378.
Union ............................................................................ 315(1),Sch.VII,List-I-70.
PUNJAB-
allocation of seats in the Council of States to........................ Sch. IV.
State of................................................................................. Sch. I.
Q
QUARANTINE—
inter-State ............................................................................. Sch. VII, List I-81.
Port ....................................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-28.
QUO WARRANTO................................................................. 32, 226.
R
RAILWAYS, definition of ........................................................... 366(20), Sch. VII,
List I-22.
RAJASTHAN—
allocation of seats in the Council of States to........................ Sch. IV.
State of................................................................................. Sch. I.
RAJPRAMUKH ......................................................................... 361.
RECOGNITION of public acts, records and judicial
proceedings .......................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-12.
REFORMATORIES................................................................... Sch. II, List II-4.
REGISTRATION of deeds and documents ............................... Sch. VII, List III-6.
REGULATIONS—
validation of certain Acts and ................................................ 31B & Sch. IX.
power of President to make—for Union territories................. 240.
RELIEF of the disabled and unemployable ............................... Sch. VII, List II-9.
RELIGIOUS ENDOWMENTS ................................................... Sch. VII, List III-28.
REPEALS ................................................................................. 395.
316 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
REPRESENTATION—See PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION.
RESERVE BANK OF INDIA...................................................... Sch. VII, List I-38.
RESTRICTION, reasonable, imposition of ................................ 19.
REVENUE, from Union property ............................................... Sch. VII, List I-32.
RIVERS AND RIVER VALLEYS, regulation and
development of inter-State ................................................... Sch. VII, List I-56.
RULER—
definition of ........................................................................... 366(22).
privy purses, rights and privileges of—abolished .................. 363A.
treaties, etc., of—with Government of India, no Court to
enquire into disputes regarding ............................................. 363.
S
SALT......................................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-58.
SCHEDULE, definition of .......................................................... 366(23).
SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS......................................... Part X.
Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes—
administration of ................................................................... 244, Sch. V.
annual report by Governor to the President .......................... Sch. V, Para. 3.
Commission to report on the administration of Scheduled
areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes........................ 339.
definition of ........................................................................... Sch. V, Para. 6.
executive power of State extends to ..................................... Sch. V, Para. 2.
law applicable to ................................................................... Sch. V, Para. 5.
Tribes Advisory Council, establishment, etc., of.................... Sch. V, Para. 4.
Tribal Areas in Assam, Meghalaya and Mizoram.................. Sch. VI, Para. 20.
administration of ................................................................... 244(2), Sch. VI.
application of Acts of Parliament and of the State
Legislature to ………………………………………………… Sch. VI, Para. 12.
autonomous districts and regions in ..................................... Sch. VI, Para. I.
Commission to report on the administration of...................... Sch. VI, Para. 14.
estimated receipts and expenditure to be shown separately
in annual financial statements.......................................... Sch. VI, Para. 13.
District Councils:
constitution of ................................................................... Sch. VI, Para. 2.
dissolution of .................................................................... Sch. VI, Para. 16.
district and regional funds, management by...................... Sch. VI, Para. 7.
power of—
to constitute village councils or courts .............................. Sch. VI, Para. 4.
to establish primary schools, etc. ..................................... Sch. VI, Para. 6.
to impose taxes and collect revenues, etc........................ Sch. VI, Para. 8.
to make laws .................................................................... Sch. VI, Para. 3.
to make regulations for control of money-lending and
trading by non-tribals..................................................... Sch. VI, Para. 10.
power under C.P.C. and Cr. P.C. may be conferred on......... Sch. VI, Para. 5.
publication of laws, etc., made by .......................................... Sch. VI, Para. 11.
share of royalties.................................................................... Sch. VI, Para. 9(1).
Regional Councils:
constitution of....................................................................... Sch. VI, Para. 2.
317 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
dissolution of....................................................................... Sch. VI, Para. 16.
district and regional funds, management by............................ Sch. VI, Para. 7.
power of—
to constitute village councils or courts .............................. Sch. VI, Para. 4.
to impose taxes and collect revenues, etc ........................ Sch. VI, Para. 8.
to make laws .................................................................... Sch. VI, Para. 3.
power under C.P.C. and Cr. P.C. may be conferred on .......... Sch. VI, Para. 5.
publication of laws etc., made by ............................................ Sch. VI, Para. 11.
transitional provisions ............................................................ Sch. VI, Para. 19.
Governor of Assam, Meghalaya and Mizoram, power of—
to administer the areas during transitional period............. Sch. VI, Para. 19.
to alter, etc., areas inhabited by Scheduled Tribes........... Sch.VI, Para.1(2) & (3).
to appoint a Commission to report on the administration
of autonomous areas ..................................................... Sch. VI, Para. 14.
to approve rules made by Regional and District councils Sch. VI, Para. 4(4).
to make rules for the management of District and
Regional Funds ..................................................... Sch. VI, Para. 7(2).
to determine share of royalty in case of dispute ............... Sch. VI, Para. 9(2).
to exclude application of Acts of Parliament and State
Legislature of Assam to autonomous area in that
State ........................................................................... Sch.VI,Para. 12(1)(b).
to modify or withdraw powers conferred on District and
Regional Councils under the C.P.C. and Cr. P.C. ........ Sch. VI, Para. 5(2).
to order dissolution of a District or Regional Council ........ Sch. VI, Para. 16.
to order exclusion of areas from autonomous districts ..... Sch. VI, Para. 17.
to specify jurisdiction of High court in matters affecting
the autonomous areas .................................................... Sch. VI, Para. 4(3).
to suspend acts or resolutions of District or Regional
Councils .......................................................................... Sch. VI, Para. 15.
SCHEDULED CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBES—
Claims of—to services and posts ......................................... 335.
Commission to report on the welfare of Scheduled Tribes…. 339.
definition of .......................................................................... 366(24) & (25).
NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR SCHEDULED CASTES ....... 338.
NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR SCHEDULED TRIBES…… 338A.
no bar to make special provisions for the advancement of….. 15.
notification........................................................................... 341(1) & 342(1).
President to specify............................................................... 341-342.
promotion of educational and economic interests of.............. 46.
reservation of seats for—
in the House of the People................................................ 330.
in the State Legislative Assembly..................................... 332.
to cease after 60 years..................................................... 334.
Special Minister for the welfare of—in certain States ............ 164(1) Proviso.
Special Officer—to be appointed by President………………. 338.
SECURITIES, definition of ........................................................ 366(26).
SERVICES—
all-India services .................................................................. Sch. VII, List I-70.
318 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
conditions of service of persons serving
the Union or a State .......................................................... 309.
continuance of functions ..................................................... 375.
creation of—common to the Union and the states................ 312.
existing laws to continue to apply to—during transitional
period.................................................................................. 313.
Indian Administrative Service and Indian Police Service ....
to be ………………………………………………………….. 312(2).
power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of
service of officers of certain................................................ 312A.
protection against dismissal, etc., of persons employed
in civil capacities under the Union or a State..................... 311.
Public—
of the State..................................................................... Sch. VII, List II-41.
of the Union...................................................................... Sch. VII, List I-70.
tenure of office of persons serving the Union or
a State ............................................................................ 310.
transitional provisions............................................................ 313.
SHIPPING AND NAVIGATION—
maritime................................................................................ Sch. VII, List I-25.
on inland waterways ............................................................. Sch. VII, List III-32.
on national waterways .......................................................... Sch. VII, List I-24.
SIKKIM—
allocation of seat in the Council of States to ......................... Sch. IV.
special provision with respect to the Statesof ....................... 371F.
State of ..................................................................................... Sch. I.
SOCIAL SECURITY AND SOCIAL INSURANCE ..................... Sch. VII, List III-23.
SPEAKER—See HOUSE OF THE PEOPLE
SPORTS ................................................................................... Sch. VII, List II-33.
STAMP DUTIES—See UNDER FINANCE.
STATE LEGISLATURE—
Acts of—, lack of requirements as to recommendations and
previous sanctions not to invaliadate ..................................... 255.
Appropriation Bills.................................................................. 204.
Bills, assent to—See GOVERNORS and PRESIDENT.
Committees of, attendance of persons and production
of documents before power, privileges and immunities of. .... Sch. VII, List II-39.
conduct of Supreme and High Court Judges, not to be
discussed in ......................................................................... 211.
constitution of.......................................................................... 168.
dissolution of........................................................................... 174(2)(b).
duration of............................................................................... 172.
expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State,
not subject to vote of.............................................................. 203(1).
other expenditure subject to vote of ......................................... 203(2).
language in—See LANGUAGE
laws made by—, extent of........................................................ 245.
inoperative if repugnant to Union laws ..................................... 251—254.
319 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
legislative procedure ................................................................ 196—201.
regarding financial matters....................................................... 202—206.
regarding Money Bills .............................................................. 198.
regarding votes on account, votes of credit, etc. ...................... 206.
Members of—
disqualifications for ............................................................. 191, Sch. X.
decision on question as to .................................................. 192.
oath or affirmation by.......................................................... 188.
privileges, etc.,of................................................................. 194,Sch.VII,List II-39.
qualifications for.................................................................. 173.
resignation by ..................................................................... 190(3)(b).
salaries and allowances of.................................................. 195,Sch.VII,List II-38.
vacation of seats, etc. by .................................................... 190.
voting, etc., by—without making oath or affirmation, etc. .... 193.
power of—
to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum .................... 189.
to extend the functions of the State Public Service
Commission .................................................................... 321.
to make laws regarding—
Concurrent List................................................................... 246(2),Sch.VII,List III.
elections to State Legislature ............................................. 328.
e s t a b l i s h me n t o f a c o n t i n g en c y F un d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267(2).
P r o c e d u r e i n f i n a n c i al ma t t e r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 9
S t a t e Li s t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 6 ( 3 ) , Sc h .V I I , Li s t I I .
p r i v i l e g e s , e t c ., o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 4 ( 3 ) S c h . VI I ,
List II-39
proceedings of—
courts not to question validity of........................... 212.
protection of publication of ................................. 361A.
prorogation of .................................................... 174(2)(a).
quorum in .......................................................... 189(3).
restriction on discussion in .................................. 211.
rules of procedure ............................................... 208.
secretariat of ..................................................... 187.
s p e c i a l p r o v i s i o n wi t h r e s p e c t t o t h e S t a t e s o f
Maharashtra and Gujarat ..................................... 371(2).
s u mmo n i n g o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 4 .
Union, relations with—
a d mi n i s t r a t i v e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 6 — 2 6 1 .
legislative ......................................................... 245—255.
v o t i n g i n Ho u s e s o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 9 .
S T A TE LI S T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S c h . VI I , Li s t I I .
S T A TE S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A r t . 1 S c h . I .
Ad v o c a t e - Ge n e r a l —s e e A DV OC A T E- GE N ER AL
alteration of areas, etc. ....................................... 3.
c o - o r d i n a t i o n b e t w e e n S t a t e s : P r e s i d e n t ' s p o we r t o
a p p o i n t i n t e r - S t a t e Co u n c i l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263.
e f f e c t o f f a i l u r e t o c o mp l y wi t h , o r t o g i v e e f f e c t t o ,
d i r e c t i o n s g i v e n b y Un i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365.
320 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
e x e c u t i v e a c t i o n o f — t o b e t a k e n i n t h e n a me o f
Governor ........................................................... 166(1).
e x e c u t i v e p o we r o f — ex t e n t o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.
e x e c u t i v e p o we r o f — t o v e s t i n Go v e r n o r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154(1).
f a i l u r e o f c o n s t i tu t i o n a l ma c h i n e r y i n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356.
f o r ma t i o n o f n e w S t a t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
Go v e r n o r —s e e G O V ER NO R S .
Hi g h C o u r t —s e e HI G H C OU R TS .
Le g i s l a t i v e As s e mb l y—
c o mp o s i t i o n o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 0 .
dissolution of ................................................. 174(2)(b).
duration of ..................................................... 172.
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f An g l o - I n d i a n s i n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333.
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f S c h e d u l ed C a s t e a n d S c h e d u l e d
Tribes in. ....................................................... 332.
Speaker and Deputy Speaker of—
casting vote of ............................................... 189(1).
choosing of .................................................... 178.
n o t t o p r e s i d e wh i l e a r e s o l u t i o n f o r r e mo v a l i s u nd e r
consideration ................................................ 181.
p e r f o r ma n c e o f d u t i e s o f o f f i c e o f , d u r i n g t h e
absence, etc., of ............................................ 180.
r e mo v a l f r o m o f f i c e o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 9 ( c )
resignation of office by ..................................... 179(b)
salaries and allowances of ................................ 186, Sch. II, Part C,
Para. 8 & Sch. VII,
List II-38.
vacation of office of ......................................... 179(a).
L e g i s l a t i v e C o u nc i l —
abolition or creation of ..................................... 169.
C h a i r ma n a n d D e p u t y C h a i r ma n o f —
casting vote of ................................................. 189(1).
choosing of ...................................................... 182.
n o t t o p r e s i d e wh i l e a r e s o l u t i o n f o r r e mo v a l i s u nd e r
consideration .................................................. 185.
p e r f o r ma n c e o f d u t i e s o f o f f i c e o f , d u r i n g h i s
absence, etc. .................................................... 184.
r e mo v a l f r o m o f f i c e o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 3 ( c ) .
resignation of office by .................................... 183(b).
S T A TE S — c o n t d .
salaries and allowances, etc, of .......................... 186, Sch. II, Part C
& S c h . VI I , Li s t I I - 3 8 .
vacation of office of ......................................... 183(a).
c o mp o s i t i o n o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 1 .
duration of ...................................................... 172(2).
mo n o p o l i e s — s e e M ON O P O LI E S .
welfare of the people ........................................ 38.
S T OC K E XC H AN G E S A N D F U TU R ES M AR K ETS . . . . S c h . VI I , Li s t I - 4 8 .
S UB O R D I N A T E C O UR TS , c o n t r o l o v e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 5 .
321 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
S UB - C L AU S E, d e f i n i t i o n o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366(27).
S UC C ES S I O N t o p r o p e r t y , a s s e t s , r i g h t s , l i a b i l i t i e s
a n d o b l i g a t i o ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294-295.
S UI T S a n d p r o c e e d i n g s b y o r a g a i n s t t h e Un i o n o r t h e
States ................................................................ 300.
S U P P LE M E N T AR Y G R AN TS —
procedure relating to—
i n P a r l i a me n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.
i n S t a t e L e gi s l a t u r e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205.
S U PR EM E CO UR T—
a d h o c J u d g e s o f — t h e i r a p p o in t me n t , e t c . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127.
a d mi n i s t r a t i v e e x p e n s e s o f — t o b e c h a r g e d o n t h e
C o n s o l i d ate d F u n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146(3).
ancillary powers of—, Parliament may confer on................ 140.
appointment of officers and servants of.............................. 146.
authorities to act in aid of ................................................... 144.
certificate for appeal to ....................................................... 134A.
Chief Justice of—
acting, appointment of ........................................................ 126.
appointment of—See JUDGES.
appointment of arbitrator by—regarding extra cost of
State administration......................................................... 257(4), 258(3).
Constitution, organisation, jurisdiction and powers of ......... Sch. VII, List I-77.
court of record .................................................................... 129.
decision of—regarding doubts or disputes arising out of
the election of President or Vice-President of India ........... 71.
enforcement of decrees and orders of................................ 142(1).
enlargement of jurisdiction of .............................................. 138.
establishment and constitution of ....................................... 124.
expenses of........................................................................ 146.
Federal Court—
Judges of—to become Judges of ....................................... 374(1).
powers and jurisdiction of—to be exercisable by................ 135.
suits, appeals and proceedings pending in—, to be
removed to ......................................................................... 374(2).
grant of special leave by—to appeal................................... 136.
Judges of—
SUPREME COURT—contd.
ad hoc ................................................................................ 127.
age of retirement of ............................................................ 124(2).
appointment of ................................................................... 124(2).
conduct of—not to be discussed in Parliament or
State Legislature .................................................................. 121, 211.
determination of age of ......................................................... 124(2A).
disqualification of—for pleading or acting in any
court, etc............................................................................... 124(7).
oath or affirmations by .......................................................... 124(6).
privileges, allowances, etc., of .............................................. 125(2)
322 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
qualifications for appointment of ........................................... 124(3).
removal from office of ........................................................... 124(2) Proviso (b).
salaries and allowances of.................................................... 125(1), Sch.II,Part D.
Para 9.
Jurisdiction of—
advisory ........................................................................... 143.
appellate—
in cases involving interpretation of the Constitution...... 132.
in civil matters.............................................................. 133.
in criminal matters ....................................................... 134.
original .................................................................................. 131.
language of—See LANGUAGE
law declared by—binding on all courts ................................... 141.
power of—
to issue writs for enforcement of Fundamental Rights...... 32.
to punish for contempt...................................................... 129.
to review its own judgment............................................... 137.
Privy Councils in Part B States, proceedings pending in,
to be removed to .............................................................. 374(4).
retired Judges of—attendance at sittings of ........................... 128.
rules of................................................................................... 145.
seat of.................................................................................... 130.
special leave by ..................................................................... 136.
SURVEYS OF INDIA ............................................................. Sch. VII, List 1-68.
T
TAMIL NADU—
allocation of seats in the Council of States to ................... Sch. IV.
State of ............................................................................ Sch. I.
TAX ON INCOME definition of .............................................. 366(29).
TAX ON SALE OR PURCHASE, definition of ..................... 366(29A).
TAXATION definition of............................................................ 366(28).
TAXES—See FINANCE
TELEGRAPHS AND TELEPHONES ........................................ Sch. VII, List 1-131.
TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL PROVISIONS
(PART XXI)—
relating to—
Comptroller and Auditor-General ....................................... 377.
Judges of—
High Courts........................................................................... 376.
Federal Court........................................................................ 374.
Laws—
adaptation of existing ......................................................... 372(2). 372A.
continuance of existing....................................................... 372(1).
legal proceedings pending in—
Federal Court .................................................................. 374(2).
His Majesty in Council..................................................... 374(3).
Privy Councils of Part B States ....................................... 374(4).
power of Parliament to make laws with respect to certain
323 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
matters in the State List ........................................................ 369.
power of the President—
to make order in respect of persons under preventive
detention ....................................................................... 373.
to remove difficulties ........................................................ 392.
Public Service Commission .................................................. 378.
State of Andhra Pradesh ...................................................... 371D.
State of Arunachal Pradesh.................................................. 371H.
State of Assam ..................................................................... 371B.
State of Goa ......................................................................... 371.I.
State of Gujarat .................................................................... 371(2).
State of Jammu and Kashmir ............................................... 370.
State of Maharashtra ............................................................ 371(2).
State of Manipur ................................................................... 371C.
State of Mizoram .................................................................. 371G.
State of Nagaland................................................................. 371A.
State of Sikkim ..................................................................... 371F.
TERRITORIAL WATERS, things lying in, or continental
shelf, vest in the Union......................................................... 297.
THEATRES AND DRAMATIC PERFORMANCES ................. Sch. VII, List II-33.
TITLES—
abolition of.......................................................................... 18.
citizens of India not to accept—from any foreign State....... 18(2).
servants of State not to accept—presents, etc.,
from foreign State except with President's consent ............ 18(3) & (4).
State not to confer—except military or academic
distinction......................................................................... 18(1).
TOLLS ...................................................................................... Sch. VII, List II-59.
TRADE AND COMMERCE—
inter-State ............................................................................ Sch. VII, List I-42.
relating to products of industries controlled by Union ............ Sch. VII, List III-33.
restrictions on legislative powers........................................... 303.
with foreign countries ............................................................ Sch. VII, List I-41.
within a State ........................................................................ Sch. VII. List II-26.
TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTER−COURSE—
freedom of............................................................................. 301—303.
power to carry on—etc. ......................................................... 298
power to impose restrictions on—
of State Legislature ............................................................... 304.
of Parliament......................................................................... 302.
TRADE MARKS AND MERCHANDISE MARKS....................... Sch. VII, List I-49.
TRADE REPRESENTATION .................................................... Sch. VII, List I-11.
TRADE UNIONS....................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-22.
TRADING CORPORATION—See CORPORATIONS.
TRANSFER OF PROPERTY other than agricultural
land....................................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-6.
TREASURE TROVE ................................................................. Sch. VII, List II-44.
TRIBES, Nomadic and Migratory .............................................. Sch. VII, List III-15.
324 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ARTICLE/SCHEDULE
TRIBUNALS—
Administrative ....................................................................... 323A.
for other matters..................................................................... 323B.
TRIPURA—
allocation of seat in the council of State to ............................ Sch. IV.
State of ................................................................................. Sch. I.
TRUSTS AND TRUSTEES ....................................................... Sch. VII, List III-10.
official trustees ...................................................................... Sch. VII, List III-11.
U
UNEMPLOYMENT, assistance in case of, by the State ............ 41.
UNION—
admission into—or establishment of new States in ............... 2.
deployment of armed forces or other forces of the—in any
State in aid of the civil power............................................... Sch. VII, List I-2A.
directions by—effect of failure by the States to comply
with or to give effect to ......................................................... 365.
duty of—to protect States against external aggression and
internal disturbances ........................................................... 355.
exemption of—property from State taxation .......................... 285.
executive power of —extent of .............................................. 73
executive power of—vests in the President........................... 53(1).
Hindi, official language of ..................................................... 343.
jurisdiction of—in relation to territories
outside India ........................................................................ 260.
name and territory of—See INDIA.
property of............................................................................ Sch. VII, List I-32.
relations between the States and—
administrative..................................................................... 256—261.
co-ordination ...................................................................... 263.
legislative ........................................................................... 245—255.