ENGLISH GRAMMAR

SESSION OBJECTIVES
To understand Gerunds and
Infinitives. To explain various phrasal verbs and conditionals. To understand different types Direct and Indirect Sentences.

What exactly are the verbal?

Verbal include gerunds, infinitives, and participles: 1. A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. Writing a good essay takes effort. 1. An infinitive is a to + verb verbal that functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb. To graduate from college takes time.

GERUNDS
Gerunds always end in ing

They are used in the sentence as nouns

and in every way that any other noun can be used:
Swimming is a good exercise. (subject) Jiya does not enjoy cooking. (direct object) After eating, relax for a while. (object of preposition)

Gerund Phrases
Like participles, gerunds can have a
direct object. To find out whether or not the gerund has a direct object, begin with the gerund and ask the following question:

Gerund + whom/what? = direct

object

GERUND PHRASES
Example: Giving the money proved a mistake. Giving + What? = money Money is the direct object of the
gerund.

Gerund Phrases
Gerund phrases can also have indirect
objects:

To find out whether or not the gerund

phrase has an indirect object, begin with the gerund, locate the direct object, then ask the question to/for whom/what?

Gerund Phrase
Example: Giving Shyam the money proved a
mistake. Giving + what = money (direct object)

Giving money to/for whom? = Shyam Shyam is the indirect object of the gerund
phrase.

Gerund Phrases Gerund phrases can also have

prepositional phrases in them:

Giving Rakesh the money on Friday

night proved a major mistake.

Since on Friday night tells when?

The prepositional phrase functions as an adverb. It completes the gerund phrase.

Gerunds
Gerunds end in ing Gerunds are nouns. To find out how they function as a noun,
isolate the gerund or gerund phrase, locate the main verb in the sentence and the main direct object (if there is one). Ask the following question:

Key Questions to Determine Noun Functions in Gerunds

Subject + verb + what? = direct object We cant afford making the same mistake. We + can afford + What? = direct
object Answer:

Making the same mistake is the direct

object of the sentence.

Then what are infinitives?

Infinitives consist of to plus a verb. They look like verbs, but arent. Instead, they indicate purpose. What is the purpose of Janet coloring her hair? She colors it to appear younger. She wants to feel better about herself.

Do hairdressers ask too much?

INFINITIVE PHRASE Definition: a group of words consisting of an infinitive and all the words related to it (an infinitive is a verb form that can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb). An infinitive

Kinds of Infinitive Phrases

as subject as direct object

as predicate noun (or subject complement)

as appositive

Infinitive Phrase: As Subject

To snow hard is a wonder.

Infinitive Phrase: As Predicate Noun (or Subject Complement)

The trick was to carry the egg slowly.

Infinitive Phrase: As Direct Object

Girls like to study hard.

Infinitive Phrase: As Appositive

My teachers wish to climb the Mountain could happen.

Do you use infinitives correctly?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Use: be, finish, make, succeed, graduate. Do you need ___ a college degree? Yes, I plan ___. But you dont seem __ very motivated. Yes, I am; I am trying ___ in all of my classes. Oh, I see that you have decided ___ something of yourself.

Do you use infinitives correctly?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Use: be, finish, make, succeed, graduate. Do you need to finish a college degree? Yes, I plan to graduate. You dont seem to be very motivated. I am trying to succeed in all of my classes. I see that you have decided to make something of yourself.

Do you know how to use verbals?

1. Which verbal best fills each blank? The boss asked me __ the job. a. to finish, b. finishing, c. finished. We rarely finish __ our tests early. a. to take, b. taking, c. took. Most people like __ ice cream. a. to eat, b. eating, c. eaten.

2.

3.

Do you know how to use verbals?

1. Which verbal best fills each blank? The boss asked me __ the job. a. to finish, b. finishing, c. finished. We rarely finish __ our tests early. a. to take, b. taking, c. took. Most people like __ ice cream. a. to eat, b. eating, c. eaten.

2.

3.

Do you know your verb forms?

1. 2. 3. 4. Which verb form is the right one? They were hoping (to go, going) out. The hard workers kept (to go, going) very late. A genius seems (to know, knowing) all the correct answers. The extreme thief stopped (taking, to take) candy from the baby.

Do you know your verb forms?

1. 2. 3. 4. Which verb form is the right one? They were hoping (to go, going) out. The hard workers kept (to go, going) very late. A genius seems (to know, knowing) all the correct answers. The extreme thief stopped (taking, to take) candy from the baby.

Can you use verbals correctly?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How many books are you (carry) __ to class? Do you have a way of (get) to college? Alfredo knows how (get) __ 70% on Compass English. Have you (forget) __ anything that you need? The students have (take) __ the survey already. 6. We have (see) __ the results; theyre good. 7. Hope has (burn) her mothers cake. 8. Eunice has (buy) her essay online. 9. Kevin would have (rise) early if he had (hear) the alarm. 10. Clark had (fly) from Atlanta to Chicago when the plane (hit) turbulence.

You can use verbals correctly:

1. How many books are you carrying to class? Do you have a way of getting to college? Ryan knows how to get 70% on Compass English. Have you forgotten anything that you need? Students have taken the survey already.

6.

2. 3.

4.

5.

We have seen the results; theyre good. 7. Hope has burnt her mothers cake. 8. Eunice has not bought her essay online. 9. Kevin would have risen early if he had heard the alarm. 10. Clark had flown from Atlanta to Chicago when the plane hit turbulence.

Subject-Verb Agreement

Basic Rule

Singular subjects

need singular verbs. Plural subjects need plural verbs.

 Pronouns such as everyone and

everybody seem plural, but they are always singular so they need a singular verb.

1. Everyone who worked on the science project is a winner. 2. Someone has to answer the phone.

 Phrases that come between the

subject pronoun and its verb may contain plural words and confuse. Each of the basketball

players is excited about tonights game.

 Verbs that accompany pronouns

such as all and some will be determined by whether the pronoun is referring to something that is COUNTABLE or 1. Some of the workers on not.

the building have left for the day. You could count
the workers.

 Verbs that accompany pronouns

such as all and some will be determined by whether the pronoun is referring to something that is COUNTABLE or 1. Some of the salt was not.

spilled on the floor.

Salt is considered one lump item.

 None is usually regarded as singular, but it

can be used as a plural pronoun.

None of the boys has helped at the game. OR None of the boys have helped at the game. Either is correct!

Phrases such as together with, along with, and as well as seem to combine subjects, but they do not .

Some of the tile in our room, as well as the hall, was soaked. The major problem we had, together with that of our teacher, was tardiness. Dont be fooled

by extra phrases!

When either and neither appear as a subject alone (without the words or and nor), they are singular.

1. Either of those answers seems to be right. 2. You can have the bed by the window or the one by the door. Either is okay with me. Seems like plural
things!

The words there and here are never subjects. 1.Here are the papers you gave me. 2.Here is my answer.
Here is not the subject.

Verbs in the present tense for third-person, singular subjects (he, she, it and anything those words can stand for) have s-endings. Other verbs do not add s-endings.

1.He asks for help. 2.She asks for help. 3.They ask for help.
Tricky subject pronouns

Bill am going to the store.

a)correct b)is c)was d)were e)does

The teachers are going to the movie.

a)correct b)am c)is d)does e)was

This are going to be the easiest quiz of all time.

a)correct b)is c)am d)was e)were

Everyone at the movie is taking a five hundred rupee.

a)correct b)were c)am d)are e)when

This is a fun book to read. a)correct b)was c)were d)am e)does

One time I were at the mountains.

a)correct b)was c)is d)am e)does

CONDITIONALS

IF and THEN Clauses

Conditional sentences have at least

two clauses: IF clauses and THEN clauses. Examples: If I go into town tomorrow, then I will see a movie. If he spoke Chinese, then he would work as a guide in China. If they had been faster, then they would have won the race.

IF Clauses (the condition)

IF clauses present the condition. Examples:
If I go into town tomorrow If he spoke Chinese If they had been faster

THEN Clauses (the results)

THEN clauses present the results. Examples:
then I will see a movie. . then he would work as a guide in China. then they would have won the race.

IF and THEN Clauses

The word then is optional, but the
clause is still the result of the condition. So it is a THEN clause, without the word then.

There are special rules for leaving out

the word if. We will learn them later.

Conditional I (present/future possible) When something is

possible now or in the future

Form: If (present) then will V. Example: If she studies, she will pass the geography test. (It is possible !!)

Unless
Unless = if not Example:
If we dont finish soon, we will miss the train. Unless we finish soon, we will miss the train.

 Temporals are time expressions.

Temporals

(Examples: before, until, after, by the time etc.)

When they refer to the future, they are like

Conditional I: Temporal (present), will V.

Examples:
Until he arrives, I will read a book. They will make a cake before they go.

Conditional (present/future impossible) When something is NOT

THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA

possible now, or in the future. Form: If (past) then would V. Example: If he spoke Chinese, he would work as a guide in China. (Fact: He doesnt speak Chinese, so its impossible.)

Special Rules for Conditional

To be is always were
Example: If he were here, he would do it. (Fact: Hes not here, so its impossible.)

You can drop the if by moving the were to

the front. Example: Were he here, he would do it.

wish + (past)
Unlike a hope (which is possible), a wish usually
will not come true. In general, you wish for a miracle, something that is impossible.

Examples:
I wish I were in Costa Rica. (Im not there.) He wishes he spoke Chinese. (He doesnt.)

 Would rather is like Conditional II,

would rather

wishing for something that is probably impossible.

Form: Subject 1 would rather subject 2

(past). Example: I would rather he came right now. (Fact: He probably wont.)

Where does the not go?

If the girl had not looked both ways
when she crossed the street, a car would have hit her. (Fact: She did look both ways, so a car did not hit her.)

If the boys had practiced more, they

would not have lost the game. (Fact: They did not practice enough, so they lost the game.)

 You can drop the if by moving the had to the

front.

Special Rules for Conditional Sentences

Example:

If he had been there, we would have done it. Had he been there, we would have done it.

Be careful !! Although you are starting with a little

verb, this is not a question !!

Good Luck !! Just remember to ask yourself:

1) Is the situation possible or impossible? 2) Is the situation in the past or in the present/future?

Direct and Indirect Objects

 A direct object answers

Direct object

Indirect object

the questions whom or what. Example: What did Rishis mother send? She sent a gift. An indirect object answers the question to whom or to what. Example: To whom did she send the gift? She sent the gift to me.

Direct Objects

How to Find a Direct Object

1. Find action verb 2. Ask who? or what?
after the action verb One of the questions will be answered if there is a direct object. Example: Meera sang a song. 1. The action is sang. 2. Sang who? Sang what? The second question is answered. The answer song is my direct object.

Diagramming Direct Objects

Subject Action Verb Direct Object

How to Diagram Direct Objects

Example: S AV DO The students studied their English notes.

students studied

notes

Indirect Objects

How to Find an Indirect Object

1. Find the action verb 2. Ask who? or what? after the action verb. (If you get answers to both questions then you have found both a direct object and an indirect object. The who? will be the indirect object and it will come after the action verb. The what? will be the direct object and it will come after the indirect object. The sentence pattern will always be S V- IODO.)

Example: Mother gave me a cookie. 1. The action verb is gave. 2. Gave who? Me. Gave what? Cookie. Both of these questions got an answer. That means that me is the indirect object and cookie is the direct object.

How to Find an Indirect Object

Another example:
Leena brought her a present. 1. The action verb is brought. 2. Brought who? her Brought what? a present Since both questions had answers, you have found both a direct object and an indirect object. Her is the IO. Present is a DO.

Diagramming Indirect Objects

Subject Verb Direct Object (x) Indirect Object

Diagramming Indirect Objects

Example: S V IO DO Sheela gave Jeeya a gift. Sheela gave (x) Jeeya gift

Phrasal verbs
We often use with the following verbs: in up by out along on away round about over off down back through over

So you can say put up get on take off. These are phrasal verbs.

We often use out/off/up etc. with verbs of movement. Get on Drive off Come back Turn around

But often the second word (out/off/up) gives a special meaning to the verb. Break down Look out Take off Get up Get on Get by

Sometimes a phrasal verb is followed by a preposition. For example: Run away from with Keep up to Look forward Cut down on

expression As I was saying. I havent seen her for ages. As I/you say, we'll have to get there early to get a seat. Talking of skiing, whatever happened to Bill Jakes? If you ask me, she's heading for trouble.

meaning/functions takes the conversation back to an earlier point. repeats and confirms something someone has already said. starting a new topic but linking it to the present one. if you want my opinion (even if no-one has asked for it)

That reminds me, I something in the

haven't rung George yet.

conversation reminds you of something important. something in the Come to think of it , conversation makes did he give me his you realise there may number after all? I be a problem/query think he may have about something. forgotten.

Success for YOU

in the new global and diverse workplace requires excellent communication skills!

THANK YOU
Prof. Dr. Madhulika Jha Director Amity Institute Of English & Business Communication Contact: 9810362914 E-mail: [email protected]