Basic Grammar

Self-study reference and practice for students of North American English

THIRD EDITION

with answers

Raymond Murphy
with William R. Smalzer
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cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, So Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521133340 Cambridge University Press 2011 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. Third Edition 2011 A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. isbn isbn isbn isbn 978-0-521-13334-0 Students Book with answers and CD-ROM 978-0-521-13353-1 Students Book with answers 978-0-521-13337-1 Students Book with CD-ROM 978-0-521-13330-2 Workbook with answers

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Book design and layout: Adventure House, NYC Audio production: Richard LePage & Associates Illustration credits: Carlos Castellanos, Richard Deverell, Travis Foster, Peter Hoey, Randy Jones, Gillian Martin, Sandy Nichols, Roger Penwill, Lisa Smith, Ian West, Simon Williams, and Tracy Wood

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Contents
To the Student To the Teacher viii x

Present 1 am / is /are 2 am / is /are (questions) 3 I am doing (present continuous) 4 are you doing? (present continuous questions) 5 I do/work / like , etc. (simple present) 6 I dont . . . (simple present negative) 7 Do you . . . ? (simple present questions) 8 I am doing (present continuous) and I do (simple present) 9 I have . . . and Ive got . . . Past 10 was /were 11 worked /got /went , etc. (simple past) 12 I didnt . . . Did you . . . ? (simple past negative and questions) 13 I was doing (past continuous) 14 I was doing (past continuous) and I did (simple past) 15 I used to . . . Present perfect 16 Have you ever . . . ? 17 How long have you . . . ? 18 for since ago 19 I have done and I did (present perfect and simple past 1) 20 just , already, and yet (present perfect and simple past 2) 21 Ive lost my key. I lost my key last week . (present perfect and simple past 3) Passive 22 is done was done (passive 1) 23 is being done has been done (passive 2) Verb forms 24 be / have /do in present and past tenses 25 Regular and irregular verbs Future 26 What are you doing tomorrow? 27 Im going to . . . 28 will 1 29 will 2

If you are not sure which units you need to study, use the STUDY GUIDE on page 263.
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Modals, imperatives, etc. 30 might 31 can and could 32 must 33 should 34 I have to . . . 35 Would you like . . . ? Id like . . . 36 Id rather . . . 37 Do this! Dont do that! Lets do this! There and it 38 there is there are 39 there was /were there has / have been 40 It . . .

there will be

Auxiliary verbs 41 I am , I dont , etc. 42 You have? / Have you? / You are? / Are you?, etc. 43 too/either so am I / neither do I , etc. 44 isnt , havent , dont , etc. (negatives) Questions 45 is it . . . ? have you . . . ? do they . . . ?, etc. (questions 1) 46 Who saw you? Who did you see? (questions 2) 47 Who is she talking to? What is it like? (questions 3) 48 What . . . ? Which . . . ? How . . . ? (questions 4) 49 How long does it take . . . ? 50 Do you know where . . . ? I dont know what . . . , etc. Reported speech 51 She said that . . .

He told me that . . .

-ing and to . . . 52 work /working go/going do/doing 53 to . . . ( I want to do) and - ing ( I enjoy doing ) 54 I want you to . . . I told you to . . . 55 I went to the store to . . . Go, 56 57 58 59 get , do, make, and have go to . . . go on . . . go for . . . get do and make have

go -ing

Pronouns and possessives 60 I /me he / him they/them , etc. 61 my/ his /their, etc. 62 Whose is this? Its mine /yours / hers , etc. 63 I /me /my/mine

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If you are not sure which units you need to study, use the STUDY GUIDE on page 263.
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64 myself /yourself /themselves , etc. 65 - s (Kates camera / my brothers car, etc.) A and the 66 a /an . . . 67 train(s) bus (es) (singular and plural) 68 a bottle / some water (countable/uncountable 1) 69 a cake / some cake / some cakes (countable/uncountable 2) 70 a /an and the 71 the . . . 72 go to work go home go to the movies 73 I like music I hate exams 74 the . . . (names of places) Determiners and pronouns 75 this /that /these /those 76 one /ones 77 some and any 78 not + any no none 79 not + anybody/anyone /anything nobody/no one /nothing 80 somebody/anything /nowhere , etc. 81 every and all 82 all most some any no/none 83 both either neither 84 a lot much many 85 (a) little (a) few Adjectives and adverbs 86 old /nice / interesting , etc. (adjectives) 87 quickly/ badly/suddenly, etc. (adverbs) 88 old /older expensive / more expensive 89 older than . . . more expensive than . . . 90 not as . . . as 91 the oldest the most expensive 92 enough 93 too Word order 94 He speaks English very well. (word order 1) 95 always /usually/often , etc. (word order 2) 96 still yet already 97 Give me that book! Give it to me! Conjunctions and clauses 98 and but or so because 99 When . . . 100 If we go . . . If you see . . . , etc. 101 If I had . . . If we went . . . , etc. 102 a person who . . . a thing that /which . . . (relative clauses 1) 103 the people we met the hotel you stayed at (relative clauses 2)

If you are not sure which units you need to study, use the STUDY GUIDE on page 263.
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Prepositions 104 at 8:00 on Monday in April 105 from . . . to until since for 106 before after during while 107 in at on (places 1) 108 in at on (places 2) 109 to in at (places 3) 110 next to, between , under, etc. 111 up, over, through , etc. 112 on at by with about 113 afraid of . . . , good at . . . , etc. of /at /for, etc. (prepositions + - ing ) 114 listen to . . . , look at . . . , etc. (verb + preposition) Phrasal verbs 115 go in , fall off , run away, etc. (phrasal verbs 1) 116 put on your shoes put your shoes on (phrasal verbs 2) Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Active and passive 235 List of irregular verbs 236 Irregular verbs in groups 237 Short forms (hes / Id / dont , etc.) 238 Spelling 240 Phrasal verbs (take off / give up, etc.) 242 Phrasal verbs + object ( put out a fire / try on clothes, etc.) 244

243

Additional Exercises Study Guide 263

Answer Key to Exercises 276 Answer Key to Additional Exercises Answer Key to Study Guide 306 Index 308

303

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If you are not sure which units you need to study, use the STUDY GUIDE on page 263.
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To the Student
This is a grammar book for beginning to low-intermediate students of English. There are 116 units in the book, and each unit is about a different point of English grammar. There is a list of units at the beginning of the book (Contents). Do not study all the units in order from beginning to end. It is better to choose the units that you need to do. For example, if you have a problem with the present perfect (I have been, he has done, etc.), study Units 1621. Use the Contents or the Index (at the back of the book) to find the unit (or units) that you need. Insert screenshot of BGIU3 pp. 308 Insert screenshot of BGIU3 pp. iii

If you are not sure which units you need to study, use the Study Guide at the back of the book.

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Study Guide (pages 263275)

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Each unit is two pages. The information is on the left-hand page and the exercises are on the right:

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Information

Exercises

Study the left-hand page (information), and then do the exercises on the right-hand page. Use the Answer Key to check your answers. The Answer Key is on pages 276302. Study the left-hand page again if necessary.

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Dont forget the seven Appendixes at the back of the book (pages 235243). These will give you information about active and passive forms, irregular verbs, short forms, spelling, and phrasal verbs. There are also Additional Exercises at the back of the book (pages 244262). There is a list of these exercises on page 244. Insert screenshot of Add Ex, BGIU3 pp. 248249

CD-ROM This book is sold with or without a CD-ROM. On the CD-ROM, there are more exercises on all the units, and these are different from the exercises in the book. There are also more than 600 test questions.

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To the Teacher
The most important features of this book are: It is a grammar book. It does not deal with other aspects of the language. It is for beginning to low-intermediate students of English. It does not cover areas of grammar which are not normally taught at the beginning to low-intermediate level. It is a reference book with exercises. It is not a course book and is not organized progressively. It is addressed to learners and intended for self-study. Organization of the book There are 116 units in the book, each one focusing on a particular area of grammar. The material is organized in grammatical categories, such as tenses, questions, and articles. Units are not ordered according to difficulty, and should therefore be selected and used in the order appropriate for the learner(s). The book should not be worked through from beginning to end. The units are listed in the Contents , and there is a comprehensive Index at the end of the book. Each unit has the same format consisting of two facing pages. The grammar point is presented and explained on the left-hand page and the corresponding exercises are on the right. There are seven Appendixes (pages 235243) dealing with active and passive forms, irregular verbs, short forms (contractions), spelling, and phrasal verbs. It might be useful for teachers to draw students attention to these. At the back of the book there is a set of Additional Exercises (pages 244262). These exercises provide mixed practice bringing together grammar points from a number of different units (especially those concerning verb forms). There are 35 exercises in this section, and there is a full list on page 244. Also at the back of the book there is a Study Guide to help students decide which units to study see page 263. Finally, there is an Answer Key (pages 276302) for students to check their answers to all the exercises in the book. An edition without the Study Guide and Answer Key is available for teachers who would prefer it for their students. Level The book is for beginning learners, i.e., learners with very little English, but not for complete beginners. It is intended mainly for beginning students who are beyond the early stages of a beginners course. It could also be used by low-intermediate learners whose grammar is weaker than other aspects of their English or who have problems with particular areas of basic grammar. The explanations are addressed to the beginning learner and are therefore as simple and as short as possible. The vocabulary used in the examples and exercises has also been restricted so that the book can be used at this level.

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Using the book The book can be used by students working alone (see To the Student) or as supplementary course material. In either case the book can serve as a beginning grammar book. When used as course material, the book can be used for immediate consolidation or for later revision or remedial work. It might be used by the whole class or by individual students needing extra help and practice. In some cases it may be desirable to use the left-hand pages (presentation and explanation) in class, but it should be noted that these have been written for individual study and reference. In most cases, it would probably be better for teachers to present the grammar point in their preferred way with the exercises being done for homework. The left-hand page is then available for later reference by the student. Some teachers may prefer to keep the book for revision and remedial work. In this case, individual students or groups of students can be directed to the appropriate units for self-study and practice. CD-ROM The book is sold with or without a CD-ROM. The CD-ROM contains further exercises on all the units in the book, as well as a bank of more than 600 test questions from which users can select to compile their own tests.

Basic Grammar in Use, Third Edition

The book has been redesigned with new color illustrations. There is reorganization, so some units have different numbers from the previous edition. There are many (usually minor) revisions to the explanations, examples, and exercises. There are two new pages of Additional Exercises (pages 244262). There is a new CD-ROM with further exercises to accompany the book.

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Basic Grammar

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