Excitation System
Excitation System
Copyright P. Kundur This material should not be used without the author's consent
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Excitation Systems
Outline
1. Functions and Performance Requirements 2. Elements of an Excitation System 3. Types of Excitation Systems 4. Control and Protection Functions 5. Modeling of Excitation Systems
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a) Generator considerations:
supply and adjust field current as the generator output varies within its continuous capability respond to transient disturbances with field forcing consistent with the generator short term capabilities: - rotor insulation failure due to high field voltage - rotor heating due to high field current - stator heating due to high VAR loading - heating due to excess flux (volts/Hz)
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Exciter: provides dc power to the generator field winding Regulator: processes and amplifies input control signals to a level and form appropriate for control of the exciter Terminal voltage transducer and load compensator: senses generator terminal voltage, rectifies and filters it to dc quantity and compares with a reference; load comp may be provided if desired to hold voltage at a remote point Power system stabilizer: provides additional input signal to the regulator to damp power system oscillations Limiters and protective circuits: ensure that the capability limits of exciter and generator are not exceeded
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Classified into three broad categories based on the excitation power source:
DC excitation systems AC excitation systems Static excitation systems
1. DC Excitation Systems:
) as source of power; utilize dc generators driven by a motor or the shaft of main generator; self or separately excited
represent early systems (1920s to 1960s); lost favor in the mid-1960s because of large size; superseded by ac exciters voltage regulators range from the early noncontinuous rheostatic type to the later system using magnetic rotating amplifiers
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Figure 8-2 shows a simplified schematic of a typical dc excitation system with an amplidyne voltage regulator
self-excited dc exciter supplies current to the main generator field through slip rings exciter field controlled by an amplidyne which provides incremental changes to the field in a buck-boost scheme the exciter output provides rest of its own field by self-excitation
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2. AC Excitation Systems:
use ac machines (alternators) as source of power usually, the exciter is on the same shaft as the turbine-generator the ac output of exciter is rectified by either controlled or non-controlled rectifiers rectifiers may be stationary or rotating early systems used a combination of magnetic and rotating amplifiers as regulators; most new systems use electronic amplifier regulators
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2.1
the need for slip rings and brushes is eliminated; such systems are called brushless excitation systems they were developed to avoid problems with the use of brushes perceived to exist when supplying the high field currents of large generators they do not allow direct measurement of generator field current or voltage
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maximum exciter output voltage is dependent on input ac voltage; during system faults the available ceiling voltage is reduced
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A modern excitation control system is much more than a simple voltage regulator It includes a number of control, limiting and protective functions which assist in fulfilling the performance requirements identified earlier Figure 8.14 illustrates the nature of these functions and the manner in which they interface with each other
any given system may include only some or all of these functions depending on the specific application and the type of exciter control functions regulate specific quantities at the desired level limiting functions prevent certain quantities from exceeding set limits if any of the limiters fail, then protective functions remove appropriate components or the unit from service
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AC Regulator:
basic function is to maintain generator stator voltage in addition, other auxiliaries act through the ac regulator
DC Regulator:
holds constant generator field voltage (manual control) used for testing and startup, and when ac regulator is faulty
Load Compensator:
used to regulate a voltage at a point either within or external to the generator achieved by building additional circuitry into the AVR loop (see Fig. 8.16) with RC and XC positive, the compensator ) regulates a voltage at a point within the generator;
used to ensure proper sharing VARs between generators bussed together at their terminals commonly used with hydro units and cross-compound thermal units
with RC and XC negative, the compensator regulates voltage at a point beyond the generator terminals
commonly used to compensate for voltage drop across step-up transformer when generators are connected through individual transformers
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The magnitude of the resulting compensated voltage (Vc), which is fed to the AVR, is given by
~ ~ Vc = Et + (R c + jX c ) I t
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Figure 8.17: Coordination between UEL, LOE relay and stability limit
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V/Hz limiter (or regulator) controls the field voltage so as to limit the generator voltage when V/Hz exceeds a preset value V/Hz protection trips the generator when V/Hz exceeds the preset value for a specified time Note: The unit step-up transformer low voltage rating is frequently 5% below the generator voltage rating
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Figure 8.26: Block diagram of a dc exciter Self-excited dc exciter The block diagram of Fig. 8.26 also applies to the selfexcited dc exciter. The value of KE, however, is now equal to Ref/Rg-1 as compared to Ref/Rg for the separately excited case. The station operators usually track the voltage regulator by periodically adjusting the rheostat setpoint so as to make the voltage regulator output zero. This is accounted for by selecting the value of KE so that the initial value of VR is equal to zero. The parameter KE is therefore not fixed, but varies with the operating condition.
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System equation:
Limiting action:
Representation:
System equation:
Limiting action:
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IEEE has standardized 12 model structures for representing the wide variety of excitation systems currently in use (see IEEE Standard 421.5-1992):
these models are intended for use in transient and small-signal stability studies Figures 8.40 to 8.43 show four examples
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Figure 8.40: IEEE type DC1A excitation system model. IEEE 1991[8] The type DC1A exciter model represents field controlled dc communtator exciters, with continuously acting voltage regulators. The exciter may be separately excited or self excited, the latter type being more common. When self excited, KE is selected so that initially VR=0, representing operator action of tracking the voltage regulator by periodically trimming the shunt field rheostat set point.
Figure 8.41: IEEE type AC1A excitation system model. IEEE 1991[8] The type AC1A exciter model represents a field controlled alternator excitation system with non-controlled rectifiers, applicable to a brushless excitation system. The diode rectifier characteristic imposes a lower limit of zero on the exciter output voltage. The exciter field supplied by a pilot exciter, and the voltage regulator power supply is not affected by external transients.
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Figure 8.42: IEEE type AC4A excitation system model IEEE 1991 [8]
The type AC4A exciter model represents an alternator supplied controlled rectifier excitation system - a high initial response excitation system utilizing full wave thyristor bridge circuit. Excitation system stabilization is usually provided in the form of a series lag-lead network (transient gain reduction). The time constant associated with the regulator and firing of thyristors is represented by TA. The overall gain is represented by KA. The rectifier operation is confined to mode 1 region. Rectifier regulation effects on exciter output limits are accounted for by constant KC.
Figure 8.43: IEEE type ST1A excitation system model IEEE 1991 [8]
The type ST1A exciter model represents potential-source controlled-rectifier systems. The excitation power is supplied through a transformer from generator terminals; therefore, the exciter ceiling voltage is directly proportional to generator terminal voltage. The effect of rectifier regulation on ceiling voltage is represented by KC. The model provides flexibility to represent series lag-lead or rate feedback stabilization. Because of very high field forcing capability of the system, a field current limiter is sometimes employed; the limit is defined by lLR and the gain by KLR.
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Modeling of Limiters
Standard models do not include limiting circuits; these do not come into play under normal conditions These are, however, important for long-term and voltage stability studies Implementation of these circuits varies widely
models have to be established on a case by case basis
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