A C B O 2007 Legal Ethics: Summer Reviewer
A C B O 2007 Legal Ethics: Summer Reviewer
Legal Ethics
SUMMER REVIEWER
REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR: • So as to determine whether the conduct or act of
1. Citizen of the Philippines a party is subject to the rules on legal ethics and
2. Resident of the Philippines thus can be regulated by the Supreme Court.
3. At least 21 years old
4. must successfully complete all prescribed • The Supreme Court has the power to control and
courses TIFF (Uncompressed)
QuickTime™ and a regulate the practice of law.
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5. Productionare needed
before the Supreme Court
to see this picture.
—Head: Maria Felicitas Ele; Understudies: Felippe Mart Closa, Judith Lee—
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continued use of the name of a deceased partner is Rule 15.08 – A lawyer who is engaged in another
permissible provided that the firm indicates in all its profession or occupation concurrently with the
communication that said partner is deceased. practice of law shall make clear to his client
whether he is acting as a lawyer or in another
Rule 3.03 – Where a partner accepts public office, capacity.
he shall withdraw from the firm and his name shall
be dropped from the firm name unless the law §2. THE LAWYER AND THE CLIENT RELATIONSHIP.
allows him to practice law concurrently.
The lawyer-client relation is premised on the Roman
These rules mean that advertising is not malum in se Law Concept of contract of lease of service, at the
and what the prohibition tries to prevent is same time agency. But in the modern day
advertising that tends to degrade the dignity of the understanding of the relationship, the lawyer is more
profession. than a mere agent or servant because he possesses
special powers of trust and confidence reposed by
§1.3. POSSIBLE ARENAS FOR INDIRECT SOLICITATION his client. He is as independent as a judge with
powers more superior than any other agent.
An attorney may with propriety write articles for
publications in which he gives information upon the CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RELATIONSHIP:
law; but he should not accept employment from such 1. strictly personal,
publications to advise inquiries in respect to their 2. highly confidential and
individual rights. Within the prescription of this canon, 3. fiduciary.
a lawyer may properly write and sell for publication
articles of general nature on legal subjects, and sent
§2.1.A RULES REGARDING THE AGENCY RELATION
upon request his picture for publication with the
BETWEEN LAWYER AND CLIENT
article in a law journal or submit for publication to a
bar association journal an unsolicited article on a
Honesty when advising client:
legal subject.
Rule 15.05 – A lawyer, when advising his client,
shall give a candid and honest opinion on the merits
What should be guarded against is the violation of
and probable results of the client’s case, neither
ethical principles concerning the:
overstating nor understating the prospects of the
(a) proper advertising by a lawyer,
case.
(b) giving of legal advice to one with whom no
attorney-client relationship exists, and
(c) aiding a layman to engage in unauthorized SOME DUTIES OF THE LAWYER:
practice of law. 1. To advise his client, ordinarily a layman to
the intricacies and vagaries of the law, on the
The giving of legal advice on legal matters through merit or lack of merit of his case. If he finds
the medium of a newspaper column or radio or that his client’s cause is defenseless, then it
television broadcast is improper. It can not be is his duty to advise the latter to acquiesce
undertaken by a layman because that service and submit, rather than traverse the
constitutes practice of law, nor can it be undertaken incontrovertible.
by a lawyer because that work involves direct
advertising. . . and a breach of traditional standards 2. To resist the whims and caprices of his client,
of the profession. (AGPALO, LEGAL ETHICS 114 (2000) and temper his client’s propensity to litigate
citing Canons of Professional Ethics, ABA Rules, and (this is because he is more than an ordinary
U.S. Jurisprudence) agent; he is independent as a judge).
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Some businesses which laymen engage are closely
are needed to see this picture. 3. To refrain from giving any advice unless they
associated with the practice of law that their have obtained sufficient understanding of
solicitation of business may readily become a means their client’s cause. A careful investigation
of indirect solicitation for any lawyer associated with and examination of the facts must first be
them (Id.) (ie. accounting firms, Insurance adjusters had before any legal opinion is given by the
or real estate dealers). lawyer to the client.
In any case, Rule 15.08 may be considered. 4. To disclose to the client, at the time of
retainer, to all the circumstances of his
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CANON 17 – A lawyer owes fidelity to the cause of 1. General appearance – when the party
his client and he shall be mindful of the trust and comes to court either as plaintiff or
confidence reposed in him. defendant and seeks general reliefs from the
court for satisfaction of his claims or
No fear of judicial disfavor or public popularity should counterclaims respectively.
restrain him from full discharge of his duty.
2. Special appearance – when a defendant
*Lorenzana Food Corp. vs. Daria, 197 SCRA 428 appears in court solely for the purpose of
The lawyer owes loyalty to his client even after the objecting to the jurisdiction of the court over
relation of attorney and client has terminated. It is not his person. The aim is the dismissal of the
good practice to permit him afterwards to defend in case on the ground of lack of jurisdiction. If
another case other persons against his former client the defendant seeks other reliefs, the
under the pretext that the case is distinct from and appearance, even if qualified by the word
independent of the former case. special, is equivalent to a general
appearance.
But the lawyer owes a higher loyalty to the courts.
Thus when a conflict between the client and the court Generally, appointment of counsel confers a general
arises, his first duty is to render loyalty and authority. Thus, acts which are necessary or
obedience to the courts. incidental to the management of the suit or for the
accomplishment of a specific purpose are entrusted
CANON 18 – A lawyer shall serve his client with to him. And the client has a right to expect that
competence and diligence. his/her counsel will protect his/her interest.
Rule 18.01 – A lawyer shall not undertake a legal
service which he knows or should know that he is Rule: Negligence or mistakes of counsel will bind
not qualified to render. However, he may render the client based on the principle of agency.
such service if, with the consent of his client, he Exception: The principle that the rigid rule must yield
can obtain as collaborating counsel a lawyer who to the court’s duty to render justice must prevail
is competent on the matter. when:
Rule 18.02 – A lawyer shall not handle any legal 1. there is gross negligence of the lawyer
matter without adequate preparation. 2. client’s meritorious claim or defense has
Rule 18.03 – A lawyer shall not neglect a legal been prejudiced (i.e. non-presentation of a
matter entrusted to him and his negligence in crucial document)
connection therewith shall render him liable. 3. there is diligence or absence of gross
Rule 18.04 – A lawyer shall keep the client negligence on the part of the party
informed of the status of his case and shall represented.
respond within a reasonable time to the client’s
request for information. RULE 138, RULES OF COURT
Sec. 23. Authority of attorneys to bind clients. -
Attorneys have authority to bind their clients in any
COMPETENCE – sufficiency of lawyer’s qualification case by any agreement in relation thereto made in
writing, and in taking appeals, and in all matters of
to deal with the matter QuickTime™ in question and includes
and a ordinary judicial procedure. But they cannot,
knowledge and skill and the
TIFF (Uncompressed) ability
decompressor to use them
are needed to see this picture. without special authority, compromise their client’s
effectively in the interest of the client.
litigation, or receive anything in discharge of a
client’s claim but the full amount in cash.
A lawyer must keep himself constantly abreast with
the trend of authoritative pronouncements and
developments in all branches of law. *Legarda v. CA. 195 SCRA 418, 428 [1991].
But an acquired right by a third person in good faith
There must be ordinary diligence in prosecution or may not be disturbed or affected. In such a case, the
defense of his client’s cause. client will have to suffer, without prejudice however to
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commencing an action for damages or for disbarment CANON 9 – A lawyer shall not directly or indirectly
against the lawyer. assist in the unauthorized practice of law.
Rule 9.01 – A lawyer shall not delegate to any
What is the standard in making the lawyer liable? unqualified person the performance of any task
If a lawyer errs like any other human being, he is not which by law may only be performed by a
answerable for every error or mistake, and will be member of the bar in good standing.
protected as long as he acts honestly and in good Rule 9.02 – A lawyer shall not divide or stipulate
faith to the best of his skill and knowledge. to divide a fee for legal services with persons not
The lawyer is not an insurer of the result of a case licensed to practice law, except:
where he is engaged as counsel. a. Where there is a pre-existing agreement,
with a partner or associate that, upon the
§2.1.A.2. NOTICE TO LAWYER IS NOTICE TO CLIENT latter’s death, money shall be paid over a
reasonable period of time to his estate or
Rule 13, Sec. 2. Filing and service, defined. – to the persons specified in the
Filing is the act of presenting the pleading or other agreement; or
paper to the clerk of court. Service is the act of b. Where a lawyer undertakes to complete
providing a party with a copy of the pleading or paper unfinished legal business of a deceased
concerned. lawyer; or
c. Where a lawyer or law firm includes non-
COUNSEL OF RECORD -- Attorneys who have no lawyer employees in a retirement plan,
formal appearance are not entitled to notice. even if the plan is based in whole or in
However, as long as the lawyer remains listed as part of a profit sharing arrangements.
counsel of record, there having been no withdrawal
or substitution of counsel, notice to him will bind the A lawyer must not take as partner or associate
client. one who:
1. Is not a lawyer
However, jurisprudence has given a special rule with 2. Is disbarred
respect to notice to the Solicitor General. 3. Has been suspended from the practice of law
4. Foreign lawyer, unless licensed by the SC.
*Commissioner of Customs v. CA
The Sol. Gen. may deputize other government §2.5 FIDUCIARY DUTY
officials in the prosecution of its cases. In such a
case, notice to the deputized agent will not bind the FIDUCIARY DUTY- is the principle that attorney
Sol. Gen. until notice is actually received by the Sol. derives no undue advantage that may operate to
Gen. the prejudice or cause an occasion for loss of a
client.
But when a government agency, which the Sol. Gen.
is tasked to represent, appears is represented by the The relationship between the lawyer and client is one
government agency’s internal counsel, then notice to of mutual trust and confidence of the highest degree.
such counsel is deemed notice to the Sol. Gen.
The client can terminate the relation at anytime with
§2.4. PURELY PERSONAL NATURE OF RELATIONSHIP or without cause. But the lawyer is entitled to
terminate with the consent of the client and the court
The purely personal nature of the relationship –if the case is pending.
between lawyer and client prohibits the delegation of
work without the client’s consent because that is APPLICABLE CANONS – CODE OF
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tantamount to delegating the relationship
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor itself. PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY:
are needed to see this picture.
Thus, a corporation cannot practice law because the
personal nature of a relationship, cannot be CANON 16 – A lawyer shall hold in trust all
performed by an artificial person who does not even moneys and properties of his client that may come
possess the required moral qualification that entitles into his possession.
a lawyer to remain a member of the legal profession.
Rule 16.01 – A lawyer shall account for all
APPLICABLE CANONS – CODE OF money or property collected or received for or
PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY from the client.
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Elements of Article 1491 (Civil Code; Laig vs. CA, 1. Attorney-client relationship (or a kind of
82 SCRA 294) consultancy relationship with a prospective
client)
1. There must be an attorney-client relationship 2. Communication made by client to lawyer in
2. The property or interest of the client must be the course of lawyer’s professional
in litigation employment
3. The attorney takes part as counsel in the 3. Communication is intended to be confidential
case (see Rule 130, Sec. 21(b), Rules of Court)
4. The attorney by himself or through another
purchases such property or interest during WHEN IS THERE NO PRIVILEGED
the pendency of the litigation. COMMUNICATION:
5. This also includes lease and mortgage.
1. After pleading has been filed – once filed, the
General Rule: A lawyer may not purchase, even at a pleading ceases to be a privileged
public or judicial auction, in person or through the communication; it becomes part of public
mediation of another, any property or interest records.
involved in any litigation in which he may take part by 2. Communication intended by the client to be
virtue of his profession. This prohibition is entirely sent to a third person through his counsel – it
independent of fraud and such need not be alleged or loses its confidential character as soon as it
proven. reaches the hands of third person
Effects: 3. When communication sought by client is
a. Malpractice on the part of the lawyer and intended to aid future crime
may be disciplined for misconduct 4. When communication between attorney and
b. Transaction is null and void client is heard by a third party – third party
testimony is admissible as evidence
Exceptions:
1. Property is acquired by lawyer through a
Even if the communication is unprivileged, the rule of
contingent fee arrangement
ethics prohibits him from voluntarily revealing or
2. Any of the 4 elements of Art. 1491 is missing
using to his benefit or to that of a third person, to the
disadvantage of the client, the said communication
§2.5.B.CONFIDENTIALITY
unless the client consents thereto.
CODE OF PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY:
This is applicable to students under the Student
Practice Law Program.
Rule 15.02 – A lawyer shall be bound by the rule
on privilege communication in respect of matters
CANON 21 – A lawyer shall preserve the
disclosed to him by a prospective client.
confidences and secrets of his client even after the
attorney-client relation is terminated.
Rule on Revealing Client's Identity
Confidence – refers to information protected by the
*Regala vs. Sandiganbayan, 262 SCRA 122 (1996)
attorney-client privilege. (Revised Rules of Court)
As a rule, a lawyer may not invoke privilege
communication to refuse revealing a client’s identity.
Secret – refers to other information gained in the
professional relationship that the client has regulated
Exceptions:
to be held inviolate or the disclosure of which would
1. When by divulging such identity, it would
be embarrassing or would likely be detrimental to the
implicate the client to that
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a controversy
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client.
for which thearelawyer's services were required.
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Rule 21.04 – A lawyer may disclose the affairs of a Rule: Obligation to keep secrets covers only lawful
client of the firm to partners or associates thereof purposes.
unless prohibited by the client.
1. The mere establishment of a client-lawyer
Rule 21.05 – A lawyer shall adopt such measures relationship does not raise a presumption of
as may be required to prevent those whose confidentiality. There must be such intent or
services are utilized by him, from disclosing or that the communication relayed by the client
using confidences or secrets of the client. to the lawyer be treated as confidential.
2. Prohibition applies, even if the prospective
Rule 21.06 – A lawyer shall avoid indiscreet client did not thereafter actually engage the
conversation about a client’s affairs even with lawyer.
members of his family. 3. The confidential nature of information is lost
when a third person obtains the information
Rule 21.07 – A lawyer shall not reveal that he has and releases the same.
been consulted about a particular case except to
avoid possible conflict of interest. Exceptions:
1. Announcements of a client’s intention to
APPLICABLE LAWS: commit a crime
2. Client jumped bail and lawyer knows his
A. RULE 130, RULES ON EVIDENCE whereabouts; or client is living somewhere
Sec. 24 Disqualification by reason of privileged under an assumed name
communication. 3. Communication involves the commission of
The following persons cannot testify as to matters future fraud or crime but crimes/frauds
learned in confidence in the following cases: “already committed” falls within the privilege
x x x
(b) An attorney cannot, without the consent of §2.5.C. CONFLICT OF INTEREST
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his client, be examined as todecompressor
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made by the client to him, or his advice given CANON 15 – A lawyer shall observe candor,
thereon in the course of professional employment; fairness and loyalty in all his dealings and
nor can an attorney’s secretary, stenographer, or transactions with his client.
clerk be examined, without the consent of the client
and his employees, concerning any fact the Rule 15.01 – A lawyer in conferring with a
knowledge of which has been acquired in such prospective client, shall ascertain as soon as
capacity. practicable whether the matter would involve a
conflict with another client or his own interest,
B. REVISED PENAL CODE and if so, shall forthwith inform the prospective
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client.
Rule 15.03 – A lawyer shall not represent 3. Use of prior knowledge obtained: Whether a
conflicting interests except by written consent of lawyer will be called upon in his new relation
all concerned given after a full disclosure of the to use against the first client any knowledge
facts. acquired ion the previous employment. (U.S.
Rule 15.08 – A lawyer who is engaged in v. Laranja) Whether the lawyer will now have
another profession or occupation concurrently to oppose an argument he previously
with the practice of law shall make clear to his espoused for the same person (Cedo v.
client whether he is acting as a lawyer or in PNB)
another capacity.
*Santos v. Beltran, AC No. 5858 (2003)
To avoid breach of legal ethics, a lawyer should keep There is a conflict of interest when a lawyer
any business, in which is engaged in concurrently represents inconsistent interests of two or more
with the practice of law, entirely separate and apart opposing parties. The test is ‘whether or not in behalf
from the latter. of one client, it is the lawyer’s duty to oppose it for the
other client. In brief, if he argues for one client, this
RULE ON CONFLICTING INTERESTS argument will be opposed by him when he argues for
the other client.’ This rule covers not only cases in
*Nakpil vs. Valdez, 286 SCRA 758 which confidential communications have been
It is generally the rule based on sound public policy confided, but also those in which no confidence has
that an attorney cannot represent adverse interest. It been bestowed or will be used.
is highly improper to represent both sides of an issue.
The proscription against representation of conflicting Also, there is conflict of interest if the acceptance of
interest finds application where the conflicting interest the new retainer will require the attorney to perform
arises with respect to the same general matter and is an act which will injuriously affect his first client in any
applicable however slight such adverse interest may matter in which he represents him and also whether
be. It applies although the attorney's intention and he will be called upon in his new relation to use
motives were honest and he acted in good faith. against his first client any knowledge acquired
through their connection.
However, representation of conflicting interest may
be allowed where the parties consent to the Another test of inconsistency of interests is whether
representation after full disclosure of facts. the acceptance of a new relation will prevent an
attorney from the full discharge of his duty of
Rule: undivided fidelity and loyalty to his client or invite
An attorney cannot represent adverse interest. suspicion of unfaithfulness or double dealing in the
performance thereof.
Exception:
Where the parties consent to the representation after Note:
full disclosure of facts.
Rule 6.03 – A lawyer shall not, after leaving
TESTS IN DETERMINING government service, accept engagements or
CONFLICTING INTERESTS: employment in connection with any matter in which
he had intervened while in said service.
1. Conflicting duties: when on behalf one client, Rule 15.04 – A lawyer may, with the written consent
it is the attorney’s duty to contest for that of all concerned, act as mediator, conciliator or
which duty to another client requires him to arbitrator in settling disputes.
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oppose orTIFFwhen thedecompressor
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situation will develop. *Donald Dee vs. CA, 176 SCRA 651
At a certain stage of the controversy before it reaches
2. Invitation of suspicion: Whether or not the the court, a lawyer may represent conflicting interests
acceptance of a new relation will prevent an with the consent of the parties. A common
attorney from the full discharge of his duty of representation may work to their advantage since a
undivided fidelity and loyalty to his client or mutual lawyer, with honest motivations and
invite suspicion of unfaithfulness in double- impartially cognizant of the parties’ disparate
dealing in the performance thereof. (Tiana v.
Ocampo)
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positions may well be better situated to work out an his successor in the orderly transfer of the matter,
acceptable settlement. including all information necessary for the proper
handling of the matter.
§2.6. INDEPENDENCE OF THE LAWYER EVEN IF AN AGENT
OF CLIENT *Hilado vs. David, 84 Phil. 56
If a person, in respect to his business affairs or
Applicable Canon troubles of any kind, consults with his attorney in his
professional capacity with the view of obtaining
Rule 19.03 – A lawyer shall not allow his client to professional advice or assistance, and the attorney
dictate the procedure in handling the case. voluntarily permits or acquiesces in such
consultation, then the professional employment must
Rule: be regarded as established.
Negligence binds client.
*Tumbagahan vs. CA, 165 SCRA 485
Exceptions: The withdrawal as counsel of a client or the dismissal
1. Reckless imprudence (deprives client of due by the client of his counsel must be in a formal
process) petition filed in the case. Attorney.-client relationship
2. Results in outright deprivation of one’s does not terminate formally until there is withdrawal
property through technicality made of record. Unless properly relieved, counsel is
responsible for the conduct of the case.
Lawyer should do his best efforts to restrain and to
prevent his clients from perpetrating acts which he In withdrawal as counsel for a client, an attorney may
himself ought not to do. Or else, withdraw. But only retire from a case either by written consent of his
lawyer shall not volunteer the information about the client or by permission of the court after due notice
client’s commission of fraud to anyone – counter to and hearing, in which event the attorney should see
duty to maintain client’s confidence and secrets. to it that the name of the new attorney is recorded in
the case.
§2.7. TERMINATION OF SERVICES
An attorney who could not get the written consent of
Applicable Canons: his client must make an application to the court, for
the relation does not terminate formally until there is
Canon 22 – A lawyer shall withdraw his services only a withdrawal of record. Counsel has no right to
for good cause and upon notice appropriate in the presume that the court would grant his withdrawal
circumstances. and therefore must still appear on the date of
Rule 22.01 – A lawyer may withdraw his services hearing.
in any of the following cases:
a. When the client pursues an illegal or immoral REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SUBSTITUTION OF
course of conduct in connection with the COUNSEL IN A CASE:
matter he is handling;
b. When the client insists that the lawyer pursue 1. Written application
conduct violative of these canons and rules; 2. Written consent of client
c. When his inability to work with co-counsel 3. Written consent of attorney to be substituted
will not promote the best interest of the client; 4. If the consent of the attorney to be
d. When the mental or physical condition of the substituted cannot be obtained, there must
lawyer renders it difficult for him to carry out be at least a proof of notice that the motion
the employment effectively; for substitution has been served upon him, in
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e. When the TIFF client deliberately
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fees for the services or fails to comply with
the retainer agreement; INSTANCES WHEN A LAWYER CANNOT
f. When the lawyer is elected or appointed to a RECOVER FROM HIS CLIENT:
public office, and
g. Other similar cases 1. Cannot recover from one who did not employ
Rule 22.02 – A lawyer who withdraws or is or authorize his employment, however
discharged shall subject to a retaining lien, valuable the results of his services may have
immediately turn over all papers and property to been to such person.
which the client is entitled, and shall cooperate with
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2. Client conducts himself in a manner which and the schedule of fees of the IBP
tends to degrade his attorney; chapter to which he belongs;
3. Client refuses to extend cooperation; g. The amount involved in the controversy
4. Client stops having contact with him. and the benefits resulting to the client from
the services;
The right of a client to terminate a lawyer is absolute. h. The contingency or certainty of
Such termination may be with or without cause. compensation;
i. The character of the employment, whether
WHEN ATTORNEY-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP IS occasional or established; and
TERMINATED: j. The professional standing of the lawyer.
1. Withdrawal of the lawyer under Rule 22.01; KINDS OF PAYMENT WHICH MAY BE
2. Death of the lawyer, unless it is a Law Firm, STIPULATED UPON:
in which case, the other partners may
continue with the case; 1. A fixed or absolute fee which is payable
3. Death of the client as the relationship is regardless of the result of the case
personal, and one of agency 2. A contingent fee that is conditioned to the
4. Discharge or dismissal of the lawyer by the securing of a favorable judgment and
client, for the right to dismiss a counsel is the recovery of money or property and the
prerogative of the client, subject to certain amount of which may be on a percentage
limitations basis
5. Appointment or election of a lawyer to the 3. A fixed fee payable per appearance
government position which prohibits private 4. A fixed fee computed by the number of hours
practice of law; spent
6. Full termination of the case or case; 5. A fixed fee based on a piece of work
7. Disbarment or suspension of the lawyer from
the practice of law; ATTORNEY’S FEES:
8. Intervening incapacity or incompetence of
the client during the pendency of the case, 1. Ordinary attorney's fee - the reasonable
for then the client loses his capacity to compensation paid to a lawyer by his client for
contract, or to control the subject matter of the legal services he has rendered to the latter.
the action. The guardian may authorize the The basis for this compensation is the fact of his
lawyer to continue his employment; employment by and his agreement with the client.
9. Declaration of the presumptive death of the 2. Extraordinary attorney's fee - an indemnity for
lawyer (art. 390, New Civil Code; art. 41, damages ordered by the court to be paid by the
Family Code) losing party in litigation. The basis for this is any
10. Conviction for a crime and imprisonment of of the cases provided for by law where such
the lawyer. award can be made, such as those authorized in
Article 2208 of the Civil Code, and is payable
§2.8. ATTORNEY’S FEES NOT to the lawyer but to the client, unless they
have agreed that the award shall pertain to the
APPLICABLE CANON lawyer as additional compensation or as part
CANON 20 – A lawyer shall charge only fair and thereof.
reasonable fees.
Rule 20.01 – A lawyer shall be guided by the HOW ATTORNEY’S FEES MAY BE CLAIMED BY
following factors in determining his fees: THE LAWYER:
a. The timeTIFFspent and and
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services rendered or required.
are needed to see this picture.
1. It may be asserted either in the very action in
b. The novelty and difficulty of the questions which the services of a lawyer had been
involved; rendered or in a separate action.
c. The importance of the subject matter; 2. A petition for attorney's fees may be filed
d. The skill demanded; before the judgment in favor of the client is
e. The probability of losing other employment satisfied or the proceeds thereof delivered to
as a result of acceptance of the proffered the client.
case; 3. The determination as to the propriety of the
f. The customary charges for similar services fees or as to the amount thereof will have to
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be held in abeyance until the main case from from anyone other than the client.
which the lawyer's claim for attorney's fees
may arise has become final. Otherwise, the Exception: A lawyer may receive compensation
determination of the courts will be premature. from a person other than his client when the latter
has full knowledge and approval thereof. (Rule 138,
*Peyer vs. Peyer, 77 Phil 366 sec. 20[e], Revised Rules of Court)
Contracts for employment may either be oral or
express. It is oral when the counsel is employed Rule 20.04 – A lawyer shall avoid controversies
without a written agreement – but the conditions and with clients concerning his compensation and shall
amount of attorney’s fees are agreed upon. A written resort to judicial action only to prevent imposition,
agreement is not necessary to prove a client’s injustice or fraud.
obligation to pay attorney’s fees.
Stipulation regarding payments of attorney’s fees is
KINDS OF RETAINER AGREEMENTS ON not illegal/immoral and is enforceable as the law
ATTORNEY’S FEES: between the parties provided such stipulation does
not contravene law, good morals, etc.
1. General Retainer or Retaining Fee – it is the
fee paid to a lawyer to secure his future services WHEN COUNSEL CANNOT RECOVER FULL
as general counsel for any ordinary legal problem AMOUNT DESPITE WRITTEN CONTRACT FOR
that may arise in the ordinary business of the ATTORNEY’S FEES:
client and referred to him for legal action;
2. Special Retainer - it is a fee for a specific or 1. When he withdraws before the case is
particular case or service rendered by the lawyer finished
for a client 2. Justified dismissal of attorney (payment: in
quantum meruit only)
Quantum Meruit - means "as much as he deserves", 3. The reason for the award of attorney’s fees
and is used as the basis for determining the lawyer's must be stated in the text of the decision;
professional fees in the absence of a contract, but otherwise, if it is stated only in the dispositive
recoverable by him from his client. portion of the decision, the same must be
disallowed on appeal.
WHEN QUANTUM MERUIT IS RESORTED:
1. There is no express contract for payment of Even though the interest or property involved is of
attorney’s fees agreed upon between the considerable value, if the legal services rendered do
lawyer and the client; not call for much efforts there is no justification for the
2. When although there is a formal contract for award of high fees.
attorney’s fees, the stipulated fees are found
unconscionable or unreasonable by the CHAMPERTOUS CONTRACTS (void) – it is when
court. lawyer stipulates with his client that in the
3. When the contract for attorney’s fees is void prosecution of the case, he will bear all the
due to purely formal matters or defects of expenses for the recovery of things or property
execution being claimed by the client and the latter agrees to
4. When the counsel, for justifiable cause, was pay the former a portion of the thing/property
not able to finish the case to its conclusion recovered as compensation.
5. When lawyer and client disregard the
contract for attorney’s fees. Compensation to an attorney for merely
recommending another lawyer is improper (agents).
QuickTime™ and a
Rule 20.02 – A lawyer shall, decompressor
TIFF (Uncompressed) in cases of referral,
are needed to see this picture.
with the consent of the client, be entitled to a Attorney’s fees for legal services shared or divided to
division of fees in proportion to the work performed non-lawyer is prohibited. Division of fees is only for
and responsibility assumed. division of service or responsibility.
Rule 20.03 – A lawyer shall not, without the full
knowledge and consent of the client, accept any A lawyer should try to settle amicably any differences
fee, reward, costs, commission, interest, rebate or on the subject. A lawyer has 2 options in a judicial
forwarding allowance or other compensation action to recover attorney’s fees:
whatsoever related to his professional employment a. In same case: Enforce attorney’s fees by
filing an appropriate motion or petition as an
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*In Re: Almacen, 31 SCRA 562 SEC. 3, RULE 138 of the RULES OF COURT
A lawyer, both as an officer of the court and as a Sec. 3. Rights and obligations of a witness. A
citizen, may criticize in properly respectful terms and witness must answer questions, although his
through legitimate channels the act of courts and answer may tend to establish a claim against him.
judges. But it is the cardinal condition of all such However, it is the right of a witness:
criticism that it shall be bona fide, and shall not spill 1. To be protected from irrelevant, improper,
over the walls of decency and propriety. or insulting questions and from harsh or
insulting demeanor;
CANON 13 – A lawyer shall rely upon the merits 2. Not to be detained longer than the interest
of his cause and refrain from any impropriety of justice requires;
which tends to influence, or gives the appearance 3. Not to be examined except only as to
of influencing the court. matters pertinent to the issue;
Rule 13.01 – A lawyer shall not extend 4. Not to give any answer which will tend to
extraordinary attention or hospitality to, subject him to a penalty for an offense
nor seek opportunity for, cultivating familiarity unless otherwise provided by law, or
with judges. 5. Nor to give answer which will tend to
Rule 13.02 – A lawyer shall not make public degrade his reputation, unless it be to the
statements in the media regarding a pending very fact at issue or to a fact from which
case tending to arouse public opinion for or the fact in issue would be presumed. But
against a party. a witness must answer to the fact of his
Rule 13.03 – A lawyer shall not brook or invite previous final conviction for an offense.
interference by another branch or agency of
the government in the normal course of §4.3. RESPECT TO COLLEAGUES
judicial proceedings
Applicable canons:
The judge has the corresponding duty not to convey CANON 8 – A lawyer shall conduct himself with
or permit others to convey the impression that they courtesy, fairness and candor towards his
are in a special position to influence the judge. professional colleagues, and shall avoid harassing
tactics against opposing counsel.
Discussing cases with the judge privately should be
avoided. Rule 8.01 – A lawyer shall not, in his
professional dealings, use language which is
TEST TO DETERMINE WHEN PUBLIC abusive, offensive or otherwise improper.
STATEMENT IS CONTEMPTUOUS: Rule 8.02 – A lawyer shall not, directly or
indirectly, encroach upon the professional
The character of the act done and its direct tendency employment of another lawyer; however, it is
to prevent and obstruct the discharge of official duty. the right of any lawyer without fear or favor, to
give proper advice and assistance to those
To warrant a finding of “prejudicial publicity”, there seeking relief against unfaithful or neglectful
must be an allegation and proof that the judges have counsel.
been unduly influenced, QuickTime™
not simply and a
that they might
be, by the “barrage”TIFF
of publicity.
(Uncompressed) decompressor §5. LAWYER MUST BE GOOD AGENTS OF JUSTICE
are needed to see this picture.
Lawyer is equally guilty as the client if he induces the
latter to cause the publicity. §5.1. NOT TO ENGAGE IN BARRATRY, SUPPORT ONLY
ARGUMENTS WHICH HAVE BASIS IN LAW,
Rule 15.06 - A lawyer shall not state nor imply ENCOURAGE COMPROMISE OF CASE IF THAT
that he is able to influence any public official, ADMITS OF FAIR SETTLEMENT.
tribunal or legislative body.
Rule 15.07 – A lawyer shall impress upon his Applicable canons:
client compliance with the laws and the principles CANON 1 – A lawyer shall uphold the constitution,
obey the laws of the land and promote respect for
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It is understandable for a party in the situation to complete statement of the present status thereof;
make full use of every conceivable legal defense the and (c) if he should thereafter learn that the same
law allows it. In the appraisal, however, of such or similar action or claim has been filed or is
attempts to evade liability to which a party should pending, he shall report that fact within five (5)
respond, it must ever be kept in mind that procedural days therefrom to the court wherein his aforesaid
rules are intended as an aid to justice, not as means complaint or initiatory pleading has been filed.
for its frustration. Technicalities should give way to Failure to comply with the foregoing requirements
the realities of the situation. shall not be curable by mere amendment of the
complaint or other initiatory pleading but shall be
Rule 12.01 – A lawyer shall not appear for trial cause for the dismissal of the case without
unless he has adequately prepared himself with prejudice, unless otherwise provided, upon motion
the law and the facts of his case, the evidence he and after hearing. The submission of a false
will adduce and the order of its preference. He certification or non-compliance with any of the
should also be ready with the original documents undertakings therein shall constitute indirect
for comparison with the copies. contempt of court, without prejudice to the
corresponding administrative and criminal actions.
Newly hired counsel: must acquaint himself with all If the acts of the party or his counsel clearly
the antecedent proceedings and processes that have constitute willful and deliberate forum shopping,
transpired in the record prior to his takeover. the same shall be ground for summary dismissal
with prejudice and shall constitute direct
If presenting documentary exhibits, he must be ready contempt, as well as a cause for administrative
with the originals for the purpose of comparison with sanctions.
copies thereof.
Rule 12.02 – A lawyer shall not file multiple actions APPLICABLE CANONS
arising from the same cause. Rule 12.03 – A lawyer shall not, after obtaining
extensions of time to file pleadings, memoranda
FORUM SHOPPING – omission to disclose or briefs, let the period lapse without submitting
pendency of appeal or prior dismissal of his case by the same or offering an explanation for his failure
a court of concurrent jurisdiction with intent of to do so.
seeking a favorable opinion. Rule 12.04 – A lawyer shall not unduly delay a
case, impede the execution of a judgment or
misuse court processes.
*Benguet Electric Corp. v. Flores, 287 SCRA 449
(1998)
Forum shopping exists when as a result of an Asking for extension of time must be in good faith.
adverse opinion in one forum:
a. A party seeks favorable opinion (other than by
appeal or certiorari) in another; or III. OTHER PROVISIONS
b. When he institutes two or more actions or
proceedings grounded on the same cause, on the §1. LIABILITIES OF LAWYERS
gamble that one or the other would make a favorable §2. ADMINISTRATIVE LIABILITIES OF
disposition. LAWYERS
§3. LIABILITIES OF JUDGES
RULES OF COURT §4. REINSTATEMENT OF LAWYERS
Rule 7, Sec. 5. Certification against forum §5. PARDON
shopping. – The plaintiff or principal party shall §6. SELF DEVELOPMENT AND
QuickTime™ and a
certify under oath TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIETY
arein the
needed to see complaint
this picture. or other
initiatory pleading asserting a claim for relief, or in
a sworn certification annexed thereto and §1. LIABILITIES OF LAWYERS
simultaneously filed therewith: (a) that he has not
commenced any action or filed nay claim involving CIVIL LIABILITY
the same issues in any court, tribunal, or quasi- 1. Client is prejudiced by lawyer's negligence or
judicial agency and, to the best of his knowledge, misconduct
no such other action or claim is pending therein; 2. Breach of fiduciary obligation
(b) if there is such other pending action or claim, a 3. Civil liability to third persons
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4. Libelous words in pleadings; violation of Where the punishment is by fine directed to be paid
communication privilege to a party in the nature of damages for the wrong
5. Liability for costs of suit (treble costs) - when inflicted, or by imprisonment as coercive measure to
lawyer is made liable for insisting on client's enforce the performance of some act for the benefit
patently unmeritorious case or interposing appeal of the party or in aid of the final judgment or decree
merely to delay litigation rendered in his behalf, the contempt judgment will, if
made before final decree, be treated as in the nature
CRIMINAL LIABILITY of an interlocutory order, or, if made after final
1. Prejudicing client through malicious breach of decree, as a remedial in nature, and may be
professional duty reviewed only on appeal from the final decree, or in
2. Revealing client's secrets such other mode as is appropriate to the review of
3. Representing adverse interests judgments in civil cases.
4. Introducing false evidence
5. Misappropriating client's funds (estafa). Estafa is The question of whether the contempt committed is
also committed in unauthorized practice of law. civil or criminal, does not affect the jurisdiction or the
power of a court to punish the same.
CONTEMPT OF COURT
B. ACTS CONSTITUTING CONTEMPT:
A. KINDS OF CONTEMPT 1. Misbehavior
2. Disobedience
1. Direct - consists of misbehavior in the presence 3. Publication concerning pending litigation
of or so near a court or judge as to interrupt or 4. Publication tending to degrade the court;
obstruct the proceedings before the court or the disrespectful language in pleadings
administration of justice; punished summarily. 5. Misleading the court or obstructing justice
2. Indirect - one committed away from the court 6. Unauthorized practice of law
involving disobedience of or resistance to a lawful 7. Belligerent attitude
writ, process, order, judgment or command of the 8. Unlawful retention of client's funds
court, or tending to belittle, degrade, obstruct,
interrupt or embarrass the court. *People vs. Godoy, 243 SCRA 64
a. Civil - failure to do something ordered by the The power to punish for contempt and the power to
court which is for the benefit of a party. disbar are separate and distinct, and that the
b. Criminal - any conduct directed against the exercise of one does not exclude the exercise of the
authority or dignity of the court. other.
*Halili vs. CIR, 136 SCRA 112 §2. ADMINISTRATIVE LIABILITIES OF LAWYERS
The exercise of the power to punish contempt has a
twofold aspect, namely (1) the proper punishment of Disbarment: It is a quasi-summary proceeding
the guilty party for his disrespect to the court or its instituted and prosecuted before an appropriate court
order; and (2) to compel his performance of some act for the purpose of depriving an attorney of his license
or duty required of him by the court which he refuses to practice his profession by reason of some
to perform. misconduct. (Ballantine Law Dictionary)
A civil contempt is the failure to do something Suspension: It is the act of court prohibiting an
ordered to be done by a court or a judge for the attorney from practicing law for a certain definite
benefit of the opposing party therein; and a criminal period.
contempt is conduct directed against the authority
and dignity of a court or QuickTime™
of a judge,
TIFF (Uncompressed)
and a
decompressor as in unlawfully OBJECTIVES OF DISBARMENT AND
are needed to see this picture.
assailing or discrediting the authority or dignity of a SUSPENSION:
court or of a judge, or in doing a duly forbidden act. 1. To compel the attorney to deal fairly and
honestly with his clients;
Where the punishment imposed, whether against a 2. To remove from the profession a person
party to a suit or a stranger, is wholly or primarily to whose misconduct has proved him unfit to be
protect or vindicate the dignity and power, either by entrusted with the duties and responsibilities
fine payable to the government or by imprisonment, belonging to the office of an attorney;
or both, it is deemed a judgment in criminal case. 3. To punish the lawyer;
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The power of the Supreme Court to reinstate is Ex: 1. Presenting position papers or resolutions for
based on its constitutional prerogative to promulgate the introduction of pertinent bills in Congress;
rules on the admission of applicants to the practice of 2. Petitions with the Supreme Court for the
law. (art. VIII, sec. 5[5], 1987 Constitution). amendment of the Rules of Court.
*Prudential Bank vs. Benjamin Grecia, 192 SCRA CANON 5 – A lawyer shall keep abreast of legal
381 developments, participate in continuing legal
Criterion: The applicant must, like a candidate for education programs, support efforts to achieve
admission to the Bar, satisfy the Court that he is a high standards in law schools as well as in the
person of good moral character – a fit and proper practical training of students and assist in
person to practice law. The Court will take into disseminating information regarding the law and
consideration the applicant’s character and standing jurisprudence.
prior to the disbarment, the nature and character of
the charge for which he QuickTime™
was disbarred,and a
his conduct Q: What is the Integrated Bar of the Philippines?
subsequent to the TIFF
disbarment, and the
(Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
time that has A It is the national organization of lawyers created on
elapsed between the disbarment and the application 16 January 1973 under Rule 139-A, Rules of Court,
for reinstatement. Whether or not the applicant shall and constituted on 4 May 1973 into a corporate body
be reinstated rests on the discretion of the court. by Presidential Decree No. 181.
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2. To improve the administration of justice The initial compliance period shall begin not later
3. To enable the Bar to discharge its than 3 months from the adoption of the IBP of the
responsibility more effectively. Rules.
3 Compliance Groups shall be designated:
THE THREE-FOLD OBLIGATION OF A LAWYER: 1. Compliance Group 1 – Members in the NCR
(Metro Manila)
1. He owes it to himself to continue improving 2. Compliance Group 2 – Members in Luzon
his knowledge of the laws; 3. Compliance Group 3 – Members in Visayas
2. He owes it to his profession to take an active and Mindanao
interest in the maintenance of high standards
of legal education; CREDIT UNITS:
3. He owes it to the lay public to make the law a For every class of credit, a corresponding number of
part of their social consciousness. credit units shall be assigned.
CLASSES OF CREDITS:
Bar Matter 850 1. Participatory Credit – attending approved
MANDATORY CONTINUING LEGAL EDUCATION education activities like seminars,
(Adopting the Rules on the Continuing Legal conventions, symposia, and the like;
Education for Members of the Integrated Bar of speaking or lecturing, or assigned as
the Philippines) panelist, reactor, or commentator, etc. in
August 8, 2000 approved education activities; teaching in law
school or lecturing in bar review classes.
Pertinent Provisions: 2. Non-participatory – preparing, as author or
Purpose: co-author, written materials (e.g. article, book
Required of members of the IBP to ensure that or book review) which contribute to the legal
throughout their career, they keep abreast with law education of the author member, which were
and jurisprudence, maintain the ethics of the not prepared in the ordinary course of his
profession and enhance the standards of the practice practice or employment; editing a law book,
of law. law journal or legal newsletter.
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the Special Prosecutor of the Office of the circumvent or evade compliance with the
Ombudsman; MCLE requirements.
9. Heads of government agencies exercising 2. Members failing to comply will receive a Non-
quasi-judicial functions; Compliance Notice stating the specific
10. Incumbent deans, bar reviewers and deficiency and will be given 60 days from
professors of law who have teaching date of notification to file a RESPONSE.
experience for at least 10 years in accredited
law schools; CONSEQUENCES OF NON-COMPLIANCE:
11. The Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and 1. A member who fails to comply with the
members of the Corps of Professional and requirements after the 60-day period shall be
Professorial Lecturers of the Philippine LISTED AS DELINQUENT MEMBER by the
Judicial Academy; and IBP Board of Governors upon
12. Governors and Mayors. recommendation of the Committee on MCLE.
2. The listing as a delinquent member is
OTHER PARTIES EXEMPTED: administrative in nature but shall be made
1. Those who are not in law practice, private or with notice and hearing by the Committee on
public; MCLE.
2. Those who have retired from law practice
with the approval of the IBP Board of COMMITTEE ON MANDATORY CONTINUING
Governors. LEGAL EDUCATION
Good Cause for exemption from or modification Composition: Standing Committee of Five (5)
of requirement: Members
A member may file a verified request setting forth 1. Retired Justice of the SC – Chairman,
good cause for exemption (such as physical nominated by the SC
disability, illness, post-graduate study abroad, proven 2. IBP National President – Vice-Chair
expertise in law, etc.) from compliance with or 3. 3 other members – nominated by the
modification of any of the requirements, including an Philippine Judicial Academy, UP Law Center
extension of time for compliance, in accordance with and Association of Law Professors,
procedure to be established by the Committee on respectively.
MCLE.
Members of the Committee shall be of proven probity
Proof of exemption: and integrity and shall receive compensation as may
Applications for exemption from or modification of the be determined by the SC. The initial terms of each of
MCLE requirement shall be under oath and the 3 members shall be 5,4 and 3 years respectively.
supported by documents.
Effectivity: 15 September 2000, following its
NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES: publication in 2 newspapers of general circulation.
1. What constitutes non-compliance
a. Failure to complete education
requirement within the compliance period
b. Failure to provide attestation of NEW CODE OF JUDICIAL CONDUCT FOR THE
compliance or exemption PHILIPPINE JUDICIARY
c. Failure to provide satisfactory evidence A.M. No. 03-05-01-SC
of compliance (including evidence of Promulgated: April 27, 2004
exempt status) within the prescribed Affectivity: June 1, 2004
period TIFF (Uncompressed)
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Sec.1. Judges shall exercise the judicial Sec.1. Judges shall ensure that not only is
function independently on the basis of their their conduct above reproach, but that it is perceived
assessment of the facts and in accordance with a to be so in the view of a reasonable observer.
conscientious understanding of the law, free of any
extraneous influence, inducement, pressure, threat, Sec.2. The behavior and conduct of judges
or interference, direct or indirect, from any quarter or must reaffirm the people’s faith in the integrity of the
for any reason. judiciary. Justice must not merely be done but must
also be seen to be done.
Sec.2. In performing judicial duties, judges
shall be independent from judicial colleagues in Sec.3. Judges should take or initiate
respect of decisions which the judge is obliged to appropriate disciplinary measures against lawyers or
make independently. court personnel for unprofessional conduct of which
the judge may have become aware.
Sec.3. Judges shall refrain from influencing
in any manner the outcome of litigation or dispute CANON 3
pending before another court or administrative IMPARTIALITY
agency.
Impartiality is essential to the proper
Sec.4. Judges shall not allow family, social, discharge of the judicial office. It applies not only to
or other relationships to influence judicial conduct or the decision itself but also to the process by which
judgment. The prestige of judicial office shall not be the decision is made.
used or lent to advance the private interests of
others, nor convey or permit others to convey the Sec.1. Judges shall perform their judicial
impression that they are in a special position to duties without favor, bias or prejudice.
influence the judge.
Sec.2. Judges shall ensure that his or her
Sec.5. judges shall not only be free from conduct, both in and out of court, maintains and
inappropriate connections with, and influence by, the enhances the confidence of the public, the legal
executive and legislative branches of government, profession and litigants in the impartiality of the judge
but must also appear to be free therefrom to a and of the judiciary.
reasonable observer.
Sec.3. Judges shall, so far as is reasonable,
Sec.6. Judges shall be independent in so conduct themselves as to minimize the occasions
relation to society in general and in relation to the on which it will be necessary for them to be
particular parties to a dispute which he or she has to disqualified from hearing or deciding cases.
adjudicate.
Sec.4. Judges shall not knowingly, while a
Sec.7. Judges shall encourage and uphold proceeding is before, or could come before, them
safeguards fro the discharge of judicial duties in order make any comment that might reasonably be
to maintain and enhance the institutional and expected to affect the outcome of such proceeding or
operational independence of the judiciary. impair the manifest fairness of the process. Nor shall
judges make any comment in public or otherwise that
Sec.8. Judges shall exhibit and promote might affect the fair trial of any person or issue.
high standards of judicial conduct in order to reinforce
public confidence in the judiciary which is Sec.5. Judges shall disqualify themselves
fundamental to the maintenance of judicial from participating in any proceedings in which they
independence. QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are unable to decide the matter impartially or in which
are needed to see this picture. it may appear to a reasonable observer that they are
CANON 2 unable to decide the matter impartially. Such
INTEGRITY proceedings include, but are not limited to, instances
where:
Integrity is essential not only to the proper
discharge of the judicial office but also to the (a) The judge has actual bias or prejudice
personal demeanor of judges. concerning a party or personal knowledge of
disputed evidentiary facts concerning the
proceedings;
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(b) The judge previously served as a lawyer or profession who practice regularly in their court, avoid
was a material witness in the matter in situations which might reasonably give rise to the
controversy; suspicion or appearance of favoritism or partiality.
(c) The judge, or a member of his or her family,
has an economic interest in the outcome of Sec.4. Judges shall not participate in the
the matter in controversy; determination of a case in which any member of their
(d) The judge served as executor, administrator, family represents a litigant or is associated in any
guardian, trustee or lawyer in the case or manner with the case.
matter in controversy, or a former associate
of the judge served as counsel during their Sec.5. Judges shall not allow the use of
association, or the judge or lawyer was a their residence by a member of the legal profession
material witness therein; to receive clients of the latter or of other members of
(e) The judge’s ruling in a lower court is the the legal profession.
subject of review;
(f) The judge is related by consanguinity or Sec.6. Judges, like any other citizen, are
affinity to a party litigant within the sixth civil entitled to freedom or expression, belief, association
degree; or and assembly, but in exercising such rights, they
(g) The judge knows that his or her spouse or shall always conduct themselves in such a manner
child has a financial interest, as heir, legatee, as to preserve the dignity of the judicial office and the
creditor, fiduciary, or otherwise, in the subject impartiality and independence of the judiciary.
matter in controversy or in a party to the
proceeding, or any other interest that could Sec.7. Judges shall inform themselves
be substantially affected by the outcome of about their personal fiduciary financial interests and
the proceedings; shall make reasonable effort to be informed about the
financial interests of members of their family.
Sec.6. A judge disqualified as stated above
may, instead of withdrawing from the proceeding, Sec.8. Judges shall not use or lend the
disclosing on the records the basis of disqualification. prestige of the judicial office to advance their private
If based on such disclosure, the parties and lawyers interests, or those of a member of their family or of
independently of the judge’s participation, all agree in anyone else, nor shall they convey or permit others to
writing that the reason for the inhibition is immaterial convey the impression that anyone is in a special
or unsubstantial, the judge may then participate in the position improperly to influence them in the
proceeding. The agreement, signed by all parties performance of judicial duties.
and lawyers, shall be incorporated in the record of
the proceedings. Sec.9. Confidential information acquired by
judges in their judicial capacity shall not be used or
disclosed by for any other purpose related to their
CANON 4 judicial duties.
PROPRIETY
Sec.10. Subject to the proper performance of
Propriety and the appearance of property are judicial duties, judges may:
essential to the performance of all the activities of a (a) Write, lecture, teach and participate in
judge. activities concerning the law, the legal
system, the administration of justice or
Sec.1. Judges shall avoid impropriety and related matters;
the appearance of impropriety in all of their activities. (b) Appear at a public hearing before an official
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor body concerned with mattes relating to the
Sec.2. As a subject
are needed to see this of
picture.constant public law, the legal system, the administration of
scrutiny, judges must accept personal restrictions justice or related matters;
that might be viewed as burdensome by the ordinary (c) Engage in other activities if such activities do
citizen and should do so freely and willingly. In not detract from the dignity of the judicial
particular, judges shall conduct themselves in a way office or otherwise interfere with the
that is consistent with the dignity of the judicial office. performance of judicial duties.
Sec.3. Judges shall, in their personal Sec.11. Judges shall not practice law whilst
relations with individual members of the legal the holder of judicial office.
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Sec.12. Judges may form or join association Sec.5. Judges shall not require lawyers in
of judges or participate in other organizations proceedings before the court to refrain from
representing the interests of judges. manifesting, by words or conduct, bias or prejudice
based on irrelevant grounds, except such as are
Sec.13. Judges and members of their legally relevant to an issue in proceedings and may
families shall neither ask for nor accept, any gift, be the subject of legitimate advocacy.
bequest, loan or favor in relation to anything done or
to be done or omitted to be done y him or her in CANON 6
connection with the performance of judicial duties. COMPETENCE AND DILIGENCE
Sec.14. Judges shall not knowingly permit Competence and diligence are prerequisites
court staff or others subject to their influence, to the due performance of judicial office.
direction or authority, to ask for or accept, any gift,
bequest, loan or favor in relation to anything done or Sec.1. The judicial duties of a judge take
to be done or omitted to be done in connection with precedence over all other activities.
their duties or functions.
Sec.15. Subject to law and to any legal Sec.2. Judges shall devote their
requirements of public disclosure, judges may professional activity to judicial duties, which include
receive a token gift, award or benefit as appropriate not only the performance of judicial functions and
to the occasion on which it is made provided that responsibilities in court and the making of decisions,
such gift, award or benefit might not reasonably be but also other tasks relevant to the judicial office or
perceived as intended to influence the judge in the the court’s operations.
performance of judicial duties or otherwise give rise
to an appearance of partiality. Sec.3. Judges shall take reasonable steps
to maintain and enhance their knowledge, skills and
CANON 5 personal qualities necessary for the proper
EQUALITY performance of judicial duties, taking advantage for
this purpose of the training and other facilities which
Ensuring equality of treatment to all before should be made available, under judicial control, to
the courts is essential to the performance of the judges.
judicial office.
Sec.4. Judges shall keep themselves
Sec.1. Judges shall be aware of, and informed about relevant developments of
understand, diversity in society and differences international law, including international conventions
arising from various sources, including but not limited and other instruments establishing human rights
to race, color, sex, religion, national origin, caste, norms.
disability, age, marital status, sexual orientation,
social and economic status and other like causes. Sec.5. Judges shall perform all judicial
duties, including the delivery of reserved decisions
Sec.2. Judges shall not, in the performance efficiently, fairly and with reasonable promptness.
of judicial duties, by words or conduct, manifest bias
or prejudice towards any person or group on Sec.6. Judges shall maintain order and
irrelevant grounds. decorum in all proceedings before the court and be
patient, dignified and courteous in relation to litigants,
Sec.3. Judges shall carry out judicial duties witnesses, lawyers and others with whom the judge
with appropriate consideration for all persons, such deals in an official capacity. Judges shall require
QuickTime™ and a
as the parties, witnesses, lawyers,
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor court staff and similar conduct of legal representatives, court staff
are needed to see this picture.
judicial colleagues, without differentiation on any and others subject to their influence, direction or
irrelevant ground, immaterial to the proper control.
performance of such duties.
Sec.7. Judges shall not engage in conduct
Sec.4. Judges shall not knowingly permit incompatible with the diligent discharge of judicial
court staff or others subject to his or her influence, duties.
direction or control to differentiate between persons
concerned, in a matter before the judge, on any DEFINITIONS
irrelevant ground.
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Legal Ethics Summer Reviewer
ATENEO CENTRAL BAR OPERATIONS 2007
(Signed)
HILARIO G. DAVIDE, JR.
Chief Justice
ATTORNEY’S OATH
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