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111 - Presentation-14 LCCDE and Block Diagrams
111 - Presentation-14 LCCDE and Block Diagrams
2013
1
MEH329
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
Instructor: Assoc.Prof.Dr. M. Kemal GLL
Dept. Of Electronics & Telecomm. Eng.
Kocaeli University
http://akademikpersonel.kocaeli.edu.tr/kemalg/
-14-
LCCDE and Block DiagramRepresentation
LCCDE and Block Diagram
Representation
Linear Constant-coefficient difference
equations:
Z-Transform:
MEH329 Digital Signal Processing 2
| | | |
0 0
N M
k k
k k
a y n k b x n k
= =
=
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 0
0 0
N M
k k
k k
k k
N M
k k
k k
k k
a z Y z b z X z
a z Y z b z X z
= =
= =
=
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
26.12.2013
2
LCCDE and Block Diagram
Representation
Transfer fonction:
MEH329 Digital Signal Processing 3
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
0 0 1
1
0
0 1
1
1
M M
k
k k
k k
N N
k
k k
k k
c z b z
Y z b
H z
X z a
a z d z
= =
= =
| |
= = =
|
\ .
[
[
LCCDE and Block Diagram
Representation
Example:
MEH329 Digital Signal Processing 4
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
1
1 2
1 2 1 1
1
1 2
1 3 1 3
1 1 1
4 8 2 4
z
Y z
z z
H z
X z
z z z z
+
+ +
= = =
| || |
+ + +
| |
\ .\ .
( ) ( ) ( )
| | | | | | | | | | | |
1 2 1 2
1 3
1 1 2
4 8
1 3
1 2 2 1 2
4 8
z z Y z z z X z
y n y n y n x n x n x n
| |
+ + = + +
|
\ .
+ + = + +
26.12.2013
3
LCCDE and Block Diagram
Representation
If we apply (initial cond. are zero)
Then, we can find y[n] using partial fraction
expansion.
MEH329 Digital Signal Processing 5
( )
( )
( )
2
1
1 1 1
1
1 3
1 1 1
2 4
z
Y z
z z z
+
=
| || |
+
| |
\ .\ .
| | [ ] x n u n =
LCCDE and Block Diagram
Representation
If initial conditions are not zero, we can
include initial cond. to the z-domain using
unilateral z-transform.
Lets consider
MEH329 Digital Signal Processing 6
( ) | | | | | |
| | | | | | ( )
( 1)
0 0 1
1 1
0
1
1 1
n n m
n n m
m
m
Y z y n z x n z x m z
x z x m z x z X z
+
= = =
=
= = =
= + = +
| | | | 1 y n x n =
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4
LCCDE and Block Diagram
Representation
For single-sided transform:
Similarly:
MEH329 Digital Signal Processing 7
| | ( ) | | | | ( )
1
s s
1 1
z z
s s
x n X z x n x z X z
+
| | ( ) | | | | | | ( )
1 2
s s
2 2 1
z z
s s
x n X z x n x z x z X z
+ +
LCCDE and Block Diagram
Representation
Example:
MEH329 Digital Signal Processing 8
| | | | | | | | | |
1 3 1 3
1 2 1
5 100 5 10
y n y n y n x n x n =
| | | | 1 1 and 2 2 y y = =
( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | | | ( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( )
1 1 2 1
1 3 1 3
1 2 1 1
5 100 5 10
Y z y z Y z y z y z Y z X z x z X z
+ + + = +
| | | | | | find for y n x n u n =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 1
1 0.2 0.03 0.26 0.03 0.2 0.3 z z Y z z z X z
=
( )
1
1
, ROC: 1
1
X z z
z
= >
( ) ( )
1
1 2 1
1
0.2 0.3
1 0.2 0.03 0.26 0.03
1
z
z z Y z z
z
= + +
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5
LCCDE and Block Diagram
Representation
MEH329 Digital Signal Processing 9
( )
1
1
1
1 2
1 1 1
0.2 0.3
0.26 0.03
1
1 0.2 0.03
0.1299 0.5271 0.0627
1 1 0.3 1 0.1
z
z
z
Y z
z z
z z z
+ +
= + +
+
| | | | ( ) | | ( ) | | 0.1299 0.5271 0.3 0.0627 0.1
n n
y n u n u n u n = + +
LCCDE and Block Diagram
Representation
Stability & Causality:
Causal systems must be right sided
ROC is outside the outermost pole
Stable system requires absolute summable
impulse response
Absolute summability implies existence of DTFT
DTFT exists if unit circle is in the ROC
Therefore, stability implies that the ROC includes the
unit circle
MEH329 Digital Signal Processing 10
| |
k
h k
=
<
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6
LCCDE and Block Diagram
Representation
Stability & Causality:
Causal & stable systems have all poles inside unit
circle
Causal hence the ROC is outside outermost pole
Stable hence unit circle included in ROC
This means outermost pole is inside unit circle
Hence all poles are inside unit circle
MEH329 Digital Signal Processing 11
LCCDE and Block Diagram
Representation
Example:
MEH329 Digital Signal Processing 12
| | | | | | | |
5
1 2
2
y n y n y n x n + =
( )
( )
1 1
1
1
1 1 2
2
H z
z z
=
| |
|
\ .
1
2
3
: 2
1
: 2
2
1
:
2
ROC z
ROC z
ROC z
>
< <
<
Causal & not stable
Not causal & stable
Not causal & not stable
26.12.2013
7
LCCDE and Block Diagram
Representation
IIR Systems:
If at least one pole does not cancel with a zero
h[n] will contain .
Therefore the impulse response will be infinite
length.
MEH329 Digital Signal Processing 13
( )
( )
( )
1
0 1
1
0
1
1
1
M
k
k
N
k
k
c z
b
H z
a
d z
| |
=
|
\ .
[
[
| | | | 1 n u a - or n u a
n n
LCCDE and Block Diagram
Representation
Example (IIR system):
MEH329 Digital Signal Processing 14
| | | | | | 1 y n ay n x n =
( )
1
1
1
H z
az
=
=
=
= = =
| | | |
0
M
k
k
h n b n k
=
=
( ) | |
M 1 1
1
0
1-a
1
M M
n n n
n n
z
H z h n z a z
az
+
= =
= = =
( ) 2 / 1
for 0,1,...,
j k M
k
z ae k M
+
= =
| | | |
0
M
k
k
y n a x n k
=
=
| | | | | | | |
1
1 1
M
y n ay n x n a x n M
+
=
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LCCDE and Block Diagram
Representation
Block DiagramRepresentation:
MEH329 Digital Signal Processing 17
| | | | | | | |
1 2 0
1 2 y n a y n a y n b x n = + +
LCCDE and Block Diagram
Representation
Direct form I:
MEH329 Digital Signal Processing 18
| | | |
0 0
N M
k k
k k
a y n k b x n k
= =
=
| | | | | |
1 0
N M
k k
k k
y n a y n k b x n k
= =
+ =
| | | |
| | | | | |
0
1
M
k
k
N
k
k
v n b x n k
y n a y n k v n
=
=
=
= +
-
26.12.2013
10
LCCDE and Block Diagram
Representation
If we write transfer function as
MEH329 Digital Signal Processing 19
( )
0
1
1
M
k
k
k
N
k
k
k
b z
H z
a z
=
=
+
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 1
0
1
1
0
2
1
1
1
1
1
M
k
k N
k k
k
k
M
k
k
k
N
k
k
k
H z H z H z b z
a z
V z H z X z b z X z
Y z H z V z V z
a z
=
=
=
| |
|
| |
| = =
|
|\ .
+
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
| |
|
| = =
|
+
|
\ .
| | | |
| | | | | |
0
1
M
k
k
N
k
k
v n b x n k
y n a y n k v n
=
=
=
= +
=
=
=
| |
|
| |
| = =
|
|
\ .
+
|
\ .
| |
|
| = =
|
+
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
| | | | | |
| | | |
1
0
N
k
k
M
k
k
w n a w n k x n
y n b w n k
=
=
= +
=
26.12.2013
11
LCCDE and Block Diagram
Representation
MEH329 Digital Signal Processing 21
| | | | | |
| | | |
1
0
N
k
k
M
k
k
w n a w n k x n
y n b w n k
=
=
= +
=