Phase Diagrams
Phase Diagrams
es
!! Basic concepts:
"! Component, phase, micro constituent.
!! Unary or one component phase diagrams. !! Binary isomorphous phase diagrams. !! Gibbs Phase Rule. !! Tie line and lever rule. !! Binary eutectic systems. !! Precipitation in solid state. !! Invariant reactions. !! Intermetallic components. !! Congruent and incongruent melting.
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BASIC CONCEPTS
Component
Chemical substance or compound with fixed composition that can form part of a phase or alloy. Examples: Aluminium (Al), Alumina (Al2O3).
Phase
Chemically and structurally homogeneous area that forms part of the microstructure. Could be formed by one or various components. Examples: Ferrite (solid solution Fe-C with BCC structure) austenite (solid solution Fe-C with FCC structure), calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
Microconstituent
Each one of different structures that can be observed on a polished surface of the material. Can be formed by one or various phases 1: Ferrite 2 and 3: pearlite (ferrite + cementite)
Secondary electron image of a polished and etched section of a steel helical gear. Microstructure consists of pearlite in a ferrite matrix. Etched in 3% nital. 2000X
Dpt. Materials Sci. and Eng. and Chem. Eng. UC3M
1 2
Tm
Tv
The unary phase diagram shows the P and T conditions at which thermodynamically distinct pahses can occur in equilibrium phase diagram of water
Dpt. Materials Sci. and Eng. and Chem. Eng. UC3M Sophia A. Tsipas & Miguel Angel Martinez Casanova
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F=CP+N
F = Degrees of freedom (No. of independent variables available to the system) C =No. of components P =No. of phases N=No. of noncompositional variables (e.g. pressure and temperature)
For routine processing of materials, we can consider the pressure to be fixed at 1atm: => F = C P + 1
F=CP+2
F = 1- 1 + 2 = 2 F = 1- 2 + 2 = 1
F = 1- 2 + 2 = 1 F = 1- 2 + 2 = 1
F = 1- 3 + 2 = 0
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All liquid
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Microstructures of heterogeneous composition are produced " MICROsegregation (or cored structure)
Microsegrgation (or coring) can be eliminated with homogenization heat treatment at T below solidus (Example: TTT< T7). During heat treatment solid state diffusion occurs
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Eutectic temperature
Eutectic composition
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BINARY EUTECTIC SYSTEMS INVARIANT REACTIONS: They are produced at a fixed composition and
temperature for a given system, and the result also remains fixed In a system of two partially soluble components a solidification reaction is produced at a fixed composition and temperature with a profile of temperature gradient similar to pure solids.
Eutectic reaction L ! ! + #$
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Eutectic product
#$ !$ #$ !$ #$ !$
Photomicrograph of steel. Pearlite, steel (carbon about 1%) forged and annealed at 800 C. Magnified 1000 diameters
Dpt. Materials Sci. and Eng. and Chem. Eng. UC3M Sophia A. Tsipas & Miguel Angel Martinez Casanova
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! L
L ! !$ !$ L
! !$
!$
Lead tin alloy 50 wt% Pb. primary lead-rich phase (large dark regions) within a lamellar eutectic structure consisting of a tin-rich # phase (light layers) and a lead-rich ! phase (dark layers).
Metallography and Microstructures, Vol 9, ASM Handbook, ASM International,
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! L # #$ #$ #$ #$ L # #$ #$
eutectic
Sn-30Pb hypoeutectic alloy showing particles of tin-rich solid solution in a matrix of tinlead eutectic.
Metallography and Microstructures, Vol 9, ASM Handbook, ASM International,
Dpt. Materials Sci. and Eng. and Chem. Eng. UC3M Sophia A. Tsipas & Miguel Angel Martinez Casanova
!$ !$
! L !
!$
%$
!$
%! phase precipitates at grain boundaries (typical) Uniform dispersion of % phase precipitates can be achieved with a precipitation hardening heat treatment
%$
!$
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18.3
Co
61.9
97.8
We = fraction eutectic microconstituent WL = fraction of liquid phase W! = fraction of ! phase (primary !) W! = total fraction of ! (primary ! + ! in eutectic) W# =fraction of # phase (total)
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INVARIANT REACTIONS
Mototectic reaction: L1 L2 + !$ It occurs when there is a miscibility gap in the liquid phase:
MONOTECTIC
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INVARIANT REACTIONS
Peritectic reaction: ! + L #$
PERITECTIC
PERITECTIC
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INVARIANT REACTIONS
Eutoctoid reaction: & ! + #$
EUTECTOID
EUTECTOID
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phase_diag_iron_carbon.PNG
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INVARIANT REACTIONS
Peritectiod reaction:
PERITECTOID
# + ! &$
PERITECTOID
!"
#$
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INTERMETALLICS ! Intermetallic compound (or intermediate solid solution) : made up of two or more components, producing a new phase with its own composition, crystal structure and properties CONGRUENT AND INCONGRUENT MELTING ! A component is said to melt congruently when the liquid formed upon melting has the same composition as the solid from which it was formed ! e.g. pure metals ! A component is said to melt incongruently when the liquid formed upon melting has a composition other than the one of the solid from which it was formed ! e.g. peritectic reaction: ! + L # ..
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INTERMETALLICS. CONGRUENT AND INCONGRUENT MELTING Congruent melting: Ti5Si3 ; TiSi2 Incongruent melting: Ti3Si ; Ti5Si4; TiSi
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