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American Imperialism DBQ
American Imperialism DBQ
during which the United States defended weaker nations against aggrandizement by rapacious European
powers and spread the blessings of democracy and civilization. Others have described the New Manifest
Destiny as a time of ruthless American expansion at the expense of weaker nations and in violation of
our own most sacred principles of consent of the governed and popular sovereignty.
Using the documents, and your knowledge, how would you characterize this period of Becoming a World
Power?
Document A
Document B
The title to territory of indefinite but confessedly very large extent is in dispute between Great
Britain and the Republic of Venezuela. . . . Venezuela can hope to establish her claim only through
peaceful methods. . . . The Government of the United States has made it clear to Great Britain that the
controversy is one in which both its honor and its interests are involved. . . . The people of the United States
have a vital interests in the cause of popular self-government. . . . To-day the United States is practically
sovereign on this continent, and its fiat is law upon the subjects to which it confines its interposition. . . . Its
infinite resources combined with its isolated position render it master of the situation and practically
invulnerable as against any or all other powers. . . . All the advantages of this superiority are at once
imperiled if the principle be admitted that European powers may convert American States into colonies or
provinces of their own. . . . Great Britain can not be deemed a South American state within the purview of
the Monroe Doctrine. . . . It being clear, therefore, that the United States may legitimately insist upon the
merits of the boundary question being determined, it is equally clear that there is but one feasible mode of
determining them, viz., peaceful arbitration. Richard Olney, Secretary of State, 1895.
Document C
Document D
The Republic of Hawaii hereby cedes absolutely and without reserve to the United States of
America all rights of sovereignty of whatsoever kind in and over the Hawaiian Islands and their
dependencies; and it is agreed that all territory of and appertaining to the Republic of Hawaii is hereby
annexed to the United States of America under the name of the Territory of Hawaii. . . . The existing laws
of the United States relative to public lands shall not apply to such lands in the Hawaiian Islands, but the
Congress of the United States shall enact special laws for their management and disposition. . . . There shall
be no further immigration of Chinese into the Hawaiian Islands, except upon such conditions as are now or
may hereafter be allowed by the laws of the United States, and no Chinese by reason of anything herein
contained shall be allowed to enter the United States from the Hawaiian Islands. Treaty of Hawaiian
Annexation, 1898.
Document E
The principles which this Government is particularly desirous of seeing formally declared by His
Imperial Majesty and by all the great Powers interested in China, are:
First. The recognition that no Power will in any way interfere with any treaty port or any vested
interest within any leased territory or within any so-called "sphere of interest" it may have in China.
Second. That the Chinese treaty tariff of the time being shall apply to all merchandise landed or
shipped to all such ports as are within said "sphere of interest" (unless they be "free ports"), no matter to
what nationality it may belong, and that duties so leviable shall be collected by the Chinese Government.
Third. That it will levy no higher harbor dues on vessels of another nationality frequenting any
port in such "sphere" than shall be levied on vessels of its own nationality over equal distances.
The declaration of such principles by His Imperial Majesty would not only be of great benefit to
foreign commerce in China. . . . John Hay, Open Door In China , Pg.168.
Document F
On March 31 Captain-General Blanco issued a decree putting an end to reconcentration in the
provinces of Pinar del Rio, Havana, Matanzas, and Santa Clara, and on April 9 the Spanish Cabinet decided
to grant an armistice to the insurgents, while both the Pope and the great Powers of Europe were using their
influence to avert a Spanish-American war. Nevertheless the replies at this time of the Madrid government
to President McKinley's demands concerning the pacification of Cuba, notwithstanding the Spanish offer to
arbitrate the Maine trouble, led the authorities at Washington to believe that pacification could not be
attained without the armed intervention of the United States. The President's message to Congress . . . .
stated the entire issue, rightly considering the Maine disaster a subordinate matter, stated that the only hope
of relief and repose from a condition which can no longer be endured is the enforced pacification of Cuba.
In the name of humanity, in the name of civilization, in behalf of endangered American interests, which
give us the right and the duty to speak and act, the war in Cuba must stop. Outbreak Of The War With
Spain, America, Vol.10, Pg.120.
Document G
For more than a year the exact whereabouts of the elusive chieftain of the insurgent Filipinos had
been a mystery. Rumor located Aguinaldo in all sorts of impossible places. Running up the bank toward the
house, we were met by Segovia, who came running out, his face aglow with exultation, and his clothing
spattered with the blood of the men he had wounded. He called out in Spanish, "It is all right. We have
him." We hastened into the house, and I introduced myself to Aguinaldo, telling him that we were officers
of the American army, that the men with us were our troops, and not his, and that he was a prisoner of war.
He was given assurance that he need fear no bad treatment. He said in a dazed sort of way, "Is this not
some joke?" I assured him that it was not, though, as a matter of fact, it was a pretty bad one, on him. With
Aguinaldo in our hands, the Filipinos soon lost heart and the insurrection collapsed. Senator George
Frisbie Hoar, Subjugation of the Philippines Inquitous, The World's Famous Orations, Vol.3, Pg.220.
Document H
The Republic of Panama grants to the United States in perpetuity, the use, occupation and control
of a zone of land and land under water for the construction, maintenance, operation, sanitation and
protection of said Canal of the width of ten miles extending to the distance of five miles on each side of the
center line of the route of the Canal to be constructed; the said zone beginning in the Caribbean Sea three
marine miles from mean low water mark and extending to and across the Isthmus of Panama into the
Pacific Ocean to a distance of three marine miles from mean low water mark with the proviso that the cities
of Panama and Colon and the harbors adjacent to said cities, which are included within the boundaries of
the zone above described, shall not be included within this grant. . . . The Republic of Panama further
grants in like manner to the United States in perpetuity, all islands within the limits of the zone above
described and in addition thereto, the group of small islands, in the Bay of Panama, named Perico, Naos,
Culebra and Flamenco. . . .The Republic of Panama grants to the United States all the rights, power and
authority within the zone mentioned and described in Article II of this agreement, and within the limits of
all auxiliary lands and waters mentioned and described in said Article II which the United States would
possess and exercise, if it were the sovereign of the territory within which said lands and waters are located
to the entire exclusion of the exercise by the Republic of Panama of any such sovereign rights, power or
authority. Theodore Roosevelt, Convention Between U. S. And Panama, Pg.480.
Document I
In view of the constant reiteration of the assertion that there was some corrupt action by or on
behalf of the United States Government in connection with the acquisition of the title of the French
Company to the Panama Canal and of the repetition of the story that a syndicate of American citizens
owned either one or both of the Panama Companies, I deem it unwise to submit to the Congress all the
information I have on the subject. These stories were first brought to my attention as published in a paper in
Indianapolis, called the "News," edited by Mr. Delavan Smith. The stories were scurrilous and libelous in
character and false in every essential particular. Mr. Smith shelters himself behind the excuse that he
merely accepted the statements which had appeared in a paper published in New York, the "World," owned
by Mr. Joseph Pulitzer. Theodore Roosevelt, Purchase Of The Panama Canal, Pg.240.
Document J
Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840-1914), American naval officer and historian, born in West Point,
New York, and educated at the United States Naval Academy. A Union naval officer during the American
Civil War (1861-1865), Mahan served in the navy for nearly 40 years. He was promoted to the rank of
captain in 1885. In 1886, Mahan was invited to lecture at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island.
He also served as president of the college from 1886 to 1889, and again in 1892 and 1893. His lectures
were published under the title of The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 (1890). The book
received international recognition as a comprehensive exposition of naval strategy. Mahan stressed the
important role of sea power in the world, and this idea had a profound influence on the policies of many
nations, including the United States and Germany. Microsoft Encarta
Document K
And now of a sudden, without cool deliberation, without prudent preparation, the nation is
hurried into war, and America, she who more than any other land was pledged to peace and good will on
earth, unsheathes her sword, compels a weak and unwilling nation to a fight, rejecting without due
consideration her [Spain's] earnest and repeated offers to meet every legitimate demand of the United
States. It is a bitter disappointment to the lover of his country; it is a turning back from the path of
civilization to that of barbarism. There never was a good war," said Franklin. There have indeed been many
wars in which a good man must take part. . . . But if a war be undertaken for the most righteous end, before
the resources of peace have been tried and proved vain to secure it, that war has no defense. It is a national
crime. The plea that the better government of Cuba, and the relief of the reconcentrados, could only be
secured by war is the plea either of ignorance or of hypocrisy. But the war is declared; and on all hands we
hear the cry that he is no patriot who fails to shout for it, and to urge the youth of the country to enlist, and
to rejoice that they are called to the service of their native land. The sober counsels that were appropriate
before the war was entered upon must give way to blind enthusiasm, and the voice of condemnation must
be silenced by the thunders of the guns and the hurrahs of the crowd. Stop! A declaration of war does not
change the moral law. "The Ten Commandments will not budge" at a joint resolve of Congress. . . . No! the
voice of protest, of warning, of appeal is never more needed than when the press and too often the pulpit, is
bidding all men fall in and keep step and obey in silence the tyrannous word of command. Then, more than
ever, it is the duty of the good citizen not to be silent, and spite of obliquity, misrepresentation, and abuse,
to insist on being heard, and with sober counsel to maintain the everlasting validity of the principles of the
moral law. Public Opinion 24 (June 23, 1898): 775-776.
Document L
Caribbean interventions
Document M
Even if the condemnation of barbarous warfare in the Philippines by the imperialist press is
somewhat belated, we welcome it, as we welcome everything that compels Americans to give attention to a
subject to which too many of them have become increasingly indifferent. Silence, we know, is consistent
with shame, and may be one of the signs of its existence; and the fact that only a few of the more
unblushing or foolish newspapers have defended Gen. Smith's policy of extermination shows what the
general sentiment is. To allege the provocation which our soldiers had is to set up a defense which
President Roosevelt brushed aside in advance. To fall back on the miserable sophistry that "war is hell" is
only another way of making out those who engage in that kind of war to be fiends. It is, besides, to offer an
excuse for ourselves which we did not tolerate for an instant in the case of Spanish atrocities. That is our
present moral humiliation in the eyes of the world.We made war on Spain four years ago for doing the very
things of which we are now guilty ourselves. As the Chicago News pointedly observes, we are giving Spain
as good reason to interfere with us on the ground of humanity as we had to interfere with her. Doubtless she
would interfere if she were strong enough and thought she could acquire some islands in the virtuous act.
Nation (New York) 74 (May 8, 1902): 357.
Document N
How long are the Spaniards to drench Cuba with the blood and tears of her people? How long is
the peasantry of Spain to be drafted away to Cuba to die miserably in a hopeless war, that Spanish nobles
and Spanish officers may get medals and honors? How long shall old [Cuban] men and women and
children be murdered by the score, the innocent victims of Spanish rage against the patriot armies they
cannot conquer? How long shall the sound of rifles in Castle Morro at sunrise proclaim that bound and
helpless prisoners of war have been murdered in cold blood? How long shall Cuban women be the victims
of Spanish outrages and lie sobbing and bruised in loathsome prisons? New York Journal, 1898
Document O
When next I realized that the Philippines had dropped into our laps, I confess I did not know
what to do with them. I sought counsel from all sides--Democrats as well as Republicans--but got little
help. I thought first we would take only Manila; then Luzon; then other islands, perhaps, also. I walked the
floor of the White House night after night until midnight; and I am not ashamed to tell you, gentlemen, that
I went down on my knees and prayed Almighty God for light and guidance more than one night. And one
night late it came to me this way--I don't know how it was, but it came:
(1) That we could not give them back to Spain--that would be cowardly and dishonorable;
(2) That we could not turn them over to France or Germany, our commercial rivals in the Orient--that
would be bad business and discreditable.
(3) That we could not leave them to themselves--they were unfit for self-government, and they would
soon have anarchy and misrule worse than Spain's was; and
(4) That there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift
and civilize and Christianize them and by God's grace do the very best we could by them, as our fellow
men, for whom Christ also died.
And then I went to bed and went to sleep, and slept soundly, and the next morning I sent for the
chief engineer of the War Department (our map-maker), and I told him to put the Philippines on the map of
the United States (pointing to a large map on the wall of his office), and there they are and there they will
stay while I am President! This document is a report of an interview with McKinley at the White House,
November 21, 1899, written by one of the interviewers and confirmed by others present. Published in
Christian Advocate, January 22, 1903.
Document P
It is not true that the United States feels any land hunger or entertains any projects as regards the
other nations of the Western Hemisphere, save such as are for their welfare. All that this country desires is
to see the neighboring countries stable, orderly, and prosperous. . . . If a nation shows that it knows how to
act with reasonable efficiency and decency in social and political matters, if it keeps order and pays its
obligations, it need fear no interference from the United States. Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence
which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere,
ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of
the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant
cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power. . . . Our interests
and those of our southern neighbors are in reality identical. We would interfere with them only in the last
resort. . . . [Theodore Roosevelt] A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents (New York:
Bureau of National Literature, 1906) vol. 16 (December 6, 1904), pp. 7053-7054.
Document Q
There is not a civilized nation which does not talk about its civilizing mission just as grandly as
we do. . . . . We assume that what we like and practice, and what we think better, must come as a welcome
blessing to Spanish-Americans and Filipinos. This is grossly and obviously untrue. They hate our ways.
They are hostile to our ideas. Our religion, language, institutions, and manners offend them. W. G.
Sumner, War and Other Essays (1919), pp. 303-305.
Document R
No document has proved more harmful to the prestige of the United States in the Western
Hemisphere [than the Roosevelt corollary]. No White House policy could be more distasteful to Latin
Americans--not even, perhaps, outspoken imperialism. Latin Americans are usually inclined to admire
strength, force, a nation muy hombre [very manly]. This was imperialism without military glamour. . . .
Moreover, it was a total distortion of the original Message. Monroe's Doctrine was defensive and negative:
defensive, in that it was essentially an opposition to eventual aggression from Europe; negative, in that it
simply told Europe what it should not do--not what the United States should do.
The Monroe Doctrine of later corollaries became aggressive and positive; aggressive, because,
even without actual European attack, it urged Unites States "protection" of Latin America--and that was
outright intervention; positive, because instead of telling Europe what not to do, it told the United States
what it should do in the Western Hemisphere. From a case of America vs. Europe, the corollaries made of
the Doctrine a case of the United States vs. America. President Monroe had merely shaken his head,
brandished his finger, and said to Europe, "Now, now, gentlemen, if you meddle with us, we will not love
you any more," while Teddy Roosevelt, brandishing a big stick, had shouted, "Listen, you guys, don't
muscle in--this territory is ours. Luis Quintanilla, A Latin American Speaks (New York: The Macmillan
Company 1943), pp. 125-126.
Document S
Open Door or not, patriotic Chinese did not care to be used as a doormat by the Europeans. In
1900 a superpatriotic group known as the "Boxers" broke loose with the cry "Kill Foreign Devils." Over
two hundred missionaries and other ill-fated whites were murdered, and a number of foreign diplomats
were besieged in the capital, Beijing (Peking). A rescue force of some eighteen thousand soldiers, hastily
assembled, arrived in the nick of time. This multi nation contingent consisted of Japanese, Russian, British,
French, German, and American troops, with the American contribution some twenty-five hundred men.
Such participation in a joint military operation, especially in Asia, was plainly contrary to the nation's time-
honored principles of nonentanglement and noninvolvement. David Kennedy, The American Pageant,
Chapter 31.
Document T
. . . .largely as a result of the dislocations and tax burdens, numerous Japanese laborers, with
their wives and children, began to pour into California. By 1906 approximately seventy thousand Japanese
dwelt along the Pacific Coast. Nervous Californians, confronted by another "yellow peril," feared being
drowned in an Asian sea. . . . Following the frightful earthquake and fire in San Francisco, the local school
authorities, decreed that Japanese children should attend a special school. Instantly, this brewed an
international crisis, and irresponsible war talk sizzled. This led to the Gentlemans Agreement. David
Kennedy, The American Pageant, Chapter 31.
Document U
Cuba, scorched and chaotic, presented another headache. An American military government, set
up under the administrative genius of General Leonard Wood of Rough Rider fame, wrought miracles in
government, finance, education, agriculture, and public health. Under his leadership a frontal attack was
launched on yellow fever. Spectacular experiments were performed by Dr. Walter Reed and others upon
American soldiers, who volunteered as human guinea pigs; and the stegomyia mosquito was proved to be
the lethal carrier. A cleanup of breeding places for mosquitoes wiped out yellow fever in Havana, while
removing the recurrent fear of epidemics in cities of the South and Atlantic seaboard.
The United States, honoring its self-denying Teller Amendment of 1898, withdrew from Cuba in
1902. Old World imperialists could scarcely believe their eyes. But the Washington government could not
turn this rich and strategic island completely loose on the international sea; a grasping power like Germany
might secure dangerous lodgment near America's soft underbelly. The Cubans were therefore forced to
write into their own constitution of 1901 the so-called Platt Amendment.
The hated restriction severely hobbled the Cubans. They bound themselves not to impair their
independence by treaty or by contracting a debt beyond their resources. They further agreed that the United
States might intervene with troops to restore order and to provide mutual protection. Finally, the Cubans
promised to sell or lease needed coaling or naval stations, ultimately two and then only one (Guantanamo),
to their powerful "benefactor." The United States is still there on about twenty-eight thousand acres under
an agreement that can be revoked only by the consent of both parties. Thomas A. Bailey, The American
Pageant, Chapter 30.
Document V
A thorny legal problem was posed by the various territorial acquisitions: did the Constitution
follow the flag? Did American laws, including tariff laws, apply with full force to the newly acquired
possessions, chiefly the Philippines and Puerto Rico? Beginning in 1901 with the Insular Cases, a badly
divided Supreme Court decreed, in effect, that the flag did outrun the Constitution, and that the
outdistanced document did not necessarily extend with full force to the new territories. The Congress was
therefore left with a free hand to determine the degree of applicability.
The question before us is, has Congress incorporated Puerto Rico into the Union as distinguished
from merely belong to the United States? Constitutional guarantees clearly apply in territories destined for
statehood, but not in those not destined for statehood. . . . Mr. Balzac, the editor of a Puerto Rican
newspaper, was convicted of criminal libel in the territorial court without trial by jury. He appealed to the
Supreme Court for his right of trial by jury. . . . Without express provision by Congress, territory acquired
by the nation remains unincorporated and the inhabitants are not entitled to all the protections of the
Constitution. Balzac v. Puerto Rico 258 U.S. 298, 1922.