Stimulation 4

Stimulation wellbore
Bottomhole frac pressure = surface pressure+ hydrostatic friction terms

Fracture gradient

Instantaneous shutin pressure

Copyright, 2011
p
r

p
f

P
pf
-perf friction
pressure
P
h
-hydrostatic pressure
P
tf
-tubing friction
pressure
P
w
-total surface pressure
pf
p
tf
p
h
p
w
p
f
p + =
D
pf
p
tf
p
h
p
w
p
FG
+
=
h
p ) D ( FG
h
p
f
p
surface) (at isip
P
=
=
Fracture down tubing with packer
Why?
Integrity of casing
Higher burst rating,
2 7/8, 6.5#, N-80 p
burst
= 10,570 psi
5 , 15.5#, J-55 p
burst
= 5,320 psi

Disadvantage:
Higher frictional effects important in
surface injection pressures and allowable
rates

Considerations: burst of tubing, force and length changes on packer
and tubing.

Copyright, 2011
p
r

p
f

P
h
-
hydrostatic
pressure
P
tf
-tubing
friction
pressure
P
w
-total
surface
pressure
Fracture down casing
Why?
Allows higher injection rates (>25 bpm) at
lower surface injection pressures

Disadvantage:
burst rating of casing, integrity

Considerations: burst of casing at breakdown and
screenout

Copyright, 2011
p
r

p
f

P
h
-
hydrostatic
pressure
P
tf
-casing
friction
pressure
P
w
-total
surface
pressure
Fracture treatment with live annulus (*Preferred)
How?
Pump through tubing, monitor bottomhole
pressure through annulus
Annulus full of fluid of known density
Measure surface annulus pressure

Considerations:
Burst of tubing

Copyright, 2011
p
r

p
f

P
h
-
hydrostatic
pressure
P
tf
-tubing
friction
pressure
P
w
-total
surface
pressure
Fracture treatment with live tubing (*Preferred)
How?
Pump through annulus, monitor bottomhole
pressure through tubing
tubing full of fluid of known density
Measure surface tubing pressure

Considerations:
collapse of tubing, burst of casing

Copyright, 2011
p
r

p
f

P
h
-
hydrostatic
pressure P
cf
-casing
friction
pressure
P
w
-total
surface
pressure
Hydrostatic pressure
Fundamental equation:

In field units: p
h
= 0.052
f
h {psi}

Where h is TVD in ft and
f
is fluid/slurry density

Calculate density from:

Copyright, 2011
gh
z
z
gdz
h
p
}
=
2
1
p
x
x
f
f
34 . 8
1
34 . 8
+
+
=
p
r

p
f

P
pf
-perf
friction
pressure
P
h
-hydrostatic
pressure
P
tf
-tubing
friction
pressure
P
w
-total surface
pressure
Calculate density from:

f
- density of frac fluid {ppg}
f
- specific gravity of frac fluid
Fresh water, 8.34 ppg,
f
= 1.00
2% Kcl water, 8.43 ppg,
f
= 1.01
43 API oil, 6.76 ppg,
f
= 0.81

p
- specific gravity of propping agent
sand 2.65
resin-coated sand 2.55
ceramic proppants 2.7 to 3.3
bauxite > 3.4

x - concentration of propping agent {ppg}

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p
x
x
f
f
34 . 8
1
34 . 8
+
+
=
p
r

p
f

P
pf
-perf
friction
pressure
P
h
-hydrostatic
pressure
P
tf
-tubing
friction
pressure
P
w
-total surface
pressure

Copyright, 2011
Stimulation friction
Methods to obtain
1. Use provided friction charts from service company. Good for non-newtonian fluids and
specialized systems.

2. From field measurements

includes all friction terms, i.e., perf,
tubulars, fracture
shutdown during pad to avoid proppant
effects
use to calibrate friction terms

3. Calculate friction

Newtonian vs non-Newtonian
Laminar vs turbulent
Reynolds Number friction factors

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1
2
time
p
w
q
fric
p
w
p
h
p
f
p
w
p
fric
p
h
p
f
p
w
p
= A
=
+ =
2
1 1
2
time
p
w
q
fric
p
w
p
h
p
f
p
w
p
fric
p
h
p
f
p
w
p
= A
=
+ =
2
1
Example

Well Data
Depth: 6,650 ft
ISIP data on offset wells:
Well 1: p
isip
= 1,870 psi with proppant-free fresh water in hole
Well 2: p
isip
= 2,300 psi with proppant-free 36 API oil in hole

41/2 -in. casing set on top of pay zone.
Working pressure limit: 3,900 psi on casing

The breakdown pressure is within the 3,900 psi casing working pressure limit.

Determine:
Hydraulic horsepower required for treatment of 25 bbl/min using un-treated fresh water
with 1 lb/gal sand.
Injection rate and hhp for treatment at maximum rate without exceeding casing working
pressure while pumping untreated fresh water with no sand.

Copyright, 2011
Solution
Calculate the surface injection pressure required to inject sand-laden water at a rate of 25 bbl/min.
Determine the bottom-hole treating pressure p
f
from offset well ISIP data.

Well 1 Well 2

Obtain the surface injection pressure from

Where the p
pf
term becomes zero since the well is an open-hole completion and p
tf
is known from offset
well data. The pipe friction can be calculated using friction-loss vs injection-rate curves.
Copyright, 2011
psi
h
p
isip
p
f
p
750 , 4
6650 * 433 . 0 1870
=
+ =
+ =
psi
h
p
isip
p
f
p
730 , 4
6650 * 365 . 0 2300
=
+ =
+ =
pf
p
tf
p
h
p
f
p
w
p + + =
Solution
For water displaced through 4 1/2 -in. OD casing
the friction pressure is 200 psi/1,000 ft of casing
while pumping water at 25 bbl/ min. However, this
friction pressure must also be adjusted for the
effect of sand concentration. The correction factor
is 1.10 for water containing 1 lb of sand/gal (see
Figure 1). The hydrostatic pressure of fresh water
containing 1 lb/gal sand is 465 psi/ 1,000 ft of hole.
Hence:

Copyright, 2011
psi ft
ft
psi
tf
p 1463 10 . 1 * 6650 *
1000
200
= =
ft ft
ft
psi
h
p 3090 6650 *
1000
465
= =
Figure 1. Effect of Sand Concentration on
friction pressure
Solution

Thus a surface pressure of 3,113 psi is required to inject fresh water containing 1 lb of sand/gal down
the 4 1/2-in. casing at a 25 bbl/min rate.

Determine the hydraulic horsepower required, using the following equation.

To calculate the maximum injection rate possible without exceeding a surface pressure of 3,900 psi,
determine first the amount of friction pressure that may be expended,

Copyright, 2011
psi
pf
p
tf
p
h
p
f
p
w
p
3113
0 1463 3090 4740
=
+ + =
+ + =
1906 3113 * 25 * 025 . 0 0245 . 0 = = =
w
Qp hhp
psi
pf
p
f
p
h
p
w
p
tf
p
2250
0 4740 3090 3900
=
+ =
+ =
Solution
Convert the total allowable friction to friction loss per 1000 ft of pipe,

The maximum pump rate may be determined by using the 4 inch casing curve for water. The
injection rate corresponding to a friction loss of 353 psi/1000 ft is 35 bpm. The hhp necessary to frac at
35 bpm with a surface pressure of 3,900 psi is 3,344.

Copyright, 2011
ft psi
psi
1000 / 353
1000 * 65 . 6
2250
=
Perforation friction pressure
Important in fracture design and pressure analysis
Semi-empirical model
based on similarity to orifice equation
f(flow rate, slurry density, perforation density and number)

where,
q = flow rate, bpm

f
= fracture fluid density, ppg
d
p
= perforation diameter, in.
n
p
= perforation number
k
d
= discharge coefficient, measure of the perfs efficiency at passing fluid
k
d
~ 0.60 for new perfs
k
d
~ 0.85 for eroded perfs
Copyright, 2011
2
d
k
4
p
d
2
p
n
f
2
q 2369 .
pf
p

= A
Copyright, 2011
BJ Hughes Handbook
Time-dependent perforation friction
Copyright, 2011
(Crump & Conway, Effects of Perforation-Entry Friction on Bottomhole Treating Analysis, JPT,
Aug. 1988)
Diversion techniques for multiple zones
1. Packer and bridge plug arrangement
2. Multistage w/ ball sealers
3. Baffles
4. Sand plugs
5. Limited Entry

Q
inj
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
3. Baffles
4. Sand plugs
5. Limited Entry

Q
inj
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
3. Baffles
4. Sand plugs
5. Limited Entry

Q
inj
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
3. Baffles
4. Sand plugs
5. Limited Entry

3. Baffles
4. Sand plugs
5. Limited Entry

Q
inj
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
3. Baffles
4. Sand plugs
5. Limited Entry

Q
inj
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
BHTP = 2000
BHTP = 2350
BHTP = 3000
Limited Entry
Definition
Number of perfs intentionally limited to cause
high downhole pressures which result in
simultaneous stimulation of zones with
different closure pressure.

Discussion
Limited entry

is a technique used in fracturing
or acidizing to help control fluid entry into the
formation through a predetermined number of
perforations. The number and size of these
perforations will depend upon the formation
bottom hole treating pressure, type of fluid
being used, size of conductor pipe through
which the treatment is to be performed and
surface limitations. These perforations can be
placed in the well so that a desired amount of
treatment volume can be injected into any
zone.

Q
inj
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
BHTP = 2000
BHTP = 2350
BHTP = 3000
Example
Given: Condition of well and treating fluid

Pipe Size - 4 1/2 inch 11.6 lb casing
Depth - 6,000 ft
BHTP - 2000 psi
Fluid type - 2% potassium chloride brine
Viscosity - 1 cp
Average sand concentration - 1 lb/gal
Perforation diameter - 0.5 in.
Desired perforation friction (p
pf
) - 600 psi
Injection rate (Q) - 40 BPM
Assumed perforation coefficient - 0.95

Determine: Wellhead pressure, hydraulic horsepower, and number of 0.5 in.
perforations required

Limited Entry
Solution:

Hydrostatic pressure:
Pressure gradient for 2% KC1 water with 1 ppg = 47.0 psi/100 ft
p
h
= (47)(60) = 2820 psi

Friction pressure:
Friction loss for a 1 cp fluid in 4 1/2 inch, 11.6 lb casing at 40 BPM= 52 psi/100 ft
p
tf
= (52)(60) = 3120 psi

Therefore:
Wellhead pressure:

Hydraulic horsepower:

Number of perforations:

tf
p
h
p
tf
p
h
p
w
p
+ =
+ + =
2600
600 2000
psi
tf
p
h
p
w
p 2900 2600 = + =
hp
w
p Q
2842
81 . 40
*
=
ppg
p
x
x
f
f
016 . 9
65 . 2 * 34 . 8
1
1
1 01 . 1 * 34 . 8
34 . 8
1
34 . 8
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
Limited Entry
Solution:

Rate per perforation was found to be 3.8 BPM per perforation.

This limited entry solution would require 11 perforations 0.5 inch in diameter open and accepting
fluid to treat this well at 40 BPM with a wellhead pressure of 2900 psi using 2842 hydraulic
horsepower.

Consequences:
Too many perfs, velocity +, thus proppant could settlescreenout.
Too few perfs, restrict overall injectivity, HHP|, cost |

ns perforatio or
q
p
n 11 5 . 10
8 . 3
= =
44 . 14
016 . 9 * 2369 .
600 *
2
90 . *
4
5 .
2369 .
2 4
2
= =
A
=
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
f
pf
p
d
k
p
d
p
n
q
Limited Entry

Stimulation 4

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Stimulation 4

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Stimulation wellbore

Bottomhole frac pressure = surface pressure+ hydrostatic friction terms

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