Structural Bridge Design UK
Structural Bridge Design UK
Example Manual
British Standards
ii
Legal Notices
Autodesk
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The main contents page gives the headings of the main sections. These are
hyperlinked in the document so clicking on a title will take the user directly to the
appropriate section. The first page of each section shows the contents for that
section, listing the workshops included. This is also a hyperlinked page.
Files
Some of the examples require data files to be loaded or opened. All these files can
be found in a compressed zip file located in the SBD\Examples\Version 6\BS Data
Files folder of the software installation. To use these files you must copy the BS
Examples.zip file to a suitable folder on your local hard drive and extract the files to
this location.
At the end of some examples the user is asked to save a data file which may be used
in a subsequent example. To prevent the overwriting of the supplied files different file
names have been used. These files can optionally be used as input instead of the
supplied data files if required.
Projects
An example of setting up a project is given in section 1 and this project template is
saved. All other examples assume that this project is used throughout, giving default
materials, units, titles etc. If you carry out example 1 in section 1 then the Version 6
Examples project will always be available in the list of projects when starting new
problems. If this is not the case or you wish to work on an example without setting up
your own examples project template then this can be loaded from the supplied file
Version 6 Examples.spj when in the Project Templates form.
Semantics
The procedure for each example is given as a series of step by step instructions,
making reference to data form names, field names, user input, menu items etc. To
enhance the readability of these instructions some basic rules have been followed
when preparing these instructions.
1. Text in Bold with a vertical bar separating words indicates a menu item (eg
Options | Project Templates...)
vi
2. Form names ,data field labels and drop down lists are indicated as coloured italic
text such as Define Beam Loading
3. Text in double quotation marks generally indicates a button found on a data form
or user input (eg ...click on the OK button)
Other Useful Information
Having Auto Redraw switched on will mean that the graphics displayed in the
graphics window will be updated automatically as you progress your work.
1-1
1. Setup and Configuration
Contents
1.1. Project Setup ............................................................................................................. 1-3
1.2. Templates for Multiple Design Codes ........................................................................ 1-7
1-2
1-3
1.1. Project Setup
Subjects Covered:
Design Code; Company Identity; Project Template Titles; Project Template Units;
Project Template Materials; Preferences; Material Properties
Outline
Autodesk
AutoCAD
; Copying components
Outline
An oval shaped concrete column casing, with major axis 800mm and minor axis
600mm is cast concentrically around a steel Universal Column (356x368x202) as
shown below. The concrete is grade 30 and the structural steel has a yield strength
of 355N/mm
2
and elastic modulus 205kN/mm
2
.
The oval outline has previously been created in AutoCAD and saved in a dxf file. This
can be imported into the program before adding the standard steel shape. This shape
is added twice, once with void properties (to create a hole in the concrete) and a
second time with steel properties.
Procedure
1. Start the program and ensure that the current Project Template: is set to
Version 6 Examples using the Options|Projects Templates menu item.
2. Begin a new section using the menu item File|New Section.
3. Use the menu item Data|Titles... to set the title as Encased steel section with
a sub-title of Example 2.5. Also add your initials to the Calculated by data
item. Click on OK to close the titles form.
4. Open the Define Material Properties form using the menu item Data| Define
Material Properties... and then open the Property Details for the grade 40
concrete by clicking on it in the table. Change the Characteristic Strength to
2-20
30N/mm
2
and then click the OK button on both the Define Property Details
and Define Properties form to close the forms and ensure that any changes are
saved.
5. Open the Define Section data form using the menu item Data| Define
Section... . In the first row of the Library column select Import Shapes from the
dropdown list which will open a file browser. Navigate to the file called BS
Example 2_5 Elipse.dxf and open it. Click the Next button on the Import
Shapes form which has appeared on the screen. This will display the general
define shape in the graphics window and show the coordinates in the data
form. Enter a Name for this component as Encased Concrete in the Define
Element Shape form and close it with the OK button.
6. Assign a material property from the Property column drop down list as the
30N/mm
2
concrete.
7. In the second row of the Library column select Steel Sections from the
dropdown list which will open a secondary form in which British Sections are
chosen and a Universal Column is selected from the choice of Steel Section
Range. The serial size is set to 356x368 with a weight of 202kg. Close the
Define Section Details form with the OK button.
8. For both the section components change the hook point to number 0 and set
the coordinates to (0,0). Zoom the image in the graphics window to fit the
screen using the Fit View toolbar button.
9. If the steel section is not already set, then set the focus on the steel section by
clicking on it (it will turn red if a line becomes a dashed line then click on it
again to make it a solid line). Use the Copy toolbar button to create a
second instance of this shape
. Set the Property of this
second shape to be that of Steel and again set the Hook point to 0 and the
coordinates to (0,0).
10. Close the Define Section form using the OK button and then use the menu
item File|Save as... to save the section with a file name My BS Example
2_5.sam.
2-21
11. Close the program.
Summary
This method is the easiest way of enclosing one shape within another as the Merge
facility used in example 2.7 only works when boundaries overlap with each other.
This process can be repeated several times to create sections such as a concrete
tube enclosed between two concentric steel tubes of different radii.
A second method, which may be necessary in some circumstances, is to create the
encasing component as a single component, without a void component, by applying a
split between the external and internal surfaces (look at the parametric shape of an
annulus as an example). Alternatively the encasement can be made up of a number
of separate components, touching at the boundaries (e.g. a box section made up from
two rectangular webs and two rectangular flanges), although this would not represent
the torsion properties correctly.
2-22
2-23
2.6. Composite Section
Subjects Covered:
Multiple components with different materials; Standard steel library shapes; Reinforce
faces; Hook Points
Outline
A composite steel girder and concrete slab is shown below. The slab is 200mm thick
and the effective width is 1500mm. Reinforcement is placed in the bottom of the slab
using 12 no. 25mm diam. Bars, equally spaced with 50mm cover to the bottom face.
The steel girder is a standard steel universal beam section classified as UB
914x419x388. Grade 40 concrete is used for the slab and the standard steel and
reinforcement materials are applied respectively. The slab is part of a wider
continuous slab.
Procedure
1. Start the program and ensure that the current Project Template: is set to
Version 6 Examples using the Options|Projects Templates menu item.
2. Begin a new section using the menu item File|New Section.
3. Use the menu item Data|Titles... to set the title as Composite steel/concrete
Section with a sub-title of Example 2.6. Also add your initials to the
Calculated by data item. Click on OK to close the titles form.
4. Open the Section Definition data form using the menu item Data| Define
Section...
5. In the first row of the Library column select Parametric Shape from the
dropdown list. This will display a secondary form (with graphic) showing a
rectangular shape. Set the width to be 1500mm and the height to 200mm,
and then click on OK to close this secondary form. The slab is to be
positioned so that the midpoint of the bottom face is to be at the origin. This is
2-24
done by changing the Hook Point to be -1 and then setting the coordinates to
(0,0).
6. The two short edges of the slab are identified as continuous faces by clicking
once on each (they turn to dashed lines) and the material for the slab is set to
grade 40 concrete by using the drop down list in the Property column.
7. In the second row of the Library column select Steel Sections from the
dropdown list. Use the dropdown list to ensure that the Steel Sections Library
is set to British Sections and the Steel section range to Universal Beam.
Then select the Serial size as 914x419 and the weight to 388kg. Select
Steel from the Property dropdown menu. Close the form by clicking on the
OK button.
8. To locate the top of the flange at the centre of the underside of the slab,
change the Hook Point of the steel section to -5 and set the coordinates to
(0,0). The material of the steel beam should be set to the structural steel
property.
9. Close the Define Section form by clicking on the OK button.
10. Open the Define Bars form using the menu bar item Data|Define Bars. Set the
Generate field to Reinforce face(s), set the number of bars to 12, set the bar
diameter to be 25mm and then click on the bottom edge of the slab, which will
open a secondary data form.
Click on
Bottom
Face
2-25
11. In this form set the cover to be 50mm and the number of faces to be 1 and
then click on OK to draw the bars.
12. Close the Define Bars and Tendons data form using the OK button.
13. Use the menu item File|Save as to save the section with a file name My BS
Example 2_6.sam.
14. Close the program.
Summary
Sections can be built by combining many different simple components to create more
complicated shapes. Special libraries have been built containing the major shapes for
steel sections which can be used to build up the section. This covers UK, American,
Australian, European and Japanese standard sections
2-26
2-27
2.7. Pre-stressed section
Subjects Covered:
Precast concrete beams; Tendon definition and placement; Section outline from text
file; Initial Prestress forces; Arcs; Merging; Hook points;
Outline
It is required to generate a section of a precast edge beam comprising of a standard
YE3 precast beam (Grade 50 concrete) and an insitu slab and edge detail (Grade 40
concrete) as shown below. The section is created using 3 components, 1) a standard
precast section from a built in library, 2) a parametric rectangular section for the slab
and 3) a general defined shape with specific coordinates for the edge detail. These
sections will overlap so they must be merged to eliminate the duplicated material.
Two rows of tendons are placed in the bottom of the beam (11 in the bottom row and
14 in the second) together with two tendons in the top. The bottom row is placed
60mm from the bottom face of the beam with the end tendons 100mm from the
vertical faces. The second row is placed 110mm from the bottom face of the beam
with the edge tendons 60mm from the vertical faces. The top two tendons are placed
800mm from the bottom face and 72mm from the edge faces. Each tendon (Grade
1776) consists of one strand of 15.2mm diameter and is initially stressed to 225kN.
X Y
1 -100 1350
2 -350 1350
3 -400 1100
4 -550 850
5 -554 753
6 -450 690
7 -100 690
8 -100 1350
2-28
Procedure
1. Start the program and ensure that the current Project Template: is set to
Version 6 Examples using the Options|Projects Templates menu item.
2. Begin a new section using the menu item File|New Section....
3. Use the menu item Data|Titles... to set the title as Prestressed Section with a
sub-title of Example 2.7. Also add your initials to the Calculated by data item.
Click on OK to close the titles form.
4. Open the Define Material Properties data form using the menu item
Data|Define Material Properties... Delete the structural steel by clicking twice
in the name field and then using the delete key. Open the data form for the
prestress material and set the characteristic strength to 1776N/mm
2
. (This
gives a force of 225kN when 70% is applied to a 15.2mm diameter strand).
5. Click the OK button on both the Define Property Details and the Define
Material Properties form to close both forms and ensure that any changes are
saved.
6. Open the Define Section data form using the menu item Data| Define
Section...
7. In the first row of the Library column select Concrete Beams from the
dropdown list. This will display a secondary form (with graphic showing a
standard bridge beam). Use the dropdown list Concrete beam range to select a
YE beam and set the Shape no. to YE3. Click on OK to close this
secondary form.
2-29
8. Assign Grade 50 concrete to this component by using the drop down selection
of the Property field.
9. In the second row of the Define Section form create a second component by
picking Parametric Shape from the dropdown list. Set the width to 600mm
and the depth to 160mm. Assign Grade 40 concrete to this component.
10. Now manipulate the positions of the components so that the origin is at the
midpoint of the bottom face of the beam. This is done by setting the hook point
of the concrete beam section to -1 and setting the coordinates to (0,0). The
insitu slab can be positioned by also setting the hook point to -1 and the
coordinates to (200,870) (allowing 20mm for permanent formwork above the
rebate).
11. The two components overlap, so, to cut out the insitu slab around the beam,
select the slab in the list of components and, in the graphics window toolbar,
click on the Merge button.
12. The insitu edge detail now needs to be defined. Create a third component,
using the dropdown list in the Library column, as a define shape. The
coordinates, as defined in the table above, can be entered by either typing the
coordinates directly into the shape coordinates table (using the + button to
add a row), or by entering the coordinates into a text file such as notepad,
copying them to the clipboard (Control/C) and then using the right mouse
button menu option in the coordinate table, pasting them in. Set the section
name to Edge Detail.
Merge
2-30
13. A more accurate shape can be given by fitting arcs where appropriate. Tick
the arc box in rows 3 & 5 and click on OK to close the Define Shape form. A
form appears telling you that the sections intersect. Click the OK button on
this form.
14. Assign Grade 40 concrete to this component.
15. Again the two components overlap, so, to cut out the edge detail around the
beam, select the Edge Detail in the list of components and, in the graphics
window toolbar, click on the Merge button. Click on the OK button to close the
Define Section form.
16. Click No on the confirm form. To define the tendons select the menu item
Data|Define Bars.
17. Select 1 tendon by 2 covers from the dropdown list in the Generate field and
set the area of strand to 181mm
2
(the area of a 15.2mm diameter strand). In
the graphics window click on the left vertical face of the precast beam
(becomes bold) and then on the bottom face which displays a secondary form.
Set the Cover to face 1 to 100mm and Cover to face 2 to 60mm. Click OK
on the Locate Tendons form. Notice that the force in the tendon is 225kN (but
this could be changed as necessary). Repeat this for the bottom right corner of
the beam. Repeat on the bottom right corner with covers to face 1 and 2
60mm and 110mm respectively and then again on the bottom left.
18. Select Draw tendons from the dropdown list in the Generate field and change
the snap option in the graphics window toolbar to bar/tendon. Set Position By
to Number and No. of tendons to 11. Now click on the bottom left hand
tendon in the graphics window and then again on the bottom right (generating
Face 1
Face 2
2-31
11 extra tendons with superimposed tendons in the corners). Repeat this for
the second row but setting the No. of tendons to 14.
19. The top two tendons are created by using 1 tendon by 2 covers option and
selecting the vertical and bottom edges with covers of 72mm and 800mm for
both corners.
20. Close the Define Bars and Tendons form using the OK button. An
information message is displayed informing that superimposed tendons have
been automatically removed.
21. Use the menu data item File|Save As to save the data file as My BS Example
2_7.sam.
22. Close the program.
Summary
This section is now ready for section property calculations and stress analysis. The
example shows the build up of components, using merge, arc, and hook point
facilities as well as illustrating the use of standard library shapes. The edge detail
illustrates the ability to cut and paste geometry from a spread sheet or text file.
Inserting tendons demonstrated that a tendon could be placed with respect to two
faces (which dont have to be contiguous). The default tendon force is calculated
from the characteristic strength, the initial percentage and the tendon area, although
this will generally be adjusted to take care of losses.
2-32
3-1
3. Section Analysis
Contents
3.1. General Section Properties ..................................................................................... 3-3
3.2. Torsion & Shear Section Properties ...................................................................... 3-13
3.3. Differential Temperature ....................................................................................... 3-19
3.4. Early Thermal Cracking Calculations .................................................................... 3-23
3.5. ULS Capacity and stresses of an RC Section ....................................................... 3-29
3.6. Crack Width & Stress Calcs of an RC Section ...................................................... 3-41
3.7. General Stress Strain Analysis .............................................................................. 3-47
3.8. Stresses at transfer of a prestress section ............................................................ 3-53
3.9. Staged Construction of a Composite Section ........................................................ 3-59
3.10. Interaction Curves for Columns ............................................................................. 3-65
3-2
3-3
3.1. General Section Properties
Subjects Covered:
Gross section properties; Transformed section properties; Net Transformed section
properties; Full plastic moments; Moving the section origin; Reinforcement bar
translation.; Results viewer; PDF results viewer
Outline
The calculation of section properties for three of the sections defined in section 2 will
be considered as follows:
Example 2.6
Calculate
Section properties of the gross section (neglecting
any difference between material properties).
Section Properties of the transformed section
(transformed to grade 40 concrete).
Transformed bending Inertia Ixx about an axis
200mm below the bottom of the slab (the global
centroid axis of the complete bridge deck cross
section).
Example 2.2
Calculate
Net transformed Ixx (cracked section properties)
transformed to grade 40 concrete.
Example 2.4
Calculate
Full plastic moment of the section according to
BS5400 Part 3.
3-4
Procedure
1. Start the program and use the menu item File |Open to open the file BS
Example 2_6.sam created in example 2.6.
2. Use the menu item Data Titles to open the Titles form. Change the Sub-title to
Example 3.1a and the Job Number to 3.1a. Click on OK to close the Titles
form.
3. Ensure that Analysis Type is set to Section Properties by using the menu item
Data |Analysis Type then use the menu Calculate |Analyse to open the
Calculate Section Properties form.
Gross Section Properties
4. Click on the Section properties for drop down and select Gross Section from
the list. This will display the results shown below.
5. Click on the Results button to see the detailed results as a text file. This can
be saved as a Rich Text Format (rtf) file if required
6. Click on the PDF View tab at the bottom of the results viewer to display the
results with the graphics in the form of a PDF document. This can then be
saved as a PDF file if required. Page numbering, User defined titles and
margins can be configured using the Preferences button at the top of the
viewer.
3-5
7. Close the results viewer using the green EXIT Button at the top.
Transformed Section Properties
8. Click on the Section properties for drop down and select Transformed section.
This will display the results shown below.
3-6
9. Click on the Results button to see the detailed results.
10. Close the results viewer.
11. Click on OK to close the Calculate Section Properties form.
Section Properties about a specified axis
For properties about a specific axis we need to define the origin of the section
at the level of the required axis. One set of properties calculated are about the
global axes.
12. Use the Data |Define Section... menu to open the Define Section form.
13. In the first row, change the Y coordinate to 200.
14. In the second row, change the Y coordinate to 200.
15. Click OK to close the Define Section form.
16. Use the Data |Define bars menu to open the Define Bars and Tendons form.
17. Click on the Edit bars... button.
18. Click once on the graphics window to the bottom left of the section, then move
the mouse until the selection box contains all the bars. Click again to select
the bars which will be highlighted in red. The Edit Reinforcement form will
open.
3-7
19. Click on the Edit Option drop down menu and select X-Y Translation.
20. Change the value in the Translation dimensions y field to 200.
21. Click on OK to move the tendons and close the Edit Reinforcement form.
22. Click on OK to close the Define Bars and Tendons form.
23. Use the Calculate |Analyse menu to open the Calculate Section Properties
form.
24. Click on the Section properties for drop down and select Transformed section.
This will display the results shown below.
3-8
25. Click on the Results button to see the detailed results and scroll down the page
until the table for Transformed Section area & Properties about global axes (through x=0,y=0):
is shown
26. Close the results viewer.
27. Click on OK to close the Calculate Section Properties form.
28. Use the File |Save As... menu to open the Save As form.
29. Change the filename to My BS Example3_1a.sam And click on the Save
button.
Net Transformed Section Properties
30. Use the menu item File |Open to open the file BS Example 2_2.sam created
in example 2.2.
31. Use the menu item Data |Titles to open the Titles form. Change the Sub-title
to Example 3.1b and the Job Number to 3.1b. Click on OK to close the
Titles form.
32. Select the menu item Data |Analysis type |Section Properties.
33. Use the menu Calculate |Analyse to open the Calculate Section Properties
form.
3-9
34. Click on the Section properties for drop down list and select Net transformed
Section (BS5400).
35. Click on the Transformed to drop down list and select MP1: C40 Es 31.0 fcc
0.5. This will display the results shown below:
36. Click OK to close the Calculate Section Properties form.
37. Use the File |Save As... menu to open the Save As form.
38. Change the filename to My BS Example 3_1b.sam And click on the Save
button.
Plastic Section Properties
39. Use the menu item File |Open to open the file BS Example 2_4.sam created
in example 2.4
40. Use the menu item Data |Titles to change the Sub-title to Example 3.1c and
the Job Number to 3.1c. Click on OK to close the Titles form.
41. Select the menu item Data |Analysis type |Section Properties. Use the
Calculate |Analyse menu to open the Calculate Section Properties form.
42. Click on the Section properties for: drop down and select Plastic section.
Also set the Transformed to: field to the Structural Steel material. The form will
now display the results shown below.
3-10
43. Click on the Results button to see the detailed results for the Plastic Modulus
of the Section.
The top of the results file is shown below
This indicates that to obtain the correct results for Plastic Moment and Plastic
Modulus, according to the rules in BS5400 part 3 (9.7.1), we should change the
gamma value for structural steel in the defined material properties from 1.05 to
1.0
44. Close the results viewer and the Calculate Section Properties form by clicking
the OK button on the Calculate Section Properties form.
45. Use Data |Define Material properties... to open the Define Material Properties
form and click on the Structural Steel property. Change the Material Partial
Factor to 1.0 and then close both of the open forms with the OK button on
each form.
46. Click on the Calculate |Analyse menu to open the Calculate Section
Properties form. The form now displays the correct results.
3-11
47. Click on OK to close the Calculate Section Properties form.
48. Use the File |Save As... menu to open the Save As form.
49. Change the filename to My BS Example 3_1c.sam And click on the Save
button.
50. Close the program.
Summary
The calculation of section properties is very easy, but very powerful as gross,
transformed and cracked section properties can be obtained. The choice of which
property to use will depend on the type of analysis to be performed using these
properties.
Reinforced concrete sections for Ultimate Limit State calculations will generally use
gross properties whereas Composite steel and Prestressed concrete sections will
normally be transformed. Net transformed properties (cracked) are most useful when
considering the deflections of a reinforced concrete structure.
Fully Plastic Moments and Modulus of a steel section are useful as input to a plastic
hinge analysis of a structure and would be applied as Member Limits to a the
program structural analysis.
3-12
3-13
3.2. Torsion & Shear Section Properties
Subjects Covered:
Torsion Constant; Shear Area; Shear Centre;
Outline
It is required to calculate torsion and shear section properties for three of the sections
defined in section 2 as follows:
Calculate
The torsion constant for this voided slab section (taking
50% of the beam value as it is to be used in a grillage)
The torsion constant as above but ignore the
continuous edges
(Use a torsion grid of 20 by 20)
Calculate
The transformed torsion constant for this encased
column (transformed to concrete units)
(Use a torsion grid of 100 by 50 for the
concrete and 100 by 200 for the steel column)
Calculate
The shear areas in both x and y direction
The shear centre coordinates
(Use a grid of 100 by 100)
Poissons Ratio = 0.3
3-14
Procedure
1. Start the program and use the menu item File|Open to open the file BS
Example 2_2.sam created in example 2.2.
Voided Slab
2. Use the menu item Data|Titles to open the Titles form. Change the Sub-title to
Example 3.2a and the Job Number to 3.2a. Click on OK to close the Titles
form.
3. Use the menu Data|AnalysisType to set the analysis type to Torsion and
shear.
4. Use the menu item Calculate|Analyse to open the Calculate Torsion and
Shear form.
5. Click in the Divisions in X direction field and enter a value of 20. Click in the Y
direction field and enter a value of 20.
6. Click on the Display results for drop down menu and select Torsion Stress
Function from the list. Click on the Analyse button.
7. Click on the Results button to display the Results Viewer. Note that 50% of C =
1.3069E11mm
4
. Close the viewer.
8. Click the OK button to close the Calculate Torsion And Shear form.
9. Use the menu item Data|Define section to open the Define Section form.
10. On the first row of the table, click in the Library column and select Parametric
Shape from the drop down list. This will open the Define Section Details form.
Click on the OK button to automatically change the section to a discontinuous
section.
11. Click on the OK button to close the Define Section form.
3-15
12. Use the Calculate|Analyse menu to open the Calculate Torsion And Shear
form. Click on the Analyse button. Click on the Results button to display the
Results Viewer.
Note that 50% of C = 0.66865E11mm
4
13. Click on the OK button to close the Calculate Torsion And Shear form.
14. Use the File |Save As... menu to open the Save File form.
15. Change the filename to My BS Example 3_2a.sam and click on the Save
button to save the data file.
Elliptically Encased Steel Column
16. Use the menu item File |Open to open the file BS Example 2_5.sam created
following the steps in example 2.5.
17. Use the menu item Data |Titles to change the Sub-title to Example 3.2b and
the Job Number to 3.2b. Click on the OK button to close the Titles form.
18. Use the Data |Analysis Type menu item to set the analysis type to Torsion
and Shear.
19. Use the Calculate |Analyse menu to open the Calculate Torsion And Shear
form.
20. Click in the Divisions in X direction field and enter a value of 100. Click in the
Y direction field and enter a value of 50.
21. Click on the Analyse button.
Note that the value of C in Concrete units is 1.89E10mm
4
.
3-16
22. Click in the Y direction field and enter a value of 200. Click in the Element to
be analysed field and enter a value of 3 (this is the steel column).
23. Click on the Analyse button. Note that the value of C in Steel units is
5.57E6mm
4
. To convert this to concrete units we multiply by the modular ratio
of the elastic modulus = 205/28 = 7.32
Therefore C of steel section in concrete units is 4.08E7
The combined C is the sum of the two components = 1.89E10
This is a lower bound value as it is assumed that in torsion, the two
components are not acting compositely and warping is not constrained.
24. Click on the OK button to close the Calculate Torsion and Shear form.
25. Use the File |Save As... menu to open the Save File form.
26. Change the filename to My BS Example 3_2b.sam and click on the Save
button to save the data file.
Shear Centre & Area of RC Edge Section
27. Use the menu item File |Open to open the file BS Example 2_1.sam created
following the steps in example 2.1.
28. Use the menu item Data |Titles to change the Sub-title to Example 3.2c and
the Job Number to 3.2c. Click on the OK button to close the Titles form.
29. Use the menu Data |Analysis Type to set the analysis type to Torsion and
shear.
30. Use the menu item Calculate |Analyse, to open the Calculate Torsion and
Shear form.
31. Click in the Divisions in X direction field and enter a value of 100. Click in the
Y direction field and enter a value of 100.
3-17
32. Click on the Display results for drop down menu and select Shear Stress
Function from the list. Click on the Analyse button.
Note that the shear centre is given on the analysis form at coordinates (209,
207) and is shown by a symbol on the graphic display.
The shear area calculated, 63139mm
2
, is that associated with a shear force
applied parallel to the y (vertical) axis.
The shear stress distribution due to a vertical force of 1kN can be shown
graphically by changing Display results for: to Shear stress YZ (for vertical
shear stresses) or Shear Stress XZ (for horizontal shear stresses) and clicking
the Analyse button.
Close the Calculate Torsion And Shear data form with the OK button
To calculate the shear area in the X (Horizontal) direction, the section must be
rotated around by 90 degrees. This is simply done by opening up the Define
Section form using the menu Data | Define Section.... and entering 90
degrees in the Rotation column of the single component. The Hook point
coordinates should also be set to (250, 0) so that the origin is in the same
relative place. Close the Define Section form with the OK button.
33. Open up the Analysis form again, set Display results for: to Shear Stress
Function and click on the Analyse button.
3-18
Note that the shear centre is given as (207, -209) which is the same as before
except rotated by 90 degrees.
The shear area is, 92476mm
2
, and is that associated with a shear force applied
parallel to the horizontal axis in the original section orientation.
Click on the OK button to close the Calculate Torsion and Shear form.
Use the File|Save As... menu to open the Save File form.
Change the filename to My BS Example 3_2c.sam and click on the Save
button to save the data file.
34. Close the program.
Summary
The first example shows the effect on the torsion constant of including the
specification of continuous edges. This almost doubles the value. The 50% value
would be used in a grillage analysis because the transverse members would also
have a torsion stiffness so the total torsion stiffness is split between longitudinal and
transverse members (hence 50%).
The second example illustrates how to deal with sections made up from multiple
components having different material properties. (If they were of the same material we
could have just joined them). The program cannot deal with composite sections
directly in one pass but if we make a few assumptions, many sections can be
analysed by considering both sections separately and using a modular ratio to
combine them into one torsion constant transformed to one of the materials.
The third example illustrates how to obtain shear stress distribution in a section with
the shear centre coordinates and shear areas.
3-19
3.3. Differential Temperature
Subjects Covered:
BS5400 Temperature Profile; Restraining Moments; Primary differential temperature
stresses; User defined profile.
Outline
The composite section shown above has been defined and saved in example 2.6 with
a slight modification to include a 200mm by 200mm upstand on the left hand edge
constructed with grade 40 concrete. The previously defined continuous face on this
edge is made non-continuous. A standard temperature gradient, according to
appendix C of BS5400, is applied to the section but it requires modifying it to take
account of the upstand, as shown above. It is assumed that the temperature in the
upstand will be constant and at the same value as that at the top of the slab. The
effect of the reinforcement is to be included in the calculations.
It is required to determine:
The overall restraining moments and axial forces for both positive and
negative cases.
The unrestrained (self equilibrating) primary stresses at the top and
bottom of each of the three components for both positive and negative
cases.
Procedure
1. Start the program and click on the menu item File |Open... to open the file BS
Example 2_6.sam created in section 2.6 of this guide.
2. Use the menu item Data |Titles to change the Sub-title to Example 3.3 -
Differential Temperature and the Job Number to 3.3. Click on OK to close
the Titles form.
3-20
3. Open the Define Section form using the menu item Data | Define Section...
Add Upstand Edge Detail
4. In the third row of the Library column select Parametric Shape from the
dropdown list. This will display a secondary form (with graphic) showing a
rectangular shape. Set the width and depth to 200mm then click on OK to
close the form. The edge detail is positioned by setting Hook point 1
coordinates to (-750,200).
5. The material for the edge detail is set to grade 40 concrete using the drop
down list in the Property column.
6. The left hand edge of the slab is made non-continuous by clicking on the slab
component in the table, to get focus, then clicking on the left hand edge of the
slab. This will change it from a dashed to a solid line. Click on OK to close
the Define Section form.
7. Use the menu item Data |Analysis Type to set the analysis type to Differential
Temperature.
Apply Temperature Profile
8. Select the menu item Data |Define Loads |Temperature |BS 5400 Part 2
Appendix C...
9. Click on the Group drop down and select Concrete deck on steel box, truss or
plate girders. Set the Surfacing thickness to 0.05m. Click on OK to close
the BS 5400 Part 2 Appendix C Temperature Profile form.
This shows a profile as defined in BS5400 Appendix C but the program
assumes the top of the section is the top of the upstand. We therefore need to
lower this profile so the top of it is aligned to the top of the slab. We also need
to add a constant temperature portion from the top of the slab to the top of the
upstand.
10. Select the menu item Data |Define Loads |Temperature |Defined Profile...
This allows the temperature profile to be modified.
3-21
11. In the Positive Temperature Diff and Reverse Temperature Diff columns,
change the height and temperature values to those shown below. It is easiest
to start at the bottom of the list and work your way up.
Click on OK to close the Define Differential Temperature Profile form.
12. Select the menu item Calculate |Analyse and the program will automatically
calculate the Relaxing moments and Axial loads, showing them on the
displayed form. Untick the Ignore reinforcement? check box to include the
effect of reinforcement in the calculations.
13. Click on the Results button to see all the results including the self equilibrating
stresses.
3-22
14. Close the results viewer and click on OK on the Calculate Temperature
Stresses form to close it.
15. Select the File |Save As... option and change the filename to My BS Example
3_3.sam then click on the Save button to save the updated section file.
16. Close the program.
Summary
This example shows how to define a user specific temperature profile on a composite
steel/concrete section.
If a beam, made up from this section and temperature profile, was fully constrained
along its length then the following forces and moments would be induced along the
span:
Temp rise Temp fall
M Sagging F Comp M Sagging F Tension
370kNm 1228kN 269kNm -798kN
The self equilibrating Primary Stresses at the top and bottom of each component can
be seen in the results shown above.
3-23
3.4. Early Thermal Cracking Calculations
Subjects Covered:
Thermal Strains; Restraint Factor; BD28/87; Reinforce faces on an elliptical surface;
Short & Long term Temperature Fall.
Outline
The RC column section below is required to resist early thermal cracking stresses
according to BD28/87.
The section is the outline of the encased column generated in Example2.5. It is
necessary to remove the steel column (and void) before adding the 16 no 25mm
reinforcing bars equally spaced around the perimeter with 50mm cover. To position
the reinforcement symmetrically about the X axis, as shown, it is necessary to
reinforce faces with 16 equally spaced bars, choosing the first face as one with a
vertex on the x axis.
Early thermal cracking calculations are to be done according to design guide BD
28/87 with the following parameters:
Short term temperature fall to represent that which would occur using
350Kg/m3 cement content and forming the section with 18mm plywood in the
winter (Use the help file here)
Long term temperature fall in the winter
A restraint factor of 0.5 (Internal restraint)
Permissible Crack width for severe environment (Table 1 BS5400 part 4)
Ribbed bars are used for all reinforcement (Type 2 Deformed)
Shrinkage strain (modified by creep) has been calculated as -0.000085
Use recommended values for Ultimate tensile strain (-0.0002)
What is the reinforcement requirement to resist early thermal cracking?
3-24
Procedure
1. Start the program and click on the menu item File |Open to open the file BS
Example 2_5.sam created in Example 2.5 of this guide.
2. Use the menu item Data |Titles to change the Section Title to Elliptical
Reinforced Column, the Sub-title to Example 3.4 - Early Thermal Cracking
and the Job Number to 3.4. Click on OK to close the Titles form.
Modify section and check vertex locations
3. Open the Define Section form using the menu item Data| Define Section...
4. Click on the second row in the Library column and press the Delete key on
your keyboard to delete the void. Press the Delete key again to remove the
steel beam.
5. Click on the first row in the Library column and select Define Shape from the
drop down list. This opens up the Define Element Shape sub-form. Note the
location of the vertex on the x axis.
6. Click on Cancel to close the Define Element Shape sub-form.
7. Click on OK to close the Define Section form.
Define Bars Around Perimeter
8. Use the Data|Define Bars... menu item to open the Define Bars and Tendons
form.
9. Click on the Generate drop down and select Reinforce face(s). Put 16 in the
No. of bars field and set the Diameter to 25mm.
10. Click on the graphics window where there is a vertex on the x axis as shown
below. Enter a value greater than the no. of segments in the boundary (100
say) in the No. of Faces field. Click on the OK button and a symmetrical
pattern of reinforcement is created. Click on OK to close the Define Bars and
Tendons form.
3-25
11. Use the Data |Analysis Type menu to set the analysis type to Early Thermal
Cracking. The program displays the following warning message:
Click OK to close the warning message.
Remove Unused Material Properties
12. Use the Data |Define Material Properties menu to open the Define Material
Properties form.
13. Double click on the fifth row in the Name column and press the Delete key on
your keyboard to delete the structural steel material property. Click the OK
button to close the Define Material Properties form.
14. Use the Data |Analysis Type menu to set the analysis type to Early Thermal
Cracking.
Set the Analysis Parameters
15. Use the Calculate |Analyse menu to open the Early Thermal Cracking form.
16. Click on the Design Code drop down and select BD 28/87 from the list of
available design codes.
17. Click on the Help button to open the help page for the form.
3-26
18. Click on the Locate Field Help button and select Short Term temp. fall T1
from the list. This will display the table below:
The value of T1 for 18mm plywood in winter with a cement content of 350kg/m
3
is 27.
19. Look at the next section of the Help headed Long term temp. fall T2. It is
recommended to use 10 degrees for winter concreting.
20. The field help for Permissible crack width suggests that Table 1 in BS5400 part
4 will give values for appropriate environmental conditions. For severe
conditions the value is 0.25mm.
21. Close the Help window
22. Enter 27 in the Short term temp. Fall T1 field.
23. Enter 10 in the Long term temp. Fall T2 field.
24. Enter 0.5 in the Restraint Factor R field.
25. Enter -0.000085 in the Shrinkage Strain: field.
26. Enter 0.25 in the Permissible Crack Width: field.
27. All other values should be left at the default values.
28. The reinforcement area required is automatically calculated and shown on the
Early Thermal Cracking form. The value is 1430mm2 as shown on the Early
Thermal Cracking analysis form below. More detailed results can be obtained
by clicking on the Results button and these can be printed or saved
3-27
29. Click on the OK button to close the Early Thermal Cracking form.
30. Use the File|Save As... menu to open the Save File form.
31. Change the filename to My BS Example 3_4.sam and click on the Save
button to save the data file.
32. Close the program.
Summary
The area of reinforcement calculated here is based upon the recommendations of
DMRB document BD 28/37 and assumes a basic core of concrete 250mm from the
surface of the section. This value can be changed if necessary.
The restraint factor R has been chosen for an internal restraint (0.5) but this is not
strictly correct as the least dimension of the column is greater than 1.0m, but if we
assume it is correct for this exercise the process shows the basic principles that may
be adopted.
As this is an internal restraint the calculated reinforcement should be provided in both
horizontal and vertical directions, but this can be provided by the reinforcement
designed for other reasons. The vertical reinforcement is provided adequately by the
main bars in the column. The horizontal bars would be provided in the form of links.
If the column is 4.0m high and 10mm diameter links are used then the minimum link
spacing required would be 4000/(1430/(pi*25)) = 220mm.
3-28
3-29
3.5. ULS Capacity and stresses of an RC Section
Subjects Covered:
Reinforce faces; 1 bar by 2 covers; Nominal Load; Gamma factors; Biaxial bending;
ULS Shear design; Iterations fail to converge
Outline
Ultimate limit state section capacities, for moments and axial force, are to be
calculated for two of the sections defined in section 2 as follows:
This precast section has 7no. 25mm bars in the
bottom faces with 50mm cover. The end bars have
50mm cover to the vertical faces. Additionally, 2no.
16mm bars are placed in the top of the upstand
with 50mm cover to both faces.
The precast beam is lifted at its ends through the
centroid of the section which generates a nominal
Mx bending moment of 218kNm due to its self
weight (
fl
= 1.2
f3
= 1.1). Check that the Mx ULS
capacity of the section exceeds this. What is the
angle of the neutral axis?
The precast beam is stitched to a continuous insitu
slab which forces the neutral axis to be horizontal.
What is the Mx ULS capacity now?
By keeping the neutral axis horizontal there is an
out of balance My moment which is resisted by a
transverse membrane force in the slab. What is the
value of this force if the beam is 10m long?
Save this section for use in other examples.
This column has a nominal concentric axial load of
1000kN together with a nominal My moment of
100kNm. What is the maximum additional nominal
Mx moment that can be applied at ULS. (
fl
= 1.2
f3
= 1.1)
The design moments and forces at ULS are
Mx = 350kNm
Axial = 1320kN
Shear along y = 180kN
What links of 10mm diameter are required? At what
value of shear force will it be necessary to have
additional links?
3-30
Procedure
1. Start the program and use the menu item File |Open to open the file BS
Example 2_1.sam created in section 2.1 of this manual.
Section 1
2. Use the menu item Data |Titles to change the Section Title to Grillage Edge
Section with Reinforcement, the Sub-title to Example 3.5a and the Job
Number to 3.5a. Click on OK to close the Titles form.
3. Change the analysis type using the Data |Analysis Type |Bending, Axial and
Shear menu item.
Define Reinforcement
4. Open the Define Bars and Tendons form using the menu item Data |Define
Bars...
5. Click on the Generate drop down menu and select Reinforce Face(s) from the
list.
6. Click in the No. Of bars field and enter a value of 7.
7. Click in the Diameter field and enter a value of 25mm.
8. Click on the sloping bottom face of the section on the graphics window. The
face will be highlighted in black and the Reinforcement along face(s) form will
open.
3-31
9. Click in the No. of faces field and enter a value of 2 (the default cover of
50mm is assumed) then click OK.
10. Click on the Generate drop down menu and select 1 bar by 2 covers from the
list.
11. Click in the Diameter field and enter a value of 16mm.
12. Click on the left hand vertical and the top curved faces of the section on the
graphics window. Both faces will be highlighted in black and the Locate bar by
2 covers form will open.
13. Enter values of 50mm in both the Cover to face 1 and Cover to face 2 fields
then click OK.
14. Repeat 12 and 13 for the top right hand corner.
15. Click on OK to close the Define Bars and Tendons form.
Define Applied Forces
16. Open the Define loads form using the Data Define
Loads |Applied Forces... menu item.
17. Click on the Insert record button to add a load case.
Then click on the other Insert record button near the
bottom of the form to add a row to the table at the
bottom of the form.
18. On the first row of the table, click in the Type column and select X Moment
from the drop down list.
19. Enter a value of 218kNm in the Nominal Load column.
20. Enter a value of 1.1 in the Ultimate f3 column.
21. Enter a value of 1.2 in the Ultimate fL column.
3-32
22. Click on OK to close the Define loads form.
Calculate Capacity
23. Use the Calculate |Analyse menu to open the Bending, Axial and Shear form.
The program displays the following Reinforcement is not fully yielded warning
message:
This suggests that the section is over reinforced and the section fails at ULS by
the crushing of the concrete
24. Click on the OK button to close this message.
25. Ensure that the Analysis type field is set to BS 5400 Ultimate Limit State.
Click on the Loadcase drop down menu and select Loadcase: 1 from the list.
26. Click on the Capacity drop down menu and select X Moment Positive from
the list.
27. Click on the Neutral Axis angle drop down menu and select Free from the list.
28. The limiting additional load is 177.417kNm. The neutral angle axis is 35.3527.
3-33
29. Click on the Neutral Axis angle drop down menu and select Fixed horizontal
from the list. The Reinforcement is not fully yielded warning message will
appear again. Click on the OK button.
30. The limiting additional load is now 493.424kNm.
31. The associated My moment is -552.37kNm but this bending will be restrained
by the membrane action in the adjoining slab. If the beam is 10m long and we
assume a uniformly distributed membrane force acting in the interface between
the edge beam and slab it will be 8* My/L
2
= 44.2kN/m and will be
compressive.
32. Click on the OK button to close the Bending, Axial and Shear form.
33. Use the File |Save As menu to open the Save File form.
34. Change the filename to My BS Example 3_5a.sam and click on the Save
button to save the data file.
Section 2
35. Use the menu item File |Open to open the file BS Example 2_3.sam created
in section 2.3 of this manual.
36. Use the menu item Data |Titles to change the the Sub-title to Example 3.5b
and the Job Number to 3.5b. Click on OK to close the Titles form.
37. Change the analysis type to Bending, Axial and Shear using the Data
|Analysis Type | Bending, Axial and Shear menu item.
Define Applied Forces
38. Open the Define loads form using the Data |Define Loads |Applied Forces...
menu item.
3-34
39. Click on the Insert record button to add a load case. Click on the other Insert
record button near the bottom of the form to add a row to the table at the
bottom of the form.
40. On the first row of the table, click in the Type column and select Axial from the
drop down list. This will display the Eccentric Axial Loads form.
41. Click in the Axial load value: field and enter a value of 1000kN. For this
exercise we are going to assume a short column with effective length of 0.0 so
that no slenderness moments are generated. No eccentricity moments will be
applied either.
42. Click on the OK button to close the Eccentric Axial Loads form.
It can be seen that applying an axial load also generates moment in both
direction (0.0 in this case) to represent the slenderness and eccentricity
moments.
43. Click on the Insert record button near the bottom of the form to add a fourth
row to the table at the bottom of the form. On the new fourth row of the table on
the Define loads form, click in the Type column and select Y Moment from the
drop down list. Enter a value of 100kNm in the Nominal Load column.
44. For all rows in the table, enter values of 1.1 in the Ultimate f3 column and
1.2 in the Ultimate fL column.
45. Click on OK to close the Define loads form.
46. Use the Calculate |Analyse menu to open the Bending, Axial and Shear form.
Ensure that the Analysis type field is set to BS 5400 Ultimate Limit State. The
Reinforcement is not fully yielded warning message will appear again. Click
on the OK button.
47. Click on the Loadcase drop down menu and select Loadcase: 1 from the list.
Click the OK button on the warning message.
48. Click on the Capacity drop down menu and select X Moment Positive from
the list. Click the OK button on the warning message.
3-35
49. The maximum additional Design Mx moment that can be applied is
441.21kNm. The max nominal moment is therefore 441.21/1.1/1.2 =
334.25kNm
50. Click on the OK button to close the Bending, Axial and Shear form.
51. Open the Define loads form using the Data|Define Loads|Applied Forces
menu item.
52. Click on the Insert record button near the top of the form to add a load case
and decline to copy the active load case.
53. The ULS design moment (as opposed to nominal moments) are entered
directly into the top part of the table. In the second row, in the Mx column
(under the Ultimate group) enter 350. Enter 1320 in the Ax column and
enter 180 in the Vy column.
54. Click on OK to close the Define loads form.
55. Use the Calculate |Analyse menu to open the Bending, Axial and Shear form.
Click the OK button on the warning message.
56. Click on the Capacity drop down menu and select *Not used* from the list.
Click the OK button on the warning message.
57. Tick the Shear Force Calcs check box.
58. Click on the Results button to display the Results Viewer.
59. Scroll to the bottom of the Results Viewer to find the Link arrangement. The
links of 10mm diameter that are required are 314.316 for 2 legs and
628.633mm for 4 legs.
3-36
The output shows the maximum spacing for columns is 384mm so we would
use single links at 300mm spacing.
60. The links defined above are minimum reinforcement requirements as the actual
shear stress v (1.0651N/mm
2
) is less than the value of v
crit
(1.5372N/mm
2
).
This value of v
crit
corresponds to a shear force of 259.78KN as shown on the
Bending, Axial and Shear form. If the actual shear force exceeds this value
then additional links will be required. The shear force must always be below
801.64kN no matter how much shear reinforcement is required
61. Click on the OK button to close the Bending, Axial and Shear form.
62. Use the File|Save As... menu to open the Save File form.
63. Change the filename to My BS Example 3_5b and click on the Save button
to save the data file.
Section 3
64. Use the menu item File | Open to open the pre-prepared data file BS Example
3_5c.sam.
65. Ensure that the analysis type is set to Bending, Axial and Shear using the
Data | Analysis Type menu item.
66. Use the Calculate | Analyse menu to open the Bending, Axial and Shear form.
Ensure that Analysis type is set to BS 5400 Ultimate Limit State.
3-37
67. Click on the Capacity field and set it to Y Moment-Positive. Click on the
Loadcase drop down and select Loadcase 1.
68. The iterative procedure fails to converge and a warning message is displayed.
69. Click on the OK button in the warning window and the Control Iterations form
is displayed. In some cases the iterations process is unable to converge to a
solution using the strain compatibility methods. A close approximation can be
achieved by manually controlling the iterations as follows.
70. We need to reduce the out of balance Mx bending moment and axial force to
values that are as close to zero as possible in order to give the iterations
process a point to start from. Input a value of 0.01 in the N.A. Angle / Spin
Increment field and click on the arrowed buttons to increase the N.A Angle /
Reset value. You will see the section rotating and the residual Mx bending
moment reducing. Continue with this until the Mx bending moment just
changes sign as shown below.
71. Click on the arrowed buttons to reduce the minimum strain until the residual
axial force changes sign as shown below.
3-38
72. The increment needs to be reduced so that more refined adjustments can be
made to the residual Mx bending moment. Input a value of 0.001 in the N.A.
Angle / Spin Increment field and click on the arrowed buttons to increase the
neutral axis angle and reduce the residual Mx bending moment until it changes
sign as shown below.
73. The increment needs to be reduced so that more refined adjustments can be
made to the residual axial force. Input a value of 0.000001 in the Strain / Min /
Spin Increment field and click on the arrowed buttons to reduce the axial force
until it changes sign as shown below.
3-39
74. Input a value of 0.0001 in the N.A. Angle / Spin Increment field and click on
the arrowed buttons to decrease the neutral axis angle and reduce the residual
Mx bending moment until it is within 5kNm of zero as shown below.
75. Ideally the residual axial internal force would be reduced to a value closer to
zero, such that is within the default tolerance of 2kN. However, for this
example we will accept that we have reduced the residual Mx bending moment
to within 5kNm of zero and the axial internal force to within 5kN of zero and
adjust the convergence tolerance. Select the menu item Options | Tolerance
to open the Convergence Tolerance form. Set the value in the X Moment and
Axial fields to 5 and click OK to close the form.
76. We now have a starting point for the iterations to begin from. Click on the
Analyse button. The iterations converge to a solution. The remaining My
capacity, in addition to that required to resist the applied loadcase, is the
Limiting additional load. We can click OK on the Bending, Axial and Shear
form when we have finished looking at the results.
3-40
77. Close the program.
Summary
This example illustrates four techniques
a. How to calculate section capacities of a non symmetrical section where
natural bending occurs about a principle axis.
b. How to restrain a section so that bending occurs about a given axis and
the resultant (out of balance) moments about a perpendicular axis can
be determined.
c. Consideration of biaxial bending combined with axial forces when
applying a given set of forces and moments to a section and being able
to calculate the allowable addition forces and moments.
d. How to design shear link requirements in a column.
e. The control iterations process.
3-41
3.6. Crack Width & Stress Calcs of an RC Section
Subjects Covered:
SLS Limiting stresses; Defining Load Effects; BS5400 part 4 Equation 24 and 26;
Interpolation between long and short term modulus; Maximum crack widths; Crack
widths between specific bars.
Outline
The calculation of Serviceability limit state stresses and maximum crack widths are to
be calculated for the edge section, with reinforcement defined in section 3, under two
load/design situations.
Design situation 1
The precast beam is lifted at its ends through the centroid of the section which
generates a nominal Mx bending moments of 218kNm due to the dynamic
effect on its self weight (
fl
= 1.0 and it is a live load). Check that the concrete
and steel stresses do not exceed the SLS limits
Check the crack widths for this design situation (not normally a requirement for
this design situation but shown for completeness)
Design situation 2
When the section is attached to the insitu slab the Neutral axis is forced to be
horizontal. The dead load nominal moment is 126kNm (
fl
= 1.0) and the live
load moment is 254kNm (
fl
= 1.2). What are the concrete & reinforcement
stresses for this case if an interpolated elastic modulus is used?
What is the max crack width (Equ. 24) for this case.
What is the crack width (Equ. 24) between the two left most bars in the bottom
face.
3-42
Procedure
1. Start the program and use the menu item File |Open to open the file BS
Example 3_5a.sam created in section 3.5 of this manual.
2. Use the menu item Data |Titles to change the Sub-title to Example 3.6 and
the Job Number to 3.6. Click on OK to close the Titles form.
3. Use the Data |Analysis Type menu to set the analysis type to Bending, Axial
and Shear.
Design Situation 1
Define Load Effects
4. Use the Data |Define Loads |Applied Forces menu to open the Define loads
form.
5. Double-click in the Serviceability fL field and enter a value of 1.0. Click
OK to close the Define loads form.
Calculate Stresses
6. Use the Calculate |Analyse menu to open the Bending, Axial and Shear form.
The program will produce a warning. Click on the OK button to close the
message. Set the Analysis type to BS 5400 Serviceability Limit State. Click on
the OK button to close the message.
7. Click on the Loadcase drop down and select Loadcase: 1 from the list. Click
OK on the warning message form.
8. Click on the Capacity drop down and select Not used from the list. The
program will produce a warning message saying No permanent load tension
stiffening ignored. Click on the OK button to close the message.
9. Click on the Neutral Axis angle drop down menu and select Free from the list.
Again, click OK on the messages form.
3-43
10. Untick the Crack Width Calcs tick box (if it is already ticked) and then click on
the Results button. The tables of Maximum and Minimum Strains show the
concrete and steel stresses to be 19.65N/mm
2
and -220.96N/mm
2
respectively. This is less than the allowable limits of 20N/mm
2
and -375N/mm
2
Crack Width Checks
11. Tick the Crack Width Calcs tick box and note that the crack widths are
0.287mm using equation 24 and 0.337mm using equation 26. Click OK to
close the Bending, Axial and Shear form.
Design Situation 2
12. Use the Data|Define Loads|Applied Forces menu to open the Define loads
form.
13. Click on the Insert record button to add a load case. A Confirm form will open
asking if you want to copy the active loadcase. Click on No to create a new
loadcase.
14. Click on the other Insert record button near the bottom of the form twice to
add 2 rows to the table at the bottom of the form. On the first row of the table,
click in the Type column and select X Moment from the drop down list.
15. Enter a value of 126kNm in the Nominal Load column.
16. Click on the Perm/Live drop down and select Perm from the list.
17. Enter a value of 1.0 in the Serviceability fL column.
18. On the second row of the table, click in the Type column and select X
Moment from the drop down list.
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19. Enter a value of 254kNm in the Nominal Load column.
20. Enter a value of 1.2 in the Serviceability fL column. Click OK on the
message.
21. Leave the Perm/Live drop down set to Live.
22. Click on OK to close the Define Loads form.
Stress Checks
23. Use the Calculate| Analyse menu to open the Bending, Axial and Shear form.
Ensure that BS 5400 Serviceability Limit State is selected in the Analysis type
field.
24. An error message saying Section capacity exceeded overstress factors
given in stress analysis Results printout may appear. Click on the OK button.
25. Click on the Capacity drop down and select *Not used* from the list. Click
OK on the warning message form.
26. Click on the Loadcase drop down and select Loadcase: 2 from the list. Click
OK on the warning message form.
27. Click on the Neutral Axis angle drop down and select Fixed horizontal from
the list.
28. Click on the Set Parameters for drop down and select Serviceability
Calculations BS 5400 from the list. This will open the Design Data for
Serviceability Calculations form.
29. Confirm that the Elastic modulus used field is set to Interpolated. Click OK
to close the form.
30. Untick the Crack Width Calcs tick box and click on the Results button to open
the Results Viewer.
31. The concrete and reinforcement stresses are shown in the MAXIMUM and
MINIMUM Strains table. The concrete stress is 19.751N/mm
2
and the
reinforcement stress is -237.797N/mm
2
. Close the Results Viewer using the
green Exit button.
3-45
Crack Width Checks
32. Go to the Bending, Axial and Shear form and tick the Crack Width Calcs tick
box. The crack widths calculated according to equations 24 and 26 are shown
on the form. The maximum crack width according to equation 24 is 0.302mm.
33. It is also possible to find the crack width between specified bars. We want to
find out the crack width between the two outermost bars at the left hand side of
the beam. To do this draw a box around the two bars. The Results Viewer will
automatically open to show the crack width calculations for those bars. The
maximum crack width using equation 24 for those bars is 0.197mm.
34. Close the Results Viewer and click OK to close the Bending, Axial and Shear
form.
35. Use the File |Save As... menu to open the Save File form.
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36. Change the filename to My BS Example 3_6.sam and click on the Save
button to save the data file.
37. Close the program.
Summary
The first design situation considers the lifting of the beam where it will bend about the
principle axis. The value of the bending moment is greater than just the dead load
bending moment to take into account the dynamic effects of the lifting.
The max concrete stresses can be obtained from the graphics, but the steel stresses
can only be obtained from the results output.
The second design situation illustrates the calculation of stresses and crack widths at
SLS when some of the load is long term permanent load and the rest is instantaneous
live load. The method used is an interpolation between the long and short term
modulus so the stresses calculated are those that would occur at the end of the
structure life. To check the stresses just after construction, the long term modulus
would need to be modified, so as to represent the correct amount of creep, or the user
can choose to use the short term modulus only.
3-47
3.7. General Stress Strain Analysis
Subjects Covered:
General stress strain materials
Outline
For the Steel/Concrete composite beam, defined in section 2, it is required to
calculate the section capacity for bending (sagging and hogging) about the horizontal
axis and to examine the stress distribution due to an axial tensile load of -4000kN and
a sagging bending moment of 4000kNm.
This is done using the General Stress Strain analysis type, but, before this can be
carried out the material properties need to be defined as general stress strain type
material with specific strain limits.
The concrete has the same configuration and strain limits as BS5400 concrete.
The structural steel is defined as elastic-plastic with a stress limit set to 355/1.05 =
338N/mm
2
and a strain limit of 0.01. The yield strain is set to give an elastic modulus
of 205kN/mm
2
.
The reinforcement is set as an elastic-plastic with offset and the stress and strain
limits should be set as the same as BS5400 reinforcement but with a strain limit of
0.01.
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Procedure
1. Open the program and open the data file BS Example 2_6 saved in section
2.6, using the File |Open menu item.
2. Use the menu item Data |Titles to change the Section Title to General Stress
Strain Analysis, the Sub-title to Example 3.7 and the Job Number to 3.7.
Click on OK to close the Titles form.
3. Using the Data |Analysis Type menu item select General Stress / Strain.
Open the Define Material Properties form using the Data |Define Material
Properties menu item. Add an additional material property in the next
available row as a Defined Stress-Strain type. This should open the Defined
Property Details form.
4. Change the Factored Strength to 26.6666 (ie 40.0/1.5) and choose
Parabolic-Rectangular from the dropdown in the Defined Stress-Strain Type
field. This opens a secondary form in which the Set Curve Default to: field
should be set to BS5400. Close this secondary form and note that the
Modulus of Elasticity-Short Term is automatically set to 14.1798. Now change
value of Modulus of Elasticity-Short Term to 31. Set the Property Name to be
Defined grade 40 Concrete before closing the Define Property Details form
with the OK button.
5. Add another material in the next available row as a Defined Stress-Strain
type. Set the Factored strength to 338N/mm
2
(ie 355/1.05) and the Defined
Stress-Strain Type to Elastic Plastic. Note the default strain at yield is +/-
0.00169 ( giving an elastic modulus of 200N/mm
2
.) Change both tension and
compression values to +/- 0.00164878 to give an elastic modulus of
205kN/mm
2
. Close the secondary form and ensure the Strain Limit is set to
0.01. Set the Property Name to Defined Structural Steel before closing the
Define Property Details form with the OK button.
3-49
6. Add a third new material in the next available row as a Defined Stress-Strain
type. Set the Factored strength to 434.783N/mm
2
(ie 500/1.15) and the
Defined Stress-Strain Type to Elastic-Plastic with offset. For reinforcement to
BS5400 the compressive full yield stress is reduced to 357.143 at a strain of
0.002. Enter this information in the Define Stress-Strain Relation data sub form
and then close this sub form using the OK button. Note that when the sub
form is closed the Factored Strength automatically changes to a value of
357.143. Now set the Strain Limit to 0.01 and the Property Name to Defined
Reinforcement before closing the Define Property Details form. Click OK on
the Define Property Details form.
7. This has now completed the new material property definition so close the
Define Material Properties form with the OK button.
8. Open the Project Templates form using the menu item Options |Project
Templates Click on the Create new Project Template
button. This will display the New Project Template form,
check the Copied current model settings radio button
and click on OK to close the form.
9. Click in the Project Template field and type Version 6 Examples 3.7. Click on
the Export Template button to open the Export the program Project
Template File form. Change the filename to Version 6 Examples 3.7.spj and
3-50
click on the Save button to save the Project Template file. Click OK on the
Project Templates form.
10. Open the Define Section form using the menu item Data |Define Section...
and set the parametric shape to have the Defined Grade 40 Concrete
property and the Steel Sections to have the Defined-Structural Steel property.
Close this form with the OK button.
11. Open the Define Bars and Tendons form using the menu item Data |Define
Bars... and click on the Edit bars... button. Click in the graphics screen to
place a window around all the bars (they will turn red) and a secondary Edit
Reinforcement data form will be displayed. Change the Edit Option to Change
Property and set the Bar property to Defined-Reinforcement. Close both
forms with the OK button.
12. Change the Analysis type to General Stress/Strain using the Data |Analysis
Type menu item.
13. Open the Define Loads data form using the Data |Define Loads |Applied
Forces menu item. Click on Insert Record button to create a new load
case. Then enter 4000 and -4000 in the MX and AX fields in the Ultimate
LS sections of the top table. Close the Define Loads data form using the OK
button.
14. Use the Calculate |Analyse menu item to open the General Stress / Strain
form. Ensure that the Analysis type field is set to General Stress/Strain. Set
the Loadcase to Loadcase 1 and Capacity to *Not used*. The maximum
and minimum stresses can be obtained from the results viewer by clicking on
the Results button. Produce a print preview of the combined text output and
graphics by using the Print Preview menu item on the Results Viewer.
Alternatively, it may be found under the More Buttons tab located immediately
to the right of the Save as... button on the Results Viewer form. Both the print
Preview and results viewer windows can be closed.
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15. To obtain the sagging bending moment capacity set the Loadcase field to
None and the Capacity to X Moment Positive. The capacity will be shown
as the Limiting Additional Load on the Bending, Axial and Shear form.
16. Close all the data forms and save this data file as My BS Example 3_7.sam
using the File |Save As... menu item.
17. Close the program.
Summary
This example shows how any material with a known stress strain relationship can be
defined. These materials can then be assigned to components of a section and a
general strain compatibility analysis carried out to obtain limiting capacities or stresses
for a given set of loads.
3-52
3-53
3.8. Stresses at transfer of a prestress section
Subjects Covered:
Prestress Tendons; Relaxation loss; Elastic Loss; Interpolated/short term Modulus;
User Notes; Stress/Strain calculation Reports; Inverted Neutral Axis for Hogging.
Outline
The pre stressed section defined in Chapter 2 is opened and the slab and edge
section are removed from the section definition.
The section represents the mid span section of a 25m long beam which has been cast
and stressed and is about to be released from its mould. The concrete strength at
this stage is based on grade 40 concrete and the relaxation loss in the tendon force is
assumed to be 1.25%. The self weight moment is calculated based upon a weight
density of 23.6kN/m
3
and applied in the load table.
An SLS stress analysis is carried out assuming that the neutral axis remains
horizontal, and the elastic modulus is set to the short term modulus.
The stress results are the stresses in the concrete taking into account the losses in
the tendons due to the elastic deformation of the concrete. By temporarily setting the
elastic modulus of the concrete to a very high value (say 10000kN/mm
2
) the resulting
stresses are those without elastic deformation losses.
Procedure
1. Start the program and use the menu item File |Open to open the file BS
Example 2_7.sam created in Chapter 2 of this manual. If an Information form
appears containing information about the project template, then click OK on
this form.
3-54
2. Use the menu item Data |Titles to change the Section Title to Prestressed
Section Analysis, the Sub-title to Example 3.8 and the Job Number to 3.8.
Click on OK to close the Titles form.
3. Open the Section Definition data form using the menu item Data |Define
Section... Delete the edge detail by clicking in the Library field of the third row
and using the delete key. Delete the slab section by clicking in the Library field
of the second row and using the delete key.
4. Assign Grade 40 concrete to concrete beam component by using the drop
down selection of the Property field. Click on the OK button to close the
Define Section form.
5. To find the cross-sectional area of the beam, use the Data |Analysis Type
menu to set the analysis type to Section Properties. Use the Calculate
|Analyse menu to open the Calculate Section Properties form.
6. The cross-sectional area is 0.522m
2
. The weight density is 23.6kN/m
3
and the
length of the beam is 25m, therefore an Mx bending moment of 962.4375kNm
(i.e 0.52223.625x25/8) must be applied to the beam.
7. Click on the OK button to close the Calculate Section Properties form.
8. Delete the Structural Steel Material using the Define Material Properties form (if
it is still present).
9. Use the Data |Analysis Type menu to set the analysis type to Bending, Axial
and Shear.
10. Use the Data |Define Loads |Applied Forces menu to open the Define loads
form.
11. Click on the Insert record (+) button to add a load case. Click on the other
Insert record button near the bottom of the form to add a row to the table at
the bottom of the form. On the first row of the table, click in the Type column
3-55
and select X Moment from the drop down list. Enter a value of
962.4375kNm in the Nominal Load column. Set the Perm/Live field to Perm.
Change all serviceability Gamma factors to 1 by clicking in relevant fields and
entering a value of 1.0.
12. Click on the OK button to close the Define Loads form.
13. The relaxation loss in the tendon force must be accounted for before analysing.
Open the Define Bars and Tendons form using the menu item Data | Define
Bars...
14. The tendon forces are 225kN and must be reduced by 1.25%. Click on the
Edit Tendons button. Window around the whole section in the graphics
window to select all of the tendons. This will open the Edit Reinforcement sub
form. On the sub form set the Edit Option field to Change force and enter a
value of 222kN in the Tendon Force field. Click OK on the sub form.
15. Click on the OK button to close the Define Bars and Tendons form.
16. It is useful to make a note of this in the User Notes form which can be opened
up using the menu item Data | Notes... Enter the following text Tendon forces
have been reduced from 225kN to 222kN to represent relaxation losses at
transfer. Then close the form with the OK button.
17. Use the Calculate |Analyse menu to open the Bending, Axial and Shear form.
18. Click on the No button. Set the Analysis type field to BS 5400 Serviceability
Limit State.
19. Click on the Neutral Axis angle drop down and select Set angle to from the
list. Click in the corresponding edit box and enter a value of 180.
20. By default the elastic modulus used in the calculations will be interpolated
between the long and short term values and as the load is totally Permanent
the modulus will be equal to the long term value. To force the short term value
3-56
to be used we use the Set Parameter for: field to Serviceability Calculations
BS5400 and in the displayed sub-form set Elastic Modulus used: to Short
Term. Close the sub-form with the OK button.
21. The iterations now converge and the graphic display is shown as:
22. Click on the Results button to display the Results Viewer.
23. The maximum stress in the tendons is -1123.779N/mm
2
. The minimum stress
is -1194.24N/mm
2
.
3-57
The full stress in the tendon should be the tendon force divided by the tendon
area = 222000/181 = 1226.5N/mm
2
. The difference in these values is due to
elastic deformation losses.
24. Click on the OK button to close the Bending, Axial and Shear form.
25. Use the Data |Define Material Properties menu to open the Define Material
Properties form. Open the data form for the Grade 40 concrete by clicking on
the Name field in the first row of the table. On the Define Property Details form,
click in the Elastic Modulus Short Term field and enter a value of
10000kN/mm
2
. The program will display a warning message saying Outside
expected range. Click on the OK button.
26. Click on OK on both the Define Property Details and the Define Material
Properties forms to close both forms and save the changes.
27. Use the Calculate |Analyse menu to open the Bending, Axial and Shear form.
Click on the Results button to display the Results Viewer.
28. The maximum and minimum stresses without elastic deformation losses are
now -1226.155N/mm
2
and -1226.432N/mm
2
respectively.
29. Close the Results Viewer and click on the OK button to close the Bending,
Axial and Shear form.
30. Change the material back to default grade 40 concrete by opening the Define
Material Properties form, clicking on the grade 40 concrete and then clicking on
the Default button on the Define Property Details form. Confirm that you want
to reset to default values by clicking on Yes on the form that appears. Close
both material forms with the OK button.
31. Use the File|Save As... menu to open the Save File form.
32. Change the filename to MY BS Example 3_8.sam and click on the Save
button to save the data file.
33. Close the program.
3-58
Summary
This example demonstrates the effect of including prestress tendons in a section.
The resultant stresses are due to the prestress force and the moments from the dead
weight of the beam. If it was required to see the stresses from the prestress only,
then a very small dead load could be applied.
It should be noted that although relaxation losses are included in the material form for
pre-stressing tendons, this data is not used as the section analysis is not fixed to a
given time. This is why the tendon forces were modified manually to set the
relaxation loss to 1.25%.
The stress diagrams are always produced with compressive forces at the top. If a
hogging moment is applied to a section it automatically inverts the section. In the
prestress case the applied moment is sagging but the prestress provides higher
compressive stress at the bottom of the beam. This is why the neutral axis needed to
be inverted manually.
3-59
3.9. Staged Construction of a Composite Section
Subjects Covered:
Section Stages; Saving Intermediate Files; Initial Strains; General Stress/Strain
Analysis
Outline
A 30m long composite beam is constructed in two stages. 1) The steel beam
supports its own weight plus the weight of the wet concrete (23.6kN/m
3
density of
concrete 77kN/m
3
density of steel). 2) The beam becomes composite and supports
an additional mid-span design moment of 1500kNm due to surfacing. Determine the
as-built stresses due to this loading.
Use the composite section saved in the General stress strain example. Determine the
areas of both beam and slab so that the dead load mid-span moments can be
determined. Delete the slab and reinforcement element from the section and apply
the dead load moment. Carry out a general stress strain analysis to determine the
strains in the steel beam. Add back the slab and reinforcement elements and apply
the strains from the first analysis as initial strains. An additional bending moment of
1500kNm is then applied before carrying out a second general stress strain analysis
of the whole section to determine the stresses.
Procedure
1. Start the program and use the menu item File |Open to open the file BS
Example3_7.sam created in section 3.7 of this manual. If an Information form
appears containing information about the project template, then click OK on
this form.
2. Use the menu item Data |Titles to change the Section Title to Composite
Section Staged Construction, the Sub-title to Example 3.9 and the Job
Number to 3.9. Click on OK to close the Titles form.
Determine and Define Dead Loads
3. To find the cross-sectional area of the beam and slab, use the Data |Analysis
Type menu to set the analysis type to Section Properties. Use the Calculate
|Analyse menu to open the Calculate Section Properties form. Click on the
3-60
Results button to open the Results Viewer. The area of the slab is 0.3m
2
. The
area of the beam is 0.04942m
2
.
4. Click on the OK button to close the Calculate Section Properties form.
5. The dead load moment to be applied for the concrete slab is 796.5kNm
(0.323.630
2
/8). The dead load moment to be applied for the steel beam is
428.1kNm (0.049427730
2
/8).
6. Use the Data |Analysis Type menu to set the analysis type to General
Stress/Strain.
7. Use the Data |Define Loads |Applied Forces menu to open the Define
Loads form. Click on the Clear All button and confirm that you want to clear all
loads by clicking Yes on the form that appears. Click on the Insert Record
button to add a new load case. Click twice on the other Insert Record button
near the bottom of the form to add 2 new rows to the table at the bottom of the
form. On the first row of the table, click in the Type column and select X
Moment from the drop down list. Enter a value of 796.5kNm in the Nominal
Load field. On the second row of the table, click in the Type column and select
X Moment from the drop down list. Enter a value of 428.1kNm in the
Nominal Load field. Select Perm from the Perm/Live drop down list in both
rows. Change all the Gamma factors to 1 by entering 1.0 in the relevant
fields. Click on the OK button to close the Define Loads form.
8. Use the File |Save As... menu to open the Save File form. Change the
filename to My BS Example 3_9 Stage 2.sam and click on the Save button
to save the data file.
3-61
Remove Slab & Reinforcement
9. Open the Define Section form using the menu item Data| Define Section...
Click anywhere on the first row of the table and use the delete key to remove
the concrete slab. Click on the OK button to close the Define Section form.
10. Open the Define Bars and Tendons form using the menu item Data |Define
Bars... Click on the Clear button to remove all the bars. Click Yes on the
confirm form. Click on the OK button to close the Define Bars and Tendons
form.
Determine strains on Steel Beam
11. Use the Calculate |Analyse menu to open the General Stress/Strain form.
Click on the Results button to open the Results Viewer. The maximum and
minimum strains in the beam are 0.0003841 and -0.0003841 respectively.
Close the Results Viewer and click on the OK button to close the Calculate
General Stress/Strain form.
12. Use the File |Save As... menu to open the Save File form. Change the
filename to My BS Example 3_9 Stage 1.sam and click on the Save button
to save the data file.
Apply Stage 1 Strains as Initial Strains in Stage 2
13. To apply the strains from the first stage to the components in the second we
must first open the second stage file saved in step 8 above. Use File |Open...
to do this.
14. Use the Data |Define Loads |Initial Strain menu to open the Define Loads
form. On the first row of the table, click in the Maximum field and enter a value
of 0.00038411. Click in the Minimum field and enter a value of -0.00038411.
To assign these values to the steel beam, click in the Element field and enter a
value of 2. If the Enter key is pressed the graphics displays the applied
strains and resultant stresses.
3-62
15. Click on the OK button to close the Define Loads form.
Apply Moment Due To Surfacing
16. Use the Data |Define Loads |Applied Forces menu to open the Define
Loads form. Click on the Insert record button near the bottom of the form to
add a third row to the table at the bottom of the form. On the third row of the
table, click in the Type column and select X Moment from the drop down list.
Enter a value of 1500kNm in the Characteristic Effect field. Select Perm
from the Perm/Live drop down list. Change all the Gamma factors to 1 by
entering 1.0 in the relevant fields.
NB. Although, strictly speaking, the strains resulting from the first two loads
have already been added, the loads must remain in the table for the program to
perform the calculations correctly.
17. Click on the OK button to close the Define Loads form.
Calculate Final Stresses/Strains
18. Use the Calculate |Analyse menu to open the General Stress/Strain form.
The general stress strain distribution can be seen on the graphics.
3-63
19. Click on the Results button to open the Results Viewer.
The maximum and minimum stresses for the concrete slab are 5.22799N/mm
2
and 2.7192N/mm
2
respectively.
The maximum and minimum stresses for the steel beam are 99.2097N/mm
2
and -153.076N/mm
2
respectively.
20. Close the Results Viewer and click on the OK button to close the General
Stress/Strain form.
21. Use the File |Save As... menu to open the Save File form.
22. Change the filename to My BS Example 3_9.sam and click on the Save
button to save the data file.
Compare with Non-Staged Construction Analysis
23. To compare the as-built stresses to those that result from applying the load
cases to the whole section at once, use the Data |Define Loads |Initial
Strain menu to open the Define Loads form. Click on the Clear button to
remove the initial strains. Click the Yes button in the confirmation box that
appears. Click on the OK button to close the Define Loads form.
24. Use the Calculate |Analyse menu to open the General Stress/Strain form.
Click on the Results button to open the Results Viewer. The tables below
show the comparative stresses:
In Stages Composite
Max Stress 5.22799N/mm
2
9.1N/mm
2
Min Stress 2.7192N/mm
2
5.02N/mm
2
Stress comparison table for Defined grade 40 Concrete
3-64
In Stages Composite
Max Stress 99.2097N/mm
2
39.3N/mm
2
Min Stress -153.076N/mm
2
-136.2N/mm
2
Stress comparison table for Defined Structural Steel
25. Close the Results Viewer and click on the OK button to close the General
Stress/Strain form.
26. Save this data file as My BS Example 3_9.sam using the File |Save As...
menu item.
27. Close the program.
Summary
A staged construction must be carried out as two or more separate analyses. The
first analysis considers the first stage section components only and a load applied to
represent the total load at this stage. From this analysis the max & min strains of the
first stage components can be determined.
The second analysis includes stage 1 and stage 2 section components and the full
load at this stage applied. Stresses and strains at this stage are then available.
If required, the strains at this stage can be used as input to further stages.
Also note that the strains shown on the graphic are the additional strains due to the
additional load not the total strains these are shown in the text results. The
stresses on the graphics are the total stresses but can also obtained from the printed
results.
3-65
3.10. Interaction Curves for Columns
Subjects Covered:
Reinforced concrete column; General Stress/Strain Sections; Effective lengths;
slenderness moments
Outline
Using two sections defined in Chapter 2 of this manual, shown below, produce
bending/axial interaction curves for each, using 50 points on each curve, as follows:
Example 2.3
Using BS5400 ULS calculation determine the
design MY bending capacity of the section.
Create Interaction curves for the section
assuming an effective length of 0.0 in both
directions. This assumes the section is a
beam and that no slenderness or tolerance
moments will be considered.
The curves should be for MX (hor) against
AXIAL (vert) for values of MY ranging from
0.0 to just below MY capacity in increments of
50kNm.
Examine the effect on the interaction
diagrams when an effective length of 3.0m is
used.
Example 2.5
Using General stress strain calculations and
materials determine the ultimate axial
capacity of the section.
Create an interaction curve of MX (hor)
against MY (vert) for axial ranging from 0.0 to
capacity so that there are 10 curves.
3-66
Procedure
RC Column
1. Start the program and use the File |Open menu item to open the file BS
Example 2_3.sam created in Chapter 2 of this manual. If an Information form
appears containing information about the project template, then click OK on
this form.
2. Use the Data |Titles menu item to change the Section Title to Interaction
Curves for RC Column, the Sub-title to Example 3.10a and the Job Number
to 3.10a. Click on the OK button to close the Titles form.
3. Use the Data |Analysis Type menu item to set the analysis type to Bending,
Axial and Shear.
4. Use the Calculate |Analyse menu item to open the Bending, Axial and Shear
form. Click on the Capacity drop down menu and select Y Moment Positive
from the list. Click on the Analysis type drop down menu and select BS 5400
Ultimate Limit State from the list.
5. The design MY bending capacity of the section is 564.811kNm.
6. Click the OK button to close the Bending, Axial and Shear form.
7. Use the menu item Calculate |Interaction Curves to open the Interaction
Curves form.
8. Click on the Required Curves y-axis drop down menu and select Axial from
the list. Click on the Required Curves x-axis drop down menu and select Mx
from the list.
3-67
9. On the Tab Increments panel, click on the From field and enter a value of
0kNm. Click on the To field and enter a value of 550kNm. Click on the
Increment field and enter a value of 50kNm.
10. Click on the Add Tab by Increments button.
11. Click on the Points per Curve field and enter a value of 50.
12. Click on the Effective column length about X= field and enter a value of 0.0m.
Repeat for the Y= field.
13. Click on the My=0 tab of the Interaction Curves form. Click on the Analyse
All button. Click the OK button on any warning messages that appear.
14. Click on the Results button to display the Results Viewer.
15. Click on the tab My = 500 on the Interaction Curves form and then the My =
550 tab and examine the graphics displayed.
3-68
We can see that the bottom part of the curve for both My =500 and My = 550
are unusually shaped . Sometimes this indicates that the results in these
regions of the curves are not correct and are not useable. This is because that
when My tends towards its capacity the solution becomes unstable at a
number of points, especially at small values of Mx. To examine where points on
the curves may be unstable we can inspect the results file and determine which
part of the curve is usable.
If we scroll to the bottom of the results file we can see that in the case of this
particular example there are no interpolated points. In those files where a user
does encounter interpolated points, then such points indicate that a solution
has failed to converge at that point. Such areas would be unreliable and
should not be used.
The procedure for a case where a solution has failed to converge for small
values of Mx and high values of My would be to consider a change in the axes
and plot My against Axial for a range of small Mx values. Such a procedure is
demonstrated in the following steps. Close the Results Viewer.
16. Change the x axis to My ( all the My tabs should disappear) and then create
tabs for Mx = 0 to 20 in increments of 1. (See steps 9 and 10).
17. Click on the Analyse All button to produce the curves. Click OK on any
warning message that appears. We can see from the graphics that this has
then produced stable results in this region of the 3D interaction.
3-69
18. Click in the Mx = 0 tab and note the Critical value of Y on the Interaction Curve
form when X = 0. The value shown on the Interaction curves form is
6301.954kN.
19. Change the effective column length to 3.0m in both the X: and Y: directions
and then click on the Analyse All button. Click OK on any warning message
that appears. The same critical value is now 5679.166kN which is less than the
6301.954kN value above. This is because a non-zero effective length
indicates the section is a column and that both tolerance and slenderness
moments will be considered in the analysis, thus reducing the design axial
capacity for a given set of design moments
20. Close the Results Viewer and click the OK button to close the Interaction
Curves form.
21. Use the File |Save As... menu item to open the Save File form.
22. Change the filename to My BS Example 3_10a.sam and click on the Save
button to save the data file.
Encased Column
23. Use the File |Open menu item to open the file BS Example 2_5.sam created
in Chapter 2 of this manual.
24. Use the Data |Titles menu item to change the Section Title to Interaction
Curves for Encased Column, the Sub-title to Example 3.10b and the Job
Number to 3.10b. Click on the OK button to close the Titles form.
25. Use the Data |Analysis Type menu item to set the analysis type to General
Stress/Strain.
26. Use the Options| Project Templates menu item to open the Project
Templates form. Click on the Import Template button and open the file
Version 6 Examples 3.7.spj created in section 3.7 of this guide. Click the
Yes button on any Confirm forms that appear. Click on the OK button to
close the Project Templates form.
3-70
27. Use the Data |Define Material Properties menu item to open the Define
Material Properties form. Click on the Apply Template button. The Project
Template Materials form will appear, click on the Replace current ones radio
button and then click the OK button to close the form. Click on the OK
button to close the Define Material Properties form.
28. Use the Data |Define Section menu item to open the Define Section form.
29. Click in the Property field on the first row of the table and select Defined grade
40 Concrete from the drop down menu.
30. Click in the Property field on the second row of the table and select Defined
Structural Steel from the drop down menu.
The third row is the void section to make the hole in the concrete to take the
steel.
31. Click on the OK button to close the Define Section form.
32. In order for the program to perform the calculations, some nominal reinforcing
bars must be included in the section. Use the Data |Define Bars menu item
to open the Define Bars and Tendons form.
33. Click on the Generate drop down menu and select Draw Bars from the list.
Click in the Diameter field and enter a value of 1mm. A warning message
appears saying this is a non standard size. Click on OK to close this.
34. On the Define Bars and Tendons graphic display, click on the 4 grid points
nearest the edge of the concrete section that lie on the X or Y axis as shown
below.
3-71
35. Click on the OK button to close the Define Bars and Tendons form.
36. Use the Calculate |Analyse menu item to open the General Stress / Strain
form. Ensure that the Analysis type field is set to General Stress/Strain. Click
on the Capacity drop down menu and select Axial from the list.
37. The ultimate axial capacity of the section is 14951.2kN.
38. Click the OK button to close the General Stress / Strain form.
39. Use the menu item Calculate |Interaction Curves to open the Interaction
Curves form.
40. Click on the Required Curves y-axis drop down menu and select My from the
list. Click on the Required Curves x-axis drop down menu and select Mx from
the list.
41. On the Tab Increments panel, click on the From field and enter a value of
0kNm. Click on the To field and enter a value of 14500kNm. Click on the
Increment field and enter a value of 1600kNm. Click on the Add Tab by
Increments button.
3-72
42. Click on the Points per Curve field and enter a value of 50.
43. Click on the Analyse All button to produce the curves. Click OK on any error
messages that may appear.
44. Click on the OK button to close the Interaction Curves form.
45. Use the File |Save As... menu item to open the Save File form.
46. Change the filename to My BS Example 3_10b.sam and click on the Save
button to save the data file.
47. Close the program.
Summary
This example shows how multiple interaction curves can be created in one analysis
and that the interaction variables can be changed.
It also highlights that you need to be careful when interpreting the results, especially
when large slenderness moments exist due to the effective lengths of columns, as
failure to converge at some points may occur.
It was demonstrated that when the tabbed value approached the section capacity for
that component alone then the solution for the other two components becomes
unstable. In this case it is better to change the tabbed component to a different
component and investigate the interaction between the others.
The second example shows that by using general stress strain methods, interaction
curves can be drawn for any section, not just RC sections.
4-1
4. Beam Definition
Contents
4.1. Steel Composite Beam Definition .............................................................................. 4-3
4.2. Steel Composite Beam Definition (Advanced) ........................................................... 4-7
4.3. Prestress Beam Definition (Simple) ......................................................................... 4-15
4.4. Prestress Beam Definition (Advanced) .................................................................... 4-19
4.5. Reinforced Concrete Beam Definition ...................................................................... 4-27
4.6. Post-Tensioned Beam Definition (Simple) ............................................................... 4-37
4-2
4-3
4.1. Steel Composite Beam Definition
Subjects Covered:
Steel composite beam; outer beam; rolled steel UB; concrete haunch; concrete edge;
edge cast with slab;
Outline
Create a simply supported composite steel/concrete beam 26m long with a uniform
section as shown below.
The steel beam is a standard Universal beam 914x419x388 and has standard default
steel material properties. The 200mm thick concrete slab is grade 40 concrete. The
concrete edge geometry has been pre-defined and is stored in a section library, which
can be imported. It is structural and it is cast separately from the slab. The edge will
need offsetting to place it in the correct position. Save the file as My BS Example
4_1.sam for use in a later example
Procedure
1. Start the program and ensure that the current Project Template: is set to
Version 6 Examples using the Options |Projects Templates menu item.
2. Begin a new section using the menu item File |New Beam.
3. Set the Beam type to Steel Composite using the Data |Beam Type menu
item.
4. Use the menu item Data |Titles... to set the Section title as Composite
steel/concrete Beam - Simple with a sub-title of Example 4.1 and a Job
Number of 4.1. Also add your initials to the Calculated by data item. Click on
OK to close the titles form.
4-4
Define Beam
5. Use the Data |Define Beam menu item to open the Define Composite Beam
form.
6. Click in the Span field and enter a value of 26m. Click on the Location is drop
down menu and select Outer beam from the list.
7. Click on the Define drop down menu and select Section from the list to open
the Composite Beam Section Definition form. Click in the Component drop
down menu on the first row of the table and select Rolled Steel UB from the
list. This will open the Define Composite Beam Component form. Click on the
Serial size within range drop down menu and select 914419 from the list.
Click on the OK button to close the Define Composite Beam Component
form.
8. Click in the Component drop down menu on the second row of the table and
select Concrete Slab from the list. This will open the Define Composite Beam
Component form. Click in the width field and enter a value of 2000mm. Click
in the depth field and enter a value of 200mm. Click on the OK button to
close the Define Composite Beam Component form. Click in the Slab Details X
offset field and enter a value of 0.5m.
Add Haunch and Edge Detail
9. Click in the Component drop down menu on the third row of the table and
select Concrete Haunch from the list. This will open the Define Composite
4-5
Beam Component form. Click in the width at top field and enter a value of
600mm. Click in the width at bottom field and enter a value of 420mm. Click
in the depth field and enter a value of 75mm Click on the OK button to close
the Define Composite Beam Component form.
10. Click in the Component drop down menu on the fourth row of the table and
select Concrete Edge from the list. This will open the Define Edge Detail form.
11. Click on the Retrieve button and open the supplied file BS Example 4_1
Edge Details.lib. There is only one shape in this library file so select it and
click on the OK button. The edge detail is not located correctly in the section
but this can be done by setting the offsets in the Composite Beam Section
Definition form.
12. Close the Define Edge Detail form with the OK button.
13. Enter an X offset: of -0.5 and a Y offset: of 0.996.
14. Uncheck the Edge detail cast with slab? check box.
4-6
15. Ensure that the C40 grade concrete is assigned to three concrete components
in the Property column (see above). Click on the OK button to close the
Composite Beam Section Definition form.
16. Click on the OK button to close the Define Composite Beam form.
17. Use the File |Save As... menu item to open the Save File form.
18. Change the filename to My BS Example 4_1.sam and click on the Save
button to save the data file.
19. Close the program.
Summary
In this example we have defined a steel composite beam which includes a concrete
haunch and a concrete edge detail. The edge detail was imported from a user library
file but could easily have been generated by entering the coordinates of the shape
vertices directly into the table. Note that the materials for each section component
were not explicitly defined but default values were used as these were the correct
values. Different materials could have been selected here if they had been previously
defined.
4-7
4.2. Steel Composite Beam Definition (Advanced)
Subjects Covered:
Steel composite beam; span type; end span type; slab reinforcement; section
locations; soffit profile; construction stages;
Outline
A composite steel girder and concrete slab is shown below.
The beam is a steel plate girder with a nominal yield strength of 355N/mm2. The top
and bottom flanges are 500mm wide and 40mm thick. The web is 20mm thick. The
overall depth of the girder is 1000mm at the deepest section.
The 200mm thick slab is grade 40 concrete and is 2000mm wide.
It is required to create two beams:
1. A 30m internal span which has a curved bottom flange (circular arc) such that
the mid-span point is raised by 400mm. The concrete slab is cast in its length
in two stages, as shown, and has longitudinal structural reinforcement of 25mm
diameter bars at 200mm centres top and bottom. This reinforcement has
50mm cover and is placed in the slab only over the supports, extending 8m into
the span from both ends.
2. A 20m end span which has a curved bottom flange (circular arc) such that the
simply supported end and a point 7m from this end are raised by 400mm. The
concrete slab is cast in its length in two stages, as shown, and has the same
reinforcement as the first beam. This reinforcement has 50mm cover and is
4-8
placed in the slab only over the continuous support, extending 6m into the
span.
Procedure
1. Start the program and ensure that the current Project Template: is set to
Version 6 Examples using the Options |Projects Templates menu item.
2. Begin a new section using the menu item File |New Beam.
3. Set the Beam type to Steel Composite using the Data |Beam Type menu
item.
4. Use the menu item Data |Titles... to set the Beam title as Composite
steel/concrete Beam Advanced 1 with a sub-title of Example 4.2a. Set the
Job Number to 4.2a and add your initials to the Calculated by data item. Click
on OK to close the Titles form.
Define Beam
5. Use the Data |Define Beam menu item to open the Define Composite Beam
form.
6. Click on the Type drop down menu and select Continuous internal span
from the list. Enter a value of 30m in the corresponding Span field. Select the
item End span from the SIDE SPANS LEFT Type and RIGHT Type drop
down menus and enter values of 20m in the corresponding Span fields.
7. Click on the Cross section is drop down menu and select Varying from the
list. Click on the Location is drop down menu and select Inner beam from the
list. Enter a value of 2 in the No. of different sections field.
Define Cross Section and Reinforcement
8. Click on the Define drop down menu and select Section 1 from the list to
open the Composite Beam Section Definition form. Click in the Component
drop down menu on the first row of the table and select Plate Girder from the
list. This will open the Define Composite Beam Component form. Enter a value
of 500mm in the top flange width and bottom flange width fields. Enter a value
of 40mm in the top flange thickness and bottom flange thickness fields. Enter
a value of 1000mmm in the overall height field and a value of 20mm in the
web thickness field. Click on the OK button to close the Define Composite
Beam Component form.
4-9
9. Click in the Component drop down menu on the second row of the table and
select Concrete Slab from the list. This will open the Define Composite Beam
Component form. Click in the width field and enter a value of 2000mm. Click
in the depth field and enter a value of 200mm. Click on the OK button to
close the Define Composite Beam Component form. Ensure that the C40
grade concrete is assigned to the slab.
10. Click in the Component drop down menu on the third row of the table and
select Reinforcement from the list. This will open the Composite Beam
Reinforcement form. Enter values of 25mm in the Top Diameter and Bottom
Diameter fields. Enter values of 200mm in the Top Spacing and Bottom
Spacing fields. Enter values of 50mm in the Top Cover and Bottom Cover
fields. Click on the OK button to close the Composite Beam Reinforcement
form.
11. Click on the OK button to close the Composite Beam Section Definition form.
12. Click on the Define drop down menu and select Section 2 from the list to
open the Composite Beam Section Definition form. Click in the third row of the
table and press the delete key on the keyboard to remove the Reinforcement
component.
13. Click on the OK button to close the Composite Beam Section Definition form.
4-10
Define Section Locations and Soffit Profile
14. Click on the Define drop down menu and select Section Locations from the
list to open the Beam Feature Definition form. On the first row of the table, click
in the Section name drop down menu and select Section 1 from the list. On
the second row, select Section 1 and enter a value of 8m in the Position
along span field. On the third row, select Section 2 and enter a value of 8m.
On the fourth row, select Section 2 and enter a value of 22m. On the fifth
row, select Section 1 and enter a value of 22m. On the sixth row, select
Section 1 and enter a value of 30m. Clicking on the icon will show the
side elevation shown below. Click on the OK button to close the Beam
Feature Definition form.
15. Click on the Define drop down menu and select Soffit Profile from the list to
open the Define Soffit Profile form. On the second row of the table, click in the
Position along span field and enter a value of 15m. On the same row, click in
the Offset from datum field and enter a value of 400mm. On the first row, click
in the Profile to next point drop down menu and select Arc from the list. Click
on the OK button to close the Define Soffit Profile form.
Define Construction Stages
16. Enter a value of 2 in the No. of construction stages field. Click on the Define
and locate span features drop down menu and select Construction Stages
from the list to open the Beam Feature Definition form.
4-11
17. On the first row of the table, click in the Construction stage drop down menu
and select Insitu stage 1 from the list. On the second row, select Insitu stage
1 and enter a value of 8m in the Position along span field. On the third row,
select Insitu stage 2 and enter a value of 8m. On the fourth row, select
Insitu stage 2 and enter a value of 22m. On the fifth row, select Insitu stage
1 and enter a value of 22m. On the sixth row, select Insitu stage 1 and
enter a value of 30m. Click on the OK button to close the Beam Feature
Definition form.
18. Click on the OK button to close the Define Composite Beam form.
19. Use the File |Save As... menu item to open the Save File form.
20. Change the filename to My BS Example 4_2a.sam and click on the Save
button to save the data file.
Create Second Beam
21. Use the menu item Data |Titles... to set the Beam Title as Composite
steel/concrete Beam Advanced 2 with a sub-title of Example 4.2b. Set the
Job Number to 4.2b and then click on OK to close the Titles form.
22. Use the Data |Define Beam menu item to open the Define Composite Beam
form.
23. Click on the MAIN SPAN Type drop down menu and select Continuous end
span from the list. Enter a value of 20m in the corresponding Span field and
press Enter on the keyboard. A confirmation box will appear with the message
Beam span features will be modified. Continue?. Click on the Yes button. A
second confirmation box will appear with the message Beam section locations
and elevation profile will be modified. Continue?. Click on the Yes button.
Select the item Internal span from the SIDE SPANS LEFT Type drop down
menu and enter a value of 30m in the corresponding Span field.
24. Click on the Define drop down menu and select Section Locations from the
list to open the Beam Feature Definition form. Click on the Clear button to
delete the current data. On the first row of the table, click in the Section name
4-12
drop down menu and select Section 1 from the list. On the second row, select
Section 1 and enter a value of 5.3m in the Position along span field. On the
third row, select Section 2 and enter a value of 5.3m. On the fourth row,
select Section 2 and enter a value of 20m. Click on the OK button to close
the Beam Feature Definition form.
Change Soffit Profile and Construction Stages
25. Click on the Define drop down menu and select Soffit Profile from the list to
open the Define Soffit Profile form. Click on the Clear button to delete the
current data and click on Yes on a Confirm form that may appear. On the
second row of the table, click in the Position along span field and enter a value
of 13m. On the same row, click in the Offset from datum field and enter a
value of 400mm. On the third row of the table, click in the Position along span
field and enter a value of 20m. On the same row, click in the Offset from
datum field and enter a value of 400mm. On the first row, click in the Profile to
next point drop down menu and select Arc from the list. Click on the OK
button to close the Define Soffit Profile form.
26. Click on the Define and locate span features drop down menu and select
Construction Stages from the list to open the Beam Feature Definition form.
Click on the Clear button to delete the current data.
27. On the first row of the table, click in the Construction stage drop down menu
and select Insitu stage 1 from the list. On the second row, select Insitu stage
1 and enter a value of 5.3m in the Position along span field. On the third row,
select Insitu stage 2 and enter a value of 5.3m. On the fourth row, select
4-13
Insitu stage 2 and enter a value of 20m. Click on the OK button to close
the Beam Feature Definition form.
28. Click on the OK button to close the Define Composite Beam form.
29. Use the File |Save As... menu item to open the Save File form.
30. Change the filename to My BS Example 4_2b.sam and click on the Save
button to save the data file.
31. Close the program.
Summary
In this example we have created a steel composite beam for an internal span with a
soffit profile and defined construction stages. We then use this file as a basis for a
second steel composite beam, this time for an end span with a different soffit profile
and construction stage locations.
It is important to realise that if the reinforcement had been the same for the full length
of the beam the section could have been described as Uniform and only one section
defined despite the web varying in depth due to the bottom flange profile. The
section variation is used to model sudden changes in section such as flange and web
thickness changes and curtailment of reinforcement.
The reason for defining span arrangements and adjacent span lengths in the Define
Composite Beam form is that the program needs this information when calculating the
effective breadth of the concrete flange, used in stress calculations. The Location
definition of whether the beam is an Inner or Outer beam is needed for the same
reason.
4-14
4-15
4.3. Prestress Beam Definition (Simple)
Subjects Covered:
Prestress beam; Define material properties; Define beam; Sizing prestress beam;
Define prestress beam section;
Outline
The section of a 21m long prestressed concrete beam and insitu concrete slab is
shown below.
The prestressed beam is a standard Y beam the size of which is to be determined
and is cast using grade 50 concrete. The 200mm thick insitu slab is 2m wide and
constructed using grade 40 concrete. Standard 7 wire pre-stressing strands are used;
each having an effective area of 139mm
2
and a nominal radius of 15.2 mm. The
characteristic strength of each tendon is 1861MPa and they are initially stressed at
75% with a full relaxation of 2.5% (of which occurs at transfer). Tendons are initially
located in all default manufacturers locations as shown above. Save the file as My
BS Example 4_3.sam for use in a later example.
Procedure
1. Start the program and ensure that the current Project Template: is set to
Version 6 Examples using the Options |Projects Templates menu item.
2. Begin a new beam using the menu item File |New Beam.
3. Use the menu item Data |Titles... to set the title as Prestress Beam - Simple
with a sub-title of Example 4.3. Also set the Job Number to 4.3 and add
your initials to the Calculated by data item. Click on OK to close the Titles
form.
4-16
4. Use the menu item Data |Beam Type to set the beam type as Pre-tensioned
Prestressed.
Modify Materials Loaded from the Template
5. Next we will change the material properties loaded from the template.
Click on the Data |Define Material Properties... menu to open the Define
Material Properties form. Double-click in the Name column on row 5 (Structural
Steel material) then press the Delete key on your keyboard to delete the
redundant material property.
Click in the Name column on row 4 to open the prestress material properties.
Change the Characteristic strength, fpu to 1861MPa, the Initial Prestress
Force to 75%, Maximum Relaxation After 1000 Hours to 2.5% and the
Relaxation at Transfer to 50%.
Click OK on both forms to save the new material properties.
6. The next step is to define the geometry of the beam.
Click on the Data|Define Beam... menu item to open the Pre-tensioned Beam
Definition form. In the Beam length field, enter a value of 21m. Make sure
Cross section is is set to Uniform and Location is is set to Interior beam.
Suggest Section Size
7. Next we will get the program to suggest a sizing for the beam cross section.
Click on the Suggest size of drop down and select Y beam from the list of
options. This will open the Pre-tensioned Beam Initial Sizing form.
4-17
Click on the Beams at drop down and select 2000 centres. The graph will
update to show Y7 as the best initial size for the cross section. Click OK to
select this size.
Define Slab
8. The next step is to define the slab.
Click on the Define drop down and select Section from the list of options.
This will open the Pre-tensioned Beam Section Definition form where you will
see the Y7 cross section defined in the previous step.
Click on the Component column in the second row of the table and select In
situ regular. This will open the Define Precast Beam Component form. The
Shape Reference will be set to Rectangle already so enter 2000mm in the
width field and 200mm in the depth field then click OK.
Ensure the Y offset for the slab is set to 1270, (input this data and press
Enter on the keyboard if it is not). Click on the Merge by stage # button.
The program will remove the overlapping material for the two section
components.
Check that the Transfer Property for the beam and the Final Property for the
slab are both set to grade 40 and the Final Property for the beam is set to
4-18
grade 50, then click on the OK button to close the Pre-tensioned Beam
Section Definition form. Click on OK to close the Pre-tensioned Beam
Definition form.
9. Clicking on the icon when the Pre-tensioned Beam Tendon Definition or
Define Pre-tensioned Beam Reinforcement forms are open shows an isometric
view in which a three dimensional representation of the reinforcement and
tendons can be seen. Parameters for this view can be controlled on the orange
General tab at the side of the graphics window.
10. Finally we will save the beam file.
Click on the File |Save as... menu item and save the file as My BS Example
4_3.sam.
11. Close the program.
Summary
This example shows how to enter a simple pretensioned prestressed beam into
Autodesk
Structural Bridge Design 2014 and demonstrates the basic principles for assigning
properties, defining railway loads compilations and envelopes and viewing the results.
Click here
7-10
7-11
7.2. Portal Frame Loading and Analysis
Subjects Covered:
Wind Load; Differential settlement; Lack of fit loading; Dead loading. Bending
Moment, shear and Axial force diagrams.
Outline
The portal frame model, created in example 6.2, is to be loaded with the following
loads:
1. Dead load of the steel members based upon a weight density of 78kN/m3
2. Dead Load of precast concrete floor panels resulting in a UDL on the beams of
30kN/m
3. A horizontal wind load of 8kN/m acting as a UDL on the left hand columns
4. A support settlement of 20mm applied just to the left hand support
5. A Lack of fit loading due to the top beam being 15mm short during erection
Create a combination of these loads using load factors of 1.6 for the wind load and
1.4 for all other loads. (Of course, one would normally use a load factor of 1.2 for all
three loads if considering Dead, Live and Wind loads combined if using BS5950).
Produce a combined bending moment/shear force diagram for the two beams, with
max values annotated, and an axial force diagram for the two columns both for the
combined load case.
30kN/m Slab dead loads
30kN/m Slab dead loads
8
k
N
/
m
W
i
n
d
L
o
a
d
7-12
Procedure
1. Start the program and open the file created in example 6.2 called Two Span
Storey Bay Frame_BS.sst using the menu item File |Open...
2. Click on the menu Data |Titles... and change the Structure Title to Portal
Frame Loading, the sub title to Example 7.2, the Job Number to 7.2 and
enter your initials in the Calculated by: field.
3. Close the Titles form using the OK button.
4. Click on the button at the bottom of the Navigation window to enable
adding basic loads into the navigation tree.
Dead Loads
5. Click on the + Add button at the top of the navigation window and select
Beam Member Loads |Beam Element Load from the list of options.
6. We can enter the steel dead load into the first row of the Define Beam Loading
form by setting Load Type to be F Uniform, Direction to Global Z, Load
Value to be Volume and Load W1 to be -78 (it is negative because it is
acting vertically downward). W2 automatically assumes the same value as it is
a uniform load.
7. Click on the small down arrow next to the filter button in the graphics
toolbar and select Beams Only from the list of filters (these filters were set up
in example 6.2).
8. Window round the whole structure.
9. Repeat 7 and 8 but with the filter Columns Only. There should be 56
members now loaded as seen in the last column of the table.
10. The second line in the table can now be used to define the slab dead loads
which will be F Uniform, Global Z, Length and -30.
11. This should be applied to just the beams using the Beam Only filter.
7-13
12. Change the Name: to Dead Loads and close the Define Beam Loading form
with the OK button.
Wind Loads
13. The wind load will also be created using Beam Member Loads |Beam
Element Load when Adding a new Basic Load. The parameters for this will
be: F Uniform, Global X, Length and 8. It should be applied to just the
left hand column by using the Columns Only filter but only windowing around
the left half of the structure.
14. Change the Name to Wind Loads before closing the Define Beam Loading
form with the OK button.
Support settlement Load
15. Click on the + Add button at the top of the navigation window and select
Support Displacement from the list.
16. Enter -20 in the DZ(mm) column of the first row and then click on the left
supported node in the graphics window.
17. The default Name of Settlement is suitable so close the Define Support
Displacement Loading form with the OK button.
Lack of Fit Load
18. Click on the + Add button at the top of the navigation window and select
Beam Member Load |Beam Element Distortion from the list.
7-14
19. The lack of fit can be applied as a point distortion of -15mm at any point along
the top beam. Enter -0.015 in the D Start column of the first row and then set
Type to Point, Axes to Local, Direction to Direction X.
20. Apply this to the structure by setting the filter to Beams only and then clicking
on left end of the top beam.
21. Set the Name to Lack of fit load and then close the Beam Distortion Load
(Define Beam Loading) form with the OK button.
Compilation
22. To form a combination of these loads we create a Compilation. Click on the
button at the bottom of the navigation window and then click on
the + Add button at the top. Select Other from the list.
23. In the Compile Loading Patterns form click on the + button near the bottom of
the form four times to add 4 rows to the table. Change the Name to
Combination 1 and then in the first row of the Load Name field, click on the
arrow at the end and select the L1: Dead Loads. Set the gamma value to
1.4.
24. Enter each of the loads into separate rows of the table and apply the
appropriate factors. (Ignore warning messages about default gamma values).
25. Close the Compile Loading Patterns form with the OK button.
7-15
Solution
26. Click on the menu item Calculate| Analyse to perform the analysis which will
display a form showing the progress of analysing the four load cases. Before
closing this form display the analysis log file by clicking on the button.
27. In the text file that is displayed check that the total loads applied in load case
L1 are equal and opposite to the support reactions for the same load case.
(This applies to direct actions and not moments).
28. Close both the log file and the Analysis form.
Results
29. Click on the menu item File |Results to open up the results viewer and then
display this as full screen using the window controls.
30. Use the menu item View | Set Default Layout | Tabbed Layout to set the
view to a tabbed view with the Graphics on one tab and the table on another
(this will not need doing if it is already a tabbed view). Click on the Graphic tab
at the bottom.
31. In the blue control area Set Results Type to Compilation, Name: to
Combination 1, Results For: to Beam.
32. Use the filter dropdown button to select Beams Only.
33. Click twice in the Results For field in the light blue graphics toolbar and in the
dropdown tick both FZ and MY.
34. To produce annotations of the values click on the orange General button on
the right side of the graphics screen, tick Result and then click the Format
button next to it.
35. Set the values to the values shown in the following graphic before closing the
Text Setup form using the OK button.
36. To enhance the scale of the plot click on the orange Results button on the
right side of the graphics screen and tick both scale boxes setting the scale for
shear as 1:50 and that for bending 1:200. (You may want to check that Auto
Redraw is switched on. The Auto Redraw button is located on the light blue
graphics toolbar).
7-16
37. A plot of the axial loads in the columns can be obtained in a similar way except
the filter would be set to Columns Only and the Results For tick box set to
FX only. For this plot it is best to rotate the results text back to 0.0 using the
Text Setup form.
38. Close the Results Viewer using the File |Close Tabular Results menu item.
39. Save the file using File |Save as... with a name of My BS Example 7_2.sam.
40. Close the program.
7-17
Summary
This example explores some of the not so common load types applied to portal
frames and creating a combination of them. The use of filtering is encouraged to
produce graphical and tabular results for just specific parts of the structure and here,
excluding parts, such as stiff dummy members, where results are not relevant.
Sometimes the default scale of results plots is not large (or small) enough to show the
results adequately. This example shows how user defined scales can visually improve
the quality of graphical results.
In results plots that consist of more than one component, (eg. moment and shear)
where results values are displayed, then only one component can be annotated at a
time. The component that is shown is the first one selected when making the
selection in the dropdown list. To change the annotation to another component it is
simply a matter of re-selecting the components in a different order.
7-18
7-19
7.3. Highway Loading and Analysis of a Simple Grillage
Subjects Covered:
Beam Element Loads; Bridge Deck Patch Loads, HA Loads; HB Loads; Loading Sets;
Compilation; Analysis; Analysis log file; Bending Moments; Graphical Results, Print
Preview; Customizing table headers; Sorting tabular results.
Outline
A two span grillage model of a 500mm thick, curved slab, as shown below and as
defined in example 6.4 is to be loaded and analysed for dead, superimposed dead
and BS5400 traffic loading.
It is required to determine the design sagging moment at the centre of span 1 for ULS
combination 1 design case and maximum deflection along the lower edge of the
structure for SLS combination 1. Engineering judgement is to be used to create just
two load patterns to achieve this.
Details of the loading are as follows:
Dead load of the concrete slab is 24kN/m
3
(
fl
= 1.15 & 1.0)
Carriageway surfacing is 0.2m thick and has a density of 18kN/m
3
(
fl
= 1.75 &
1.2)
Footway makeup & finish is 0.35m thick and has a density of 20kN/m
3
(
fl
=
1.75 & 1.2)
Live load type HA + HB (30units) loading (
fl
= 1.3 & 1.1)
Footway live loading of 5kN/m
2
(
fl
= 1.5 & 1.1)
For the max bending case the HB vehicle will occupy lane 3 (slightly overlapping lane
4). For the max deflection case the HB load will occupy lane 4 (slightly overlapping
lane 3). The KE loads and the CL of the leading HB bogie will be as close to the
centre of the horizontal span as possible (ie. an easting of 8.25m).
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Procedure
1. Start the program and open the data file with a name of BS Example 6_4.sst
which was created in example 6.4. Close the Structure overview with the
Done button.
2. Change the title sub title of the example to Example 7.3 using the Date
|Titles menu option, Change the Job Number: to 7.3 and put your initials in
the Calculations by: field before closing the form in the normal way.
Basic Loads
The dead load of the slab can be created by applying a volume load of
24kN/m
3
to just the longitudinal members (applying it to the transverse
members as well would double the actual dead load).
3. Change the navigation pane on the left hand side of the
screen to Basic Loads by selecting the button at the
bottom.
4. Click on the + Add button at the top to display the selection
list as shown and pick Beam Member Load ->Beam Element
Load.
5. In the Define Beam Loading form change the Load Type to
F Uniform, the Direction to Global Z, the Load Value to
Volume and Load W1 to -24. The field Load W2
automatically becomes -24 also as it is a uniform load (note
the units). The Name: field can be changed to Concrete
Dead Loads.
6. To apply this to just the longitudinal beams we need to filter the graphics
window to display just these beams. Click on the small arrow next to the filter
icon in the graphics toolbar and pick Longitudinal Beams from the list.
7. By windowing around the complete structure and changing the viewing
directions to isometric it can be seen that the load has been applied to the
longitudinal beams only.
7-21
8. Close the Define Beam Loading form with the OK button.
9. To define the Carriageway surfacing load, the Bridge Deck Patch Load option
is selected when +Adding a new basic load.
10. Set Define loading by: to object then in the graphics screen click on the 4 lines
bounding the carriageway area (consecutive lines must intersect). The lines are
the carriageway definition lines and the span end lines at either end. It is best
to click on these lines outside the bounds of the structure so as to isolate them
from other lines. The loaded area is then shown hatched. (Ensure that the
Carriageways box is ticked on the orange Objects button at the right side of
the graphics screen).
Note that subsidiary loads can be defined in the X and Y directions by inputting
values in the +X and +Y fields. However, in this example we will leave these 2
fields at the default value of zero.
7-22
11. In the Define Bridge Deck Patch Loading form set Load per unit area to
3.6kN/m
2
and set the Name: to SDL: Carriageway before closing the form
with the OK button. (Note that subsidiary loads can be defined in the
directions other than the main direction on the Bridge Deck Patch Load form.
However, in this example only loads in the main Z direction will be defined).
12. In the navigation window right mouse click on the load just created above and
select Copy from the drop down list.
13. Set Define loading by: to object (and click Yes on the confirm form that
appears), then in the graphics screen click on the 4 lines bounding the south
most footway area.
14. In the Define Bridge Deck Patch Loading form set Load per unit area to
7kN/m
2
and set the Name: to SDL: footway 1 before closing the form with
the OK button.
15. Repeat steps 12 to 14 but for the north most footway using the Name: SDL:
footway 2
16. Click on the +Add button in the navigation window and select Vehicle Loads
| HA UDL to open a Define Vehicle Loading form. Set Ends defined by: to
Span and the Lane No: and Span No: to 1. The load intensity is calculated
automatically, from the length of the load, and all other data can be left as the
default so close the form with the OK button.
17. Right mouse click on the HA load in the navigation window and select Copy
from the drop down list. Change the lane to 2 and close the form with the OK
button.
18. Repeat for lanes 3 and 4
19. Click on the +Add button in the navigation window and select Vehicle Loads
| HA Knife-Edge Load to open a Define Vehicle Loading form. Set Align With:
to lane marking and then position the KE load approximately by clicking twice
in the north most lane somewhere near the centre of span 1. Now set the
Chainage in the form to 10.09m to position it more accurately. Close the form
with the OK button.
7-23
20. Repeat this for lanes 2, 3 and 4 with chainages of 9.20m, 8.25m and 7.25
21. The footway loading is applied using standard HA UDL loading so follow step
16 above but use lane 5 for one footway and 6 for the other. The Load per unit
area: field should be set to 5kN/m
2
in each case before closing the form with
the OK button. (Remember to apply the footway live loading to the left hand
span, ie. span 1, only).
22. Click on the +Add button of the navigation window to add Vehicle Load | HB
Vehicle.
23. Set No of HB Units to 30 and then click twice anywhere in lane 3 on the
graphics screen to approximately position the vehicle. (Ensure that you leave
a gap of at least 1 second between clicks when doing this).
24. The lane is 3.0m wide and the vehicle 3.5m wide and it is positioned centrally
on the lane. This means it is overlapping the lanes on either side by 0.25m.
We require that the vehicle is only overlapping lane 4 so we set the Offset: field
in the data form to 0.25m to achieve this.
25. To position the vehicle longitudinally we set Using: to bogie 2 centre and
Chainage: to 8.253m. Change the Name: field to HB lane 3 before closing
the form with the OK button.
26. Repeat 22 to 25 above but place the vehicle in lane 4 and set the Offset: to
-0.25m with the Chainage: at 7.25m. Set the vehicle Name to HB lane 4
before closing the data form with the OK button.
7-24
Loading Sets
27. It is sometimes convenient to group the basic loads into recognisable sets.
This can be done by clicking on the Open Loading Sets... option at the bottom
of the navigation window.
28. In the Define Loading Sets form click on the green + button at the top right
and then change the Set Name to Dead Loads
29. Click on the single dead load in the Unassigned Load Cases: list and then click
on the > button to move it into the Selected Load Cases: list
30. Repeat 28 and 29 above with Set Name of SDL and the appropriate load
cases.
31. Repeat 28 and 29 above with Set Name of Live Loads and the remaining load
cases. (Note that multiple loads can be selected at once by holding the shift
key down while clicking on the first and last in a series)
32. Close the Define Loading Sets form with the OK button
Compilations
33. Change the Navigation view to Compilations by clicking the appropriate button
at the bottom of the navigation window.
34. Click on the + Add button to add a Dead Loads at Stage 1 compilation. Click
on the + button near the bottom of the form to add a row to the table. In the
first row of the compilation table use the drop down list to select the Concrete
Dead Loads case. Note that the default gamma is correct at 1.15 and change
the Name: to DL ULS. Close the form with the OK button.
35. Repeat 34 above but this time set the Limit State: field to Serviceability ( a
prompt to confirm changing the load factors will appear) and the Name: to DL
SLS
7-25
36. Click on the + Add button to add a Superimposed Dead Loads compilation.
Click on the + button near the bottom of the form 3 times to add 3 rows to the
table. In the compilation table use the drop down list to select the three SDL
load cases and change gamma for each to 1.75. Close the form with the
OK button.
37. The compilation for SDL SLS can be created by copying the ULS compilation
and changing the Limit State: field to Serviceability. When the factors are
changed by the program change them all manually to 1.2.
38. Click on the + Add button to add a BS 5400 Comb. 1 HB(+HA) compilation.
Click on the + button near the bottom of the form 6 times to add 6 rows to the
table. This compilation will be for ULS max sagging so select the vehicle and
pedestrian loads as shown below.
39. Note that the gamma factors are correct at 1.3 but that the HA Lane numbers
need changing as shown to correctly represent the lane factors. The Name: of
the compilation should be changed to U1 HA + HB Max Sag Span 1 before
closing the form with the OK button.
40. For the SLS Max Deflection Compilation repeat 38 and 39 but change the Limit
State: to Serviceability and include the vehicles and HA Lane numbers as
shown below. The Name: is set to S1 HA + HB Max Def Span 1 before
closing the form with the OK button.
7-26
41. The data file can now be saved as BS Example 7_3.sst using the main menu
item File | Save As...
Analysis
42. The load cases can now be solved using the menu Item Calculate |Analyse,
which carries out the solution and stores results ready for viewing. Because
we have defined loading sets an Activate Loading Sets form is displayed
allowing a choice of which loading sets to analyse. Ensure they are all ticked
and then click on the OK button.
43. A warning message will appear informing us that part of the HB vehicle is
missing the deck. This is ok so answer by clicking the Yes to All button.
Once the analysis is complete as indicated on the Analysis form click on the
small icon at the bottom right of this form.
44. This will display the analysis log file which will indicate any warning messages
about the analysis (if any) and give a summary of the analysis degrees of
freedom and the total applied loads and total reactions for each load case.
These should be inspected for consistency.
7-27
45. The analysis log file can then be closed using the green EXIT button on the
top left of the window. The Analysis form can also be closed using the Done
button.
Results
46. The maximum sagging moments can be obtained by looking at the results of
the appropriate live load compilation in the results viewer. This is opened
using the menu item File |Results.
47. If the graphics and tabular results are not shown on the same screen then
ensure that the Graphics is enabled using the menu item View |Set Default
Layout |Graphic Above Table.
48. Set the Results Type: to Compilation and the Results For: to Beam and the
Name of the compilation to U1 HA + HB Max Sag Span 1.
49. To add the effect of dead load and superimposed dead load to the live
compilation results then use the drop down list in the Include Dead Load
Compilations: field to include both ULS Dead & SDL compilations. Click on the
orange isometric view icon on the graphics toolbar and select My in the
Results for: dropdown menu.
50. To determine the maximum value then annotate the graphics using the orange
General button at the right of the graphics screen and tick the Result tick box.
7-28
If all results are shown then the Format button can be used to select
maximums only. Click on the Auto Redraw button on the graphics toolbar to
show the results. It is worth noting that un-ticking the Transparent box in the
Text Setup form can make it easier to read the results in the graphics window.
51. To see how the graphics and table would be printed out, use the File |Print
Preview menu item to display the print preview. This can be printed if
required. A pdf of the graphic window can be generated by clicking on the
icon at the top of the print preview window. Close the print preview using the
Close button
52. To repeat this exercise for the SLS displacements change the compilation
Name to S1 HA + HB Max Def Span 1, the Results For: to Joint and include
the SLS Dead Load Compilations as before.
53. To ensure that you are looking at z displacements click on any number in the
DZ column in the table.
54. Before printing a Print Preview of these results remove columns from the table
that are all zeros (DX, DY, RZ). This is done by right mouse clicking on each
column header and selecting Remove This Column from the drop down menu
displayed. These can be reinstated if required by clicking on the column
control icon at the far left of the column headers and ticking the appropriate
boxes.
55. To determine which node number gives the min result we can sort the results in
ascending order for a particular column and then look at the result at the top of
the table. For the vertical displacements, this is done by left clicking on the DZ
column header until the sort arrow points upwards and then scrolling to the top
of the table.
7-29
56. Close the results viewer using the File |Close Tabular Results menu item.
57. Save the data file, using the menu File |Save As... to a file called My BS
Example 7_3.sst
58. Close the program.
Summary
This example provides a basic introduction to the basic loading and results of a bridge
deck grillage analysis.
Although maximum results are normally obtained using the load optimisation features
in Autodesk Structural Bridge Design 2014, to position vehicle patterns accurately, it
is important for the engineer to be able to create loading patterns manually based on
engineering experience. By understanding this process, the engineer will be
confident in checking the results produced automatically by the load optimisation,
which is described in Chapter 10 of this manual.
Some key features of this example are:
The copying of data items to create additional data items and then modifying
them (such as loads).
Understanding Vehicle loading.
Creating load compilations for different limit states.
Grouping of loads to form loading sets. These should not be confused with
compilations, as the loads or effects are not summed but merely grouped for
convenience. Each group can be analysed separately and will not require
7-30
re-analysis if other groups are subsequently solved (as long as other data
hasnt changed.
The production of an analysis log file (the last log file produced is always
available from the File | Analysis Log File... menu). This file easily gives the
ability to check that the total applied loads are equal and opposite to the
resultant total support reactions. It is important to do this at least once for
every structural model, as differences in these values are an indication of an ill-
conditioned stiffness matrix and that structure stiffness should be scrutinized.
To show the ability to customise and be selective on printed output
7-31
7.4. Dead Load & Diff Temp Load on a Finite Element Slab
Subjects Covered:
Dead loads in FE; Differential temperature in an FE Slab; The use of composite
members to represent FE results; FE results with discontinuities in slab thickness;
Principle moment vectors
Outline
Consider the finite element slab, as described and modelled in example 6.5 which has
variable thickness and a curved profile in plan
It is required to establish the distribution of load to the supports due to its own self
weight and to examine the load path by considering principle moment vector plots.
The load will be based on a weight density of reinforced concrete of 24kN/m
3
.
It is also required to consider the effects of an applied temperature profile through the
thickness of the slab, in accordance with BS5400 part 2 Appendix C, with respect to
the secondary moment created. Only positive differential temperature will be
considered and it is assumed that a surface thickness of 100mm will be applied.
The temperature load will be applied as a combination of a temperature gradient load
and a general temperature rise. The values of these two components will be different
for the variable thickness of slab. For the purpose of this example we will only
consider the main slab of 500mm and the cantilever slab of 300mm. The effects on
the column head will be assumed to be that of the 500mm slab.
The two values of temperature required here can be calculated from first principles
using the expressions
EI
M
Tg
for temperature gradients and
EA
F
Tm
for
membrane temperature. E is the elastic modulus of the concrete (34kN/mm2), I and A
are the moment of inertia and the area of a 1m section of the slab and is the
coefficient of thermal expansion (1.2E-5).
M and F are the restraining Moments and Forces obtained when applying the
temperature profile to a 1m wide section of the slab. These can be obtained by
7-32
carrying out a simple diff temp analysis (using Autodesk Structural Bridge Design
2014) of 1m wide sections of the two thicknesses of slab, by following the procedure
in example 3.3. The results of this and a section property analysis are as follows:
500mm thick slab
I = 1.0417E10mm
4
A = 5.0E5mm
2
M = 84.14kNm F = 619.65kN giving
T
g
= 19.79
o
/m T
m
= 3.03
o
300mm thick slab
I = 0.225E10mm
4
A = 3.0E5mm
2
M = 27.52kNm F = 332.51kN giving
T
g
= 29.985
o
/m T
m
= 2.72
o
Procedure
1. Start the program and open the data file with a name of BS Example 6_5.sst
which was created in example 6.5. Close the Structure Overview with the
Done button.
2. Change the title sub title of the example to Example 7.4 using the Data
|Titles menu option, Change the Job Number: to 7.4 and put your initials in
the Calculations by: field before closing the form in the normal way.
Dead Load
3. Click on at the bottom of the navigation window and then click on
at the top of the window and select Finite Element Load |External
Load from the dropdown list.
4. In the first row of the table in the Define Finite Element Loading form set Load
Type to Force/volume, Direction to Global Z and Load to -24.
5. Window around the complete structure in the graphics window to select all the
elements. It doesnt matter that they have different thicknesses as the load
applied is a volume load.
7-33
6. Set Name: to Concrete Dead Loads before closing the form with the OK
button.
Temperature Load
7. Click on at the top of the window and select Finite Element Load
|Temperature Load from the dropdown list.
8. In the first row of the table in the Define Finite Element Loading form set
Temperature Type to Gradient and Grad to 19.79. The default Coefficient is
correct.
9. This temperature gradient needs to be applied to the 500mm and 700mm thick
slab. To do this click on the filter button in the graphics window toolbar, click
on the De-select all Selection Tasks, and then set Select By: to Section
Property. Move the 500mm and 700mm slab properties into the Selected
Groups: field using the > button and then close the Member Selection Filter
form with the OK button.
10. Window round the complete structure in the graphics window to select these
elements.
11. In the second row of the table set Temperature Type to Membrane and T-
Bottom to 3.03, then window round the complete filtered structure again to
apply this to the 500mm and 700mm thick elements.
12. In the third row of the table set Temperature Type to Gradient and Gradient to
29.99. This time the 300mm thick elements must be selected.
13. Use the filter tools in the same way as 9 above to filter the 300mm thick
elements only and then window round the entire structure.
14. In the fourth row of the table set Temperature Type to Membrane and T-
Bottom to 2.72 then window round the complete filtered structure again to
apply this to the 300mm thick elements.
15. Change the load case Name: to Diff Temp Loads before closing the loading
form with the OK button.
7-34
Analysis
16. Use the menu item Calculate |Analyse... to perform the analysis and then
click on the Analysis log file icon on the Analysis form to open the log file.
17. Check in the displayed text file that the total load applied is equal and opposite
to the total reaction for the Dead Load case. Note that the total reaction for the
Thermal load case, L2, is zero (or very close to zero) because temperature
loads are internal loads.
18. Close the log file then close the Analysis form with the Done button.
Results Dead Load Case
19. Use the main menu File |Results... to open the results viewer. Set the view to
be combined graphic and table, as shown below, by using the menu items
View | Set Default Layout | Graphic Above Table. Adjust window size to suit
by holding the left mouse button down on the dividing line between the
graphics and table and dragging to a new position.
20. In the dark blue area at the top of the window (Results Controller) set Results
For: to Joint, Name: to L1: Concrete Dead Loads and Effect: to Support
Reactions.
21. In the graphics toolbar, the Results For: field should be set to FZ
7-35
22. Change the viewing direction to isometric by clicking on the Graphics toolbar
icon and then annotate the results using the orange General Button on the
right of the graphics window. Use the Format button next to the Results tick
box and ensure Display All values is selected and SOP: is set to Result
before closing the Format (Text Setup) window with the OK button. Click on
the Auto Redraw button on the graphics toolbar to show the results.
23. The distribution of dead load to the supports can be clearly seen.
To display how this load gets to the supports we can view the moment load
path by plotting the principal bending results.
24. Change the results annotation to Maximums only and then set the fields in the
Results Controller to those shown below. The Results For: field in the graphics
toolbar should be set to Principal Values Maximum to show a faded contour
plot together with two lines at the centroid of the element indicating the relative
magnitude and direction of the principal moments.
Hold left mouse button
down on this line and
drag to adjust window
size
7-36
25. Red lines represent hogging moments and blue lines represent sagging.
26. To graphically represent the bending moment in the longitudinal direction, for
the dead load case, the Results Controller fields need to be set as shown
below and the Results For: field in the graphics toolbar should be set to
Bending Triad x.
27. The view shown here has been changed to a Tabbed Layout (using the View)
menu) and the viewing direction set to plan view. There are two significant
points to note here.
7-37
i. The x moment values are per m width and represent bending in
the local xz plane. For this structure the default local x axis is the
same as the global X axis. If we wanted to change this such that
the local x axis was in the direction of the deck centre line we
would need to change them by adding an Advanced FE Set
|Local Axes item to the Structure Navigation Window to align
them to the design line. The load cases would need resolving
before viewing the results.
ii. The Location: field in the results controller is set to Node rather
than centroid or nodal averaged results so that the discontinuity
along the boundary between the two slab thicknesses is
represented
28. Close the Results viewer.
Results Differential Temperature Load Case
29. The secondary moment results caused by the differential temperature case are
best displayed as bending moments on a virtual beam strip, the width of two
narrow elements, passing over the lower of the midspan supports. The results
are to be integrated over the width of this beam strip. To do this in Autodesk
Structural Bridge Design 2014 we use the concept of a composite member.
30. To define this composite member we click on the menu item Calculate |Define
Composite Member...
31. The elements that make up the composite member are then selected
graphically by first setting the Pick Mode: to Finite Element and then clicking
on the elements one by one as shown below.
32. The Composite axis is defined by setting the Pick Mode: to Node and then
clicking on the nodes, one by one, along the centre of the virtual beam from
one end to the other.
7-38
33. Close the Define Composite Member form with the OK button.
34. Open the Results viewer and set the fields in the dark blue Results Controller
area to those shown below. The viewing direction has been set to a south
elevation.
35. This now shows the bending results of a beam strip 1.25m wide with its centre
line along the composite member axis.
36. The results are obtained by integrating the FE results across the beam strip
and resolving them at each of the axis points. There are three integration/
resolving algorithms that can be used, Method 1, 2 or 3 and it is up to the user
as to which is the most suitable. The method is selected in the results
controller. The basic suitability criteria can be displayed by clicking on the
small, circular ? button next to the Method drop down.
7-39
37. In our case method 2 has been selected as most suitable. If in doubt, use the
most conservative approach.
38. Shear results can be displayed in exactly the same way.
39. Close the results viewer.
40. Use the main menu File |Save As... to save the data file with a name of My
BS Example 7_4.sst.
41. Close the program.
Summary
A simple example to show how secondary effects due to differential temperature can
be represented in a Finite Elements model and how to best display results where
there are discontinuities. The representation of FE results in the form of a virtual
beam strip is also demonstrated.
7-40
8-1
8. Transfer of Data
Contents
8.1. Line Beam Integration ................................................................................................ 8-3
8.2. Steel Composite Beam Grillage Integration ............................................................... 8-9
8.3. Defining Section Library with DWG File ................................................................... 8-19
8.4. Defining Grillage with DXF File ................................................................................ 8-23
8.5. Defining Box Girder with DXF File ........................................................................... 8-27
8-2
8-3
8.1. Line Beam Integration
Subjects Covered:
3 span line beam; Import steel composite beam; Dead and SDL load optimisation;
Transfer results to beam module; AASHTO Distribution factors
Outline
In this example we are going to create a 3 span line beam with outer spans of 20m
and an internal span of 30m. The line beam is constructed from 3 girders which are
placed on temporary supports, then welded together to form a continuous structure.
The concrete is then poured in two stages.
We will create a line beam structure then use the steel composite beam files created
in example 4.2 to define the section properties for the model. We will then carry out a
load optimisation for dead, SDL and live loadings. When this has been completed we
will transfer the load effects into the beam files making use of the direct link between
the structure and beam files in Autodesk
AutoCAD