Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Major Review
Major Review
This Quick Prep section provides a handy reference to key facts on a variety of topics in world history.
Event
Significance
40,000 B.C.
Europe
8000 B.C.
Africa, Asia
3100 B.C.
Egypt
3000 B.C.
Mesopotamia
2500 B.C.
Indus Valley
2350 B.C.
Mesopotamia
2000 B.C.
China
1700 B.C.
Asian steppes
1532 B.C.
China
1200 B.C.
Mexico
850 B.C.
Assyria
Cro-Magnons appear.
Agriculture begins.
800 B.C.
Greece
550 B.C.
Persia
500 B.C.
Rome
461 B.C.
Greece
334 B.C.
Greece
321 B.C.
India
202 B.C.
China
27 B.C.
Rome
A.D. 29
Jerusalem
A.D. 100
South America
A.D. 100s
Africa
A.D. 320
India
Jesus is crucified.
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Event
Significance
527
Constantinople
600
Central America
618
China
622
Arabia
800 North America
800s900s
West Africa
814
Western Europe
960
China
1095
France
1192
Japan
1200s Mexico
1200s Peru
1209
Mongolia
1215
England
1235
Africa
1279
China
1300
Italy
1337
France
1347
Italy
1368
China
1453
Turkey
1492
Americas
1517
Germany
1526
India
1529
Anatolia
1603
Japan
1607
North America
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Event
Significance
1644
China
1700s
Europe
1775
North America
1789
France
18051812
France
1821
Mexico
1848
Europe
1854
Japan
1865
United States
1871
Germany
18841885
Germany
1911
China
1914
Europe
1917
Russia
1939
Europe
1945
Japan
1945
United States
1949
China
1957
Vietnam
1990
Germany
1991
Soviet Union
2001
United States
The Manchus ruled China for 260 years and brought Taiwan,
Chinese Central Asia, Mongolia, and Tibet into China.
Philosophers promoted ideas about representative
government and individual rights that helped to spur
democratic revolutions.
American revolutionaries threw off British rule and
established a successful republicthe United States.
The French Revolution ended the Old Regime and brought on
the Reign of Terror.
Built the largest European empire since the Roman Empire
Mexico and many other Latin American countries fought
colonial rule and gained their independence about this time.
A system of nation-states became established in Europe.
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Stone Age
(2.5 million3000 B.C.)
Bronze Age
(30001200 B.C.)
Iron Age
(15001000 B.C. to the
present day)
Classical Greece
(2000 B.C.300 B.C.)
Roman Empire
(500 B.C.A.D. 500)
Middle Ages
(5001200)
Renaissance and
Reformation
(13001600)
Exploration and
Colonization
14001800
Revolution and
Independence
17001900
Description
This long prehistoric period is often divided into two parts: the Old Stone Age, or Paleolithic Age, and
the New Stone Age, or Neolithic Age. The Paleolithic Age lasted from about 2.5 million to 8000 B.C.
During this time, hominids made and used stone tools and learned to control fire. The Neolithic Age
began about 8000 B.C.) and ended about 3000 B.C.) in some areas. In this period, people learned to
polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, and raise animals. The introduction of agriculture, a
major turning point in human history, is called the Neolithic Revolution.
People began using bronze, rather than stone and copper, to make tools and weapons. The Bronze
Age began in Sumer about 3000 B.C.) when Sumerian metalworkers found that they could melt
together certain amounts of copper and tin to make bronze. The first civilizations emerged during
the Bronze Age.
The use of iron to make tools and weapons became widespread. The Iron Age is the last technological
stage in the Stone-Bronze-Iron ages sequence.
Greek culture developed, rose to new heights, and spread to other lands. The Greek city-states
established the first democratic governments. Greek scientists made advances in mathematics,
medicine, and other fields. The Greeks produced great works of drama, poetry, sculpture, architecture,
and philosophy that still influence people today.
At its height, the Roman Empire united much of Europe, the north coast of Africa, and a large part of
the Middle East. The Romans admired Greek art, literature, architecture, and science, and so they
adopted and preserved much of Greek culture. The Romans also created their own legacy with
outstanding achievements in engineering, architecture, the arts, and law. The Romans spread
Christianity throughout Europe, and their official languageLatingave rise to French, Italian,
Spanish, and other Romance languages. Western civilization has its roots in Greco-Roman culture.
The West Roman Empire fell to Germanic conquerors who formed kingdoms out of former Roman
provinces. A new political and military system called feudalism became established. Nobles were
granted the use of lands that belonged to their king in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and
protection of the peasants who worked the land. Western Europe became divided into feudal states.
The Middle Ages was the time of castles and knights.
The Renaissance was a period of rebirth of learning and the arts based on a revival of classical study.
The study of Greek classics gave rise to an intellectual movement called humanism, which emphasized
human potential and achievements rather than religious concerns. The works of the Italian artists
Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo and the English dramatist William Shakespeare represent the
cultural height of the Renaissance. The Reformation was a movement for religious reform that led
to the founding of Protestant churches. These churches rejected the authority of the pope, and the
power of the Roman Catholic Church declined.
The monarchs of Europe financed voyages around the world, motivated by the desire for riches and
the hope of spreading Christianity. Seeking spices and converts, European explorers made long sea
journeys to the East. Searching for a shorter sea route to Asia, Christopher Columbus landed in the
Caribbean islands and opened up the New World to European colonization. The establishment of
colonies and trading networks led to a great worldwide cultural exchange, the devastation of Native
American cultures in the New World, and the enslavement of millions of Africans.
Movements toward democracy and nationalism affected most countries in the Western world. These
movements sparked the Revolutionary War in America, which resulted in the independence of the
British colonies and the birth of the United States. They also sparked the ten-year French Revolution.
Many Latin American nations fought colonial rule and gained their independence. In Europe, great
empires fell and a system of nation-states became established.
Era and
Dates
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Era and
Dates
Industrial Revolution
17001900
Warring World
19001945
The spread of power-driven machines sparked the rapid growth of industry in Great Britain, the United
States, and continental Europe. People began working in large factories, rather than homes and small
workshops, to produce goods. Industrialization made possible a great increase in the
production of manufactured goods. A worldwide system of markets developed as industrial nations
imported raw materials and exported manufactured goods. Industrialization dramatically transformed
peoples lives. People moved from rural areas to cities, and the middle class increased in size.
European nations divided up most of Africa, acquiring colonies to feed their factories with raw
materials.
The first half of the 1900s was marked by warfare on a larger scale than ever before. Rivalries among
European powers led to a system of military alliances that drew Europe and other regions into World
War I (19141918). The Allies, which included France, Britain, Russia, Italy, and the United States,
defeated the Central Powers, which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. The
victorious Allies dictated harsh peace terms that left hard feelings and set the stage for World War
II. World War I also helped ignite the Russian Revolutions of 1917, which replaced czarist rule with
the worlds first communist government. The expansionism of Germany and Japan led to World War II
(19391945). Germany, Japan, Italy, and other Axis powers were defeated by Britain, the Soviet Union,
the United States, and the other Allies. The war cost millions of lives and left Europe and Japan economically and socially devastated.
After World War II, countries with two conflicting economic systemscapitalism and communismcompeted for worldwide influence and power. The major players in this struggle, the United
States and the Soviet Union, each tried to win other nations to its side. They used military, economic,
and humanitarian aid to extend their control over other countries. Each sought to prevent the other
superpower from gaining influence. The rivalry was mainly diplomatic and strategic and hence was
called the Cold War. However, it led both the United States and the Soviet Union to become involved
in military actions around the world. The rivalry dominated world politics for four decades, until the
Soviet Union broke up in 1991.
Description
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Major Religions
Christianity
2 billion
Followers
Worldwide*
360 million
Name of Deity
God
The Buddha
did not teach a
personal deity.
Jesus Christ
The Buddha
Bible
No one book
sacred texts,
including the
Perfection of
Wisdom Sutra
Buddhist monks Clergy (priests/
ministers)
and nuns
Persons achieve There is only
complete peace one God, who
watches over
and happiness,
and cares for
known as
his people.
nirvana, by
eliminating their Jesus Christ
attachment to
was the son of
worldly things.
God. He died to
save humanity
Nirvana is
from sin. His
reached by
death and
following the
resurrection
Noble Eightfold
made eternal
Path: Right
life possible for
views; Right
others.
aspirations;
Right speech;
Right conduct;
Right livelihood;
Right endeavor;
Right
mindfulness;
Right
meditation.
Founder
Holy Book
Leadership
Basic Beliefs
Hinduism
900 million
Islam
1.3 billion
Judaism
14 million
Confucianism
6.3 million
Confucius
God (Yahweh)
God (Allah)
Three main
(viewed by
gods: Brahma,
many as a god)
Vishnu, Shiva
Confucius
Abraham
Muhammad
No one founder
the Analects,
Hebrew Bible,
Quran
No one
the Five
including the
booksacred
Classics
Torah
texts, including
the Vedas, the
Puranas
No clergy
Rabbis
Guru, Holy Man, No clergy
Brahmin priest
Social order,
There is only
The soul never Persons
harmony,
one God, who
achieve
dies, but is
and good
watches over
salvation by
continually
government
and cares for
following the
reborn.
should be based
his people.
Five Pillars of
Persons
on strong family
Islam and living God loves and
achieve
relationships.
a just life. These protects his
happiness and
pillars
are:
faith;
people, but also Respect for
enlightenment
almsgiving, or
parents and
holds people
after they free
charity to the
accountable for elders is
themselves
poor; fasting,
important to a
their sins and
from their
which Muslims
well-ordered
shortcomings.
earthly desires.
perform during Persons serve
society.
Freedom from
Ramadan;
God by studying Education is
earthly desires
pilgrimage (to
important both
the Torah and
comes from
Mecca); and
to the welfare
living by its
a lifetime
prayer.
of the individual
teachings.
of worship,
and to society.
knowledge, and
virtuous acts.
Buddhism
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Invention
Date
Significance
Magnifying Glass
Gun / Cannon
Mechanical Clock
Printing Press
Cast Iron Pipe
Graphite Pencil
Microscope
Telescope
Submarine
Analytic Geometry
Steam Engine
Barometer
Tourniquet
Piano
Mercury Thermometer
Ship Chronometer
Threshing Machine
Classification of
Species
Wool Carding
Machine
Leyden Jar
Dynamometer
Watts Steam Engine
Cotton Gin
Smallpox Vaccine
Locomotive
Photograph
Telegraph
Bessemer
Steelmaking
Pasteurization
Telephone
Edisons Light Bulb
Automobile
Radioactivity (X-Ray)
Airplane
Television
Rocket
Penicillin
1250
1260
1360
1454
1455
1560
1590
1608
1620
1637
1639
1643
1674
1709
1714
1728
1732
1735
1743
1746
1750
1769
1793
1796
1825
1826
1837
1850s
1860s
1876
1879
188596
18958
1903
1923
1926
1928
Satellite
1957
Computer
1964
Global Computer
Network
Genetic Engineering
1969
1973
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Event
Significance
Followers of Confucius
Teachings of Confucius
Members of Congress
Hammurabi
Probably the Essenes, a Jewish sect
English Parliament
Unknown
Pilgrim leaders
Unknown
Martin Luther
Unknown
John Locke
Unknown
Thomas Jefferson
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Major Explorations
Area Explored
Newfoundland
China, Southeast Asia, India
West Indies, South and Central America
Newfoundland
Cape of Good Hope, Africa; India
East and north coast of South America
Brazil
Panama, Pacific Ocean
Florida, Yucatn Peninsula
Mexico
Straits of Magellan, Tierra del Fuego
New York harbor
Texas
Peru
Canada, Gulf of St. Lawrence
Buenos Aires
Mississippi River, near Memphis
Southwestern United States
Colorado River
Colorado, Grand Canyon
Amazon River
Western Mexico, San Diego harbor
California coast
Orinoco river
Canadian interior, Lake Champlain
Hudson River, Hudson Bay
Tasmania
Mississippi River, south to Arkansas
Mississippi River, south to Gulf of Mexico
Bering Strait and Alaska
South Pacific
Northwestern Canada
Missouri River, Rocky Mountains, Columbia River
Arabia, East Africa, Lake Tanganyika
Upper course of Zambezi River, Victoria Falls,
Lake Ngami
Congo River
North Pole
South Pole
Moon
Mars
Dates
Explorer(s)
Nationality
about 1000
1270s1290s
14921502
1497
14971498
14971499
1500
1513
1513
1519
15191520
1524
1528
1532
1534
1536
15391541
1540
1540
1540
1541
1542
15771580
1595
16031609
16091610
1642
1673
1682
17271729
17681775
1789
18041805
18531858
18491873
Leif Ericson
Marco Polo
Christopher Columbus
John and Sebastian Cabot
Vasco da Gama
Vespucci
Pedro Alvarez Cabral
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Juan Ponce de Leon
Hernando Corts
Ferdinand Magellan
Giovanni da Verrazano
Cabeza de Vaca
Francisco Pizarro
Jacques Cartier
Pedro de Mendoza
Hernando de Soto
Francisco de Coronado
Hernando Alarcon
Garcia de Lopez Cardenas
Francisco de Orellana
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo
Sir Francis Drake
Sir Walter Raleigh
Samuel de Champlain
Henry Hudson
Abel Janszoon
Jacques Marquette, Louis Joliet
Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle
Vitus Bering
James Cook
Sir Alexander Mackenzie
Meriwether Lewis, William Clark
Sir Richard Burton
David Livingstone
Norse
Venetian
Italian
Italian
Portuguese
Italian
Portuguese
Spanish
Spanish
Spanish
Portuguese
Italian
Spanish
Spanish
French
Spanish
Spanish
Spanish
Spanish
Spanish
Spanish
Portuguese
English
English
French
English
Dutch
French
French
Danish
English
Canadian
American
English
Scottish
18741889
1909
1911
1969
19752005
Welsh
American
Norwegian
American
American
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Abraham
(2000 B.C.?)
Alexander the Great
(356323 B.C.)
Aristotle
(384322 B.C.)
Bonaparte, Napoleon
(17691821)
Hebrew leader
Founded Judaism.
Macedonian king
Caesar, Julius
(10044 B.C.)
Gandhi, Mohandas K.
(18691948)
Hitler, Adolf
(18891945)
Jefferson, Thomas
(17431826)
Jesus
(4 B.C.?A.D. 28?)
King, Martin Luther, Jr.
(19291968)
Lenin, Vladimir
(18701924)
Lincoln, Abraham
(18091865)
Locke, John
(16321704)
Luther, Martin
(14831546)
Mandela, Nelson
(1918 )
Mao Tse-tung
(18931976)
Marx, Karl
(18181883)
Moses
(1300s B.C.?)
Muhammad
(A.D. 570?632)
Pericles
(494?429 B.C.)
Plato
(427347 B.C.)
Socrates
(469399 B.C.)
Stalin, Joseph
(18791953)
Sun Yat-sen
(18661925)
Washington, George
(17321799)
Greek philosopher
French general and
emperor
American president,
architect, and inventor
Jewish religious leader
Led the civil rights movement in the United States during the 1950s
and 1960s.
Founded the Communist Party in Russia and established the worlds
first Communist Party dictatorship.
Led the United States through the American Civil War.
American president
English philosopher
German theologian
Founded Christianity.
South African
anti-apartheid leader
Chinese dictator
German philosopher
Israelite leader
Muslim prophet
Founded Islam.
Greek statesman
Led Athens during its golden age, often called the Age of Pericles.
Greek philosopher
Greek philosopher
Taught students to examine their beliefs and developed a questionand-answer method of teaching called the Socratic method.
Used terror to transform the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state and
to modernize its economy.
Became known as the father of modern China for leading a
revolution that overthrew the last Chinese emperor.
Commanded the Continental Army during the American Revolution and
served as the first president of the United States.
Soviet dictator
Chinese leader
American general and
president
Name
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Vegetation
Semi-arid
Sub-tropical
Tropical
Tundra
Coniferous forest
Broadleaf forest
Grassland
Great Lakes
Gulf of Mexico
Appalachian
Mountains
Rocky Mountains
Mississippi River
Latin America
Climate
Tropical
Sub-tropical
Desert
Vegetation
Savannah
Semi-desert
Desert
Dry tropical scrub
Temperate
Arid
Semi-arid
Orinoco River
Andes Mountains
Sierra Madre
Amazon River
Vegetation
Temperate
Mediterranean
Alpine
Tundra
Coniferous forest
Broadleaf forest
Baltic Sea
Mediterranean Sea
North Sea
Lake Baikal
Danube River
Rhine River
Volga River
Alps Mountains
Pyrenees
Mountains
Ural Mountains
Desert
Sub-tropical
Tropical
Tropical monsoon
Vegetation
Semi-desert
Desert
Temperate
Arid
Semi-arid
Red Sea
Persian Gulf
Black Sea
Dead Sea
Sahara Desert
Nile River
Tigris River
Euphrates River
Vegetation
Savannah
Semi-desert
Desert
Semi-arid
Desert
Mount Kilimanjaro
Kalahari Desert
Victoria Falls
Nile River
Congo River
Niger River
Zambezi River
Southern Asia
Climate
Tropical
Monsoon
Vegetation
Sub-tropical
Moderate
Monsoon forest
Tropical rainforest
Himalayan
Mountains
Mount Everest
Indus River
Ganges River
Mekong River
Arabian Sea
South China Sea
Bay of Bengal
Malay Archipelago
Vegetation
Sub-tropical
Tropical
Savannah
Semi-desert
Desert
Mount Fuji
Southern Alps
Gobi Desert
Great Barrier Reef
Huang He
(Yellow River)
Chang Jiang
(Yangtze River)
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Definition
Example
Government Systems
autocracy
democracy
federal
feudalism
military state
monarchy
oligarchy
parliamentary
presidential
republic
theocracy
totalitarianism
Medieval Europe
Aztec Empire
Assyrian Empire
absolute monarchy: reign of King Louis XIV
of France
constitutional monarchy: United Kingdom
aristocracy
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System
Definition
Example
Economic Systems
command
communism
free enterprise
manorialism
market
mixed
socialism
United States
Medieval Europe
United States
present-day Israel
traditional
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Fascism a political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual
rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule.
feudalism a political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to
their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live
on the land.
frames of reference a set of ideas that are necessary for interpreting or understanding events or
other ideas.
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scientific revolution a major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the
study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning
of accepted beliefs.
secondary source material prepared after the period being studied by a person who used
primary sources.
secularism the view that religious considerations should be kept separate from political affairs
or public education.
social mobility the ability to move from one social class to another.
socialism an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and
operate for the welfare of all.
Strait of Hormuz a strait, or narrow channel of water, connecting the Persian Gulf and the
Gulf of Oman.
thematic maps maps that focus on a specific idea, such as vegetation, natural resources,
or historical trends.
Tigris and Euphrates river valley area in Southwest Asia along the Tigris and Euphrates
rivers where the earliest Asian civilization arose about 3000 B.C. The area is also referred
to as Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent.
totalitarianism government control over every aspect of public and private life.
validity truth or soundness.
Western civilization civilization that has its origins in ancient Greek and Roman civilizations.
Yellow (Huang He) river valley area in China along the Huang He where an early civilization
emerged about 2000 B.C.
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Newton, Sir Isaac (16421727) English mathematician and scientist who formed the theory of
universal gravitation.
Pasteur, Louis ((18221895) French chemist who invented the process of pasteurization.
Pope John Paul II (1920 ) Leader of the Roman Catholic Church since 1978 and first
Polish-born pope.
Pythagorus (580?? B.C.) Greek philosopher and mathematician famous for the
Pythagorean theorem.
Tutu, Desmond (1931 ) South African leader in the antiapartheid struggle.
Watt, James (17361819) British inventor who improved the steam engine.
Wilson, Woodrow (18561924) American President during World War I.
Mother Theresa (19101997) Roman Catholic nun from Macedonia who worked among the poor
of Calcutta, India, and established an order of nuns to serve the poor.
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