Physics PDF
Physics PDF
Physics PDF
www.tekoclasses.com Class : IX
CONTENTS
S. No.
Topics
Page No.
1.
Motion
1 - 29
2.
30-50
3.
51-84
4.
85-106
5.
107-125
MOTION
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
This science deals with the properties and Behaviour of nonliving things.
(a) Physics (in Greek Nature):
It is the branch of science which deals with the study of the natural laws and their manifestation in the
natural phenomenon.
Mechanics (oldest branch) :
If deals with the conditions of rest or motion of the material objects around us.
Statics :
It deals with the study of object at rest or in equilibrium, even when they are under the action of several
forces (measurement of time is not essential).
Kinematics :If deals with the study of motion of objects without considering the cause of motion
Greek
Dynamics :
It deal with the study of objects taking into consideration the cause of their motion.
Greek
Dynamis power
Dnamics
Work
Rest :An object is said to be at rest if it does not change its position w.r.t. its surroundings with the passage of time.
Motion :A body is said to be in motion if its position changes continuously w.r.t. the surroundings (or with
respect to an observer) with the passage of time.
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Eg. :2
We know that the earth is rotating about its axis and revolving around the sun. The stationary objects like
your classroom, a tree and the lamp posts etc., do not change their position with respect to each other i.e.
they are at rest. Although earth is in motion. To an observer situated outside the earth, say in a space ship,
our classroom, trees etc. would appear to be in motion. Therefore, all motions are relative. There is nothing
like absolute motion.
Eg. : 1 If one travels by a car from one place to another far away place, then length of the car is ignored as
compared to distance traveled.
Eg. : 2 Earth can be regarded as a point object for studying its motion around the sun.
(b) Frame of Reference :
To locate the position of object we need a frame of reference. A convenient way to set up a frame of
reference is to choose three mutually perpendicular axis and name them x-y-z axis. The coordinates (x, y, z)
of the particle then specify the position of object w.r.t. that frame. If any one o more coordinates change
with time, then we say that the object is moving w.r.t. this frame.
Eg. :
Eg. :
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If all the three co-ordinates specifying the position of object changes w.r.t. time, then the motion of object is
called 3-D. In such a motion the object moves in a space.
Eg.:
TYPES OF MOTION
(i) Linear motion (or translatory motion) : The motion of a moving car, a person running, a stone being
dropped.
(ii) Rotational motion : The motion of an electric fan, motion of earth about its own axis.
(iii) Oscillatory motion : The motion of a simple pendulum, a body suspended from a spring (also called to
and fro motion).
(i) Scalar quantity : Any physical quantity, which can be completely specified by its magnitude alone, is a
scalar quantity or a scalar.
Eg.:
Charge, distance, area, speed, time temperature, density, volume, work, power, energy, pressure, potential
etc.
(ii) Vector quantity : Any physical quantity, which requires direction in addition to its magnitude is known
as a vector.
Eg. :
Displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum, weight and electric field etc.
Tail
Eg.:
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Eg.:
To represent a velocity of 20 k m/h towards 300 east of south. (Scale 5 km/h = 1 cm.)
Eg. :
Vector
1. They have magnitude as well as
direction.
2. They are added or subtracted by the
process of vector addition.
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(b) Displacement :
The distance traveled in a given direction is the displacement. Thus displacement is the shortest distance
between the given points. It is a vector quantity. S.I. unit of distance or displacement is metre.
NOTE : If a body travels in such a way that it comes back to its starting position, then the displacement is
zero. However, distance traveled is never zero.
Eg. :
(i) When an object moves towards right from origin to in time t1 to t2, its displacement is positive.
(ii) When an object moves towards left in time t1 to t2, its displacement is negative.
(iii) When an object remains stationary or it moves first towards right and then an equal distance towards
left, its displacement is zero.
(iv) Shifting origin causes no change in displacement.
Distance
1. Distance is the length of the path actually traveled by
a body in any direction.
2. Distance between two given points depends upon the
path chosen.
3. Distance is always positive.
4. Distance is scalar quantity.
5. Distance will never decrease
Free
Displacement
1. Displacement is the shortest distance between the
initial and the final positions of a body in the direction
of the point of the final position.
2. Displacement between two points is measured by the
straight path between the points.
3. Displacement may be positive as well as negative and
even zero.
4. Displacement is a vector quantity
5. Displacement may decrease.
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EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE DPP - 1.1
1.
A body whose position with respect to surrounding does not change, is said to be in a state of :
(A) Rest
2.
3.
4.
5.
(B) Motion
(C) Vibration
(D) Oscillation
6.
7.
8.
9.
A distance is always :
(A) shortest length between two points
A displacement :
(A) is always positive
Free
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10.
11.
13.
14.
(C) ms-2
(C) Weight
(D) Acceleration
12.
(B) ms-1
(B) Velocity
Time is an example of :
(A) Scalar
(B) Vector
In five minutes distance between a pole and a car changes progressively. What is true about the car ?
(A) Car is at rest
A distance :
(A) Is always positive
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
A runner running along a circle, runs the circle completely. What is his displacement ? What distance has
be run ?
7.
8.
9.
10.
When do we say that body is at rest and when do we say that it is moving ? Explain.
11.
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MOTION
PL - 2
UNIFORM AND NON UNOFORM MOTION
(a) Uniform Motion :
A body has a uniform motion if it travels equal distances in equal intervals of time, no matter how small
these time intervals may be. For example, a car running at a constant speed of say, 10 meters per second,
will cover equal distances of 10 metres every second, so its motion will be uniform. Please note that the
distance-time graph for uniform motion is a straight line (as shown in the figure).
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Please note that the distance-time graph for a body having non-uniform motion is curved line (as shown in
the figure). Thus, in order to find out whether a body has uniform motion or non-uniform motion, we
should draw the distance-time graph for it. If the distance time graph is straight line, the motion will be
uniform and if the distance -time graph is a curved line, the motion will be non-uniform. It should be noted
that non-uniform motion is also called accelerated motion.
SPEED
The distance traveled by a body in unit time is called its peed. Therefore,
speed =
Dis tan ce
d
or s = . S.I. unit of speed or average speed is m/sec. It is a scalar quantity,
Time
t
Eg.
Eg.
Falling of a apple from a tree, a cyclist moving on a rough road, an athlete running a race, vehicle starting
from rest, the motion of freely falling body etc.
VELOCITY
It is the rate of change of displacement.
Therefore, velocity =
displacement
or it is the distance traveled in unit time in a given direction.
time
velocity =
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Speed
1. It is a scalar quantity.
dis tan ce travelled
2. Speed =
time
3. It is rate of change of position of
an object.
Velocity
1. It is a vector quanity.
displacement
2. Velocity =
time
3. It is rate of change of position of
an object in specific direction.
u+v
. Where, u = initial velocity and v = final velocity. Also for an object
2
moving with variable velocity it is defined as the ratio of its total displacement to the total time interval in
which the displacement occurs. Average velocity =
x x 1 x
object at times t1 & t2 then, v av = 2
=
t
t
Total displacement
. If x1 & x2 are the positions of an
Total time
t = t 2 t 1
x dx
V = lim t 0
=
t dt
Ex.
When is the average speed of an object equal to the magnitude of its average velocity ? Give reason also.
Sol.
As average speed =
total pathlength
time int erval
Displacement
. When an object moves along
time int erval
a straight line and in the same direction its total path length is equal to the magnitude of its displacement.
Hence average speed is equal to the magnitude of its average velocity.
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ILLUSTRATIONS
1.
A car is moving along x-axis. As shown in figure it moves from O to P in 18 s and returns from P to Q in 6
second. What is the average velocity and average speed of the car in going from (i) O to P and (ii) from O to
P and back to Q.
Sol.
Average speed =
path lenght
time int erval
path length
time int erval
360m
= 20 ms 1
18
360m
= 20 ms 1
18
2.
OQ
240m
=
= 10 ms 1
18 + 6
24
path length
time int erval
OP + PQ 360 + 120
=
= 20 ms 1
18 + 6
24
A car covers the 1st half of the distance between two places at a speed of 40 km h-1 and the 2nd half at 60
km h-1. What is the average speed of the car ?
Sol.
Free
S
h
40
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S
h
60
Vav =
Vav =
3.
S+S
S
S
+
40 60
2S
2S
=
120
3S + 2 S 5S
120
Vav = 48km / h
A non-stop bus goes from one station to another station with a speed of 54 km/h, the same bus returns
from the second station to the first station with a speed of 36 km/h. Find the average speed of the bus for
the entire journey.
Sol.
Suppose the distance between the stations is S. Time taken in reaching from one station to another station.
t1 =
S
h
54
S
h
36
Total t = t1 + t2
t=
S
S
2 S + 3 S 5S
+
=
=
h
108
54 36
108
Free
Vav =
2S
108
5S
Vav =
216
= 43.2 km / h
5
Total time
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EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE DPP - 2.1
1.
When a body covers equal distance in equal intervals of time, its motion is said to be :
(A) Non-uniform
2.
(C) Accelerated
(C) Circular
(D) Linear
3.
(B) Uniform
(B) Stationary
4.
5.
9.
10.
(B) Fraction
(C) Negative
(D) Positive
(B) Fast
(C) Slow
(D) Variable
(B) ms-1
(C) ms2
Unit of velocity is :
(A) ms
8.
(D) Retardation
The motion of a body covering different distances in same intervals of time is said to be :
(A) Zig - Zag
7.
(C) Acceleration
Speed is never :
(A) zero
6.
(B) Velocity
A speed :
(A) is always positive
11.
12.
(B) 600 km
travels a distance of :
(C) 10 km
(D) 7 km
A particle covers equal distances in equal intervals of times, it is said to be moving with uniform :
(A) Speed
Free
(B) Velocity
(C) Acceleration
(D) Retardation
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13.
14.
(B) km/s
(C) cm/s
(D) mm/s
(C) Displacement
(B) Velocity
1.
2.
3.
Give the name of the physical quantity that corresponds to the rate of change of displacement ?
4.
Apart from velocity name two other quantities which are vector ?
5.
6.
A particle is moving with uniform velocity. it is necessary moving with uniform speed ? Is it necessary that
it is moving along a straight line ?
7.
8.
A train covers 80 km in 2 hours. Find its average speed in kmh-1, m min-1 and ms-1.
9.
Which one of the following have maximum and the least average speed ?
(i) Sanjeev moving with 12 kmh-1
(ii) Rajeev running with 5 ms-1
(iii) Kabir moving with 150 m min-1.
10.
11.
(b) Velocity
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MOTION
PL - 3
ACCELERATION
Mostly the velocity of a moving object changes either in magnitude or in direction or in both when the
object moves. The body is then said to have acceleration. So it is the rate of change of velocity i.e. change in
velocity in unit time to the acceleration (it is a vector quantity). Its S.I. unit is m/sec2 and c.g.s unit is c
m/sec.2
Acceleration =
change in velocity
time
Eg.1
Motion of a freely falling body is an example of uniformly accelerated motion (or motion of a body under
the gravitational pull of the earth).
Eg.2
Motion of a bicycle going down the slope of a road when the rider is not pedaling and wind resistance is
negligible.
Eg.1
Eg.2
TYPES OF ACCELERATIO
(i) Positive acceleration : If the velocity of an object increases in the same direction, the object has a positive
acceleration.
(ii) Negative acceleration (retardation): If the velocity of a body decreases in the same direction, the body
has negative acceleration or it is said to be retarding.
Eg.
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change in velcity
time
vu
t
or v = u + at or v = at + u
..(i)
u + u + at
s=
t
2
2 u + at
s=
t
2
s=
s = ut +
(as u = v + at )
2 ut + at 2
2
1 2
at
2
u+v
s=
t
2
(ii)
vu
a
v u v + u
Substituting the value of t in equation (iii), we get s =
a 2
v2 u2
s =
2a
2as = v2 u2 or v2 = u2 + 2as
.(iv)
Free
1 2
at is the distance covered by a body in t s.
2
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S n un +
1
an 2
2
1
a( n 1) 2
2
S n 1 = u( n 1) +
The distance covered by the body in nth second will be S nth = Sn Sn-1
S nth = un +
1
1
an 2 { u( n 1) + a( n 1) 2 }
2
2
S nth = un +
1 2
1
an { nu u + a( n 2 + 1 2 n )}
2
2
S nth = un +
1 2
an 2 a
an { un u +
+ an}
2
2
2
S nth = un +
1 2
an 2 a
an un + u
+ an
2
2
2
S nth = u + a n
2
2n 1
S nth = u + a
2
S nth = u +
a
( 2 n 1)
2
(vii)
1 2 2 2
gt , v - u = - 2 gh.
2
(ii) If a body travels downwards (towards earth) then g is taken + ve. So equations of motion becomes v = u
+ gt, s = ut +
Free
1 2 2 2
gt , v - u = 2gh.
2
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(iii) if a body is projected vertically upwards with certain velocity then it returns to the same point of
projection with the same velocity in the opposite direction.
(iv) The time for upward motion is the same as for the downward motion.
ILLUSTRATION
1.
A car is moving at a speed of 50 km/h. Two seconds there after it is moving at 60 km/h. Calculate the
acceleration of the car.
Sol.
Here u = 50 km/h = 50
and v = 60 km/h = 60
5
250
m/s =
m/s
18
18
5 300
m/s
=
18 18
300 250 50
vu
18 = 18 = 50 = 1.39 m / s 2
Since a =
= 18
t
2
2
36
2.
A car attains 54 km/h in 20 s after it starts. Find the acceleration of the car.
Sol.
3.
5
= 15 m/s
18
vu
15 0
a =
= 0.75 m / s 2
t
20
A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 20 m/s. How high did the ball go ? (take g = 9.8
m/s2).
Sol.
Free
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EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE DPP 3.1
1.
2.
(D) 4
(B) Energy
(C) Both
(C) ms2
(D) cm s2
4.
(C) 3
3.
(B) 2
(B) cm s-2
A train starting from a railway station and moving with inform acceleration, attains a speed of 40 kmh-1 in
10 minutes, Is acceleration is :
(A) 18.5 ms-2
5.
The brakes applied to a cap produce a negative acceleration of 6ms-2. If the car stops after 2 seconds, the
initial velocity of the car is :
(A) 6 ms-1
6.
(D) zero
(B) 50 ms-1
(C) 10 ms-1
(D) 5 ms-1
8.
(C) 24 ms-1
A body is moving with uniform velocity of 10 ms-1. The velocity of the body after 10 s is :
(A) 100 ms-1
7.
(B) 12 ms-1
(B) 3.5 km
(C) 14 km
(D) 28 km
A body is moving along a straight line at 20 ms-1 undergoes an acceleration of 4 ms-2. After 2 s, its speed
will be:
(A) 8 ms-2
9.
(D) 28 ms-2
(B) 3 ms-1
(C) 18 ms-1
When the distance travelled by an object is directly proportional to the time, it is said to travel with :
(A) zero velocity
11.
(C) 16 ms-2
A car increase its speed from 20 kmh-1 to 50 kmh-1 is 10 sec., its acceleration is :
(A) 30 ms-1
10.
(B) 12 ms-1
A body freely failing from rest has a velocity V after it falls through a height h. The distance it has to fall
further for its velocity to be come double is :
(A) 3 h
12.
(B) 6 h
(C) 8 h
(D) 10 h
The velocity of bullet is reduced from 200m/s to 100 m/s while traveling through a wooden block of
thickness 10 cm. The retardation, assuming it to be uniform will be :
(A) 10 104 m/s2
Free
(D) 15 10 4 m/s2
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13.
A body starts falling from height h and travels distance h/2 during the last second of motion. The find of
travel (in sec.) is :
(A)
2 1
(B) 2 + 2
(C)
2+ 3
(D)
3 +2
1.
2.
How is the position of a moving particle along a straight line described by a number ? How is the direction
of motion specified by the number describing position ?
3.
A ball is thrown vertically upward from the ground with a velocity 39.2 ms-1. Calculate :
(i) the maximum height to which the ball rises and
(ii) the time taken by the ball to reach the highest point.
4.
A body standing near the edge of a cliff 125 m above a river throws a stone downward with a speed of 10
ms-1 Find :
(i) with what speed will the stone hit water and
(ii) how long will it take to descend ?
5.
A stone is dropped from the top of a building 200 m high and at the same time another stone is projected
vertically upward from the ground with a velocity of 50 ms-1. Find where and when the two stone will
meet.
6.
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MOTION
PL - 4
DISTANCE (DISPLACEMENT) FROM SPEED (VELOCITY) TIME GRAPH
A distance (displacement = speed (velocity) x time, so the distance (displacement) can be calculated
(computed) with speed (velocity) - time graph.
Case (i) : When speed (velocity) is uniform (constant):
Figure shows the speed - time graph of a car (taxi) moving with a uniform speed of 50 km h-1. It is a straight
line parallel to X - axis (time axis). Distance covered by this taxi from time t1 = 4h at P to time t2 = 8 h at S, is
given by distance = 50 (t2 - t1)
= 50 (8 - 4)
= 50 4 = 200 km
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QR SP
=
RP RP
SP = v - u
So a =
vu
t
or v u + at
1 2
at
2
RQ PR
2
Putting values,
S = ut +
1
( v u) t
2
(RQ = v u & PR = OS = t )
= ut +
Pr
1
at t
2
s = ut +
( v u = at )
1 2
at
2
QR
PR
or
PR =
QR v u
=
a
a
OP + SQ
PR
2
Free
u + v v u v2 u2
=
2
a
2a
or
v2 = u2 + 2as
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EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE DPP 4.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
For the velocity time graph shown in figure, the distance covered by the body in the last two seconds of its
motion is what fraction is of the total distance covered in all the seven seconds ?
(A) 1/2
(B) 1/4
(C) 1/3
Velocity-time graph AB (Figure) shows that the body has :
(D) 2/3
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6.
7.
A stone is thrown vertically upward which takes time t to reach to maximum height h. After next t
seconds it reached the ground from the maximum height. Draw (i) distance-time graph and (ii)
displacement time graph for the motion of the stone.
2.
Draw V-t graphs in the following cases : (i) uniform retardation (ii) non uniform acceleration
3.
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MOTION
PL - 5
CIRCULAR MOTION
(a) Definition :
Motion of a particle (small body) along a circle (circular path), is called a circular motion. If the body covers
equal distances along the circumference of the circle in equal intervals of time, the motion is said to be a
uniform circular motion. A uniform circular motion is a motion in which speed remains constant but
direction of velocity changes.
(b) Explanation :
Consider a boy running along a regular hexagonal track (path) as shown in figure. As the boy runs along
the side of the hexagon at a uniform speed, he has to take turn at each corner changing direction but
keeping the sped same. In one round he has to take six turns at regular intervals. If the same boy runs along
the side of a regular octagonal track with same uniform speed, he will have to take eight turns in one round
at regular intervals but the interval will become smaller.
By increasing the number of sides of the regular polygon, we find the number of turns per round becomes
more and the interval between two turns become still shorter. A circle is a limiting case of polygon with an
infinite number of sides. On the circular track, the turning becomes a continuous process without any gap
in between. The boy running along the sides of such a track will be performing a circular motion. Hence,
circular motion is the motion of a body along the sides of polygon of infinite number of sides with uniform
speed, the direction changing continuously.
Eg.
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(a) Definition :
One radian is defined as the angle subtended at the centre of the circle by an arc equal in length to its
radius.
Eg.
In figure, the arc AB of the circle has length and subtends an angle at the centre C.
If ACB = radians.
Then, =
radians.
r
[For = 1, = 1 radian]
Angle subtended by the circumference at the centre,
=
2 r
= 2 radians {or 2 c }
r
Relation
For complete circle at centre
2 c = 360 0
Or 1 c =
360
= 57.3 0
2
Let a body move along a circle of radius r and perform a uniform circular motion. Let the body be at point P
to start with and reach point Q after time t. Then, angular displacement = PCQ = and angular velocity
==
(i.e. = t )
t
If the time period of the body is T (time taken in one complete round), the angular displacement = 2 c
Hence =
But
2
T
1
= N (frequency)
T
There = 2 N
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r
Hence,
For a time interval t,
Linear velocity, v =
t
Angular velocity =
Hence
v
= =
t rt r
v = r
EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE DPP 5.1
1.
1c is equal to :
(A) 57.3 0
2.
(B) 573 0
(C) 1800
(D) 3600
An athlete complete one round of a circular track of diameter 200 m in 40 s. What will be the displacement
at the end of 2 minutes 40 s.?
(A) 2200 m
3.
(D) Zero
(B) 2500 m
(C) 2200 m
(D) Zero
The distance traveled by a body is directly proportional to the time, then the body is said to have :
(A) Zero speed
5.
(C) 22 m
4.
(B) 220 m
An athlete runs along a circular track of diameter 28m. The displacement of the athlete after he completes
one circle is :
(A) 28 m
6.
(B) 88 m
(C) 44 m
(D) Zero
A boy is running along a circular track of radius 7 m. He completes one circle in 10 second. The average
velocity of the boy is :
(A) 4.4 m-1
7.
(C) Zero
ms-1
(D) 70 ms-1
body is :
(A) 25 ms-2
8.
(C) 5 ms-2
(D) 1 ms-2
(C) rad/s2
(D) rad/s
Free
(B) 15 ms-2
(B) m/s
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9.
10.
11.
The bodies in circular paths of radii 1 : 2 take same time to compete their circles. The ratio of their linear
speeds is :
(A) 1 : 2
(B) 2 : 1
(C) 1 : 3
(D) 3 : 1
In a circular path of radius 1m, a mass of 2kg moves with a constant speed 10 ms-1. The angular speed in
radian/sec. is :
(A) 5
(B) 10
(C) 15
(D) 20
The relation among v, and r is :
v
(B) v =
r
r
Uniform circular motion is an example of :
(A) Variable acceleration
(C) A and B both
Rate of change of angular velocity refer to :
(A) =
12.
13.
(C) =
r
v
14.
1
A car travels
4
(A) 1;
2 2
th
(B)
2 2
:1
(C) 2 2 :
(D) 2 2 : 1
The wheel of a cycle of radius 50 cm is moving with a speed 14 ms-1. Calculate the angular velocity of the
wheel.
An air craft completes a horizontal loop of radius 1 km with a uniform speed of 900 kmh-1. Find the angular
velocity of the air craft.
A artificial satellite takes 90 minutes to complete its revolution around the earth. Calculate the angular
velocity of the satellite.
A particle moves along a circle of radius R as shown in figure. It starts from A and moves in anticlock-wise
direction.
5.
Name a physical quantity that (i) varies (ii) remains same in a circular motion.
6.
7.
Define the time period and find the relation between v and .
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ANSWER KEY
(Objective DPP # 1.1)
Qus.
10
11
12
13
14
Ans.
10
11
12
13
14
Ans.
10
11
12
13
Ans.
(i) 78.4 m
4.
5.
6.
(ii) 4 s
(ii) 4.13 s
Ans.
7.
Instantaneous speed
3.
10
11
12
13
14
Ans.
Free
28 rad/s
2.
0.25 rad/s
3.
rad/d
2700
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FORCE AND
LAWS OF MOTION
PL-6
FORCE
Consider a ball kept on a table, we can move it by pulling or pushing. We can increase its speed by pushing
it in the direction of motion. If we push it opposite to the direction of motion its speed will decrease. If the
ball is in motion towards east, we push it towards north, the direction of will change.
Take a soft rubber ball between your palms and push the ball from both sides, the shape of the ball is
distorted. In all the above cases we have applied the force on the ball.
So force in a push or pull which can move the object. It can change the speed of the object, it can change the
direction of motion, it can change the shape of the object. In all the above cases we have applied the force
on the ball and the ball is accelerated so we can define force as follows :
Force is the cause which can produce acceleration in the body on which is acts.
GALILEOS EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 1 :
It was observed by Galileo that when a ball is rolled down on an inclined plane it speed increases, whereas
if it is rolled up an inclined plane its speed decreases. If it is rolled on a horizontal plane the result must be
between the cases describe above i.e. the speed should remain constant. If can be explain as -
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Experiments 2 :
When a ball sin released on the inner surface of a smooth hemisphere, it will move to the other side and
reach the same height before coming to rest momentarily. If the hemisphere is replaced by a surface shown
in figure (b) in order to reach the same height ht ball will have to move a larger distance.
(a)
(b)
(c)
if the other side is made horizontal, the ball will never stop because it will never be able to reach the same
height, it means its speeds will not decrease. It will have uniform velocity on the horizontal surface. Thus, if
unbalances forced do not act on a body, the body will either remain at rest or will move with a uniform
velocity. It will remain uncelebrated.
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INERTIA
Description :
If follows from first law of motion that is absence of any eternal force, a body continues to be in its state of
rest or of uniform motion along a straight line. In other words, the body cannot change by itself its position
of rest or of uniform motion.
The inability of the body to change by itself its states of rest or uniform motion is a straight line is called
inertia. Newtons first law of motion is also called law of inertia.
TYPES OF INERTIA
Inertia is of the three types :
Description :
(i) A person sitting in a bus falls backwards when the bus suddenly starts. The reason is the lower part of
his body begins to move along with the bus but the upper part of his body tends to remain at due to inertia
of rest.
(iii) We beat a carpet with a stick to remove dust particles. When the carpet is beaten, it is suddenly set into
motion. The dust particles tend to remain at rest due to inertia of rest and hence fall off.
(iv) When a branch of tree is shaken the fruits get separated from the tree due to inertia of rest.
Description :
(i) A man carelessly getting down a moving bus falls forward, the reason being that his feet come to rest
suddenly, whereas the upper part of his body retains the forward motion.
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(iii) The water drops sticking to cycles tyre are found to fly off tangentially.
(iv) The sparks produced during sharpening of a knife or a razor against a grinding wheel, leave the rim of
the wheel tangentially.
DEFINITION OF FORCE FROM FIRST LAW OF MOTION
Description :
A according to first law of motion, if there is no force, there is no change in state of rest or of uniform
motion. In other words, if a force is applied, it may change the state of rest or of uniform motion. If the force
is not sufficient, it may not produce a change but only try to do so.
Hence force is that which changes or tries to change the state of rest or of uniform motion of a body in
straight line.
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EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE DPP - 6.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(B) force
(B) quantitative
(B) An in pot
6.
When a bus starts suddenly the passengers standing on it, lean backwards in the bus. This is an example of
7.
8.
Inertia of rest is the property by virtue of which the body is unable to change by itself :
(A) the state of rest only
(B) the state of uniform linear motion
(C) the direction of motion only
(D) the steady state of rest
9.
10.
Free
(B) motion
(C) velocity
(D) acceleration
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Name the property of the bodies to resist the change in their velocities.
2.
3.
A ball is moving on a frictionless horizontal surface and no force is applied on it. Will its speed decrease,
increase or remain same.
4.
5.
Define force.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Why do you fall in forward direction when a moving bus brakes to stop and fall backward when it
acceleration from rest ?
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FORCE AND
LAWS OF MOTION
PL 7
MOMENTUM
Description :
It is the combined effect of mass and velocity of the body. Mathematically, momentum of the body is
defined as the product of mass and the velocity of the body. If m is the mass of the body and v is its velocity
then momentum, p = mv
Momentum is a vector quantity and its direction is in the direction of velocity.
Unit of momentum :
(In C.G.S. system) p = mv gram cm/s = dyne s
(In M.K.S. system) p = mv kg m/s = Newton s
mv mu
t
m( v u )
t
Here,
mv mu
F
t
vu
= a (acceleration)
t
So F ma
or F = kma
if 1N force is applied on a body of mass 1 kg and the acceleration produced in the body is 1 ms/2, then 1 = k
1 1 or k = 1.
So the magnitude of the resultant force acting on body is equal to the product of mass of the body and the
acceleration produced. Direction of the force is same as that of the acceleration.
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UNITS OF FORCE
(a) In C.G.S. System :
F = ma gm cm/s2 = Dyne
Definition of one dyne :
If m = 1 gm, a = 1 cm/s2, then F = 1 dyne.
When a force is applied on a body of mass 1 gram and the acceleration produced in the body in 1 cm/s2
then the force acting on the body will be one dyne.
Other units :
There are two other units of force called gravitational units.
1 N = 105 dyne
FIRST LAW OF MOTION BY SECOND LAW OF MOTION
Description :
According to first law of motion, if there is no force, there is no change in state of rest or of uniform motion.
In other words, if a force is applied, it may change the state of rest or of uniform motion. If the force is not
sufficient, if may not produce a change but only try to do so. Hence force is that which changes o tries to
change the state of rest or of uniform motion of a body in straight line.
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Hence we get the definition of force from Newtons first law of motion.
Newtons first law of motion can be deduced from Newtons second law of motion.
According to second law of motion,
F = ma
if
F = 0, then a = 0
Since m 0
So a =
vu
=0
t
or
mv = mu
or
v - u = 0 or v = u
or
v=u
Which means that the velocity of the body cannot change in absence of external force. If the body is initially
at rest i.e., if u = 0, v = 0 and if u = 5 ms-1, v = 5ms-1.
Thus, it follows that a body will continue to be in the state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line
if no external force acts on it and this is the first law. thus, first law can be deduced from second law of
motion.
ILLUSTRATIONS
1.
A force F1 acting on a body of 2 kg produces an acceleration of 2.5 ms2. An other force F2 acting on the
another body of mass 5 kg produces an acceleration of 2 m/sec2. Find the ratio
Sol.
F2
.
F1
2.
F2 10
=
= 2.
F1
5
A force of 20N acting on amass m1 produces an acceleration of 4 ms-2. The same force is applied on mass m2
then the acceleration produced is 0.5 ms-2. What acceleration would the same force produce, when both
masses are tied together ?
Sol.
m1 =
F 20
=
= 5 kg
a
4
m2 =
F 20
=
= 40 kg
a 0.5
Free
a=
F
20
=
= 0.44 ms 2
(m 1 + m 2 ) 45
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IMPULSES OF FORCE
(a) Introduction :
In previous article, we leant that a moving body has momentum and that on effect (a force) is needed to
stop it. It is our common experience that a smaller force takes more time to stop the body whereas a bigger
force does the same in lesser time. This observation gives concept of a new quantity, force time, which is
named a impulse.
(b) Definition :
The product of the magnitude of a force applied on a body and the time for which it is applied, is called
impulse of the force. It is represented by the symbol (I).
i.e., Impulse = Force Time
or I = F. t
The S.I. unit of impulse is Newton-second (N-s) and the C.G.S unit is dyne - second (dyne -s)
p2 p1
t
or
F.t = p 2 p 1
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(vii) Atheists :
Athletes are advised to come to stop slowly after finishing a fast race. In general, all changes of momentum
must be brought slowly to involve lesser force of action and reaction to avoid injury.
EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE DPP - 7.1
1.
2.
Free
(B) quantitative
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3.
4.
8.
(C) momentum
(B) s/ m
(C) dyne
(D) Newton
(D) couple
(B) torque
The net force acting on a body of mass of 1 kg moving with a uniform velocity of 5 ms-1 is :
(B) 0.2 N
(C) 0 N
A body of mass 20 kg moves with an acceleration of 2ms-2. The rate of change of momentum is S.I. unit is :
(A) 40
10.
(C) velocity
When force of 1N acts on mass of 1kg. which is able to move freely, the object moves with a /an:
(A) 5N
9.
(B) inertia
7.
(D) acceleration
6.
(C) velocity
5.
(B) motion
(B) 10
(C) 4
(D) 1
A body of mass M strikes against wall with a velocity v and rebounds with the same velocity. Its change in
momentum is :
(A) zero
11.
14.
(B) 1 kgwt
The combined effect of mass and velocity is taken into account by a physical quantity called :
(B) moment of force
(C) momentum
(B) 104
(C) 10 5
(D) 10 3
(B) aF = m
(C) m = F a
Free
(A) 108
16.
(B) weight
A body of mass 5 kg undergoes a change in speed from 20 m/s to 0.20 m/s. The momentum :
A) torque
15.
(D) -2 Mv
9.8 N is equal to :
(A) 1 kgf
13.
(C) -Mv
12.
(B) Mv
F
m
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2.
3.
4.
Two similar trucks are moving with same velocities on a road. One of them is loaded while another one is
empty. Which of the two ill require a larger force to stop it in same time ?
5.
Explain meaning of the following equation F = ma. Symbol have their usual meaning.
6.
Explain how Newtons second law of motion can be explained to define the unit of force and also name the
unit.
7.
A 1000 kg vehicle moving with a speed of 20 ms-1 is brought to rest in a distance of 50 metre by applying
brakes :
(i) Find the acceleration.
(ii) Calculate the unbalanced force acting on the vehicle.
(iii) The actual force applied by the brakes will be slightly less than that calculated in, why ? Give reasons.
8.
9.
10.
11.
A 5 quintal car is moving with a velocity of 54 kmh-1. What is its impulse if it is stopped within 0.5s by
application of backward force ? Also determine the force applied.
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FORCE AND
LAWS OF MOTION
PL 8
NEWTONS THIRD LAW
(a) Introduction :
When a force is applied to stop a moving body, we ourselves experience some force from the body being
stopped. When a cricketer used his hands to stop a moving ball, his hands also experience some force from
the ball and sometimes the force is unbearable. When we jump on a cemented road from some height, our
feet get injured by the impact of the road.
From above examples we find that whenever one body exerts a force on another body, the second body
exerts an equal and opposite force on the first body. The force exerted by the first body on the second body
is called action and the force exerted by the second body on the first body is called reaction/
(b) Statement :
The law states the To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Moreover, action and reaction
act on different bodies.
(c) Demonstration :
Two similar spring balances A and B joined by hook as shown in the figure, The other of the spring balance
B is attached to a hook rigidly fixed in a rigid wall.
The other end of the spring balance A is pulled out to the left. Both the balances show the same reading (20
N) for the force.
The pulled balance A exerts a force of 20N on the balance B. It acts as action, B pulls the balance A in
opposite direction with a force of 20 N. This force is known as reaction.
We conclude that action-reaction forces are equal and opposite and act on two different bodies.
(b) Explanation :
If may be noted that action and reaction occur simultaneously. Action and reaction never act on same body.
Had this been the case, there would have been no (accelerated) motion, Since action and reaction occur in
pairs and act on two different bodies, it is impossible to have single isolated force.
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(e) Examples :
(i) Swimming of a man : The man swims because he pushes water behind (action), water pushes man
forward (reaction).
(ii) Walking of man : man pushes the earth behind from right foot (action). Earth pushes the man forward
(reaction). Then the man walks.
Walking man
(iii) Flight of jet or rocket :The burnt gases are exhausted from behind with high speed giving the gases
backward momentum (action). The exhausted gages impart the jet or rocket a forward momentum
(reaction). Then jet or rocket moves.
(iv) Gun and bullet : A loaded gun has a bullet inside it. When the guns trigger is pressed, the powder
inside cartridge explodes. A force of action acts on the bullet and makes the light bullet come out of the
barrel with a high velocity. The heavy gun moves behind (recoils) with a small velocity due to force of
reaction.
This is also an example of law of conservation of linear momentum.
(v) Man and boat : A man is boat near river bank is at rest. To reach the bank, the man pushes the boat
behind (action), the boat pushes the man forward (reaction). The man lands on the bank.
(vi) Hose pipe : Water rushes out of the hose pipe with a large velocity due to force of action of the
compressor from behind. The rushing out jet of water pushes the hose pipe behind due to force of reaction.
Then pipe has to be held tightly.
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ANY PAIR OF EQUAL AND OPPOSITE FORCES IN NOT AN ACTION - REACTION PAIR
Consider a book kept on a table. We have seen that the table pushes the book in the upward direction. They
why does not the book fly up ? It does not fly up because there is another force on the book pulling it down.
This is the force exerted by the earth of the book, which we call the weight of the book. So, there are two
forces on the book-the normal force, N acting upwards, applied by the table and the force, W acting
downwards, applied by the earth. As the book does not accelerate, we conclude that these two forces are
balanced. In other words, they have equal magnitudes but opposite direction.
Can call N the action and W the reaction ? We cannot. This is because, although they are equal and
opposite, they are not forces applied by two bodies on each other. The force N is applied by the table on the
book, its reaction will be the force applied by the book on the table. Weight W is the force applied by the
earth on the book, its reaction will be the force applied by the book on the earth.
So, although N and W are equal and opposite, they do not form an action - reaction pair.
Free
= Force
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Change is momentum = F t
If F = 0 then,
Change is momentum = 0
If the force applied on the body is zero then its momentum will be conserved, this law is also applicable on
the system. If in a system the momentum of the objects present in the system are P1 , P2, P3 ........... and
external force on the system is zero, then P1 + P2 + P3 + .............. = Constant
NOTE : If only internal forces are acting on the system then its linear momentum will be conserved.
(a) The Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum by Third Law of Motion :
Suppose A and B are two objects of masses m1 and m2 are moving in the same direction with velocity u1
and u2 respectively (u1 > u2). Object A collides with object B and after time t both move in their original
direction with velocity v1 and v2 respectively.
m1
The change in momentum of object A = m1v1 - m 1u1
The force on B by A is F1 =
m2
u1
u2
Change in momentum
time
m 1v1 m1u1
.(1)
F1 =
t
The change is momentum of object B = m2 v2 - m2u2
The force on A by B is F2 =
Change in momentum
time
m2 v2 m 2 v2
t
m1
v1
..(2)
m2
v2
after collision
m 1 v1 m 1u1
m v m2u2
= 2 2
m 1 v 1 m 1 u 1 = m 2 v 2 + m 2 u 2
t
t
When the trigger (T) is pressed, the bullet is fired due to internal force of explosion of powder in cartridge
inside.
The bullet moves forward with a high velocity and the gun move behind (recoils) with a lesser velocity.
Let the bullet and the gun have masses m and M respectively. Let the bullet move forward with velocity v
and the gun recoils with velocity V.
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ILLUSTRATIONS
1.
A field gun a mass 1.5 t fires a shell of mass 15 kg with a velocity of 150 m/s. Calculate the velocity of the
recoil of the gun.
Sol.
Mass of gun = 1.5 t = 1.5 1000 kg = 1500 kg
Mass of shell = 15 kg
Velocity of shell = 150 m/s.
Velocity of recoil of the gun = ?
Momentum of gun = Mass of gun velocity of recoil of the gun = 1500 V kg m.s
Momentum of shell = Mass of shell velocity of shell = 15 10 kg m/s.
By the law of conservation of momentum :
Momentum of gun = Momentum of shell
15 150
1500 V = 15 150
or
V=
= 1.5 m / s.
1500
The recoil velocity of gun = 1.5 m/sec.
2.
A hunter of 45 kg is standing on ice fires a bullet on 100 gram with a velocity of 500 ms-1 by a gun of 5 kg.
Find the recoil velocity of the hunter.
Sol.
The initial momentum of the system, P1 = Momentum of hunter + momentum of gun + momentum of
bullet
or P1 + 45 0 + 5 0 + 0.1 0 = 0
........... (1)
Final momentum of the system, P1 = Momentum of hunter + Momentum of gun + momentum of bullet
P2 = 45 V + 5 V + 0.1 500
P2 = 50 V + 50 ......(2)
By the conservation of momentum
P 1 = P2
0 = 50 V + 50
or
V = -1 m/s.
The recoil velocity of gun with hunter is 1 m/s.
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EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE DPP - 8.1
1.
2.
3.
A bullet is motion hits and gets embedded in a solid resting on a frictionless table. What is conserved ?
(A) Momentum and K.E.
4.
A bullet of mass 0.01 kg is fired from a gun weighing 5.0 kg. If the initial speed of the bullet is 250 m/s,
calculate the speed with which the gun recoils :
(A) -0.50 m/s
5.
6.
7.
8.
Free
A man is standing on a boat in still water. If he walks towards the shore the boat will :
(A) more away from the shore
(D) sink
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9.
Consider two spring balances hooked as shown in the figure. We pull them in opposite directions. If the
reading shown by A is 1.5 N, the reading shown by B will be :
(A) 1.5 N
10.
11.
12.
(B) 2.5 N
(C) 3.0 N
(D) Zero
(B) force
A Diwali rocket is ejecting 0.05 kg of gases per second at a velocity of 400 ms-1. The accelerating force on the
rocket is :
(A) 20 dyne
13.
(C) 20 kg wt.
The forces of action and reaction have ____ magnitude but _____ direction :
(A) same, same
14.
(B) 20 Newton
(B) same, opposite
What is total momentum of the gun and bullet just before firing ?
2.
3.
4.
Explain why it is difficult for a fireman to hold a hose, which ejects large amount of water at a high speed.
5.
State third law of motion. Give two examples in support of this law.
6.
If someone jumps to the shore from boat, the boat moves in the opposite direction. Explain why ?
7.
(i) What is the physical principle involved in the working of a jet plane ?
(ii) Do the action and reaction act on the same body or direction bodies ? How are they related in
magnitude and direction ? Are they simultaneous or not ?
8.
Two cars A and B are moving towards each other on a horizontal surface. The can A has mass 60 g and
moves towards the right with speed of 60 cms-1 The car B has a mass of 100 g and moves towards the left
with a speed of 20 cms-1. The two cars collide and get stuck to each other. With what velocity will they
move after the collision ?
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ANSWER KEY
(Objective DPP # 6.1)
Qus.
10
Ans.
10
Ans.
Qus.
11
12
13
14
15
16
Ans.
(i) - 4 m/s2
11.
(ii) 4000 N
10
11
12
13
14
Ans.
Free
10 cms-1
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GRAVITATION
AND FLUID
PL - 9
INTRODUCTION
Besides developing the three laws of motion, Sir lssac Newton also examined the motion of the heavenly
bodes - the planets and the moon. Newton recognized that a force of some kind must be acting on the
planets to keep them in nearly circular orbits, otherwise their paths would be straight lines. A falling apple
is attracted by the earth by the apple attracts the earth as well (Newtons third law of motion). Extending
this idea, Newton proposed that every body in this universe attracts every other body. This led to the
discovery of the famous law of universal gravitation i.e. each object in this universe attracts every other
object. Note that gravitational force is attractive. Newton concluded that it was the gravitational force that
acted between the sun and each of the planets to keep them in their orbits. In this chapter, we shall discuss
the role of gravitational force of the earth of the objects, on or nor the surface of the earth.
Mathematical derivation :
Let A and B be two particles of mass m1 and m2 respectively. Let the distance AB = r. By the law of
gravitation, the particle A attracts the particle B with a force F such that,
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F m1m2
and F
So F
or
r2
m 1m 2
F=G
r2
m 1m 2
r2
Gm 1 m 2
r2
(ii) Definition :
In relation
F=
Gm 1 m 2
r2
(iii) Units of G:
F=
Gm 1 m 2
r2
We have,
G=
Fr 2
m 1m 2
In S.I.
G=
Nm 2
= Nm 2 kg 2
kgkg
In C.G.S.
G=
dyne cm 2
g.g.
= dyne cm 2 g 2
(iv) Values of G :
Free
In S.I.
In C.G.S.
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a=
Force
Mass
F
M
It is clear from this formula that the acceleration produced in a body is inversely proportional to the mass of
the body. Now, the mass of a stone is very small, due to which the gravitational force produces a large
acceleration in it. Due to large acceleration of stone, we can seen the stone falling towards the earth. The
mass of earth it, however, very-very large. Due to the very large mass of the earth, the same gravitational
force produces very-very small acceleration in the earth. Actually, the acceleration produced in the earth is
so small that it cannot be observed. And hence we do not see the earth rising up towards the stone.
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ILLUSTRATIONS
1.
Two persons having mass 50kg each, are standing such that the centre of gravity are 1m apart. Calculate the
force of gravitation and also calculate the force of gravity on each.
Sol.
Given : m1 = m2 = 50kg.
r = 1m. , G = 6.67 10-11 N. m2/kg2
Force of gravitation F =
F=
6.67 10 11 50 50
(1) 2
Gm 1 m 2
r2
= 1.67 10 7 N.
Force of gravity,
F =
GMm
r2
6.67 10 11 6 10 24 50
(6.4 10 )
6 2
= 0.48 10 3 N
. (ii)
F is much greater than F so the persons will not move towards each other but each of them moves towards
the earth.
Gm 1 m 2
r2
6.67 10 11 Nm 2 kg 2 6 10 24 kg 2 10 30 kg
(1.5 10
11
F = 3.6 10 22 N
The gravitational force between the sun and the earth is very large (i.e. 3.6 1022 N). This force keeps the
earth bound to the sun.
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Gm 1 m 2
r2
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F=
6.67 10 11 Nm 2 kg 2 6 10 24 kg 7.4 10 22 kg
(3.8 10 m )
8
F = 2.05 1020 N
This large gravitational force keeps the moon to move around the earth. This large gravitational force is
also responsible fort the ocean tides.
2.
Two bodies A and B having mass m and 2m respectively are kept at a distance d apart. Where should a
small particle be placed so that the net gravitational force on it due to the bodies A and B is zero ?
Sol.
it is clear that the particle must be placed on the line AB, suppose it is at a distance x from A.
Let its mass is m.
The force on m due to A,
F1 =
Gmm'
x2
towards A
G(2 m )m'
(d x )2
towards B.
Thus,
of
G(2m )m'
(d x ) 2
(d - x)2 = 2x2
d - x = 2 x.
d=(1 2)x
x=
(1 + 2 )
or
(1 2 )
As x cannot be negative
So
x=
(1 + 2 )
F=
Free
GMm
r2
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EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE DPP - 9.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
(C) both the earth and the apple attract each other
When the medium between two bodies changes, force of gravitation between them :
(A) will increase
S.I. unit of G is :
(A) Nm2 kg-2
5.
6.
9.
10.
8.
7.
(B) Nm kg-2
1
r
(B)
1
r2
(C) r
(D) r2
The value of G in year 1900 was 6.673 10 -11 Nm2 kg-2. They value of G in the year 2007 will be :
(A) 6.673 10-9 Nm2 kg-2
Value of G on surface of earth is 6.673 10-11 Nm2 kg-2, then value of G on surface of Jupiter is :
(A) 12 6.673 10 -11 Nm2 kg-2
(B)
6.673
10-10 Nm2 kg-2
12
(D)
6.673
10 -11 N m2 kg-2
6
The earth attracts the moon with a gravitational force of 10 20N. Then the moon attracts the earth with a
gravitational force of :
(A) 10-20N
Free
(B) 102 N
(C) 1020 N
(D) 1010 N
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11.
12.
13.
(C) elliptical
(D) straight
14.
(B) parabolic
(B) Newton
(C) Galileo
(D) Archimedes
1.
2.
Which force is responsible for the earth revolving round the sun ?
3.
4.
Write mathematical expression for gravitational force between two bodies of masses m1 and m2 separated
by a distance r. All quantities are in S.I. units.
5.
6.
Two masses 50 kg and 100 kg are separated by a distance of 10 m. What is the gravitational force of
attraction between them ? G = 6.67 10 -11
Nm 2
kg 2
7.
8.
9.
(i) Name the scientist who gave the universal law of gravitation.
(ii) Define universal Gravitational constant.
(iii) What is the value of G in S.I. unit ?
10.
Newtons law of gravitation states that every object exerts a gravitational force of attraction on every other
object. If this is true, then why dont we notice such forces, when the two objects in a room move towards
each other due to the force ?
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GRAVITATION
AND FLUID
PL - 10
BODIES FALLING NER THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH
GM 6 m
R e2
........(i)
where M = mass of the earth, m = mass of the object, and Re = radius of the earth.
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As the earths radius Rs (6400 km) is large as compared to distance of the object from the earths surface. We
use Re in Equation (i) to denote the distance of the object from the centre of the earth. As the force given by
equation (i), is the resultant force on the object, its acceleration is
a=
F GM e
=
m
R e2
Note that this acceleration does not depends on the mass of the object. Thus we have the following :
if gravity is the only acting force (meaning that air resistance is neglected), all objects move with the same
acceleration near the earths surface. This acceleration is called the acceleration due to gravity, whose
magnitude g is given by
g=
GM e
R e2
2
6.67 10 11 Nm 6 10 24 kg
2
kg
g=
(6.4 10 m )
6
)
= 9.8 ms 2
The direction of this acceleration is towards the centre of the earth, i.e., in the vertically downward
direction. The acceleration has the same value, both in magnitude (9.8 m/s2) and direction (towards centre
of earth), whether the particle falls, moves up or moves at some angle with the vertical. In all these cases,
we say that the particle moves freely under gravity.
GM
R2
where M is the mass of a heavenly body like earth and R is its radius. As all heavenly bodies (like
planets, the sun and the moon) are of different masses and different radii, so the value of g is different on
different heavenly bodies.
We know,
g moon =
GM m
.....(i)
2
Rm
g moon =
6.673 10 11 Nm 2 kg 2 7.47 10 22 kg
(1.75 10 m )
6
g moon = 1.63 ms 2
Now,
g moon 1.663 ms 2 1
=
=
g earth
6
9.8 ms 2
or
g moon =
1
g earth
6
1
times the acceleration due to gravity on the
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The mass of the earth can be calculated by using Newtons law of gravitation. Consider a body of mass m
lying on the surface of the earth, then force of gravity acting on the body is given by
F=
GMm
.....(i)
R2
F = mg
....(ii)
GMm
R2
or
M=
gR 2
G
M=
9.8 6.4 10 6
6.67 10 11
= 5.98 10 24 kg
GM
We know, g =
R2
Let be the means density of the earth. Since earth is assumed to be a homogeneous sphere of radius R,
therefore, mass of the earth is given by
M = Volume density =
4
R 3
3
G
R2
4
4
R 3 = GR
3
3
3g
4 GR
or
= 5478.4 kgm 3
Density of earth
5478.4 kg m 3
=
~ 5.5
Density of water
1000 kg m 3
Thus, density of earth is about 5.5 times the density of water.
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Since the freely falling bodies fall with uniformly accelerated motion, the three equations of motioning
derived earlier for bodies under uniform acceleration can be applied to the motion of freely falling bodies.
For freely falling bodies, the acceleration due to gravity is g so we replace the acceleration a of the
equations by g and since the vertical distance of the freely falling bodies is known as height h, we replace
the distance s in our equations by the height h. This gives us the following modified equations for the
motion of freely falling bodies.
General equations
of motion
(i) v = u + at
changes to
v = u + gt
1 2
at
2
changes to
h = ut +
(iii) v2 = u2 + 2as
changes to
v2 = u2 + 2gh
(ii) s = ut +
1 2
gt
2
We shall use these modified equations to solve numerical problems. Before we do that, we should
remember the following important points for the motion of freely falling bodies.
(i) When a body is dropped freely from a height, its initial velocity u becomes zero.
(ii) When a body is thrown vertically upwards, its final velocity v becomes zero.
(iii) The time taken by a body to rise to the highest point is equal to the time it takes to fall from the same
height.
(iv) The distance traveled by a freely falling body is directly proportional to the square of time of fall.
(a) Sign Conventions :
(i) g is taken as positive when it is acting in the same direction as that of motion and g is taken as negative
when it is opposing the motion.
(ii) Distance measured upward from the point of projection is taken as positive, while distance measured
downward from the point of projection is taken as negative.
(iii) Velocity measured away from the surface of earth (i.e. in upward direction) is taken as positive, while
velocity measured towards the surface of the earth is taken as negative.
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EXERCISE
OBJECTICE DPP - 10.1
1.
2.
3.
When a space ship is at a distance of two earths radius from the centre of the earth, the gravitational
acceleration is :
(A) 19.6 ms-2
4.
If planet existed whose mass and radius were both half of the earth, the acceleration due to gravity at the
surface would be :
(A) 19.6 m/s2
5.
6.
A stone is dropped from the top a tower. Its velocity after it has fallen 20 m is [Take g = 10 ms-2]
(A) 5 ms-1
(B) 10 ms-1
(C) 15 ms-1
(D) 20 ms-1
7.
8.
The force acting on a ball due to earth has a magnitude Fb and that acting on the earth due to the ball has a
magnitude Fe Then :
(A) Fb = Fe
9.
(C) Fb < Fe
(D) Fe = 0
10.
(B) Fb > Fe
(B) 6.67 10-9 N
(D) 6.67 10 -7 N
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11.
12.
The ratio of the value of g on the surface of moon to that on the earths surface is :
1
1
(A) 6
(B) 6
(C)
(D)
6
6
Order of magnitude of G is S.I. unit is :
(A) 10-11
13.
(D) 10 7
(B) m/s2
(C) s/m2
(D) m/s
If the distance between two masses be doubled then the force between them will become :
(A)
15.
(C) 10-7
14.
(B) 1011
1
times
4
(B) 4 times
(C)
1
times
2
(D) 2 times
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The earths gravitational force causes and acceleration of 5 ms-2 on a 1 kg mass somewhere in the space.
How much will be the acceleration of 3 kg mass at that place ?
6.
In what sense does the moon fall towards the earth ? Why does not it actually fall on earths surface ?
7.
8.
Using Newtons universal law of gravitation and second law of motion, find the mathematical expression
R
from the surface of earth (radius R) ?
5
Derive a relation for acceleration due to gravity. How its value vary with :
(i) mass of the planet
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GRAVITATION
AND FLUID
PL - 11
MASS AND WEIGHT
(a) Mass :
Definition :
Quantity of matter possessed by a body, is called the mass of the body. It is represented by the symbol m. It
is a clear quantity.
Nature :
A body with more mass, needs a greater effort (force) to move it from rest or stopping it from motion. The
body exhibits inertia. Thus, mass offers inertia. This mass is called inertial mass (m1).
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Weight
1. Weight is the force with which a body is attracted
towards the centre of the earth.
2. It is a vector quantity.
3. Its S.I. unit is Newton (N).
4. Weight of the body changes from place to place.
5. Weight of a body becomes zero at the centre of the
earth.
6. Weight is measured by a spring balance.
ge = 9.8 ms-2
For moon
gm = 1.7 ms-2
Hence,
For earth,
We = mge
For moon
Wm = mgm
Ratio
Wm mg m g m 1.7 1
=
=
=
We
mg e
ge
9.8 6
1
th weight on earth.
6
W = 9.8 N
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(iv) The value of g decreases with depth from the surface of the earth. Therefore, the weight of a body
decreases with depth from the surface of the earth.
(v) The value of g at the centre of the earth is zero hence weight (=mg) of the body is zero at the centre of
the earth.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN g AND G
Acceleration due to gravity (g)
1. The acceleration produced in a body falling
freely under the action of gravitational pull
of the earth is known as acceleration due to
gravity.
2. The value of g is different at different
points on the earth.
3. The value of g decreases as we go higher
from the surface of the earth or as we go
deep into the earth.
4. The value of g at the centre of the earth is
zero.
5. The value of g is different on the surface of
different heavenly bodies like the sun, moon,
and the planets.
6. The value of g on the surface of the earth is
9.8 ms-2.
WEIGHTLESNESS
(a) Introduction :
When a man stands on weighing machine at rest, his weight compressed its spring downwards. Due to
upward reaction, the pointer of the machine moves over the scale and the machine records the weight of
the man.
But when the same machine starts falling down freely, there is no reaction and the pointer stays at zero
recording a zero weight.
The man falling freely under the action of gravity has become weightless.
Definition :
Weightlessness may be defined as the state in which a body its weight due to free fall.
(d) Demonstration :
Let a stone piece be suspended from a spring balance suspended by a hand finger. The balance shows the
actual weight of the stone.
When the balance is released from h and finger, the balance falls freely with the hanging stone piece. The
balance shows a zero reading. This proves that the freely falling stone is weightless.
(i) The spring balance shows the weight of the stone.
(ii) Freely falling spring balance with the stone showing a zero reading.
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A satellite is a freely falling body orbiting round the earth. It tries to reach the earth but its path being
parallel to earths surface. It does not reach the earth. Hence the satellite and all the bodies inside it become
weightless.
It is due to this situation of weightlessness of astronauts that they are shown floating in spaceship in films
on television.
EXERCISE
OBJECIVE DPP - 11.1
1.
2.
A particle is taken to a height R above the earths surface, where R is the radius of the earth. The
acceleration due to gravity there is :
(A) 2.45 m/s2
3.
4.
5.
(C) zero
Mass of an object is :
(A) amount of matter present in the object
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6.
7.
The mass of body is measured to be 12 kg on the earth. Its mass on moon will be :
(A) 12 kg
8.
(B) 6 kg
(C) 2 kg
(D) 72 kg
9.
A stone is dropped from the roof of a building takes 4s to reach ground. The height of the building is :
(A) 19.6 m
10.
(C) 156.8 m
(D) 78.4 m
A ball is thrown up and attains a maximum height of 19.6 m. Its initial speed was :
(A) 9.8 ms-1
11.
(B) 39.2 m
(D) 98 ms-1
12.
Two bodies A and B of mass 500 g and 200 g respectively are dropped near the earths surface. Let the
acceleration of A and B be a A and aB respectively, then :
(A) aA = a B
13.
(D) aA a B
(B) 60 m
(C) 40 m
(D) 20 m
The weight of a body is 120 N on the earth. If it is taken to the moon, its weight will be about :
(A) 120 N
15.
(C) aA < a B
A body is thrown up with a velocity of 20 m/s. The maximum height attained by it is approximately :
(A) 80 m
14.
(B) aA > aB
(B) 60 N
(C) 20 N
(D) 720 N
Two iron and wooden balls identical in size are released from the same height in vacuum. The time taken
by them to reach the ground are :
(A) not equal
Free
(D) zero
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How does the acceleration due to gravity depends on the mass of planet ?
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Which is greater : The force of attraction of earth for 1 kg of tin or the force of attraction of earth for 1 kg of
lead.
9.
The mass of the mass on the surface of earth is 100 kg. Does the weight on the surface of moon increase or
decrease ? Explain.
10.
A ball thrown up vertically returns to the thrower after 12 second. Find (Take g = 10 m/s) :
(i) velocity with which it was thrown up.
(ii) the maximum height it reaches.
(iii) its position after 4s
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GRAVITATION
AND FLUED
PL - 12
FLUID
Fluid is a substance that flows under the action of an applied force and does not have a shape of its own.
For example, liquids and gases. They take the shape of container in which they are stored.
The study of fluids at rest is known as hydrostatic or fluid statics. The study of fluids in motion is termed
as hydrodynamics. In this chapter, we will discuss the study of liquids only.
PRESSURE IN A FLUID
In case of solids, the force can be applied in any direction with respect to the surface, but in liquids, the
force must be applied at right angles to the liquids surface. This is because fluids (liquids and gases) at rest
cannot sustain a tangential force. Therefore, we state the pressure acting on the fluid instead of force.
The pressure (P) is defined at the magnitude of the normal force acting on a unit surface area of the fluid. It
a constant force of magnitude F acts normally on a surface area A, then pressure acting on the surface is
given by P =
F
. The pressure is a scalar quantity. This is because hydrostatic pressure is transmitted
A
equally in all directions when force is applied, which shows that a definite direction is not associated with
pressure.
THRUST
The total force exerted by a liquid on any surface in contact with it is called thrust of the liquid.
Thrust = Pressure Area of surface
UNITS OF PRESSURE
In C.G.S. system, unit of pressure is dyne/cm2. S.I. unit of pressure is Nm-2 or Pascal (PA). The unit of
pressure, Pascal (Pa) has been named in the honour of great French scientist and philosopher Blasie Pascal.
Another unit of pressure is atmosphere (atm).
1 atm = 1.013 105 Nm-2 (or Pa)
1 atm. or one atmosphere is the pressure exerted by our atmosphere on earth surface due to the weight of
atmosphere.
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Scalar quantities are those which do not have any direction. The physical quantities which have both
magnitude and direction are called vector quantities. Pressure is a scalar quantity because at one level
inside the liquid, the pressure is exerted equally in all direction, which shows that a direction is not
associated with hydrostatics pressure or pressure due to a static fluid.
(b) Pressure Exerted by a Liquid Column :
Consider a liquid of density contained in a cylindrical vessel of cross sectional area a. Let h be the height
of liquid column and g be the acceleration due to gravity. The weight of liquid will exert a downward
thrust on the bottom surface of the vessel. Therefore, pressure due to liquid acts on that surface.
Weight of liquid inside the vessel = volume density of liquid acceleration due to gravity
thrust ahg
=
= hg
area
a
..(i)
NOTE :
(i) The liquid at rest exerts equal pressure in all direction s at a point inside the liquid.
(ii) The liquid at rest exerts equal pressure at all those points which are in one level inside the liquid.
(iii) Liquid pressure is independent of shape of the liquid surface, but depends upon the height of liquid
column.
(iv) Total pressure at a depth h below the liquid surface = P0 + hg where P0 = atmospheric pressure.
(v) Pressure is a scalar quantity.
(vi) Mean pressure on the walls of a beaker containing liquid upto height is (= hg /2 ), where is the
density of liquid.
(vii) Thrust exerted by liquid on the walls of the vessel in contact with liquid is normal to the surface of
vessel.
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A small pressure applied on the flat to through falling hammer becomes a large thrust. The same thrust acts
on the wooden board through the pointed end of the nail. It result in a large pressure. The nail can easily
be fixed in the wooden board.
(ii) Sewing needle have pointed tips :
A small force of fingers makes the needle pierce into the cloth easily and sewing becomes quicker.
(iii) Cutting items (knives and blades) have sharp edge. Cutting becomes easier.
(d) Reducing Pressure :
Wide steel belt over the wheels of an army taken, makes its movement easier over marshy land.
(vi) Tractor tyres are broad : Tractors do not sink in the soft land of the field while operating them.
(v) Camel foot are broad and soft : They walk swiftly on sand.
(vi) Hanging bags have wide straps : They reduce pressure on the shoulders.
When a body is immersed in a fluid (liquid or gas), it displaced the fluid whose volume is equal to the
volume of the body immersed in the fluid. This displaced fluid exerts an upward force on the body.
Definition :
This tendency of the displaced fluid (exerting an upward force) is called buoyancy. The upward applied
force, is called the force of buoyancy or up thrust. It is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the
body.
Examples :
(i) When a bucket is pulled out of a well, it is felt lighter so long as it remains immersed in water, inside the
well. It acquires its actual weight when out of water.
(ii) Ladies carrying water in a pitcher from a village pond, enter the pond, fill the pitcher and lift it on to
their shoulder keeping it immersed in water.
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From the above mentioned actives, we conclude that upthrust or buoyant force depends on :
(i) The size or volume of the body immersed in a liquid.
(ii) The density of the liquid in which the body is immersed.
Buoyancy :
The tendency of an object to float in a liquid or the power of liquid to make an object float is called
buoyancy.
Remember these points :
(i) An object whose weight (i.e., downward gravitational force) is greater than the upthrust of the liquid
(say water) on the object, sinks in the liquid. This is possible if density of object is more than the density of
liquid.
(ii) An object whose weight (i.e. downward gravitational force) is less than the upthurst of the liquid on the
object, floats on the liquid. This is possible if density of object is less than the density of liquid.
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EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE DPP - 12.1
1.
2.
(B)
1
F
(C) F2
(D)
1
F2
3.
If a force of 10N acts on two surfaces (area in the ratio 1 : 2), then the ratio of thrusts will be :
(A) 1 : 2
4.
h
dg
1
A
(C) A2
(D)
1
A2
(B) 100 N
(C) 0.05 N
(D) 10 N
(B) dyne/cm2
(C) Pascal
(D) mm of Hg
h
d
(B) hdg
(C)
(D) hg
(B) dyne
(C) Nm2
(D) Nm-2
(C) Pa
Free
(B)
10.
9.
(C) 148 cm
8.
(B) 14.8 cm
A force of 50 N is applied on a nail of area 0.001 sq. cm. Then the thrust is :
(A) 50 N
7.
(D) 1 : 1
6.
(C) 3 : 1
The height of mercury which exerts the same pressure as 20 cm of water column, is equal to :
(A) 1.48 cm
5.
(B) 2 : 1
(B) bar
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11.
The total force exerted by the body perpendicular to the surface is called :
(A) pressure
12.
(B) 0.1 Pa
(C) 0.01 Pa
(D) 10 Pa
1 N/m2 equals :
(A) 1 Pa
14.
(C) impulse
Pressure is a :
(A) scalar quantity
13.
(B) thrust
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A camel can walk easily in Sandy desert than a man although the weight of the camel is mush more than
that of the man. Comment.
8.
A person weight 60 kg. The area under his feel of the person is 180 cm2. Find the pressure exerted on the
ground by the person.
9.
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GRAVITATION
AND FLUID
PL - 13
ARCHEMED PRINCIPLE
A Greek scientist Archimedes conducted many experiments and concluded that when a body or an object is
immersed partially or completely in a liquid or gas (i.e. fluid), it experiences an upthrust or buoyant force.
The upthrust or buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. It is known as
Archimedes principle.
Statement of Archimedes principle :
When a body is immersed partially or completely in a fluid (liquid or gas), it experiences an upthrust or
buoyant force which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.
(a) Proof of Archimedes Principe :
Consider a cylindrical body of cross-sectional area a submerged in a liquid of density . Let the upper face
of the body is at a depth h1 below the surface of the liquid and the lower face is at a depth h2 below the
surface of the liquid. The pressure exerted by the liquid on the upper surface of the body is given by p1 =
h 1 g .
Downward thrust on the upper surface of the body is ,
F1 = p1 a = h1 g a
Pressure exerted by the liquid at the lower surface of the body,
P 2 = h2 g
Upward thrust on the lower surface of the body is,
F2 = P2 a = h2 g a
The horizontal thrusts acting on the vertical sides of the body being equal and opposite from all the sides
cancels out.
Resultant upthrust or buoyant force acting on the body is,
F = F2 - F1 = h2 g a - h1 g a = (h2 - h1) g a
Since volume of the body, V = (h2 - h1)a
F = V g
Which implies that products of the volume of the body, the density of the liquid and the acceleration due to
gravity gives the weight of the liquid displaced.
Thus, when a body is submerged in a liquid, it experiences an upward thrust equal to the weight of the
liquid displaced by the body.
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(i) Take a small piece of stone and suspend it with a spring balance. Let the weight of the stone indicated by
the spring balance be W1.
(ii) Now take an empty beaker and measure its weight by suspending it with the spring balance with the
help of a thread of negligible mass. Let the weight of the empty beaker be W2.
(iii) Take a Cane having a side tube known as spout. Fill Cane with water upto the level of spout.
(vi) Lower the stone suspended with a spring balance inside the water. The stone displaces the water which
comes out of the Cane through the spout. The water coming out of the Cane is collected in the beaker.
When the water stops coming out of the spout, note the reading of the spring balance. This reading shows
the weight of the stone inside the water. Let the weight of the stone inside the water be W3. It is seen that
W3 is less than W1.
(v) Now measure the weight of the beaker along with the water collected in it. Let this weight be W4.
(vi) Now find (W1 - W3). This difference in weight is equal to the loss of weight of the stone immersed in
water (i.e. upthrust or buoyant force).
(vii) Also find (W4 - W2). This difference in weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced by the
stone.
(viii) It is found that (W1 - W3) = (W4 - W2). That is upthrust or buoyant force is equal to the weight of the
water displaced. Thus, Archimedes principle is verified.
DENSITY
The ratio of mass and volume of the body is known as the density of the material of the body.
Density =
=
mass
volume
M
V
IF V = 1 m3, then, = M
or the mass per unit volume is known as the density of the material of the object.
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Unit of density :
M
g / cm 3 ( in C.G.S.)
V
The ratio of density of the substance to the density of water at 40C is known as the relative density of the
substance.
Relative density of substance =
The relative density of silver is 10.5. The density of water is 10 3 kg/m3. What is the density of silver in S.I.
unit ?
Sol.
R.D. =
10.5 =
density of silver
density of water
d Ag
10 3
Relative density for solids and liquids can also be determined with the help of Archimedes principle.
(i) For solids :
By definition, we have
Relative density =
Relative density =
Relative density of a solid can be measured by weighing it first in air and then when fully immersed in
water.
Let weight of the body in air = W1
Weight of solid body in water = W2
Loss in weight = W1 - W2
Free
R.D. =
W1
W1 W2
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R.D. =
R.D. =
Name of Substance
Density at S.T.P. in
(kg m-3)
Relative Density
Air
1.29
1.29 10-3
Wood
800
0.80
Ice
920
0.917
Water
1000
1.00
Glycerin
1260
1.26
Glass
2500
2.50
Aluminium
2700
2.70
Iron
7900
7.90
Silver
10500
10.50
10
Mercury
13600
13.60
11
Gold
19320
19.32
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LAW OF FLOATATION
A body floats is a liquid if weight of the liquid displaced by the immersed portion of the body is equal to
the weight of the body.
(a) Relation between Density of Solid and Liquid :
Let 1 be the density of the solid whose volume if V1. Let 2 be the density of the liquid and the volume of
the portion of the solid immersed in the liquid be V2.
Now, weight of the floating solid = weight of the liquid displaced.
i.e. V1 1 g = V2 2 g
or
1 V2
=
2 V1
Density of solid
Volume of the immersed portion of the solid
=
Density of liquid
Total volume of the solid
= Fraction of volume of body immersed in liquid
From law of floatation, we know that a body will float in a liquid when its weight W is equal to the weight
w of the liquid displaced by the immersed part of the body. But this does to necessarily indicate that the
body will be in equilibrium. A body will be in equilibrium only if the resultant of all the forces and couples
acting on the body is zero. Thus, a floating body can be in equilibrium if no couple acts on it. It will be so if
the line of action of W and w is along the same vertical straight line. Thus, there will be equilibrium of
floating bodies if the following conditions are fulfilled:
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(i) A body can float if the weight of the liquid displaced by the immersed part of body must be equal to the
weight of the body.
(ii) A body can be in equilibrium in the centre of gravity of the body and centre of buoyancy must be along
the same vertical line.
(iii) The body will be in stable equilibrium if centre of gravity lies vertically above the centre of buoyancy.
NOTE :
When an ice block is floating in water in a vessel, then the level of water in the vessel will not change when
the whole ice melts into water.
When an ice block is floating in a liquid in a vessel and ice completely melts, then the following cases may
arise for the level of liquid in the vessel.
(i) If density of liquid is grater than that of water i.e., L > w the level of liquid plus water will rise.
(ii) If density of liquid is less than the density of water i.e., L < w the level of liquid plus water will
decrease
(iii) If density of liquid is equal to the density of water i.e., L = w , the level of liquid plus water will
remain unchanged.
EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE DPP - 13.1
1.
2.
(D) zero
Archimedes principle states that when a body is totally or partially immersed in a fluid the upthrust is
equal to :
3.
4.
6.
(D) N kg-1
(B) gcm-3
(C) g litre -1
Free
(C) m2 kg-1
5.
(B) kgm-3
(B) different
(C) zero
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7.
The relative density of silver is 10.5, if the density of water is 1000 kgm-3, then density of silver will be :
(A) 10.5 kgm-3
8.
1
3
rd of its volume outside water and th of its volume outside liquid, then the density
3
4
of liquid is :
(A)
9.
10.
3
g / cm 3
8
(B)
8
g / cm 3
3
(C)
9
g / cm 3
4
(D)
4
g / cm 3
9
A boat full of iron nail is floating on water in a take. When the iron nails are removed, the water level :
(A) rises
(C) fails
A cylinder of wood floats vertically in water with one-fourth of its length out of water. The density of wood
is :
(A) 0.5 g/cm3
11.
(C) R.D. =
13.
(D) 1 g/cm3
12.
(B) R.D. =
Two solids X and Y float on water, X floats with half of its volume submerged while Y float s with one third of its volume out of water. The densities of X and Y are in the ratio of
(A) 4 : 3
14.
(B) 3 : 4
(C) 2 : 3
(D) 1 : 3
The balloon stops rising up beyond a particular height when the density of gas inside the balloon :
(A) exceeds the density of air outside
1.
2.
When a stone in immersed in water it displaces water of weight 5N, Calculate the upthrust acting on the
stone.
3.
If a solid of the same density as that of a liquid is placed in it, what will happen to the solid ?
4.
Explain, why a ship sinks to a great depth in river water than in sea water ?
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5.
You are provided with a hollow iron ball of volume 20 cm3 and of mass 15g and a solid iron ball of mass
20g. both are placed on the surface of water containing in a large tube. Which will float ? Give reasons for
your answer ?
6.
A solid weights 200 g in air, 160 g in water and 170g in a liquid. Calculate the relative density of the solid
and that of the liquid.
7.
Explain briefly why a balloon filled with helium gas rises in air ?
8.
ANSWER KEY
(Objective DPP # 9.1)
Qus.
10
11
12
13
14
Ans.
3.33 10 -9 N
(Objective DPP # 10.1)
Qus.
10
11
12
13
14
15
Ans.
5.
7.
5 ms-2
6.785 ms-2
10
11
12
13
14
15
Ans.
10.
Free
(i) 60 ms-1
(ii)
180 m
(iii)
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10
11
12
13
14
Ans.
10 5
Nm 2
3
(Objective DPP # 13.1)
Qus.
10
11
12
13
14
Ans.
2.
Free
5N
6.
0.5, 0.75
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WORK, ENERGY
AND POWER
PL - 14
INTRODUCTION
In everyday language, the word work is used to describe any activity in which muscular or mental effort is
exerted. In physical, the word work has a special meaning. Work in one done when the force acting on
body produced motion in it in the direction of force (or in the direction of component of force). Thus a boy
pushing the wall is doing no work from physics point of view. If is because the force exerted by the body is
not producing motion of the wall. The speed at which work can be done is an indication of the power of the
body doing work. For example, a boy may carry a suitcase upstairs in 3 minutes while a man may do it in 1
minute. Obviously, the power of the man is more than the power of the boy. Thus, time factor is important
for power. A body which has the capacity to do work is said to posses energy. The greater the capacity of a
body to do work, the greater the energy it has. Thus work, energy and the power are related to each other.
In this topic we shall deal with these three important concepts of physics.
WORK
In our day to day life, the word work means any kind of mental and physical activity. For example, we say
that we are doing work while,
(i) reading a book,
(ii) cooking the food,
(iii) walking on a level road with a box on our head,
(iv) pushing a wall of a house but fails to do so.
In all these cases, either mental or physical activity is involved.
But is physics, the term work has entirely a different meaning. In physics work is done if a force applied on
a body displaced the body in its own direction. In other words, the condition which must be satisfied for
the work done are : (i) a force must act on the body and (ii) the body must be displaced from one position to
another position. Thus, no work is done in all cases mentioned above.
Definition :
Work is said to be done by a force on a body o an object if the force applied causes a displacement in the
body or object.
Eg. : Work is done, when a box is dragged on the floor from one position to another. In this case, force is on
box to drag it one the floor and the box moves through a certain distance between one position to another
position.
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Special cases :
Case -I : If = 00, then -
cos 0 0 = 1
W = Fd cos900
So, W = 0
When force and displacement are perpendicular to each other then work done will be zero.
Eg. : If a body is moving in horizontal direction then work done by the force of gravity will be zero.
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Eg. : if a body is moving on a circular path then work done by the centripetal force will be zero, because the
direction of centripetal force is towards the center of the circle and displacement will be along the tangent.
Case III :
If = 180 0
cos 180 0 = -1
When the force and displacement are in opposite direction then work done will be negative.
Eg.: When a spring is compressed then the force applied by the spring and the displacement will be in
opposite direction to each other, so work done by the spring will be negative.
When the spring is stretched then the work done will also be negative.
Eg.: When a body of mass m in lifted upward a fore F = mg has to be applied upward
Work done by the force of gravity will be negative
Work done, W = - mgh
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Definition of 1 joule :
if F = 1N and d = 1m.
then, W = 1 1 = 1 joule (J)
If a force of 1 Newton is applied on a body and displacement in the body is 1m in the direction of force then
work done will be 1 joule.
Relation between joule and erg :
1 joule = 10 7 erg
NOTE :
(i) If F = 0 then work done, W = 0
Eg. A student revising his notes by memory without moving his limbs is doing no physical work.
A meditating saint is doing no physical work though he keeps sitting for hours.
(ii) If displacement, d = 0 then work done, W = 0.
Eg. A foolish labour trying to displace a building has done no work though he may spend the whole day.
Erg and joule are the absolute units of work done.
Gravitational unit of work :
Work is said to have gravitational unit of work if unit gravitational force displaces the body through unit
distance in the direction of force.
(i) In C.G.S. system, gravitational unit of work is gram-weight-centimeter ( g wt cm).
Since W = FS
1g wt cm = 1 g wt 1 cm = 981 dyne 1 cm
1g wt cm = 981 erg.
Thus 1g-wt-cm of work is done when a force of 1g-wt displaces a body through 1 cm in its own direction.
(ii) In S.I. system, gravitational unit of work is kilogram weight meter (kg wt m)
1kg wt m = 1kg wt 1m = 9.81 N 1 m
1 kg wt m = 9.81 J
Thus, 1 kg wt m of work is done when a force of 1 kg-wt displaces a body through 1 m in its own direction.
(c) Positive Work done :
When the angle between force and the displacement is acute ( < 90 0 ), then work done will be positive
because one component of force (F cos ) is in the direction of displacement so work done by this
component will be positive (Fd cos ). Work done by the vertical component (i.e. F sin ) will be zero
( the angle between F sin and displacement is 90 0) so net work done will be positive.
(i) In lifting a weight upward by applying an upward force, the work done by the applied force will be
positive.
(ii) In stretching a spring, the work done by the eternal force will be positive.
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When the angle between the force and the displacement is obtuse, ( > 90 0 ), then work done will be
negative because work done by the horizontal component of force (i.e. F cos ) is negative (-Fd cos ) and
the work done by the vertical component (F sin ) will be zero, so net work done will be negative.
ILLUSTRATIONS
1.
Sol.
2.
Sol.
A porter lifts a luggage of 15 kg from the ground and put it on his head, 1.5 m above the ground. Calculate
the work done by him on the luggage. (take g = 10 m/s2.)
Mass of luggage, m = 15 kg
displacement, d = 1.5 m
acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 m/s2
work done, W = Fd = mgd
W = 15 10 1.5 = 225 J
A force of 10 N displaces a body by 5m, the angle between force and displacement i 60 0, then find the work
done.
Force, F = 10 N,
displacement, d = 5m,
angle between force and displacement, = 600,
work done, W = Fd cos = 10 5 cos60 0,
then,
W = 10 5
1
2
cos 60 0 =
1
2
W = 25 J
ENERGY
When a man does a work, he feels tired. he feels that he has lost something which he must regain to work
more. A weak man gets exhausted after doing only a small amount of work. A strong man can continue to
work for longer duration.
Something that a working man loses is called energy.
Definition :
Capacity of doing work or total work done by a man or by an agent, is called the energy of the man or the
agent.
(a) Units of energy :
C.G.S. unit of energy is erg and S.I. unit of energy is joule.
NOTE :
(i) kilo Watt hour (kWh) is commercial unit of energy.
1 kWh = 1000 watt 60 60 s.
= 3.6 106 watt s
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(ii) Electron volt (eV) is also the unit of energy. The energy of an electron, when it is accelerated by a
potential difference of 1 volt, is known as one eV
1 eV = 1.6 10-19 J.
DIFFERENCE FORMS OF ENERGY
(i) Heat energy :
When we burn coal, wood or gas, heat energy is released. Steam possess heat energy that is why is a steam
engine, the heat energy of steam is used to get the work done. Sun also radiates hat energy.
(ii) Light energy :
It is a form of energy which gives us the sensation of vision. Natural source of light is the sun. An electric
bulb also emits light energy.
(iii) Sound energy :
The energy emitted by a vibrating wire, tuning fork, vibrating membrane etc., that can be sensed by human
ears is called sound energy.
Eg. whistle, flute, sitar, all emits sound energy when they are made to vibrate.
(iv) Magnetic energy :
A magnet also possess energy known as magnetic energy. When a current is passed through a coil, it stores
magnetic energy.
(v) Electrical energy :
An electric cell stores electrical energy. Two changes placed at some distance experience a force. They also
possess electrical energy.
Eg. A charged body possess electrical energy.
(vi) Solar energy :
The energy radiated by the sun is solar energy. Sun is the natural source of energy.
(viii) Nuclear energy :
Sometimes, a heavy nucleus breaks into two or more lighter nuclei with the release of some energy. This
energy is called nuclear energy and the process is called nuclear fission. On the other hand, when two
lighter nuclei combine to form a heavy nucleus, the process is called nuclear fusion.
KINETIC ENERGY
Energy of a body due to its motion is known as the kinetic energy of the body. If a body of mass m is
moving with velocity v, then its kinetic energy =
Free
1
mv2.
2
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The kinetic energy of a moving body can be find by calculating the work done in bringing the body in
motion from rest.
A body of mass m is moving with initial velocity u. A force F is applied in the direction of motion then after
some distance s, its final velocity becomes v.
Work done
W = Fs
.....(i)
....(ii)
or
as =
v2 u2
2
W=
m 2
= (v u 2 )
2
1
1
mv 2 mu 2
2
2
.....(iii)
Kinetic energy =
1
1
mv 2 m(o ) 2
2
2
3.
1
mv2
2
What is the work to be done to increase the velocity of a car from 30 km/h to 60 km/h. If mass of the car is
1500 kg.
Sol.
1
1
mv 2 mu 2
2
2
1
1500[(16.67)2 - (8.33)2]
2
= 750(277.9 - 69.4)
W = 750 208.5 = 156375 J.
W = 1.56 10 5 J.
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EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE DPP - 14.1
1.
2.
3.
Work done :
(A) is always positive
4.
5.
(B) velocity
(C) momentum
(D) energy
(C) achievement
(D) get-together
6.
Work means :
(A) effort
7.
(B) interview
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8.
Force F acts on a body such that force F makes an angle with the horizontal direction and the body is also
displaced through a distance S in the horizontal direction, then the work done by the force is :
(A) FS
9.
13.
(B) positive
(C) negative
The kinetic energy of an object is K. If its velocity is doubled than its kinetic energy will be :
(B) 2K
(C)
K
2
(D) 4K
Two bodies of mass 1 kg and 4 kg possess equal momentum. The ratio of their K.E. :
(B) 1 : 4
(C) 2 : 1
(D) 1 : 2
(C) erg
(D) watt
When you compress a spring you do work on it. The elastic potential energy of the spring :
(A) increases
Free
(C) negative
(A) kilocalorie
17.
(B) positive
(A) 4 : 1
16.
(A) K
15.
(C) negative
(B) positive
Work done by the force of gravity, when a body is lifted to height h above the ground is :
(A) zero
12.
(D) Zero
11.
(C) FS Sin
10.
(B) FS cos
(B) decreases
(C) disappears
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2.
What work is done when a mass m is raised vertically against gravity by a vertical upward distance h ?
3.
4.
A work of 4900 J is done on a load of mass 50 kg to lift it to a certain height. Calculate the height through
which the load is lifted ?
5.
6.
7.
What happens to the kinetic energy of an object if its velocity is bobbled ? Explain.
8.
9.
10.
Define joule. Is it unit of work or energy ? Justify your answer. A freely falling body stops on reaching the
ground. What happened to its kinetic energy ?
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WORK, ENERGY
AND POWER
PL - 15
POTENTIAL ENERGY
When a child lifts a football from the ground and place it on the top of a table, some work is done on the
ball. Now, if this football falls down from the top of the table and hits another football lying on the ground,
then the football lying on the ground in displaced from its position. This simple activity shows that a falling
football is able to do work.
We know, anything capable of doing work possess energy. Therefore a football placed on the table also
possess energy. This energy of the football lying on the top of the table is known as potential energy. Now
the question arises from where this potential energy came in the football lying on the top of the table. Infect,
the work done by the child to rises it to the top of table from the ground the stored as energy. This stored
energy is known as potential energy.
(a) Definition of Potential Energy :
The energy possessed by a body virtue of its positions or shape or configuration is known as potential
energy.
(b) Examples :
(i) Water stored in dam has potential energy due to its position.
(ii) A stone lying on the top of all hill or a mountain has potential energy due to its position.
(iii) A stretched or compressed spring has potential energy due to this shape. When spring is stretched or
compressed, work is done on it. This work done is stored as potential energy of the stretched or
compressed spring.
(iv) A wound spring of a watch has potential energy due to its shape.
(v) A stretched bow and arrow has potential energy due to its shape.
(c) Gravitational and Elastic Potential Energy :
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its deformed shape (i.e. either stretched or compressed) is
known as elastic potential energy.
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The energy possessed by a body due to its position in the gravitational field of the earth is called
gravitational potential energy.
Consider a block of mass m which is to be raised to a height h. The force required to lift the block must be
equal to the gravitational force (i.e. weight of the block). Thus, Fg = mg. Let the applied force on the block
be F = mg and the block is raised to the height h as shown in the figure.
Work done by the applied force F is given by
W = F.h = Fh cos 0 0 [cos 0 0 = 1]
or
W = Fh = mgh
or
W = Fg .h = Fg h cos 180 0
[ = 180 0 between Fg and h ]
Wg = Fg h = mgh
[Fg = mg ]
Work done against the gravitational force on the block is known as gravitational potential energy.
Ug= -(mgh) = mgh
IMPORTANT INFORMATION :
(i) Gravitational potential energy of a body on the surface of the earth (i.e. h = 0) is zero.
(ii) Gravitational potential energy of a body increases if the body moves upward (i.e. h increases).
(iii) Gravitational potential energy of a body deceases if the body moves downward (i.e. decreases).
(iv) Gravitational potential energy depends only on the initial and final position of the body and not on the
path followed by the body to go form initial position to final position. It means, the gravitational potential
energy of body at height h will be same if it is either taken straight upward to height h or it is taken along a
curved path to height h.
At highest point :
Potential energy of the body
U1 = mgh
K1 = 0
[ u = 0]
As the body falls freely, it gains velocity and reduces height. Let the body have velocity v when it reaches
the ground.
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At lowest point :
Potential energy of the body,
U2 0
[ h = 0]
K2 =
v2 = u2 + 2gh
We have,
v2 = 2gh
1
mv 2
2
[ u = 0]
1
1
mv 2 = m( 2gh )
2
2
At lowest point :
1
mu 2
2
K1 =
U2 = 0
At highest point :
Kinetic energy of the body,
K2 = 0
U2 = mgh
v2 = u2 + 2gh
We have
0 = u2 - 2gh
( v = 0 and g is negative for upward motion)
or
Hence, final P.E.
u2 = 2gh
= mgh = m
P.E. =
Free
u2
2
1
mu2 = Initial K.E.
2
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K = K 2 K 1
K = U
and
U = U 2 U 1
At point A :
EA= Kinetic energy + Potential energy
EA = m(o)2 + mgh
EA = mgh
.... (i)
At point B :
EB =
1
mv 2 + mg( h x )
2
.(ii)
u=0
v = 2gx
On putting the value of v2 in equation (ii)
EB m(2gx) + mgh - mgx
EB = mgx + mgh - mgx
EB mgh
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..... (iii)
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At point C :
1
E C = m (v)2 + mg o.
2
1
(iv)
E C = m( v' ) 2
2
From third equation of motion at points A and C.
u=0
(v)2 = u2 + 2gh
2
So, (v) = 2gh
On putting the value of (v)2 in equation (iv)
1
E C = m( 2gh )
2
or EC = mgh
....(v)
From equation (i), (ii) and (v)
EA = EB = EC
Hence, the mechanical energy of a freely falling body will be constant.
i.e. Total energy of the body during free fall, remains constant at all positions. The form of energy, however
keeps on changing. AT point A, energy is entirely potential energy and at point C, it is entirely kinetic
energy In between A and C, energy is partially potential and practically kinetic. This variation of energy is
shown in figure. Total mechanical energy stays constant (mgh) throughout.
Thus is an isolated
system, where only conservation forces cause energy changes, the kinetic energy and potential energy can
change, but the mechanical energy of the system (which is sum of kinetic energy and potential energy)
cannot change. We can, therefore, equate the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy at one instant to
the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy at another instant without considering intermediate state.
This law has been found to be valid in every situation. No violation, whatsoever, of this law has ever been
observed.
ILLUSTRATION
1.
Sol.
A body of mass 10 kg is kept at a height 10 m from the ground, when it is released after sometime its kinetic
energy becomes 450 J. What will be the potential energy of the body at the instant ?
At a height of 10 m. The mechanical energy of the body,
E = Kinetic energy + potential energy
E = m (o)2 + mgh
( initial velocity of the body is zero)
E = 10 10 10 = 1000 J.
After sometime the kinetic energy is 450 J. Suppose at that instant potential energy is U, then by the law
of conservation of mechanical energy.
E = 450 + U
1000 = 450 + U
U = 550 J.
or U = 1000 - 450
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EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE DPP - 15.1
1.
2.
If a stone of mass m falls a vertical distance d the decrease in gravitational potential energy is :
(A)
3.
(B) decreases
Mg
d
(B)
Mg 2
2
(C) mgd
(D)
Mg
d2
An object of mass 10 kg falls from height 10 m. Kinetic energy gained by the body will be approximately
equal to :
(A) 1000 J
4.
6.
(C) 100 J
5.
(B) 500 J
(B) increases
(C) decreases
The potential energy of a freely falling object decreases continuously. What happens to the loss of potential
energy ?
7.
8.
(B) lever
(C) generator
(D) microphone
The value of g on moon 1/6th of the value of g on the earth. A man can jump 1.5 m high on the earth. On
moon he can jump up to a height of :
(A) 9 m
9.
Free
(B) 7.5 m
(C) 6 m
(D) 4.5 m
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10.
An object of mass 1 kg has a P.E. of 1 J relative to the ground when it is at a height of : (g = 9.8 m/s2)
(A) 0.10 m
11.
(B) 10 m
(C) 9.8 m
(D) 32 m
To lift a 5 kg mass to a certain height, amount of energy spent is 245 J. The mass was raised to a height of :
(A) 15 m
(B) 10 m
(C) 7.5 m
(D) 5 m
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is the difference between Gravitational potential energy and Elastic potential energy ?
6.
Define potential energy and show that potential energy of mass m at height is mgh.
7.
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WORK, ENERGY
AND POWER
PL - 16
SOME OTHER EXAMPLES OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
(i) Vibrations of a simple pendulum :
In the figure OA is normal position of rest of a simple pendulum. When the bob of the pendulum is
displaced to B, through a height h, it is given potential energy (mgh), where m is the mass of the bob. On
releasing the bob at B, it moves towards A. Potential energy has been converted into kinetic energy. The
bob, therefore, cannot stop at A. On account of inertia, it overshoots the position A and reaches C at the
same height h above A. The entire kinetic energy of the bob at A is converted into potential energy at C.
The whole process is repeated and the pendulum vibrates about the equilibrium position A. At extreme
positions B and C, the bob is momentarily at rest. Therefore its kinetic energy is zero. The entire energy at B
and C is potential energy. At A, there is no height and hence no potential energy. The entire energy at A is
kinetic energy.
When the ball is released from point B, it starts rolling down the mirror. Potential energy of the ball is being
converted into kinetic energy. At the bottom A, velocity of the ball is maximum as the entire
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potential energy has been converted into kinetic energy. The ball cannot stop at A on account of inertia. It
goes over to the other edge C. The velocity of the ball goes on decreasing and so does its kinetic energy. AT
point C kinetic energy is zero and potential energy is maximum. The entire process is repeated at thus the
ball keeps on rolling over the mirror about A.
NOTE :
In all the above examples, we have neglected the loss of energy due to air resistance/friction etc. If we
were to take into account these opposing forces, kinetic energy would go on decreasing as it appears in the
form of heat energy. But total energy (including the heat energy) would remain constant.
POWER
Introduction:
We have learnt that when a force causes displacement, work is done. Work done is measured as the
product of the magnitude of the force and the displacement in its direction.
A certain amount of work done appears to be tiring if done quickly and in a very short time. Same amount
of work is done slowly in a larger interval of time gives no feeling of tiredness.
This fact has given rise to a new concept i.e. the rate at which work is done ant it defines power.
Definition :
Rate of doing work i.e. work done per unit time (second) by a man or machine, is called power of the man
or the machine. it is represented by the symbol P. It is a scalar quantity.
S
t
P=
Work
Time
W FS
=
t
t
or
P=Fv
Unit
S.I. unit of power is watt (W).
One watt is the power of a man or a machine capable of doing work at the rate of one joule per second
i.e.
1 Watt =
1 Joule
1 sec ond
or
W = J s-1
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ILLUSTRAION
1.
A boy of mass 50 kg runs up a staircase of 45 steps in 9 s. If the height of each step is 15 cm. Find his power.
(g = 10 m/s2)
Sol.
W mgh 50 10 6.75
=
=
t
t
9
P = 375 watt.
chlorophyll
sunlight
Sugar +
Oxygen
The energy stored in the food is known as chemical energy. The food eaten by a man or an animal provides
him the muscular energy, is used to do work. In other words, muscular energy is converted into mechanical
energy. Thus,
Solarenergy + Green leaves Food (chemical energy) Muscular energy Mechanical energy (work)
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EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE DPP - 16.1
1.
2.
3.
(C) force
(D) momentum
(C) force
(D) distance
4.
(B) power
(B) power
A young son work quickly for two hours and prepares 16 items in a day. His old father works slowly for
either hours and prepare 24 items a day :
5.
6.
(B) 550 W
A weight lifter lifts 240 kg from the ground to a height of 2.5 m in 3 second his average power is :
(A) 1960 W
8.
(D) 32 W
7.
(C) 980 W
(B) 19.6 W
(C) 1.96 W
(D) 196 W
(C) kJ/h
(D) kWh
(B) Watt
1.
2.
When an arrow is shot from its bow, it has potential energy only, then from where does it get the kinetic
energy ?
3.
A man whose mass is 50 kg climbs up 30 steps of the stair in 30s. If each step is 20 cm high, calculate the
power used in climbing the stairs.
(Take g = 10 ms-2)
4.
5.
A world record holder lifted 261 kg to a height of 2.3 m in 4 sec. Assuming g = 10 ms-2, find :
(i) weight lifted
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ANSWER KEY
(Objective DPP # 14.1)
Qus.
10
Ans.
Qus.
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Ans.
10 m
10
11
Ans.
Ans.
100 W
5.
(i) 2610 N
Free
(ii) 6003 J
(iii) 1501 W
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WAVE MOTION
AND SOUND
PL - 17
NATUR OF SOUND
Sound is a form of energy which effects our sensation of hearing through the ear. The sensation is produced
by longitudinal waves in an elastic medium, where the vibrations (oscillations) of the particles are in the
same direction in which the wave propagates.
PROPAGATION OF SOUND
Take a tuning for (a source of standard frequency). It is set into vibrations and its prongs A and B are kept
vertical. The prongs move in and out from their means position and have a transverse vibratory motion.
When the prongs are in means position, the air in their surrounding has normal density. (It is shown in
figure (a) with equidistant lines).
As the right prong moves out onwards right, it pushes the air layers to the right. This produces a
compression (It is shown in figure (b) with closer lines).
The prong returns inwardly to mean position. The compression moves to the right. The air near the prong
again has normal density as shown in figure (c).
As the prong continues moving toward s extreme left, vacating the space, density of air falls in the region
and a rarefaction is produced (It is shown in figure (d) with spread lines).
As the prong moves back to right extreme, it competes one vibration. Also the motion of the prong
produces a new compression. This completes one wave.
Since on vibration of the prong has generated one wave in the medium (air), in one second and many
waves will be generated as the number of vibrations that the tuning fork will make in one second. This
number is called frequency of the tuning fork (This number is engraved on the tuning fork near the bend).
Hence we conclude that the wave frequency (the number of waves being generated per second) is equal to
the frequency of the tuning fork.
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TUNING FORK
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
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Conclusion :
In the absence of medium (air) around the source, sound is not being propagated.
A natural fact : Moon has no atmosphere. The space above the atmosphere is also vacuum. If some
explosion takes place on moon, sound of the explosion will not be propagated to the earth. So the sound
waves never reach the earth.
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(iv) Intensity :
Intensity of a sound is defined at the sound energy transferred per unit area placed perpendicular to the
direction of the propagation of sound.
That is, intensity of sound =
Sound energy
Time Area
Intensity of a sound is an objective physical quantity. It does not depend on the response of our ears.
The S.I. unit of intensity of sound is joule s-1 m-2 watt m-2
( Js-1 = 1W)
Loudness
Loudness is a subjective quantity. If depends upon
the sensitivity of the human ear. A sound may be
loud for a person but the same sound may be feeble
for another who is hard of hearing.
Intensity of Sound
Intensity of sound is an objective physical
quantity. It does not depend on the sensitivity
of a human ear.
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RANGE OF HEARING
The human ear is able to h ear sound in a frequency range of about 20Hz to 20kHz. We can not hear sounds
of frequencies less than 20Hz of more than 20kHz, these limits vary from persons to person and with age.
Children can her sounds of somewhat higher frequencies, say upto 30 kHz. With age, our ability to hear
high frequency sound diminishes. For the elder, the upper limit often falls to 10-12 kHz. We take 20Hz-20
kHz as the audible range for a average person.
Even in the audible range the human ear is not equally sensitive for all frequency. it is mot sensitive to
frequencies around 2000-3000 Hz.
Sound of frequencies less than 20 Hz is known as infrasonic sound or infrasound. Sound of frequency
greater than 20 kHz is known as ultrasonic or ultrasound.
Different animals have different ranges of audible frequencies. A dog can hear sound of frequencies upto
about 50 kHz and a bat upto about 100 kHz. Dolphins can hear sounds of even higher frequencies. Animals
such as elephants and whales can hear sounds of frequencies less than 20 Hz. Some fishes can hear sounds
of frequencies as low as 1-25 Hz.
SONIC BOOM
When a body moves with a speed which is greater than the speed of sound in air, it is said to be traveling at
supersonic speed. Jet fighters, bullets, etc, often travel at supersonic speed. And when they so son, they
produce a sharp, loud sound called a sonic boom.
The source moves at a speed greater then that of sound waves traveling at the speed of sound, are left
behind. The high-pressure layers due to sound waves originating at different points bunch together as
shown in figure. Actually, these layers fall on the surface of an imaginary cone of which OA, OB is a part.
The total pressure on the surface of this cone is very high.
The source is at the apex of this cone. As the source moves ahead, It drags the cone together with it. When
the surface of the cone reaches a person, the ears experience a sudden increase in pressure. After the surface
crosses him, the pressure is suddenly reduced. This causes the person to hear a sharp, loud sound-the sonic
boom.
A region consisting of a very-high-pressure layer followed by a lower-pressure layer travels through the
space together with the cone. This is called a shock wave. This shock wave give rise to the sonic boom when
it reaches a person.
The shock waves produced by supersonic aircraft have enough energy to shatter glass and even damage
weak buildings.
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EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE DPP - 17.1
1.
A sound wave travels from east to west, in which direction do the particles of air move ?
(A) East - west
2.
11.
12.
Free
(D) Velocity
(B) metre
(C) metre/second
(D) second
(B) Hertz
(C) metre/second
(D) second
(B) longitudinal
(C) electromagnetic
(D) seismve
(B) low
(C) zero
(D) infinite
(C) intensity
(D) velocity
10.
9.
(B) Frequency
8.
7.
(C) Gas
6.
(B) Liquid
5.
4.
3.
(B) quality
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13.
14.
(B) Hydrogen
(C) Water
(D) Iron
When wound waves traveling in air enter into the medium of water, the quantity which remains
unchanged is :
(A) Wavelength
(B) Velocity
(C) Frequency
(D) None
1.
2.
3.
Have you every wondered why we hear sound of a hom of an approaching can before the car reaches us ?
4.
5.
Which characteristic of sound helps us to identify our friend by his voice while sitting in a dark - room ?
6.
7.
8.
A person has a hearing range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz What are the typical wavelengths of sound waves in air
corresponding to these two frequencies ? Take the speed of sound in air as 340 ms-1.
9.
The wavelength and frequency of a sound wave in a certain medium are 20 cm and 1650 Hz respectively.
Keeping the medium same, if the wavelength is changed to 16 cm, calculate :
(i) the velocity of sound (ii) the new frequency of the sound wave.
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WAVE MOTION
AND SOUND
PL - 18
REFLECTION FO SOUND
When sound waves strike a surface, hey return back into the same medium. This phenomenon is called
reflection.
The reflection of sound waves is similar to that of light rays. The only difference is that sound waves being
larger in length. require bigger surfaces for reflection
(a) Laws of Reflection :
(i) Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
(ii) The incident wave, the reflected wave and the normal, all lie in the same plane.
(b) Verification of Law of Reflection :
Take a smooth polished large wooden board and mount it vertically on the table. At right angle to the
board, fix a wooden screen. One each side of the screen, place a long, narrow and highly polished tube
9inside). Place a clock at the end of he tube A. Move the tube B slightly from left to right, till a distinct tick
of clock is heard. Measure the PCN and RCN between tubes and wooden screen. It is
found PCN = RCN . This experiment illustrates the law of reflection.
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(ii) Stethoscope :
It is an instrument used by the doctors for listening sound produced within the body, empirically in the
heart and lungs. In the stethoscope, the sound produced within the body of a patient to picked up by a
sensitive diaphragm and then reaches the doctors ears by multiple reflection.
Solid :
Since the particles of solid are close to each other, so transfer of energy from one particle to another takes
place in less time (i.e. faster). Hence speed of sound in solids is large.
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Liquid :
Speed of sound in liquids in less than in solids since the particles are away from each other as compared to
solids.
Gas :
Speed of sound in gases is less than the speed in liquids and solids as the particles are far always as
compare to slides and liquids.
Gas
<
Liquid
<
oS lid
ECHO
The sound heard after reflection from a rigid obstacle is called on echo.
It is of three types :
(a) Instantaneous echo (b) Syllabic echo
1
1
to
seconds in our ear, after it, the existing sound dies off. This
10
20
time is called persistence of sound or persistence of hearing. It varies from persons to person and also with
frequency of sound. We will use
1
second as a typical interval needed to distinguish two sounds.
15
2
so that sound takes atleast second during which the last syllable is compactly spoken.
15
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d=
2d
t
vt
2
1
second. The
15
d=
vt 340 1 22.67
=
=
2
2
15
2
REVERBERATION
Persistence of sound after its production is stopped. is called reverberation.
When a sound is produced in a big hall, its wave reflect from the walls and travel back and forth. Due to
this, energy does not reduce and the sound persists.
Small amount of reverberation for lesser time helps in adding volume to the programmers. Too much
reverberation confuses the programmers and must be reduced.
To reduce reverberation, the rood and walls of the hall are covered with a sound absorbing materials like
rough plaster and thick curtains.
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Production :
These are produced by electric oscillator using high frequency vibrations of quarts crystal.
Properties :
Sound wave of all frequencies carry energy with them, with increase in frequency, vibration becomes faster
and also energy consents and force increase. When ultrasound travels in solid, liquid and gas it subjects the
particles of matter to face large force and energy.
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Ultrasonic waves are sent through the metallic object under study. if there is nor crack or cavity in its path,
it goes through the object. A detector placed on the other side detects the transmitted wave. A defect
present in the path of the wave reflects the wave. Thus, the intensity of the emerging waves falls in the
region that is in line with the defect. When this happens, we know that the object has defect inside.
Ordinary sound is not used for this application because ordinary sound will bend considerably round the
corners of crakes or cavities and will average of the other side at almost full intensity.
(vi) Bats fly in the darkness of night without colliding with other objects by the method of echolocation.
Bats emit high frequency ultrasonic squeaks while flying and listen to he echoes produced by the reflection
of their squeaks from the objects in their path. From the time taken by the echo to be heard, bats can judge
the distance of the object in their path and hence avoid it by changing the direction. Bats search their prey at
night by the method of echolocation.
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EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE - DPP - 18.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
For the echo of the last syllable of the speech to be heard the least distance of the reflector must be
(approximately):
(A) 22 metre
(B) 32 metre
(C) 110 metre
(D) 340 metre
During summer, an echo is head :
(A) Sooner than during winter
(C) After same time as in winter
The velocity of sound in air at 300C is approximately :
(A) 332 ms-1
(B) 350 ms-1
With the rise of temperature, the velocity of sound :
(A) Decreases
(C) Remains the same
Infrasonic frequency range is
(A) Below 20 Hz
(B) 20 Hz to 20 kHz
Ultrasonic frequency range is :
(A) Below 20 Hz
(B) 20 Hz to 20 kHz
(B) Increases
(D) Is independent of temperature
(C) Above 20 kHz
(D) No limit
(D) No limit
Define reverberation.
Define a tone and a note.
3.
4.
What is the reflection of sound ? Write the laws of reflection and verify them with the help of experiment.
Describe the following with figure :
(i) Sound board (ii) Megaphone (ii) Stethoscope
Female voice is more sweet than male voice. Why ?
A stone is dropped from the top of a tower 500 m high into a pond of water at the base of the tower. When
is the splash heard at the top ? Given, g = 10 m s-2 and speed of sound = 340 m s-1.
Two children are at opposite ends of an aluminium rod. One strikes the end of the rod with a stone. Find
5.
6.
7.
the ratio of times by the sound wave in air and in aluminium to reach the second child.
(Take speed of sound in air at 250C = 346 m s-1. Speed of sound in aluminium at 250C = 6420 m s-1)
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WAVE MOTION
AND SOUND
PL - 19
SONAR
The word SONAR stands for Sound Navigation and Ranging/
(a) Principle of Sonar :
Sonar is an apparatus which is used to find the depth of a sea or to locate the under water things like shoals
of fish, enemy submarines etc. Sonar works by sending short bursts of ultrasonic sound from a ship down
into sea-water and then picking up the echo produced by the reflection of ultrasonic sound from underwater objects like bottom of sea, shoal of fish, a submarine.
(b) Working of Sonar :
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Depth of sea =
2
vt
d
2
ILLUSTRATION
1.
The ultrasonic waves take 4 seconds to travel from the ship to the bottom of the sea and back to the ship.
What is the depth of the sea ? (Speed of sound in water = 1500 m/s.)
Sol.
The time taken by the ultrasonic sound waves to travels from the ship to the sea-bed and back to the ship is
4 seconds. So, the time taken by the ultrasonic sound to travel from the ship to sea-bed with be half of this
time, which is
4
= 2 seconds. This means that the sound takes 2 seconds to travel from the ship to the
2
Now,
Speed =
So,
1500 =
And,
Dis tan ce
2
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The inner ear has a coiled tube cochlea. One side of cochlea is connected to the middle ear through the
elastic membrane over the oval window. The cochlea is filled with a liquid. The liquid present in cochlea
contains never cells which are sensitive to sound. The other side of cochlea is connected to auditory nerve
which goes into the brain.
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EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE DPP - 19.1
1.
The equipment (device) used for locating the position and distance of an inside sea, using ultrasound is
called :
(A) Pukar
2.
(C) Radar
(D) Sonar
3.
(B) Upkar
A sonar echo takes 4.4s to return from a submarine. If the speed of sound in water is 1500 ms-1, then the
distance of submarine from the sonar is - :
(A) 1500 m
4.
(D) 3600 m
6.
(C) 3300 m
The eardrum is a :
(A) bone
5.
(B) 3000 m
(C) anril
(D) hammer
A fishing boat using sonar detects a shoal of fish 190 m below it. How much time elapsed between sending
the ultra sonic signal which detected the fish and receiving the signals echo ? (speed of sound in sea water
is 1519 ms-1) :
(A) 0.25 s
(B) 0.50 s
(C) 0.75 s
(D) 1.0 s
2.
3.
4.
How can you measure the depth of the sea with the help of SONAR ?
5.
Draw the well labelled diagram of human ear showing the different parts.
6.
7.
A bat emits ultrasonic sound of frequency 100 kHz in air. If this sound meets a water surface, what is the
wavelength of (i) the reflected sound (ii) the transmitted sound ? Speed of sound in air = 340 m s-1, and in
water = 1486 m s-1.
8.
A sonar device on a submarine sends out a signal and receives an echo 5 s later. Calculate the speed of
sound in water if the distance of the object from the submarine is 3625 m.
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ANSWER KEY
(Objective DPP # 17.1)
Qus.
10
11
12
13
14
Ans.
17 m, 17 mm.
2062.5 Hz.
Ans.
11.47 s 7.
18.55 : 1
Ans.
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8.
1450 ms-1.
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