Landscape Ecol (2010) 25:14

DOI 10.1007/s10980-009-9444-7

EDITORIAL

Urban sustainability: an inevitable goal of landscape

research
Jianguo Wu

Received: 10 December 2009 / Accepted: 12 December 2009 /

Published online: 25 December 2009

Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009

Sustainability has become the word of the day and

the theme of our time. The wordwhich in essence
means meeting the needs of the present generation
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own (WCED 1987)tends to
conjure bucolic images of landscapes with green hills
and empty spaces, but that may be a mistake. Our
world certainly is replete with environmental problems: biodiversity loss, ecosystem degradation, landscape fragmentation, climate change, just to name a
few. Urbanizationthe spatial expansion of the built
environment that is densely packed by people and
their socioeconomic activitieshas often been held
responsible for all these problems. In the recent serge
of interest in sustainability, some think that urbanization is key to regional and global sustainability,
whereas others regard urban sustainability as an
oxymoron. Is urbanization a problem or part of the
solution for sustainability? Why is it relevant to
landscape ecology?

J. Wu (&)
School of Life Sciences and Global Institute of
Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
85287, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
J. Wu
Sino-US Center for Conservation, Energy, and
Sustainability Science (SUCCESS), Inner Mongolia
University, Hohhot, China

The dualistic nature of urbanization

Year 2007 was a historic moment in human civilization: we have transformed ourselves from an
agrarian species to a mostly urban species. Only 2%
of the world population lived in urban areas in 1800,
but this number jumped to 14% in 1900 and 30% in
1950. In 2007, we crossed the 50% markwith no
signs of slowing down. Clearly, urban areas have
become the primary habitat for humanscities,
increasingly, are where people live and thus where
we will have to make sustainability a reality.
The increasing urban nature of humanity has
profound environmental, economic, and social implications for the worlds future. Urbanized areas
account for about 80% of carbon emissions, 60% of
residential water use, and close to 80% of the wood
used for industrial purposes (Grimm et al. 2008;
Wu 2008a, b). Cities suck resources from ecosystems near and far. The ecological footprint of a
citythe land (and water) area that would be
required to provide the urban population indefinitely
with all the energy and material resources consumed
as well as to absorb all the wastes dischargedcan be
tens to hundreds of times as large as its physical size
(Rees and Wackernagel 1996; Luck et al. 2001).
Urbanization influences local climate by creating
urban heat islands on multiple scales (Buyantuyev
and Wu 2010); it leads to excessive consumption and
frequent contamination of water; it creates major
producers of greenhouse gases and air pollutants; and

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it is the most drastic form of land transformation,

devastating biodiversity and ecosystem services. In
many parts of the world, urbanization is also linked to
increased social inequity and povertythe problem
of urbanization of poverty.
Yet, cities epitomize the creativity, imagination,
and mighty power of humanity. Cities are the centers
of socio-cultural transformations, engines of economic growth, and cradles of innovation and knowledge production. Cities are magnificent for the
splendid architectures that symbolize them, inspirational for the fascinating stories of human civilization
that enrich them, and attractive for the opportunities
and comforts that they offer. And, perhaps most
importantly, urbanization offers a number of things
that are critical to achieving sustainability.
The most remarkable thing about cities is that,
even with urban sprawl, they take up merely 3% of
the earths land surface, but accommodate more than
half the worlds population. Cities have lower per
capita costs of providing clean water, sanitation,
electricity, waste collection, and telecommunications,
and offer better access to education, jobs, health care,
and social services. Try to imagine a world with
nearly 7 billion but no cities. How much intact habitat
would there be left for other biological species? What
would happen to the economy and society, locally
and globally? Could that be a more sustainable
world?

Urban sustainability and landscape ecology

All the urban problems mentioned earlier do exist,
indicating that most, if not all, our cities are
unsustainable. These problems will get worse if we
continue to allow urbanization to unfold haphazardly
without consideration of long-term environmental
and socioeconomic consequences. To achieve sustainability, therefore, we need to design and build
better cities, and explicitly consider urbanization as
part of the solution to regional and global sustainability. The former Secretary-General of the United
Nations, Kofi Annan, said it well: The future of
humanity lies in cities.
Cities are the most heterogeneous landscapes.
Urban sustainability is fundamentally the sustainability of the urban landscape as a whole. As such, it has
much to do with the composition and configuration of

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Landscape Ecol (2010) 25:14

the urban landscape that always extends beyond the

city limit. From the widely quoted notion of the
triple bottom line sustainability, a sustainable city
must achieve a balance among environmental protection, economic development, and social wellbeing.
Urban sustainability requires minimizing the consumption of space and resources, optimizing urban
form to facilitate urban flows, protecting both
ecosystem and human health, ensuring equal access
to resources and services, and maintaining cultural
and social diversity and integrity (Alberti and Susskind 1996; Spiekermann and Wegener 2003; Wu
2008b). This interpretation of urban sustainability is
generally consistent with the six Es of landscape
sustainabilityenvironment, economy, equity, aesthetics, experience, and ethics, as discussed by
Musacchio (2009a).
If the creation of cities is one of the most
remarkable human achievements to date, developing
sustainable cities may well be the grandest challenge
to humans ahead. No recipe is available, but it seems
certain that science needs to play an instrumental role
in this endeavor. To do so, natural sciences (the
sciences of the natural concerned chiefly with how
things are) and design sciences (the sciences of the
artificial dealing with how things ought to be) must
be fully integrated (Simon 1996). We must understand not only the natural landscapes but also the
landscapes we create; we must understand not only
how landscapes work but also how they can work
better, if we are to develop a sustainable suture.
Landscape ecology provides both a pluralistic theater
and a diversity of players for such interdisciplinary
and transdisciplinary enterprise. As Richard Forman
(2008) has argued:
What would you use as the central foundation
or perspective to change the land, shape the
future, for nature and us? Economics? Water
resources? Transportation? Housing and
employment? Bioconservation? Engineering?
Social structure? Agriculture? Architecture?
Each has obvious strengths and major lacks
for the challenge. No panacea exists. I keep
searching and still can discover no better
foundation than landscape ecology.
Urban sustainability, although its precise definition
may forever be debatable, has become an inescapable
goal of landscape ecology. Individual landscape

Landscape Ecol (2010) 25:14

ecologists may choose certain aspects of the landscape to study, but the field as a whole has to answer
the call of our time. Indeed, perspectives that
emphasize the relevance and importance of landscape
ecology to sustainability in general and urban development in particular have increasingly been advocated by landscape ecologists (e.g., Potschin and
Haines-Young 2006; Wu 2006, 2008b; Iverson 2007;
Naveh 2007; Opdam 2007; Nassauer and Opdam
2008; Pickett and Cadenasso 2008; Barrett et al.
2009; Musacchio 2009a; Termorshuizen and Opdam
2009; Pijanowski et al. 2010). Several recent special
issues of this journal, Landscape Ecology, have
focused on the ecology and sustainability of urban
areas, including:

Landscape Ecology: An Integrated Science for

Sustainability in a Changing World, edited by
Pearson and McAlpine (in review)
The Ecology and Culture of Landscape Sustainability, edited by Musacchio (2009b)
Integrated Modelling of Natural and Social
Systems in Land Change Science, edited by
Milne et al. (2009)
Applying Landscape Ecological Principles in
Urban Environments, edited by Breuste et al.
(2008)

While landscape ecology is increasingly considered relevant to sustainability, its contribution to the
science and practice of sustainability is rather limited
up to date. To move forward, a number of research
questions may be addressed:

What theories, principles, and methods of landscape ecology are pertinent to urban sustainability? How do we operationalize them?
How does landscape pattern or spatial heterogeneity affect urban sustainability?
How do ecological, economic, and social patterns
and processes in urban landscapes change with
scale and interact to influence sustainability?
How do we measure urban landscape sustainability? Are there landscape metrics that can be used
as urban sustainability indicators?
How do we develop landscape models that capture
the essential components and processes of urbanization, so that they can be used to project sustainability trajectories in response to environmental,
economic, social, and institutional changes?

How can landscape ecology help design sustainable urban landscapes?

One may quickly point out that some of these

questions have been studied by landscape ecologists.
However, much more concerted efforts are needed to
address these questions systematically and rigorously
if landscape ecology is to accomplish its anticipated
interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary goals. Urban
regions are ripe for the attention of landscape
ecologists and allied experts (Forman 2008). I
believe that this increasing urban emphasis will
provide more opportunities for developing and testing
landscape ecological theories and principles, enhance
the fields interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity,
and make landscape ecology more relevant to society
and the world that changes rapidly with dynamic
landscapes.

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