This document summarizes key concepts from a CGP Biology notes on photosynthesis and ecosystems:
1) ATP provides chemical energy through its phosphate bonds. ATP synthase generates ATP using a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane during photophosphorylation.
2) The chloroplast contains thylakoid membranes with photosystems that absorb light and drive electron transport. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon in the stroma using the enzyme RuBP.
3) An ecosystem consists of all organisms and abiotic factors in an area. Population size depends on factors like temperature, resources, and predation that determine the ecosystem's carrying capacity.
This document summarizes key concepts from a CGP Biology notes on photosynthesis and ecosystems:
1) ATP provides chemical energy through its phosphate bonds. ATP synthase generates ATP using a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane during photophosphorylation.
2) The chloroplast contains thylakoid membranes with photosystems that absorb light and drive electron transport. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon in the stroma using the enzyme RuBP.
3) An ecosystem consists of all organisms and abiotic factors in an area. Population size depends on factors like temperature, resources, and predation that determine the ecosystem's carrying capacity.
This document summarizes key concepts from a CGP Biology notes on photosynthesis and ecosystems:
1) ATP provides chemical energy through its phosphate bonds. ATP synthase generates ATP using a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane during photophosphorylation.
2) The chloroplast contains thylakoid membranes with photosystems that absorb light and drive electron transport. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon in the stroma using the enzyme RuBP.
3) An ecosystem consists of all organisms and abiotic factors in an area. Population size depends on factors like temperature, resources, and predation that determine the ecosystem's carrying capacity.
Chemical energy in phosphate bond ATP synthase/ATPase Coenzymes aid the functioning of an enzyme by transferring a chemical group from one molecule to another Chloroplast envelope Grana are joined by lamellae bits of thylakoid membrane Photosynthetic pigments e.g. carotene and chlorophyll a/b, coloured substances attached to proteins to form photosystems. PSI 700 nm PSII 680 nm Stroma enzymes, sugars, organic acids and oil droplets Starch grain Non-cyclic and cyclic photophosphorylation Excited electrons move to different electron carriers, energy is transferred moving H+ across thylakoid membrane from the stroma to the thylakoid space. H+ ions move down the proton gradient via stalked particles containing ATP synthase. Chemiosmosis movement of protons across a membrane generates ATP. Calvin cycle carbon fixation GALP triose phosphate CO2 enters leaf through stomata and diffuses into stroma Regeneration of RuBP cycle to keep going, so RuBP always available to combine with CO2 1) Chloroplast envelope keeps reactants close to reaction site, speeding up reactions via increased collisions 2) Thylakoid membranes have large surface for maximum light absorption Ecosystems all the organisms living in an area and abiotic factors. Light hits bark Respiratory loss Net productivity amount of energy available for the next trophic level % efficiency with net productivity Abundance/population size the number of individuals of the same species living in the same area Temperature is far from optimum more energy is used to control temperature, less energy is available for growth and reproduction so population size decreases Carrying capacity of a species is the maximum stable population size that an ecosystem can support Niche role of species in habitat Prey decreases because not enough food for the prey, accelerated by increased predation Percentage cover amount of area covered by a particular species, measure abundance Random sampling avoid bias. More than half, count 1.