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  • Wave Propagation: Vibrational Motion

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    Ultrasonic testing uses time-varying vibrations in materials known as acoustic waves. Acoustics focuses on particles within a material that move together to form mechanical waves. When particles are displaced from their equilibrium positions, restoring forces between particles cause oscillating motions through the medium. In solids, sound can propagate in four modes: longitudinal waves where particles oscillate parallel to propagation; shear waves where particles oscillate perpendicular to propagation; surface waves; and plate waves in thin materials. Longitudinal and shear waves are most used in ultrasonic testing. Longitudinal waves involve compressional and dilational forces, while shear waves require an acoustically solid material and are weaker than longitudinal waves.

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    Wave Propagation

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    Ultrasonic testing uses time-varying vibrations in materials known as acoustic waves. Acoustics focuses on particles within a material that move together to form mechanical waves. When particles are displaced from their equilibrium positions, restoring forces between particles cause oscillating motions through the medium. In solids, sound can propagate in four modes: longitudinal waves where particles oscillate parallel to propagation; shear waves where particles oscillate perpendicular to propagation; surface waves; and plate waves in thin materials. Longitudinal and shear waves are most used in ultrasonic testing. Longitudinal waves involve compressional and dilational forces, while shear waves require an acoustically solid material and are weaker than longitudinal waves.

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    18 views2 pages

    Wave Propagation: Vibrational Motion

    Uploaded by

    cal2_uni
    Ultrasonic testing uses time-varying vibrations in materials known as acoustic waves. Acoustics focuses on particles within a material that move together to form mechanical waves. When particles are displaced from their equilibrium positions, restoring forces between particles cause oscillating motions through the medium. In solids, sound can propagate in four modes: longitudinal waves where particles oscillate parallel to propagation; shear waves where particles oscillate perpendicular to propagation; surface waves; and plate waves in thin materials. Longitudinal and shear waves are most used in ultrasonic testing. Longitudinal waves involve compressional and dilational forces, while shear waves require an acoustically solid material and are weaker than longitudinal waves.

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    Wave Propagation

    Ultrasonic testing is based on time-varying deformations or vibrations in materials, which


    is generally referred to as acoustics. All material substances are comprised of atoms,
    which may be forced into vibrational motion about their equilibrium positions. Many
    different patterns of vibrational motion exist at the atomic level, however, most are
    irrelevant to acoustics and ultrasonic testing. Acoustics is focused on particles that
    contain many atoms that move in unison to produce a mechanical wave. When a material
    is not stressed in tension or compression beyond its elastic limit, its individual particles
    perform elastic oscillations. When the particles of a medium are displaced from their
    equilibrium positions, internal (electrostatic) restoration forces arise. It is these elastic
    restoring forces between particles, combined with inertia of the particles, that leads to
    oscillatory motions of the medium.
    In solids, sound waves can propagate in four principle modes that are based on the way
    the particles oscillate. Sound can propagate as longitudinal waves, shear waves, surface
    waves, and in thin materials as plate waves. Longitudinal and shear waves are the two
    modes of propagation most widely used in ultrasonic testing. The particle movement
    responsible for the propagation of longitudinal and shear waves is illustrated below.

    In longitudinal waves, the oscillations occur in the longitudinal direction or the direction
    of wave propagation. Since compressional and dilational forces are active in these waves,
    they are also called pressure or compressional waves. They are also sometimes called
    density waves because their particle density fluctuates as they move. Compression waves
    can be generated in liquids, as well as solids because the energy travels through the
    atomic structure by a series of comparison and expansion (rarefaction) movements.
    In the transverse or shear wave, the particles oscillate at a right angle or transverse to the
    direction of propagation. Shear waves require an acoustically solid material for effective
    propagation and, therefore, are not effectively propagated in materials such as liquids or
    gasses. Shear waves are relatively weak when compared to longitudinal waves In fact,

    shear waves are usually generated in materials using some of the energy from
    longitudinal waves.

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