SPM 2015 Exam Study Tips
SPM 2015 Exam Study Tips
Paper 1
2 hr 15 min
Paper 2
2 hr 30 min
30 Marks
100 Marks
Question 1: Rumusan
30 Marks
Question 2: Pemahaman
35 Marks
30 Marks
Question 4: Novel
General Tips
! Speak in Bahasa Melayu as this will help strengthen the command of the
language.
! Read more Bahasa Melayu novels and newspapers. You can also improve your
proficiency by reading Karangan books.
! Learn a new peribahasa and simpulan bahasa every day from now till SPM. This
will help you score extra marks during essay writing.
Kertas 1
Bahagian A - Karangan Berpandukan Rangsangan:
! Based on an analysis from Year 2007 - 2013, Karangan Berpandukan
Rangsangan has always been either on Gambar Foto/Ilustrasi or Gambar Rajah.
Familiarize yourself with such formats.
! Read the question carefully; focus your essay content on the bolded words to
avoid being terpesong.
! Be careful to not write anything below 200 words as this might put you at a
disadvantage.
! Anything around 220 to 500 words will be good. Spend more time on the next
question instead.
! Write one (1) Pendahuluan, three (3) Isi and (1) Penutup. There should be 3
points given in the diagram. If there is lesser, you will need to come up with the
remainder point. If there is more points, you will need to combine certain points as
one point.
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Kertas 2
Soalan 1 - Rumusan:
! Start by reading the question and focus on the bolded parts. There are 2 parts to
the bolded words which are the Isi Tersurat and Isi Tersirat.
" From the passage, underline all points that fulfill the Isi Tersurat stated in the
Question.
! Come up with at least two (2) points that answers the Isi Tersirat stated in the
Question. These points are not in the passage and it requires you to think critically
to get the points.
! You should answer in 4 paragraphs ; Pendahuluan, Isi Tersurat, Isi Tersirat, and
Penutup.
Soalan 2 - Pemahaman:
! There are 4 sub-questions to this Question. The first sub-question is based on the
passage in Question 1. The other three sub-questions are based on KOMSAS.
! To answer these questions, good understanding of KOMSAS is needed. There is
not much memorization needed as the KOMSAS excerpt will be given.
! There will also be questions that requires you to give your own opinions and
ideas.
! Answer all questions in complete form and not point forms.
Soalan 4 - Novels
! The novels asked in this question are novels from Form 4 and Form 5.
! Read up on the tema, persoalan, sinopsis, nilai murni and read the full novels at
least twice.
Paper 1
Section A: Directed Writing
General Tips
Read the question properly and jot down some points before begin writing.
Allocate only 45 minutes on this section. You may want to time yourself by
dividing your time based on the paragraph. Theres no point dwelling on
this section more than 45 minutes because the maximum score is just 35
marks.
Ensure that your essay format is correct as the format gives you 15 marks.
Use all the points that are given and cross out the points that have have
already been used. You may elaborate in 1 or 2 sentences.
Try using a variety of sentences when you write this essay.
Each points can be elaborated in the form of examples, facts, figures and
other information.
Avoid grammatical, spelling and punctuation error. Re-read your essay after
you finish.
Common Mistakes
- Poor time management. If you spend too much time on this section, you will
not have enough time for the following question.
Long-winded essay. This section just require you to write a short and straight
to the point writing. The more you write, the more mistakes you will make.
You are not required to allocate 1 paragraph for 1 point. It can be too lengthy.
Informal languages. Avoid the usage of slang words such as guys, dudes,
contractions such as cant, dont.
Flowery words. You do not need to use too flowery or idiomatic words in this
section. Leave it to the following section of continuous writing.
Types of Essays
- Formal Letter, Informal Letter, Speech/ Talk, Speech
- You may want to learn up the common phrases or the sentence structure for
each type of essay. Example: (Informal Letter: I hope this letter finds you in
the pink (of health).
Paper 2
Section A: Objective Questions
This part of the paper is also one of the easiest to score. Therefore, read carefully.
Stimuli & Graphic Materials
- Basically this part of the paper is the easiest to score. If possible try to nail all
the questions right.
- Do more practices from the revision books.
- When answering, narrow down your answers by eliminating wrong options
that are given.
Rational Cloze
- Use the process of elimination to determine the right answer.
Summary Writing
- Firstly, read the questions before you read the passage.
- This will help you identify the important points that is needed from the
questions. Do underline when the points are identified.
- Opening and Closing is not needed. This is a continuous writing, you should
not answer this section in point form.
- Try identifying 10 points and omit the examples and elaborations.
- Calculate your word count and ensure it doesn exceeds 130 words. Convert
long phrases to short sentences. This will reduce your word count. Do write
your word count below your answer.
Paper 1A
.
PREPARATION:
- Remember formats of Formal Letters, Reports & Notice.
- Memorise sentences that are commonly used (refer to revision books &
model answers). Apply in your essay.
Always apply the Important details: time, date, venue, objective,
invitation (included in the essay)
WHEN ANSWERING
- 2 questions - Only answer the the question that youre more confident at.
- If 2 were answered, examiner will only mark the first essay.
- Avoid: Informal Languages, Hanyu Pinyin,
- Do refer back to the question when youre writing to avoid going off topic.
AFTER ANSWERING
- Recheck your essay to detect any errors.
- Take note on the word count. Max word count: 120 words. Remove
unnecessary sentences.
WHEN ANSWERING
- Read the questions carefully. List down the important points beside the
questions. Gather your thoughts on what to write in the opening and body.
Factual/Argumentative Essay
6 paragraphs will be efficient (1 opening, 4 Body, 1 Closing)
Avoid 5 arguments as you will run out of time in your exam. Give you focus
on the 4 main bodies and elaborate clearly on the topics. Give examples and
only formal language should be used.
Descriptive/ Sentimental/Narrative Essay.
5 Important Points to be taken note
Paper 2A.
Modern Text Comprehension
Summary (
)
- Read the passages carefully. Underline the important and relevant points.
Identify the points but not the elaboration and examples.
- The points given are between 16-18 points. If you are lacked of points to
write in, re-read the paragraph to get more points.
- Convert the dialogues to text. Long sentences changed to shorter sentences
and phrases to lessen the word count. identify the similar words and combine
it to the same word. Do use sequence connector linking 2 or 3 points
together. However, do not overuse the connector as it becomes repetitive.
- Lastly, do a word count check. If your word count is above 120, reduce
unnecessary sentences or words.
- On the marking system, no points will be deducted if wrong points were
writen. Although no marks will not be given for your correct grammar but
marks will be deducted from grammatical error. Therefore, double check on
your grammar and the words use.
Comprehension (
)
- When tackling this part of the paper, read the questions first then only read
the passage/ poem. You need to understand in depth of the poem/passage.
- Questions related to the passage, you may copy and paste directly from the
passage. For poem, you need to use your own words in deciphering the
meaning of the poem.
Questions that requires your opinion, communicate your points clearly. The
number of points that you should write down is depending on the marking
scheme. 1 point might be given 1 or 2 marks.
Do take note that though you can pen down all the points but be careful to
only write acceptable answers as marks might be deducted if its irrelevant.
If the questions requires the exact number of answers. Only write down the
required number of answers. If you give extra, points may be deducted.
For Grammar (
)
- Type of word (
), phrase (
), components of sentences (
),
compound sentences (
), language & style (
) and idioms (
) will
only be tested. Familiarise yourself with the types of grammar stated.
- Do refer on revision books and past year questions. Learn from the
examples given by these sources.
Classical Text Comprehension (
)
- Questions will be based on 1 is Prose (
) and 1 is Poem (
tested in a form of Comprehension (
) and Translation (
). Youll be
).
Comprehension (
)
- When you revise, get yourself familiarized with the common used traditional
words.
- Go through the glossary that will be given in the exam. translate the classical
text-word-by-word to modern text. To avoid wasting time, do skip sentences
that arent familiar to you. As you go through the passage/poem, you will
understand the sentences that isnt familiar to you.
- For questions that can be found from the poem, do not copy directly. Instead,
structure you answer in your own words. You may have to change the
dialogues to your own text.
- Most questions require full understanding of the poem/ passage. Therefore,
try to understand by putting yourself in the passage.
- For your own opinion question, ensure your answer is relevant and logical.
Answer the questions based on the marks allocated. For example, 1 point is
for 1 mark and elaboration. Write only answers that are relevant, otherwise
marks will be deducted.
Translation (
)
- For preparation, ensure that you are familiar with all traditional words and the
meaning of it.
- When translating, replace every traditional word in the sentence or phrase
with a modern words but it has to be the same the same meaning.
For traditional words that is similar as modern words, convert the word into a
sentence.
Do not make a mistake by not translating all the words.
If you translate the words wrongly, marks will not be deducted.
Idioms (
)
- Important! Memorise all 230 Idioms that you learn from high school since
remove class to Form5. Ensure that you know all meaning (
), Author (
) and Source (
) of all idiom.
- A tip in memorising these idioms is by using your imagination and creativity
to remeber the author and source.
- When answering, do not explain every word. Try writing the actual meaning.
Its okay that the meaning runs a bit off from the meanings in the textbook.
Marks will not be penalised.
- Avoid making long sentences with the idioms but you have to use the idiom
correctly. Even a brief sentence with the usage of the idiom is sufficient.
- For question that requires you to write a idiom based on the situation, be
sure that you understand the situation clearly before giving it a idiom.
Paper 1
! Mathematics is a compulsory subject that you must pass in order for you to
get SPM certificate.
! SPM Mathematics has a much stricter marking scheme and a higher
minimum mark to get A+ as compared to SPM Additional Mathematics.
Hence, do study for it!
! Questions can be from Form 1 until Form 5.
! You are not required to show any workings.
Paper 2
! Go through past year questions and familiarise yourself with the pattern of
the questions. The pattern is similar from year to year.
! If you have the time, answer all the 5 questions in Section B.
The examiner will mark all 5 answers and choose the 4 answers with
the highest marks.
! Show all the workings and do not skip any important steps for every
questions!
One (1) mark is given to each important step and the final answer.
If you miss an important step, marks for that step, subsequent steps
and final answer will not be given.
Therefore, correct answer without workings will get a zero (0).
However, if your answer is wrong but you provide some correct
workings, you will get some marks for the correct workings.
! Express your answer in fraction or decimal accordingly as per instruction.
Round up to at least 4 significant figures for final answers with infinite
decimal places.
Marks can be deducted if final answer is less accurate.
! For questions involving Pi, read the instruction and use the right Pi value
(22/7 or 3.142).
! For questions involving diagrams, include all the important details on the
diagram.
! You are NOT allowed to write extra solutions / answers. Marks will be NOT
given for the correct solutions / answers, and marks will be deducted for
wrong solutions / answers.
! Mathematical Reasoning
Determine whether a given sentence is a statement.
Determine whether a statement is true or false.
Constructing statements using numbers and symbols.
Quantifiers All and Some.
Implications of the form x if and of if y.
! The Straight Line
y = mx + c
c is the point where the line touches the y-axis (y-intercept)
! Lines and Planes in 3-Dimensions
Use Trigonometry Rule
sin () = opposite side / longest side
cos () = adjacent side / longest side
tan () = opposite side / adjacent side
! Matrices
Part a) usually asks to solve problems involving inverse matrix.
Part b) usually asks to solve linear equations with matrices
! Gradient and Area under a Graph
The gradient of the distance-time graph of a particle is the speed of
the particle.
The gradient of the speed-time graph of a particle is the rate of
change of speed of the particle.
The area under a speed-time graph is the distance travelled.
Rate of change of speed = (Final speed - Initial Speed) / Time
! Probability
Probability = Number of outcomes / Total number of possible
outcomes
Final answer is always more than 0 and less than 1.
General Tips
! Express your answer in fraction or decimal accordingly as per instruction.
Round up to at least 4 significant figures for final answers with infinite
decimal places.
!
!
!
P1
Topic
(D - Definitely Tested;
C - Commonly Tested)
P2(A)
P2(B)
P2(C)
Form
Quadratic Functions
Coordinate Geometry
Statistics
Circular Measures
Differentiation
Progressions
Linear Law
Integration
Vector
4
4
4
5
Trigonometric Functions
Probability Distributions
5
C
Simultaneous Equations
4
C
Permutations and
Combinations
Probability
Index Number
Linear Programming
PHYSICS
General Tips
! Physics is an elective subject taken by all pure science students and anyone
looking to pursue sciences in their higher education. It is especially important
for medicine and engineering.
! The total marks for all paper is 200 marks. This means that 1 mark awarded
is actually a mark. Thus it is essential to focus on scoring well in paper 2
and paper 3.
! Doing well in Paper 2 and Paper 3 will guarantee a pass to a B. Use Paper 1
to push your grade to an A.
! Chemistry requires thorough understanding - you must understand the
reactions of substances and compounds.
! You must take part in all lab activity and experiments conducted in school
because these practicals are essential for Paper 3 - as you must recreate
them step-by-step in the form of an essay.
! Use Youtube videos to visualise models for better understanding. Use some
of the institutes below to help you.
Tutorvista
GuideTuition
Khan Academy
! You must use correct units of measurements.
! Do not waste time studying Chapter 1 of Form 4 as no question has ever
been set from there. Jump directly into Chapter 2.
Paper 1
Section A
Section B
Section C
11
12
'13
11
12
'13
11
12
'13
11
12
'13
CH 1
CH 2
CH 3
CH 4
CH 5
CH 1
CH 2
CH 3
CH 4
CH 5
FORM 4
FORM 5
TOTAL
50
Paper 1
! Always remove the answers you know arent possible and narrow down
possible answers to increase probability of correct answers.
! Be careful of words like except, all but which of the following is not
and other keywords that can trick you to choose the wrong answers.
! Questions are distributed evenly across all topics so you need a good overall
understanding.
! Paper 1 is filled with diagrams to be matched to names and functions, so
make sure you know important processes (i.e saponification).
! You are not required to show any workings.
Paper 2
! Go through past year questions and familiarise yourself with the pattern of
the questions. The pattern is similar from year to year.
! If you have the time, answer all the 5 questions in Section B.
The examiner will mark all 5 answers and choose the 4 answers with
the highest marks.
! Show all the workings and do not skip any important steps for every
question!
One (1) mark is given to each important step and the final answer.
If you miss an important step, marks for that step, subsequent steps
and final answer will not be given.
Therefore, correct answer without workings will get a zero (0).
However, if your answer is wrong but you provide some correct
workings, you will get some marks for the correct workings.
! You are allowed to answer in table form or short sentences - grammar is
not a concern but misspelling names may result in your answer being
incorrectly marked. You can also use diagrams, equations or graphs where
suitable
! Do not not answer in point form. There is no penalty for answering in point
form, but some inexperienced examiners may deduct your marks if you do
so.
! Make sure you know the difference between the following:
State - Usually 1 mark question. Just answer the question directly. No
further information necessary.
Define - Give the standard definition using biological words and
keywords.
Describe - Simply write what you see.
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Form 4:
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Form 5:
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Paper 3
Question 1
! Understand and know what exactly the question is asking for.
! Grammatical errors will not affect yours marks as long as the examiner
understands what you are writing.
! Do not use any short forms in your answer, or abbreviations without
first explaining them. The only time this is acceptable is when using for
metric units.
! All chemical compounds should be written fully before writing in formula.
! Calculations must show full workings as skipping steps will result in marks
deduction. Make sure to use the correct units.
Question 2
! Design a suitable experiment based on the questions requirements
! Your answer must include:
Aim
Problem Statement
Hypothesis
Variables
State which are the manipulated, responding and fixed
variables.
List of Materials & Apparatus
State amount (with correct unit) and concentration of
substances
Data Tabulation
Data should be table of responding and manipulated variables.
You do not need to enter actual data, just show the recording
table.
fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
General Tips
! Chemistry is an elective subject taken by all pure science students and
anyone looking to pursue sciences in their higher education.
! The total marks for all paper is 200 marks. This means that 1 mark awarded
is actually a mark. Thus it is essential to focus on scoring well in paper 2
and paper 3.
! Doing well in Paper 2 and Paper 3 will guarantee a pass to a B. Use Paper 1
to push your grade to an A.
! Chemistry requires thorough understanding - you must understand the
reactions of substances and compounds.
! You must take part in all lab activity and experiments conducted in school
because these practicals are essential for Paper 3 - as you must recreate
them step-by-step in the form of an essay.
! Use Youtube videos to visualise models for better understanding. Use some
of the institutes below to help you.
Tutorvista
GuideTuition
Khan Academy
! You must use correct formulas (i.e CO2 for carbon dioxide, not 2CO)- as
the misplacing formulas can change the meaning of the substance.
! Do not waste time studying Chapter 1 of Form 4 as no question has ever
been set from there. Jump directly into Chapter 2.
Chapter
s
Paper 1
Paper 3
Section A
Section B
Section C
11
12
'13
11
12
'13
11
12
'13
11
12
'13
CH 1
CH 2
CH 3
CH 4
CH 5
CH 6
CH 7
CH 8
CH 9
CH 1
CH 2
CH 3
CH 4
CH 5
TOTAL
50
50
50
FORM 4
FORM 5
11
12
'13
Paper 1
! Always remove the answers you know arent possible and narrow down
possible answers to increase probability of correct answers.
! Be careful of words like except, all but which of the following is not
and other keywords that can trick you to choose the wrong answers.
! Questions are distributed evenly across all topics so you need a good overall
understanding.
! Paper 1 is filled with diagrams to be matched to names and functions, so
make sure you know important processes (i.e saponification).
! You are not required to show any workings.
Paper 2
! Go through past year questions and familiarise yourself with the pattern of
the questions. The pattern is similar from year to year.
! If you have the time, answer all the 5 questions in Section B.
The examiner will mark all 5 answers and choose the 4 answers with
the highest marks.
! Show all the workings and do not skip any important steps for every
question!
One (1) mark is given to each important step and the final answer.
If you miss an important step, marks for that step, subsequent steps
and final answer will not be given.
Therefore, correct answer without workings will get a zero (0).
Paper 2: Must
Study Topics
Form 4:
Chapter 4
Chapter 6
Form 5:
Chapter 2
Chapter 5
Paper 3*
(PAPER THREE WILL BE REPLACED BY LAB TEST BUT THESE TIPS ARE
USEFUL TO GUIDE YOU)
Question 1
! Understand and know what exactly the question is asking for.
! Grammatical errors will not affect yours marks as long as the examiner
understands what you are writing.
! Do not use any short forms in your answer, or abbreviations without
first explaining them. The only time this is acceptable is when using for
metric units.
! All chemical compounds should be written fully before writing in formula.
! Calculations must show full workings as skipping steps will result in marks
deduction. Make sure to use the correct units.
! Answer in complete sentences as marks allocated for each part of the
question is always 3. Marks are given based on the quality of your answer,
so it does actually depend on the number of points in your answer.
! You can write extra points in your answer but take care that your points do
not contradict one another as marks may be deducted.
! Numerical data from instruments should follow the decimal places of the
instrument in the correct unit. For example, if recording the temperature
from a thermometer that gives measurements to the 0.01, then your answer
should also be in two decimal places.
! Axis on graphs must be titled and given units with proper scale. Your
graph should be at least of the graph paper.
! Where possible to draw your straight or curved line to all points, do so, if not,
use best-fit or straight lines if you need to connect them, based on the
question.
Question 2
! Design a suitable experiment based on the questions requirements
! Your answer must include:
Aim
Problem Statement
Hypothesis
Variables
State which are the manipulated, responding and fixed
variables.
List of Materials & Apparatus
fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
General Tips
! Biology is an elective subject taken by all pure science students and anyone
looking to pursue health/life sciences in their higher education.
! The total marks for all paper is 200 marks. This means that 1 mark awarded
is actually a mark. Thus it is essential to focus on scoring well in paper 2
and paper 3.
! Doing well in Paper 2 and Paper 3 will guarantee a pass to a B. Use Paper 1
to push your grade to an A.
! Biology requires memorisation through understanding - if you view your
topics as a single story about life, it is much easier to connect your learning.
! You must take part in all lab activity and experiments conducted in school
because these practicals are essential for Paper 3 - as you must recreate
them step-by-step in the form of an essay.
! Use Youtube videos to visualise models for better understanding. Use some
of the institutes below to help you.
Tutorvista
GuideTuition
Khan Academy
! You must use correct biological terms for body parts and processes as the marking scheme is based on keywords and not understanding of
theory, this means you must memorise the terms while being able to
understand and explain processes.
! Do not waste time studying Chapter 1 of Form 4 as no question has ever
been set from there. Jump directly into Chapter 2.
Chapters
Section A
Section B
Section C
11
12
13
11
12
'13
11
12
'13
11
12
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CH 1
CH 2
CH 3
CH 4
CH 5
CH 6
CH 7
CH 8
CH 1
CH 2
CH 3
CH 4
CH 5
TOTAL
50
50
50
FORM 4
CH 9
FORM 5
Paper 1
! Always remove the answers you know arent possible and narrow down
possible answers to increase probability of correct answers.
! Be careful of words like except, all but which of the following is not
and other keywords that can trick you to choose the wrong answers.
! Questions are distributed evenly across all topics so you need a good overall
understanding.
! Paper 1 is filled with diagrams to be matched to names and functions, so
make sure you know main organs and processes like the lungs,
reproductive system, mitosis, osmosis.
! You are not required to show any workings.
Paper 2
! Go through past year questions and familiarise yourself with the pattern of
the questions. The pattern is similar from year to year.
! If you have the time, answer all the 5 questions in Section B.
The examiner will mark all 5 answers and choose the 4 answers with
the highest marks.
! Show all the workings and do not skip any important steps for every
question!
One (1) mark is given to each important step and the final answer.
If you miss an important step, marks for that step, subsequent steps
1.
Form 4:
Chapter 2 - Cell Structure
Chapter 5 - Meiosis & Mitosis
Chapter 8 - Dynamic Ecosystem
Form 5:
Chapter 1 - Transport
Chapter 4 - Inheritance
Paper 3
(PAPER THREE WILL BE REPLACED BY LAB TEST BUT THESE TIPS ARE
USEFUL TO GUIDE YOU)
Question 1
! Understand and know what exactly the question is asking for.
! Grammatical errors will not affect yours marks as long as the examiner
understands what you are writing.
! Do not use any short forms in your answer, or abbreviations without
first explaining them. The only time this is acceptable is when using for
metric units.
! All chemical compounds should be written fully before writing in formula.
! Calculations must show full workings as skipping steps will result in marks
deduction. Make sure to use the correct units.
! Answer in complete sentences as marks allocated for each part of the
question is always 3. Marks are given based on the quality of your answer,
so it does actually depend on the number of points in your answer.
! You can write extra points in your answer but take care that your points do
not contradict one another as marks may be deducted.
! Numerical data from instruments should follow the decimal places of the
instrument in the correct unit. For example, if recording the temperature
from a thermometer that gives measurements to the 0.01, then your answer
should also be in two decimal places.
! Axis on graphs must be titled and given units with proper scale. Your
graph should be at least of the graph paper.
! Where possible to draw your straight or curved line to all points, do so, if not,
use best-fit or straight lines if you need to connect them, based on the
question.
Question 2
! Design a suitable experiment based on the questions requirements
! Your answer must include:
Aim
Problem Statement
Hypothesis
Variables
State which are the manipulated, responding and fixed
variables.
List of Materials & Apparatus
State amount (with correct unit) and concentration of
substances
Data Tabulation
Data should be table of responding and manipulated variables.
You do not need to enter actual data, just show the recording
table.
SPM SCIENCE
Paper 1
Paper 2
1 hr 15 min
2 hr 30 min
Multiple choice
- 50 questions
50 Marks
20 Marks
30 Marks
Section C: Essay
- 3 Questions (Choose 2)
30 Marks
Total
130 Marks
General Tips
! Science is a compulsory subject taken by all non-pure science students.
! The total marks for all paper is 130 marks. The balance marks will be
awarded via a lab practical. This means that 1 mark awarded is 1/2 mark.
Thus it is essential to focus on scoring well in both paper 1 and paper 2.
! Science requires memorisation through understanding - you must know key
concepts.
! Use Youtube videos to visualise models for better understanding. Use some
of the institutes below to help you.
Tutorvista
GuideTuition
Khan Academy
! You must use correct biological terms for body parts and processes,
correct chemistry notations for substances, and correct units for
calculations and measurements - as the marking scheme is based on
keywords and not understanding of theory, this means you must memorise
the terms while being able to understand and explain processes.
! Do not waste time studying Chapter 1 of Form 4 as no question has ever
been set from there. Jump directly into Chapter 2.
Chapters
Section A
Section B
Section C
11
12
13
11
12
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11
12
'13
11
12
'13
CH 1
CH 2
CH 3
CH 4
CH 5
CH 6
CH 7
CH 8
CH 1
CH 2
CH 3
CH 4
CH 5
CH 6
CH 7
CH 8
TOTAL
50
50
50
FORM 4
FORM 5
Paper 1
! Always remove the answers you know arent possible and narrow down
possible answers to increase probability of correct answers.
! Be careful of words like except, all but which of the following is not
and other keywords that can trick you to choose the wrong answers.
! Questions are distributed evenly across all topics so you need a good overall
understanding.
! You are not required to show any workings.
Paper 2
! Go through past year questions and familiarise yourself with the pattern of
the questions. The pattern is similar from year to year.
! You must answer ALL questions in Section A and B, and Question 10 and
either Question 11 or 12 in Section C.
! Show all the workings and do not skip any important steps for every
question!
One (1) mark is given to each important step and the final answer.
If you miss an important step, marks for that step, subsequent steps
and final answer will not be given.
Therefore, correct answer without workings will get a zero (0).
However, if your answer is wrong but you provide some correct
workings, you will get some marks for the correct workings.
Form 4:
Chapter 2 - Body Coordination
Chapter 5 - Energy & Chemical
Changes
Chapter 6 - Nuclear Energy
Form 5:
Chapter 4 - Carbon Compounds
Chapter 5 - Motion
Note that Pendidikan Moral consists only of one paper, made of 2 parts; Section A
and Section B that needs to be answered in 2 hours and 30 minutes.
General Tips
1. Questions for SPM Pendidikan Moral will come from the list of 36 Nilai in
the syllabus together with the Definisi and Kata Kunci. Everything about
these 36 Nilai will help you in scoring for your paper so make sure to
memorize the exact thing as per the syllabus, from the spelling up to the
imbuhan. On top of that, take time to understand about each Nilai. If you
cannot understand the meaning of each Nilai by yourself, ask your teachers
and friends. Listening to different peoples perspective on how they
understand certain things will give you a very broad understanding.
2. Start by doing the questions topic by topic, Nilai by Nilai so that you know
where you need to improve yourself further on. When you think you have
sufficiently understand all the topics, you can proceed with doing SPM model
test papers, past year SPM trial questions and past year actual SPM
questions.
3. Do refer to the marketing scheme of past year SPM trial papers so that you
understand how scores are given for each question. This is important so that
you can formulate your strategy in answering those questions which help you
tremendously in maximizing your chances of getting marks for your answers.
Section A Tips:
1. Part A: Questions on Nilai require you to use only the Nilai in the syllabus
and this is where understanding what each Nilai meant plays a very
important role. By choosing the most suitable and relevant Nilai, you will be
able to answer the questions accordingly. Depending on the question and the
marks allocated for the question, the answers are usually separated into
these 3 elements: Nilai, Penerangan and Contoh.
1 Nilai = 1 Mark : You only need to list the Nilai
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1 Nilai = 2 Marks : You will need to list the Nilai and Penerangan
1 Nilai = 3 Marks : You will need to list the Nilai, Penerangan and
Contoh
2. Part A: Ways to answer following elements:
Nilai : You should include the word Nilai in front of the Nilai that you wrote
Penerangan : Include the situation and one Kata Kunci of the Nilai
Contoh : Include an example that can allow the individual to relate to the
Penerangan
3. Part A: The spelling, imbuhan and susunan must be the same for all
Nilai, Kata Kunci and Situasi. The Definisi Nilai must also be the exact
definition as per the syllabus. Once again, any grammatical and spelling
errors may result in deduction of your marks (which is very easy in
Pendidikan Moral), hence you want to be as careful as you can be.
4. Part A: Opinionated questions, require you to give your own ideas. That is
how by listening to different peoples perspective on how they understand
certain things will give you a very broad understanding; which will allow you
to provide a very relevant explanation. This is where sometimes even if your
Nilai might not be particularly accurate on first glance, your explanation
may give them a newer perspective and understanding. Being specific is the
key here; instead of giving a general idea.
5. Part A: Questions regarding Akta, Tokoh and Pertubuhan (and any other
similar nature questions), will require your general knowledge and relevant
facts from your reference material such as textbooks or revision books. Try to
avoid short forms here because you might be penalized on your marks.
Section B Tips
1. Part B: Questions in Part B usually requires you to give your ideas and/or
opinions. The purpose of this part is to test a students ability to use moral
knowledge critically to analyse, evaluate, make decisions and solve moral
issue.
2. Part B: Similar to opinionated questions in Part A, opinionated questions in
Part B require you to give your own ideas. That is how by listening to
different peoples perspective on how they understand certain things will give
you a very broad understanding; which will allow you to provide a very
relevant explanation. This is where sometimes even if your Nilai might not
be particularly accurate on first glance, your explanation may give them a
newer perspective and understanding. Being specific is the key here; instead
of giving a general idea.
3. Part B: Similar to Part A, depending on the question and the marks allocated
for the question, the answers are usually separated into these 3 elements:
Fakta, Huraian and Huraian Lanjut.
5 answers : You will need to give 5 Fakta and 5 Huraian
3 answers : You will need to give 3 Fakta, 3 Huraian and 3 Huraian
Lanjut
4. Part B: Similar to Part A, questions on Nilai require you to use only the
Nilai in the syllabus and this is where understanding what each Nilai
meant plays a very important role. By choosing the most suitable and
relevant Nilai, you will be able to answer the questions accordingly.
Depending on the question and the marks allocated for the question, the
answers are usually separated into these 3 elements: Nilai, Penerangan
and Contoh.
5. IMPORTANT REMINDER: The spelling, imbuhan and susunan must be
the same for all Nilai, Kata Kunci and Situasi. The Definisi Nilai must
also be the exact definition as per the syllabus. Once again, any grammatical
and spelling errors may result in deduction of your marks (which is very easy
in Pendidikan Moral), hence you want to be as careful as you can be.
1.7 BERDIKARI
Kebolehan dan kesanggupan
melakukan sesuatu tanpa
bergantung kepada orang lain
1.8 KERAJINAN
Usaha yang berterusan penuh
dengan semangat ketekunan,
kecekalan, kegigihan, dedikasi dan
berdaya maju dalam melakukan
sesuatu perkara
1.9 KASIH SAYANG
Kepekaan dan perasaan cinta yang
mendalam serta berkekalan yang
lahir daripada hati yang ikhlas
1.10 KEADILAN
Tindakan dan keputusan yang
saksama serta tidak berat sebelah
1.11 RASIONAL
Boleh berfikir berdasarkan alasan
dan bukti yang nyata dan dapat
mengambil tindakan berasaskan
pertimbangan yang wajar
1.12 KESEDERHANAAN
Bersikap tidak keterlaluan dalam
membuat pertimbangan dan
tindakan sama ada dalam
pemikiran, pertuturan atau
perlakuan tanpa mengabaikan
kepentingan diri dan orang lain
BIDANG 2 - KEKELUARGAAN
2.1 KASIH SAYANG TERHADAP
KELUARGA
Perasaan cinta, kasih dan sayang
yang mendalam dan berkekalan
terhadap keluarga
2.2 HORMAT DAN TAAT KEPADA
ANGGOTA KELUARGA
Memuliakan setiap anggota
keluarga dengan berinteraksi dan
memberi layanan secara bersopan
untuk mewujudkan keluarga yang
harmoni
BIDANG 4 - PATRIOTISME
4.1 CINTA AKAN NEGARA
Perasaan sayang dan bangga
kepada negara serta meletakkan
kepentingan negara melebihi
kepentingan diri
4.2 TAAT SETIA PADA RAJA DAN
NEGARA
5 . 4 M E N G H O R M AT I H A K
GOLONGAN
KURANG
BERUPAYA
Memberi layanan yang bersopan
kepada golonga kurang berupaya
supaya tidak berasa tersisih dan
mengiktiraf mereka sebagai insan
ciptaan Tuhan
5.5 MELINDUNGI HAK
PENGGUNA
Membela dan memelihara hak
individu untuk menjadi pengguna
yang berilmu, mendapat
perkhidmatan serta barangan yang
berkualiti dan tidak mudah
dieksploitasi
BIDANG 6 - DEMOKRASI
6.1 MEMATUHI PERATURAN DAN
UNDANG-UNDANG
Menerima dan mematuhi peraturan
dan undang-undang yang telah
ditentukan tanpa mengira sesiapa
dan di mana seseorang itu berada
6.2 KEBEBASAN BERSUARA
Kebebasan berucap dan
mengeluarkan fikiran dengan
batasan tertentu bagi menjaga
keselamatan dan ketenteraman
6.3 KEBEBASAN BERAGAMA
Kebebasan setiap individu untuk
menganuti dan mengamalkan
agamanya seperti yang
you explain things in your own words with the correct facts without needing
to remember everything in the book. (Pay extra attention to identify and
understand important names / words)
4. Pay extra attention to identify and understand important names and events.
They are usually related to one another whereby an event is caused by a
previous event which leads leads to another event. Understanding the
relationship between the names and events, will help you remember them
better. If there are too many facts for a particular subtopic; grouping them
together and remembering the groups (and giving meaning to the group) will
help you remember and/or recall them better.
5. Constant and consistent revision of every topic will help you to understand
and remember what you have read better. As the saying goes, practice
makes perfect. Revise as many times as you need until you can confidently
answer the practice questions given to you. Always go through the facts and
explanations because you never know what you might have forgotten; and
sometimes it even help you to understand better, hence remember better.
6. Remember that besides reading, you will also need to do exercises and
practice questions. Without them, it will be like watching and understanding
how a footballer kicks a ball without ever kicking a ball once, and thinking
that you can now kick like one. Start by doing the questions topic by topic so
that you know where you need to improve yourself further on. When you
think you have sufficiently understand all the topics, you can proceed with
doing SPM model test papers, past year SPM trial questions and past year
actual SPM questions.
7. Do refer to the marketing scheme of past year SPM trial papers so that you
understand how scores are given for each question. This is important so that
you can formulate your strategy in answering those questions which help you
tremendously in maximizing your chances of getting marks for your answers.
8. Revision before the SPM Sejarah exam requires you to employ a different
strategy. Start with going through the subtopics that you feel you are the
weakest at before going to the subtopics that are are good at.
9. Every single year, there will be so called predictions on the questions that will
be asked in the SPM Sejarah Paper 2. The predictions are just that;
predictions. Never ever rely on predictions but instead, religiously read,
understand and do exercises.
10. Finally, 1 month before the SPM Sejarah exam, a general topic will be
release for Paper 3. Look for materials from various sources such as the
books, newspapers, magazines and the internet. Most importantly of all,
discuss with your teacher and friends about the topic because more brains
will cut short your time needed to gather resources and help you understand
and prepare for the topic at hand faster.
Paper 1 Tips
1. There are 4 questions for you to choose from. Read the questions properly
because they might try to confuse you with questions such as the following
are the right answer except or which of this is not the right answer.
2. Whether you are certain or not certain of the answer for the question, go
through the choices provided and cross out the wrong answers. This will help
you to have a safety net in place in case you read the question wrongly or
better yet, if you are not sure of the answer, by crossing out the wrong
answers, you will get closer to the right answer.
Paper 2 Tips
1. Part A: Answering in complete sentences are not required; they are not
testing your grammar but you will still need to make sure that the spelling is
correct and the answers are structured properly.
2. Part A: Write as many answers as you think might be the possible answer
because no marks are given for wrong answer; but marks are given for the
right answer. And every mark can make a difference for your grade.
3. Part B: Unlike in Part A, you will need to answer in complete sentences;
essay form. If you do not do so, you will have half of your marks deducted
even though you answered the question correctly. This part is to help an
individual to understand the answer that you have written.
4. Part B: Once again, write as many answers as you think might be the
possible answer as no marks are given for the wrong answer; but marks are
given for the right answer. Remember that your answers need to be in
complete sentences. If the question asked you to list down the facts, you will
only need to list down the facts without elaboration. However, if the question
requires you to explain or elaborate, you should provide both your facts and
explanations. A lot of people either wasted their time here or not getting full
marks because they did not understand the question properly.
5. Part A and B: Specific answer is the key here; instead of a general idea.
Minor spelling errors will be forgiven but major spelling answer will have your
marks deducted. Most importantly, avoid short forms which you might
encounter in reference books.
Paper 3 Tips
1. Bring in any material that is relevant to you for this paper from textbooks,
reference books and any other relevant materials.
2. For this part, usually the scoring for the answer is separated into a 50:50
format. 50% will be for the facts that you provided while the other 50% is for
your opinion. This is where the discussion with your teachers and friends will
help a lot. Your opinions have to be logical and relevant; and this goes back
to how your express your opinion and the reasoning behind it.
5.
! Setiap catatan dalam jurnal am mesti diikuti oleh satu keterangan yang mesti
ditulis di dalam kurungan bagi menjelaskan urusniaga yang berlaku
! Hanya satu Jurnal Am biasanya dikehendaki. Oleh itu jangan buat Jurnal Am
lebih daripada satu atau secara berasingan bagi setiap urusniaga.
Buku Tunai
! Tajuk Buku Tunai hendaklah ditulis. Jika tajuk tidak ditulis berkemungkinan
segala kandungan buku tunai tidak diterima
! Tarikh dan butir mesti betul untuk mendapat markah pada sesuatu angka
yang direkodkan.
! Jangan tulis butiran dalam entuk esei. Apa yang perlu ditulis ialah namanama akaun
! Tajuk bagi ruangan Diskaun, Tunai dan Bank hendaklah ditulis dengan jelas
di kedud-dua bahagian debit dan kredit Buku Tunai. Biasanya Buku Tunai
yang dibuat satu ruangan sahaja, tidak diterima
! Sebaik-baiknya semua catatan dalam Buku Tunai hendaklah direkodkan
mengikut urutan tarikh urusniaga berlaku
! Baki akhir (baki h/b) ruangan tunai dan bank hendaklah ditunjukkan
Jurnal Belian
! Jangan sekali-kali buat jurnal belian dalam bentuk jurnal am
! Tajuk Jurnal Belian mesti ditulis dengan jelas
! Tarikh, butir dan angka mesti betul untuk memperolehi markah
! Biasanya ruang no invois, detil invois tidak perlu direkodkan untuk
menjimatkan masa. Apa yang penting calon hendaklah turus sahaja merekod
di ruangan jumlah dengan angka bersih (angka bersih diperolehi di akhir
sesuatu invois).
! Catatan dalam jurnal mestilah dibuat mengikut urutan tarikh urusniaga
berlaku
! Di akhir bulan/di hujung sesuatu tempoh perakaunan, sesuatu jurnal itu
hendaklah ditutup dan dihitung jumlahnya. Tarikh penutupan jurnal
hendaklah ditulis. Berhati-hati menulis butiran bagi menutup sesuatu jurnal.
Tidak menulis tarikh dan butiran yang betul mengakibatkan calon kehilangan
markah
! Butiran yang boleh diterima pakai ialah: Akaun Belian (Dt) atau Jumlah
Belian Kredit. Butiran-butiran lain tidak diterima
Jurnal Jualan/Jurnal Pulangan Belian/Jurnal Pulangan Jualan
! Panduan yang sama seperti di atas dipakai
Akaun-akaun Lejar
Tempoh Perakaunan
Konvensyen Perakaunan
Belanja
Hasil
Hutang Lapuk
Peruntukan Hutang Ragu
Susut nilai
vi.
Persembahan perakaunan:
Ditunjukkan dalam akaun penamat dalam bentuk:
i.
T akaun
ii.
Penyata
iii.
Lembaran Kerja
Dalam penyediaan pelajar MESTI menjaga:
i. Komponan
ii. Struktur akaun
! Format:
! Soalan diberi dalam bentuk
Baki-baki akaun
Imbangan Duga
Dari bab lain seperti:
Perkongsian
Pengeluaran
Aset Tetap
Aset Semasa
(-) Liabiliti Semasa
d)
e)
Dibiayai oleh:
Liabiliti Jangka Panjang
Bil
BIL
Topic
K1
2008
K2
2009
K1
2010
K2
2011
K1
2012
K2
2013
K1
Pengenalan Kepada
Perakaunan
Dokumen Perniagaan
Sebagai Sumber Maklumat
1a
1a
Lejar
1c
1c
Imbangan Duga
1c
1c
Perakaunan untuk
Penggajian
1a
1c
1b
10
Perkongsian
11
Syarikat Berhad
12
13
14
Perakaunan Untuk
Pengurusan
15
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for a Soalan
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Jumlah
40
6
40
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40
40
SPM PERDAGANGAN
Paper 1
1 hr 15 min
40%
Paper 2
2 hrs
100%
P1
P2
Unsur Perdagangan
Perniagaan Antarabangsa
Pemilikan Perniagaan
Pelaburan
Insurans
Pengangkutan
Komunikasi
Pergudangan
Promosi
Konsumerisme
Islam
! Jenis Bank
Bank Pusat
Bank Perdagangan dan Bank Islam
Bank Saudagar
Bank Badan Berkanun
Bank Koperasi
! Fungsi Bank Negara Malaysia
Mengeluarkan dan mengawal mata wang Negara
Menjadi jurubank kepada kerajaan
Laksanakan dasar kewangan kerajaan
Menjadi jurubank kepada bank perdagangan
! Fungsi Bank Perdagangan
Terima simpanan (akaun simpanan / tetap/ semasa)
Beri kemudahan pembiayaan (pinjaman / overdraf)
Beri kemudahan pembayaran (pindahan kredit / arahan tetap)
Beri perkhidmatan lain (kad kredit / peti simpanan selamat)
! Fungsi Bank Saudagar
Terima simpanan dari syarikat besar
Beri pinjaman
Beri khidmat nasihat korporat
Urus pelaburan syarikat berhad
Tangung jamin terbitan syer
! Fungsi Bank Badan Berkanun
Bank Simpanan Nasional
! Terima simpanan
! Beri pinjaman
! Tawar kad kredit
! Sedia perkhidmatan perbankan Islam
Bank Pembangunan dan Infrastruktur Malaysia Berhad
! Biaya aset tetap
! Biaya modal kerja
! Sedia skim kilang bimbingan
! Sedia tabung usahawan baru
! Sedia modal asas untuk Industri Kecil dan Sederhana (IKS)
Bank Pertanian Malaysia
! Beri pinjaman
! Terima simpanan
! Beri kemudahan sewa jentera
! Anjur kursus / latihan kepada usahawan bumiputera
! Fungsi Bank Badan Berkanun
Terima simpanan
Beri pinjaman
Tawar perkhidmatan perbankan Islam
! Ciri-Ciri Bank Islam
Berdasarkan hukum Islam dan peraturan syariah.
Tertakluk kepada Akta Bank Islam 1983.
Riba (bunga atau faedah) tidak dibenarkan
Mudharabah dan musyarakah (amalkan konsep perkongsian untung rugi)
Maisir iaitu perjudian tidak dibenarkan
3 konsep (Wadiah, Mudharabah, Musyarakah)
! Cek
Dokumen perintah bertulis oleh penyimpan akaun semasa kepada pihak
bank. Cek ini bertujuan mengarahkan bank untuk membuat sejumlah
bayaran pada tarikh tertentu kepada menerima pembawa cek apabila
dituntut.
! Pihak-pihak dalam sekeping Cek
Pesuruh bayar - bank yang mengeluarkan cek
Penyuruh bayar - orang / pihak yang menandatangani cek
Penerima - orang / pihak yang menerima bayaran
! Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Cek
Kelebihan
Kekurangan
Selamat
Murah
Kepada Individu
Melindungi individu dan
keluarga dari risiko
Kepada Negara
Membangunkan ekonomi
negara
Memberi peluang
pekerjaan
! Prinsip Insurans
Penuh Percaya Mutlak
Indemniti
Sumbangan
Subrograsi
Doktrin punya hampiran
! Jenis Insurans
Insurans Am
Insurans Kemalangan
! Insurans Kenderaan Bermotor
Insurans motor pihak ketiga
Insurans Motor Komprehensif
! Insurans Kemalangan Peribadi
! Insurans Liabiliti Am
! Insurans Liabiliti Majikan
! Insurans Kebakaran
Insurans Kebakaran
Insurans Marin/Penerbangan/Perkapalan
Insurans lain
Insurans Hayat
Insurans Hayat Seumur Hidup
Insurans Hayat Sementara
Insurans Endowmen
Insurans Islam
Konsep Takaful
! Diuruskan berdasarkan hukum syariah
! Guna 3 prinsip insurans biasa, ditambah:
Mudharabah - Perkongsian untung
Tabaruk - Derma dengan ikhlas/wujud dana bersama
! Dijalankan dengan asas:
Tiada Gharar - ketidakpastian
Tidak Maisir - perjudian
Tiada Riba - faedah
! Produk Skim Takaful
Takaful keluarga
Takaful Am
3) PENGANGKUTAN
! Definisi: Proses pemindahan barang dari satu tempat ke tempat yang lain dengan
menggunakan kenderaan
! Jenis Pengangkutan
Pengangkutan Darat
Jalan raya
Rel
Pengangkutan Laut
Kapal Kargo
Kapal Kerentan
Feri
Kapal Pesisir Pantai
Pengangkutan Udara
Kapal terbang
Helikopter
Saluran Paip
! Kelebihan Pengangkutan Jalan Raya
Boleh serah barang dari pintu ke pintu
Menjimatkan masa
Mengurangkan kerja pemunggahan
Risiko barang rosak lebih kurang
Murah dan cepat untuk jarak dekat
Sesuai bawa barang diperlukan segera
Tiada jadual perjalanan
Kemudahan kenderaan mudah didapati dan banyak
Mudah hubungi kawasan pendalaman
4) KOMUNIKASI
! Fungsi Komunikasi
Memudah dan mempercepatkan proses penyebaran maklumat.
Memudahkan peniaga menjalankan aktiviti perniagaan.
Memudahkan kegiatan promosi.
Meluaskan pasaran barangan.
Memudahkan pentadbiran dan pengurusan.
Mengelakkan kerugian dan kerosakan.
! Jenis Perkhidmatan Komunikasi
Televisyen dan radio.
Perkhidmatan Pos
Perkhidmatan Mel.
Perkhidmatan kaunter.
Perkhidmatan Lain.
Perkhidmatan Telekomunikasi
Perkhidmatan lisan
Perkhidmatan bercetak
Perkhidmatan Audiovisual
Perkhidmatan Kurier.
EMS
Poslaju Malaysia
! Faktor Pemilihan Jenis Perkhidmatan Komunikasi
Kesegaran
Jenis Maklumat
Kos
Mudah didapati dan berhampiran
Jarak
5) KONSUMERISME
! Maksud Konsumerisme
Satu perjuangan bagi melindungi hak dan kepentingan pengguna
Satu usaha bagi menyedarkan pengguna tentang hak mereka supaya taraf
hidup meningkat
! Matlamat Konsumerisme
Melindungi hak pengguna
Mewujudkan iklim perniagaan yang harmoni
Membina kualiti kehidupan yang lebih baik
! Pengguna
Orang yang menggunakan barang untuk penuhi keperluan dan kehendak
! Amalan perniagaan yang tidak sihat
Letak harga tidak berpatutan
Buat iklan mengelirukan
Tawar barang berkualiti rendah
Jual barang yang tidak selamat
! Hak pengguna
Hak mendapat keperluan asas
Hak mendapat keselamatan
Hak mendapat maklumat
Hak membuat pilihan
Hak mendapat ganti rugi
Hak bersuara
Hak mendapat pendidikan pengguna
Hak mendapat alam sekitar yang sihat
! Lima Tanggungjawab pengguna
Kesedaran mengkritik
Penglibatan dan tindakan
Tanggungjawab sosial
Tanggungjawab alam semulajadi
Bersatu padu
! Enam Tanggungjawab pengeluar
Praktikkan amalan perniagaan yang baik
Amal pengiklanan yang beretika
Sedia terima rungutan
1 hr 30 min
40%
Paper 2
2 hrs
60%
100%
P1
P2
Pasaran
Ekonomi Malaysia
a) Struktur Ekonomi Negara
Ekonomi Malaysia
b) Belanjawan Negara
!
!
Pendapatan Individu
Cita Rasa Pengguna
Jangkaan Harga Pada Masa Depan
Musim
Dasar Kerajaan
! Keanjalan harga
Keanjalan harga = Peratus perubahan dalam kuantiti yang diminta
terhadap sesuatu barang atau perkhidmatan kesan daripada peratus
perubahan harga barang itu
! Strategi Perubahan Harga:
Anjal
Strategi: Menurunkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil meningkat
Strategi: Menaikkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil merosot
Tidak Anjal
Strategi: Menurunkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil merosot
Strategi: Menaikkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil meningkat
Anjal Satu
Strategi: Menurunkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil tidak berubah
Strategi: Menaikkan harga; Kesan = Tidak berubah
!
!
Jumlah keluaran yang boleh dihasilkan oleh setiap unit input berubah
Keluaran Purata = Jumlah keluaran/Input berubah
Keluaran Sut
Pertambahan jumlah keluaran akibat pertambahan satu unit lagi input
berubah
Keluaran Sut = Perubahan Jumlah Keluaran/ Perubahan Jumlah Input
Berubah
Jumlah Kos
Jumlah perbelanjaan yang terpaksa ditanggung untuk menghasilkan output
Jumlah Kos = Kos tetap + Kos berubah
Kos Purata
Perbelanjaan (kos) bagi setiap unit keluaran yang dihasilkan
Kos Purata = Jumlah Kos / Jumlah Keluaran
Kos Sut
Pertambahan kos akibat daripada pertambahan satu unit keluaran
Kos Sut = Perubahan Jumlah Kos / Perubahan Jumlah Keluaran
Hukum penawaran menyatakan bahawa semakin tinggi harga sesuatu barang,
semakin banyak kuantiti yang ditawarkan oleh firma.
Faktor penawaran:
Harga barang itu
Harga barang lain
Harga faktor pengeluaran
Tingkat teknologi
Jangkaan harga pada masa depan
Cuaca
Matlamat pengeluar
Dasar kerajaan
5) PASARAN
! Pasaran merupakan suatu situasi yang membolehkan para pembeli dan penjual
berinteraksi antara satu sama lain dengan tujuan berjual beli barang atau
perkhidmatan
! Dua jenis pasaran:
Pasaran langsung
Pasaran tidak langsung
! Pasaran barangan merupakan institusi yang membolehkan penjual dan pembeli
berinteraksi dengan tujuan untuk berjual beli barang dan perkhidmatan
!
!
!
!
Mudah dibawa
Boleh dibahagikan kepada unit-unit yang kecil
Jenis Wang
Duit Syiling
Wang Kertas
Deposit Semasa
Fungsi Wang
Alat perantaraan pertukaran
Alat simpanan nilai
Alat bayaran tertunda
Alat ukuran nilai
Bank ialah institusi kewangan yang menawarkan perkhidmatan kewangan kepada
orang ramai
Jenis Bank:
Bank perdagangan
Bank pusat
Bank saudagar
Syarikat kewangan
Fungsi Bank Perdagangan
Menerima simpanan
Mengurus pertukaran asing
Memberikan pinjaman
Membuat dan menerima bayaran
Skim Perbankan Islam bertujuan memenuhi keperluan kewangan masyarakat
Islam
Prinsip Skim Perbankan Islam
Wadiah
Mudharabah
Murabahah
Musyarakah
Bai Bithaman Ajil
Bank Pusat merupakan bank induk yang ditubuhkan untuk mengawasi dan
mengawal pelaksanaan segala dasar serta peraturan kewangan yang telah
ditetapkan
Fungsi Bank Pusat
mengeluarkan mata wang
mengawal kestabilan nilai mata wang
menjadi jurubank kepada bank perdagangan