Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hyprotech Tel) 02-3453-3144 Fax) 02-3453-9772 E-Mail) Gcyeo@aeat - Co.kr
Hyprotech Tel) 02-3453-3144 Fax) 02-3453-9772 E-Mail) Gcyeo@aeat - Co.kr
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
HYPROTECH
Tel) 02-3453-3144
Fax) 02-3453-9772
E-Mail) [email protected]
or [email protected]
- 193 -
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
2001
.
.
1.
2
.
1. Double Pipe Type
2. Shell & Tube Type
3. Plate and Frame Type
4. Plate Fin Type
5. Air Cooled Type
6. Cooling Tower Type
7. Furnace Type
. Shell & Tube
1.
2.
Mechanism
. Thermal Rating
1. Thermal Rating
2.
3. Thermal Rating
4.
5.
6.
.
Program
1. HTFS ( Heat Transfer Fluid Service)
2. HTRI ( Heat Transfer Research Inc.)
3. STX/ACX
4. THERMECH
5. B-JAC
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
- 194 -
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
.
(Heat Exchanger)
(Equipment)
(Process Fluid)
,
(Chemical Plant)
(Refinery Plant)
,
.
,
.
, 2
, 3
Thermal Design
, 6
. 7
HTFS.TASC
Tube
Shell &
.
1.
,
(Phase Change)
Transfer)
.
.
Tool
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
(Mass
,
,
Tools
Pilot
.
- 195 -
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
2001
COLD
HOT
1.1
(Static Fluid)
.
Flux
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
Heat
w
yw
Thot
(Thot Tcold )
Tcold
Thermal
Conductivity
Thermal Conductivity
Material
Unit (W/m K)
Stainless Steel
15
Copper
390
Aluminium
208
Carbon Steel
50
Gases
0.02 0.3
Liquids
0.03 0.7
Ploystyrene Foam
0.03
Pipe Lagging
0.092
1.2
yw
(Boundary Layer)
Heat Flux
- 196 -
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
Film
/
.
(Stream Heat Transfer Coefficient)
h(Film Coefficient)
Bulk Fluid
.
q
(Tbulk Tw )
Reality
Tbulk
q (Tbulk Tw )
Tw
= f(
) = f(Re, Pr)
Film Model
Re = V D / ,
Inertial Force(V2) / Viscous Force(V / D)
Pr = Cp / k ,
Diffusivity of Momentum(/) / Diffusivity of Heat (k/Cp)
(Stream Heat Transfer Coefficient)
Fluid
(W/m2K)
State
Water
Single Phase
Water
Steam
Condensing 1 Bar
Organic
750 1500
Organic
1000 3500
Organic
1500 4000
Gas
1 Bar
80 125
Gas
10 Bar
250 400
1.3
5000 7500
3000 10000
.
.
- 197 -
10000 15000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
2001
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
= (T4 - T04)
Q / A
2.
2.1
dQ
= U ( T hot - T cold )
dA
Q = UATLM
Q = mCp(Tin - Tout)
Property
,
U
(Turbulent Flow)
U
1
=
=
cold
1
cold
yw
w
+rcold +
1
hot
yw
w
+rhot +
Clean
1
hot
Fouling
Thot
Clean
Clean
- 198 -
Tcold
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
Fouling
Calculated
Service
.
.
LMTD(Logarithmic
Heat Flux
TLM
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
.
-
(
Counter-Current Flow
TLM
T1 t2 T2 t1
T t
ln 1 2
T2 t1
t2
T2
t1
Enthalpy
(
(
T1
Temp
1
=
H
H1
H2
+
+)
TLM1 T LM2
H
TLM
H
Enthalpy
T2
T = FT TLM
t2
t1
FT(F-Factor)
,
.
LMTD
Pilot
Rigorous
- 199 -
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
2001
Fouling Layer
- Sedimentation
- Crystallization / Inverse Solubility
- Corrosion
- Polymerization
- Thermal Degradation
- Biological
Fouling Layer
Fouling Factor
Cleaning
Fouling
Flow
,
Fluid Stream
r, m2K/W
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
Distribution
Fouling Factor
Untreated Water
.
.
Fluid Stream
Fuel Oil
Crude Oil
r, m2K/W
0.0008
0.0003
0.0010
0.0002
0.0008
Compressed Air
0.0003
0.0001
Natural Gas
0.0002
- 200 -
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
.
1. Double Pipe Type
Shell & Tube Type
.
,
Extended Fin
(Longitudinal Fin)
6m
Double Pipe
.
-
Counter-Current Flow
Service
- Modular
(Hair-Fin
Tube
Pipe
85%
,
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
TEMA(Tubular
Detail
Mechanical Design
- 201 -
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
2001
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
,
.
- Thermal Efficiency
-
- Maintenance
.
.(Cleaning
- Fouling
- Leakage
-
.
.
.
- 202 -
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
Stream
.
- 203 -
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
2001
Stainless Steel
- Fouling
Cleaning
Tube
. Tube
Fan
Fin Tube
Fan
.
Forced Draft
Top
Motor/Fan
Fan
Tube Bundle
Bundle Inlet
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
Cooling
Turbulent
Bundle Inlet
- 204 -
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
Cooling Water
.
- Packing
-
Shell
(
- Induced
Loss
Air
.
.
7. Furnace Type
.
Radiant Section
Convection Section
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
. Radiant Section
, Convection Section
Heat Flux
Radiant Section
.
SOx, NOx
.
- 205 -
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
2001
Type
Air cooled
Maximum
Temp.
Fluid
Pressure,
Range
Limitation
bar(abs)
Process Side
Process Side
Ambient to Few
500
600
Brazed Plate 16
Double Pipe
Plate &
Frame
Plate Fin
Printed
Circuit
Must be
-195 200 Compatible
w/ Braze
Shell : 300
-100 600 Few
Tube : 1400
Limited by
-25 175 Gasket,
Normal : 25
not for
Special
Special : 40
-40 200 Normal for
Gases
90
Al : -200 Low fouling
But Size
150
Many Limits
Dependent SS : 600 w/ Al
1000
Range for
Single
2
Unit, m
Minimum T
Temperature Approach
Maximum
Efficiency
0.8
1 10
0.95
0.25 200
0.9
1 2500
0.95
1 10000
(Including
Fin Area)
0.1
0.98
0.1
0.98
10 1000
0.9
1 10000
(Type
Dependent)
0.95
1000
Thot,out - Tcold,out).
- 206 -
T*,
10
Counter-current
(
Minimum
5 350
(Based on
Bare Tube
OD)
-25 600
Shell &
Shell : 300 Lower w/
Few
Tube
Tube : 1400 Special
Steels
Welded Plate Differential Depends on Few
Covers
30 60
Type and
Some Types
Range of
Total w/
Material
Need Clean
Types
Shell : 300 -200 650 Fluids
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
Size
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
Manufacturers Association)
1968
. TEMA
ASME Pressure
Vessel Code
1988
, TEMA
Double Pipe
.
Kern
,
6
,
Tight
Vibration
Vibration Checking
. Kern
Tube Side
Shell
Side
1.
1.1 Shell
Shell
Shell
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
E Shell
Horizontal Thermosyphone
G
K Shell
. E Shell
Reboiler
J
, Shell
F Shell
.
- 207 -
H
X Shell
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
2001
TEMA
Front Head
A Type(Dirty
)
Type
B Type(Clean
Fluid
, B Type
. C
N Type
C Type
Shell
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
Fluid
. D Type
.
Rear Head
- 208 -
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
35 Bar)
Shell
Expansion Joint
Bundle
U Tube
Shell
- 6 12
Standard Pipe
- 14 24
Standard Pipe
(ID
19mm
)
- 24
50mm
3000mm
, Shell
1.2 Tube
Tube
Size(0.25 2)
, Tube
Pitch
Tube
1.25 1.5
.
Pipe
Tube
Tube
Pipe
(
)
BWG
Tube
Schedule No.
Tube
Tube
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
6m, 12m
Pass
F-Factor(FT)
Tube
.
Tube
- 209 -
Pattern
Pattern
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
2001
45o, 90o
Shell
.
30o, 60o
Tube
30o, 60o
Shell
Triangular - 30o
Square - 90o
in.
0.312
0.375
0.500
0.531
0.625
0.656
0.688
0.781
0.812
0.875
0.938
1.000
1.062
1.125
1.250
1.312
1.375
1.562
mm
7.938
9.525
12.700
13.494
15.875
16.669
17.462
19.844
20.638
22.225
23.813
25.400
26.988
28.575
31.750
33.338
34.925
39.688
Pitch
Ratio
1.250
1.500
1.330
1.420
1.250
1.310
1.380
1.250
1.300
1.400
1.250
1.330
1.420
1.500
1.250
1.312
1.375
1.250
1.875 47.625
2.500 63.500
1.250
1.250
OD
in.
BWG
mm
1/4
3/8
3/4 19.050
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
Pitch
- 210 -
BWG
24
0.559
22
0.711
20
0.889
18
1.245
16
1.651
14
2.108
12
2.769
10
3.404
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
1.3 Baffle
Baffle
Cross Baffle
Longitudinal Baffle
Shell
.
F, G, H Shell
Baffle
Disc-Doughnut, Helical/Spiral
.
Cross Flow
, Shell
Double segment
h
Tube
Baffle
Shell
Window Region
Ds
Ds
Vertical
Bypass
Baffle Cut
Spacing
Horizontal
15%(NTIW
10%) 45%
50mm 1500mm(Tube
Baffle
1.4
Shell
Inlet Nozzle
Momentum
Impingement Plate
Vapor Belt
Velocity Head(v2)
.
lb/ft s
Tube
500 lb/ft s
1500
.
Sealing Strip
Shell
Shell Clearance
, Dummy Tube
Pass
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
Pass Partition
Bypass
Tube
.
- 211 -
Tube
Shell
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
2001
1 : Cross Flow
2 : Bypass
1
1 3
4 : Window Flow
5 : Tube/Baffle Leakage
6 : Shell/Baffle Leakage
2.
Mechanism
Mechanism
.
Boiling
Column
Static Head
Static Head
.
Vapor Fraction
Liquid
Surface
Return
0.2(0.1 0.5)
Two-phase
Condensate
Temperature, T
Steam
Ts
Liquid
Liquid bulk
temperature
Distance z
Boiling
Mechanism
Region
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
Wall temperature
Tw
- 212 -
, Boiling
Flow
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
Tube
Wet
Boiling
Horizontal Thermosyphone
,
Kettle Reboiler
Mechanism
.
Pool Boiling
Weir
Tube Bundle
Separation
Region
Liquid level
Circulation
Support Plates
Condensate
2.4 Shell
Tube bundle
Condensing
Process Fluid
Shear Force
Gravity Flow
Gravity
. Horizontal
Baffle
Horizontal
Notch
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
.
.
- 213 -
Vertical
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
2001
,
.
Wall
- Residence Time
- Static Head
.(
- Liquid
Distribution
.
Film Breakdown
- Counter-Current Flow
-
Flooding
Multi-Component Effect
Reboiler
.
Kettle
Vertical
Horizontal
Thermosyphone Thermosyphone
Good
Good
Dirty Fluid
Poor
Hight Limited
Good
Poor
Good
Piping
Good
Good
Poor
Good
Poor
Good
Vacuum
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
- 214 -
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
. Thermal Rating
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
1. Thermal Rating
Thermal Rating
,
U, P,
.
(2
- Shell Diameter
- Tube OD,
- Tube
Pass Partition
- Baffle Data(
Impingement Plate
2.
.
.
.
,
Stress
Stress
.
Tube
,
,
- 215 -
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
2001
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
3. Thermal Rating
- Heat Duty
- Fluid
-
- Fouling Factor
-
Heat Flux
- Shell Diameter
- Tube Dimension
-
Code
Standard
4.
Shell
Tube Bundle(Fixed Tube Sheet, Floating Head, U Tube Bundle)
(Tube
Shell
Thermal Expansion
Tolerance
- 216 -
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
5.
Rule
- Floating Head/Sheet :
Leak
- U-Tube/Bundle
:
Bending
Erosion
.
- Kettle Type
: Tube Bundle
.
- Double Pipe
- Pipe/Open Coil
.
,
.
- Spiral
: Turbulence
Corrosion
: Cooling Water
: Fouling
Tube Side
Tube Side
Tube Side
Tube Side
- Operating Cost :
Shell Side
Tube Side
Shell Side
Dirty, Fouling Material
High Volumetric Fluid
High Temp./Press.
Clean/Non-Fouling Material
Corrosive/Flammable/Poisonous Fluid
Required Expansive Material
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
- 217 -
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
2001
6.
Overall Heat Transfer Rate
Individual Heat Transfer Coefficients/Resistances
Fluid Velocity
Pressure Drop
Area Ratio Between Required and Actual
Vibration and Demage Analysis
Metal Temperature of Shell and Tube
Surface Temperature of the Tube
Circulation Rate/Velocity Head for Thermosyphone Reboiler
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
- 218 -
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
Program
,
.
HTFS
.
1. HTFS ( Heat Transfer Fluid Service)
HTFS
1967
.
.
Software
AEAT
Hyprotech
Simulator
Process
.
1.1
HTRI
HTRI
Plate Fin
.
1.2
Membership
Module
License
. Membership
HTFS
License
,
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
. Membership
.
License
Licensing
HTFS.TASC
(HTFS.MECHX)
Option
Option
1500
.
- 219 -
Component
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
2001
- HTFS.TASC
- HTFS.ACOL
- HTFS.MUSE
HTFS.FIHR
- HTFS.APLE
- HTFS.PIPE
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
11
.
HTFS
HTFS Module
HTFS
HTRI
.
2.1
Shell & Tube, Air Cooled, Plate Type
.
.
2.2
HTFS
Membership
- 220 -
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
.
- CST
- ACE
FH
- PHE
3. STX/ACX
HTC(Heat Transfer Consultants)
HTFS
HTFS
STX
1976
Module
4. THERMECH
Lumus
Tube
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
Shell &
HTFS.TASC
.
Thermosyphone
TEMA
- 221 -
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
2001
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
5. B-JAC
B-JAC
1970
ASPEN
.
TEMA
- 222 -
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
HTFS.TASC
.
HTFS.TASC
Mode(
Design
), Checking Mode(
Rating
), Simulation Mode(
Output
Input
Mode
Kettle Type
- HTFS.TASC
Thermosyphone, Evaporator,
HTFS.TASC
TEMA
Windows
, OLE(Object
HTRI
HYSYS
CST Module
File
Simulator
Program
ASCII
Input/Output
Setting Plan
- Costing Package
1500
Option
Component
.
Option
.
HTFS.TASC
Shell &
Tube Type
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
- Heater/Cooler
- General Shell & Tube(Condenser, Reboiler)
- Vertical & Horizontal Thermosyphone
- Kettle Type Reboiler
- Falling Film Evaporator
- Double Pipe / Multiple Hairpin
MEK Distillation Column
.
- 223 -
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
2001
Product
MEK
Purification
Property
Data
HYSYS
Simulation
HYSYS
HTFS.TASC
OLE
Condenser
Data
HTFS.TASC
Property
HTFS.TASC
Design Mode
Module
.
Minimum Area
(Default)
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
HTFS.TASC
Option
Minimum Cost
Minimum Cost
.
Minimum Cost
Base
Tuning
- 224 -
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_000000
APCPCWM_4828539:WP_0000008WP_0000008
/ / 2016-03-10 14:32
- 225 -