Motion Speed Acceleration Velocity
Motion Speed Acceleration Velocity
Micro-World Macro-World
Lecture 2
speed
distance traveled
speed = v =
elapsed time
Hawaii Kai Haleiwa
In one hour
50km
v = 1 hr = 50km/hr
50km
instantaneous speed
Speed determined for very short time intervals
vistantaneous =
distance traveled
very short time
Instantaneous
speed = 0 here
& here
km
km
km
V =
distance
elapsed time =
11
9.4
x
10
m
=
8760 hr
=
-3
0
=1
= 1.1x108 m/hr
km
2r
1year
11
2
x
3.14
x
1.5
x
10
m
=
365 days x 24 hr/day
9.4 x 1011 m
8.76 x103 hr
= 1.1x105 km/hr
110,000 km/hr
r=
1
cm
V =
=
distance
elapsed time =
6.28 cm
3600 s
2r
1hr
6.28 cm
3. 6 x103s
= 1.7x10-5 m/s
2 x 3.14 x 1cm
60 min x 60 s/min
= 1.7x10-3 cm/s
=1
0 -2
m
Speed v
Temperature T
Library
Ca
Ce mp
nt us
er
Velocity v
relative positions r
Force F
Acceleration a
6 months later
speed = same
different direction
r=1.5x1011m
velocity is a vector:
a quantity that has both
magnitude and direction
Acceleration ( changes in v)
change in velocity
acceleration =
elapsed time
a =
change in v
elapsed time
Change in V = 100km/hr
Elapsed time = 3 sec
a=
change in v
elapsed time
103 m
100km/hr
= 33 km/hr s
3s
3600 s
=3.6x103s
33x103m
2
=
9.1
m/s
3
3.6x10 sxs
Car speeds up
v
Car slows up
v
scree
ch!
Accelerations (continued)
v
v
Car turn
s
a
In all three cases, v changes.
Therefore these are all examples of accelerations
Free Fall
t=0
4.9m
v0=0
4.9m
dist
vavg =
= 1 s = 4.9m/s
time
0
+
v
v
+
v
1
1 =
vavg = 0
= v1
2
2
2
v1 = 2vavg
t=1s
= 9.8 m/s
v1=?
V1 = 9.8 m/s
Free-fall acceleration
9.8m/s
change in velocity
acceleration =
elapsed time
1s
9.8m/s
ga =
1s
= 9.8 m/s2
g=9.8m/s2
5m
5m
t = 1s
V1 = 10m/s
Total
distance
15m
20m
t = 2s
V2 = 20m/s
1 gt2
2
25m
t = 3s
45m
V3 = 30m/s
35m
t = 4s
V4 = 40m/s
80m
Upward toss
t = 4s
t = 3s
80m
V4 = 0
V3 = 10m/s
5m
75m
15m
t = 2s
Total
height
V2 = 20m/s
60m
v0t 1 gt2
25m
t = 1s
V1 = 30m/s
35m
35m
t=0
V0 = 40m/s
0m
Horizontal toss
t = 0s
t = 1s
t = 2s
t = 3s
t = 4s
5m
20m
45m
80m
upward toss
t = 3s
t = 2s
20m
t = 0s
t = 1s
5m
45m
t = 4s
80m
Shoot
dead white
communist
the European
monkey
male
V=8km/s
t = 1s
x= 8km
5m
t = 2s
x=16km
20m
t = 3s
x=24km
45m
Artificial satellite
a=g
v = 8 km/s
Turning car
An object
free to slide on the dashboard,
tries to follow a straight line path
Alexander Pope:
Nature and natures laws lay hid in the night
God said, Let Newton be, and all was light.
example
Another example
(watch the ladder)
The
nd
Law: F=ma
a
a
Small force
Small acceleration
Large force
Large acceleration
a
Beach
ball
Bowling
ball
small mass
Large mass
Large acceleration
Small acceleration
Inertial mass
Inertial mass, mi, is the resistance to
changes in the state of motion
Objects with large
mi
This much
water!
10cm
Net force
Tip-to-tail method
for adding vector
Net force
is the vector
from the tail of the 1st to
the tip of the 2nd. (0 in
this case).
Tip-to-tail method
Net force points
down the hill
Newtons 2
nd
law F=ma
a is proportional to F:
a F
direction of a
= direction of F:
a F
a is inversely
proportional to m:
a 1/m
combine:
set proportionality
constant = 1:
a F/m
a = F/m
multiply
both sides
by
F1 = ma
Bowling
ball
M
a=g
F2 = Ma
a=g
W = mg
weight
gravitational
mass
acceleration
due to gravity
a =
F
m
m
i
Experiment
shows: mg = mi
Force of gravity is
proportional to
gravitational mass
Inertia; resistance
to changes in state
is proportional to
inertial mass
Units of Force
F=ma
m
kg 2
s
Unit of force: 1 Newton = 1N = 1 kg m/s 2
Weight = force of
F=ma
a=g
W
W=mg
W
m= g
!!!!!
kg
t
h
kg is a unit of mass, not force
ig
e
t
w
h
ig
e
w
Convert to Newtons:
y
m
W = 85 kg x 9.8m/s2 = 833 N
Units of N = kg m/s2
Kgf =kilogram force = 9.8 N
Newton3
rd
Law: action-reaction
reaction: the
canoe pushes
me forward
Action Reaction
v= 0
F
But I accelerate
Newton:
The bus exerted an equal but opposite force on me.
Look again
All forces come in pairs!
-F
F
Air-filled balloon
reaction: air
pushes on balloon
action: balloon
pushes on air
recoil
Rocket propulsion
reaction: rocket
gets pushed
in the opposite
direction