The Territorialization of The Imaginary in Latin America. Amaryll Chanady
The Territorialization of The Imaginary in Latin America. Amaryll Chanady
Luis Leal
_
o, " to I 1e
distin ished from European nnd North
American modernism, nnd closer to
symbolism.
AMARYJ,L CHANADY
re
The Territnrializaticm
Imaginary in
of the
Metropolitan Paradigms
.1, A
8 Ar tur 0 UsI er p1et
In
Reason
anti
Tmnbrinntion
in
Modern '/lmr..
,,
the Brazilian literary theorist and critic Luiz Costa Lima i n vest igat e whal
r)
tIQI of the
p
aginarx by the dictates of a restrictive concept i on of mimesis
the n
lif
"
ra gmat
i geared lo
imag inary replaces the Christian cosmological cen ter ing in the six t e ent h
century, when the "c.!!ll
came in servi ce lo, and at the same lime was the desidera t um of,
I 1hcocentrism
oliti
way to the Y
of an
of
suli'ectivit
f.
\
he em
b'
sion of l!!!!.ivi du al
p
fl!.!!:imagin_a.ry.
_3j
this
entimenlal
ity}_and
q u estioning of hegemonic
models,
would
JI
sub'ect who
{he
the r earl
o i'C::t ol s rverl,
"
(162-63). TI1e
ra dical hreak with realism, can lie attrilmted portly to the European in-
126
1 '<'J..Cl
'11.4 A/I./ i r {
.,I.
._,lJ t
flUI
!.. (/._
Amaryll Clrmuuly
'fhrilori11/irotio11
/
127
anO<! eri an "(1967). (Roth essays are i11cluile1l in this volume.) Con
sidering Leal's categorical rejection of Flores' arguments, it is ironic that
Leal's title is an almost exact translation of the latter's English title.3 TI1esc
.
sum of Latin Amr.ricu:
ical realism. How can we reconcile tlu fictional
worl<I of G b ric l Gunfo Maruez, populated by characters ascen ding to
heaven amidst bedsheets, mysteriously levitating while drinking cups of'
cliocolate, and turning into snakes or puddles of pitC'h, world henighted
.
w'.. t h deluge lastmg several years and yellow flowers falling from the sky,
with the claim tlat N$!Y World fiction is siliect to a control of the imngi
X based on tl1efiTI1me ic re resentatim!l.ol' tlucontinent's reality, espe
. g 111. mind the im ortance o -osTt"lvism i11 Lat in Amerii:a? Do
c ially hearm
we accept Jodwn Sd1ulte-Sa$se's challenging argument i11 his Artcrwnrd
to Con Ir/ of the lma{{inary that Costa Lima's inclusion :of poiesis wit h in
.
.
mimesis 1 nor
!aims of the artistic imaginaton Ip suliverL .I go
hexond the hegemonic parad re ul ing mimesis] s is evi de nt n ot
nly .in the major texts of German Romanticism a nd in Coleri dge's dis
tmct t on between pedestrian fancy and innovative imagination but in the
art istic encleavo in
I? Ma ical rea i n would thus he
urticu arl):'
successful 11nifestatio11 of niesis us o osed to mime.is. The faet that
Costa Lima does not mention gical realism may lie an indication M the
prohlPma ic sttus of this literary mode alongside a thcor em hasizing
the o os1te what magical realism seems to repnsent.
With this apparent contradiction as a point of departure, r will examine
lo texts that have been particularly significant for the conceptualiza
tion and academic popularization of magical rea lism. Tiie first is An
el
Flor s'"Ma .1ca I R ea 1ism S punish American Fiction" (1955).2 The siic .
ond is Lms
Leal's critical rejoinder in "E_!_ realismo m:i ico en la literalura
his
)
R ealism m Spani sl
a "peri
as
text
his
of
n
American Fiction" reveals the situatio
he litera
in
advertis
duction concerned with validatin md even
derogatory reFitts'
of a formerly colonized soci. C ou nte ring Dudley
marks conr.t!rning the "ineptitude, uncertainty, imitativ1mess, Aentimental
histrionics" of Latin American fiction, which the Anglophone critic con
Latin America's lack of
sidered "invincibly seconrl-ratr.," Flore s justifies
"great" literature with the claim that "conditions of life are so difTicult
that [llispanophone writers] arc unabl1 t<> devote t tinw and tra vail rcrt that their output is
1w.jnd for all memorable achievemcms, with the
r, m agic al realism has
howeve
H),35,
since
s";
heterogeneous, often careles
Kafka (alth ough he
lty
d
i
pir
s
n
i
fiction
sprung up in the wake of Borg1!s'
heir to other i11f111was
"
ius
n
g
lmphx
<
points out that Borgts "extremdy '
and short story
lists
..
nov
ry
a
or
as w11l), prod ucing "brilliant < 'on tcmp
mag11ili
"most
the
saw
"
writers, spcl'ially in tl11 d ecade ll)tl.o-5n, which
o
t
cent A owering" or magical realism in "prosP fiction comparahie the best
With respect to M allea"s Sn/a
in C'Ontemporary I taly , France, or England."'
out "the affinity of all these
points
Flores
,
de espera ['n1e Waiting Room]
h
opening sentences with those of 171e Tried, Franz Kafka" (115). Ma gica}
realist fiction e udiates "that naw ish sen imentaliSffilwhich pervades so
ma ny of the Latin American cl assics," "seeks prt!cision an1l l1!anness1" has
on to all flabhi111ss, <!ithcr sty
"well-ro;mded plots" and a "st rong avr si
listic or emotional," thus forming a marked lo traditional Lati11
American fiction, with its "flatulence" a n< I "elephantine and sprawling,"
" u nw i e ldy and clumsily assemhl1!d" plots (116). He ronc ludes his essay
with the remark that "[n]ever before have so many sensitive and talenll!d
writers liver! at the same time in Latin Amcril'a- never h ave they work"'!
( 116). Flores'
so unanimously lo overhaul anrl polish the craft of fi tion"
li r
r
la
u
p
po
a
lo
cater
not
oltse rvat i on that the "magic al realists do
,!d
initiat.
merely
t
o
n
tlinse
t lwy a d dress themsclv1:s to the sopliisticaletl,
i
ie
11
1nces
;1
e e
11
laRll, rat
\.
,,A
., -:
Jl
128
Amaryll Clianarly
in aesthetic m s
[_
L
the dominant
t
f
(n6),
ex plicitly sums up
n;ii
th
What i
the\acc;;;-t'i
'J11c
i).
In
s pite of his
em ph
works not
asis
t i on tltvelopecl hy the
teenth century.
Columbus' and Cabeza de Vaca's wri t ings and the "rote of wonderment
sim plistic
to consider Colurnlms' re
in them
[ the
magical
s m at ion
rx.tl:!J
nee-
q-
fa ntastic 135 been re J e at dly criti1ize1I. nut wFiat is parti ularly prnbl<m-
il i
t er ng the
writers. Fair tales cannot he considcr1:.d,11 a gic a l rf'alist because thc;i: :id-"
l're to relative!
M a niche an conflir:t
of th!
characters,7 anrl a classifiahl1 11111nber of' motifs that have heen cataloged
real is t s ] --
the sa.!!1e pr occupation with styJ,c and also t he same tran for
1s
rea
Latin American magical realists. In spit of' the fact that many of the early
r /conscioy
atic i s
as the "cold and cerehrul" narratives of' authors such as Kaflrn and certain
"'
is part i111larly
p nsc1llX
is sup
taking of the same kind of imaginary, or even h a v ing the same function,
contcmuorar
bklc vsk 0
ietnr
amation of realism
Formalist
BJ1 ssian
of all
on the influence
churactr:r
rel vant in the case of magic al realism): rlorcs thus situates magical real
tumbres "' "local co lor re a lis m'..'.] (115) and his' citation of Arturo Cam
rntin
h mnities b
(111.)
\...-put :ir;.-l,._
...
mu<t
:..:::.::_.::.:
=..,.,.eu.>.u._
:.i.:
...:
'n
'
c ss
I CF1aror111e rl
,e.,,:c;;.:dl
aic'ji!iOib
particu l a rly
Thought must draw so far away from human fetters that thi ng may
thelunivers
of evf'r
now: eve
cssary is
im
t'.!Q
"'
e n
f'<"ntu ry. nie rigirl fairy-t a le form
effectively restricts the ima in'!!y to well-ddined morlcls, even more tlrnn
th e stricturPs of realism. Col1ritlgc's distinction hetwcm1 fancy anr l the
imagina t ion as that between the rrwnipulalion of "fixitirs nnd Jcfinites"
1,30
Amaryll Clranndy
1:\l
Sassc compares with that hr.tween mime.is unrl /Wif'.i.<,8 is also nl i :van t l.<i
Floris' diffcrcntiution between magicul r1:ulism anrl the fairy talc.
"reality as if' to prevent literature from getting in their way" has more
radical implications, which Luis Leal will treat more explicitly in his 19(17
oes not a
iat I,. 1
!ri
ec
ma rve lo
11
1s
.s
('.
flores' treatment of magical rr.alis rn !:.!!!rhasizs the
11d tllllS...!!.Jl
irnitecl
, s_ of a literar mor)P., his
tale, and his commc n about literature not "getting in the way" of mag i
'.
sthet1
Q!!_
COllllct on I.he
o ccupy
rrcs1rncc
metic writing, as does the marvclou's domain of fairy talcs, where the laws
.. 011 the r.ontrary, the morle ehallr.nes n:nlistic rc pr1 :s cnla t i o n in order to
when' he cluims that the new imuginat ivc writing murks "the inee tion
of a \g,rnuinel
sesses an !!.!!then tic expression one that is Ulli elx civilized, exciting and,
let us hope, perenniul"
l ivl' and inrmvativt> firl.ion I hat hus assi rn ilatcd t hc m us t mod1!rn nu rrativc:
111111 stylistic
/!t
teehni1p1Ps,
us
w11l as l1 o rg1 s,
of t lrn continen,!_. Two of the main s lrat.: gics for t he discursive eonstit11-
ig;
i mag narx
1f
the critic 's predicament in the light of hegemonic val11es) are uxta oscd
iclc: valorizin the nationa c11lt11r" liy demonstrating thnt it
arnJ ten in some aspects id1'.!.!,ljcal}t!_lhat. of the 111ctro1 11'.-
in Pl r '
Althoug
the significance of
22!h
cssuys lie s
.. \
( I
132
Amaryll Chanady
pointed out above, his emphasis on t.he presence of "reality" has more
far rea ching implications. For Leal, magical realism, which he calls an
' ttitude ," problemati zes what Niklas Luhmann calls the "functionally
on
spheres (social, polit i cal} and condemns it t.o a compensatory func tio r J dcite the apparent liberation oJ:..!b;. ima inary, t!ie institutionalizatiorf
In
"\'.\
anti
arpentier"s
tqn1
lo real maravil oso the marvelous nal .. cal even a1lopt s Carpcntier"s as-
)!,
art s.ince the end oft.he ei_ hteenth century has effecterl a more devasJatint;;. control than that exercised by decorum and reaRon.u
to j
sti
he m stcr"
has to. fn
eason'
fantastic l te ra ture
the
ruler!
iz d
of
that Latin America, "that boundless realm of haunted men and historic
w omen, " that "outsizcd real ity, " "nourishP.s a s our ce of insatiahle cre
Uc12
cientific
'3 '
\,<\.#
rchension of real it jn
f Latin
h5-
the artist's s
'lne argum entat ive mmld of Flores' p lea for international rccogr11-
ry
rr 1rcsentalion
face of th
th
strieted sense of textually ex plici t ant nomy lietween the laws of reason and
c;lRll).-;
'<
h
'
il
their dema n
'
I 7
'
.l'
"l/\'(tll>- 1 \) the
X .-.
to deman<llautonom
ml rP
.,.i")
rm
'31
Ammyll Channry
'ff.rriloriulizolinn
u P
n
l:_at i n A m er i _a , which he at
t ributes to several factors, i n cl u d ini; rac i a l hetero e ne itY\( h is expression
_
of
:ill
rn
e. e
of
1lcle
ph i
iso
m of I he cl a i m lo un iversa l i t y
Gnos
ug h t i n S pa n i s h - S pea k i n g C m 1 1 1 l r ies," which wus to st i m u l ate t h e p h i losoph ical writ i n gs of maj o r M e x i r.a n
rected t he "Se m i n a r for t he Study of Th o
t h i n kers such as
opol d o Zea.17
autonomy, o m
equa l i t but on
difference a nd
s u p c ; i ority, took two d i a l l y
d i fferent forrnsJbef'orc and a fte r i ndepen rlwce;i I n t he period i m m
edi at el y
m i l itude, or
ra
[_..,.
-Li
d ifference and
su criorit
sr!ijw
of tlw Jmninnry
s s J ost'.: Va<i:oni;clos'
''.l5
25 !'ssay entitle<\
and
of reason,
" cd
eni
as to he r1 l ure
Lat i n American fift h race, rnalgam of t he four other races. 1 1 ,.. opposf's
ef
to the "ru le, norm and t ranny" of the age of reason.10 111 ii"n t ipnsi t i vi5ti1
;
subversion of t he ;ocolonial hicrarch bn t he n ew l y emergld
i n w h i c h Lat i n America is
essay Ariel,
1.nfrvrint/1 of Solit1ulr,
t he world's problems; 0,!1 the cont rary it had led to the creation of l.ota i
tarian
"
m u l t i ply "torture chamhers." 20 I n other Pssays, Paz expla ins t h a t Mex ico
had a l ways i m i t a
ted f re ig n m o1 lt l
t ivism, u nt i l t h e
R evo l ut i on o f
s,
Eu ropean rational canon . One of t h e criteria for the conceptual "Ca l iban
izat ion" of the colonized was t heir s11
J3
far.1 1 ! -
a soul ;
Hegel,
i n his Philosophy
of 1/istory,
(in
t h i s respect worse t h a n I.he European c h i l d ) t o t a l l y ipaht., o f 11w11,;' )a111l psycholo ical dev. , l opmPn t ; a nt i e t h nog ra pher s est a l t l ishcrl a lii
.
na ry opposit ion hetw1:en European civil ization w i t h its consriousncss of
t i
and
"
pr i m i t i ve"'
13(1
Am o ryll Chanady
l'.\7
as
mental and seconary, with res eel t o the lol itical und social contt>r}! .2 11.8
Hernan Viii a l convincingly argues, Lat in /l.merican writers have not al ways
i;ccilrlii!J; th;
lt
i n he c
i s t h u s compared to t h e
on t h e canonical
JJT(=
once 1t u a l i z a t i o1
r:n.:;
h e l l i on aga i nst i m po se d models, the res ist a nce of' t h e newl y i nd1pendn1l
n1e m a rvelous real (lo renl mnravillnsn), for e xa m p l e, must '11: i n ter
intell igentsia nncl the crit,ic ism of t h e monol i t h i c logos by postst ructural
a
ist t h i nkers such as J acques Derri d a . So t h e m.1 r-i n a l al i h j i R situat rl
-)l
I:
h is eon t uc t s w i t
situa
reatl
g other t h i ngs,
and advocated a "marvelous" app roa ch a k i n to that of the ma gic o-rn yth i c
JT!elt1insdiau ung o r pr i m i t ive soc iet ies.2R In Carpent icr's p ro l o gue to 'nie
Kingdom o
f this
I
r
gP n ou s
S urrea l i st s'
(HJ5.'3)
as
ra
a n ideal ized
a s t i nd u b i tably i nfluenrcd h y t he
p e a n
pa s to ral mode,
dit i o n o f sati rizing rlominant figures anrl s ystem s, i 1 1 which the n a rra tive'
y canor@
for
ir
wn societ
h cg1:rnonic
S u m al i st l!lar
of id e n t i t
rcJcctm
hfFrench
a-
f>:l 2
_,,
'fhritorializntion
of tllf'
...!:
' '.\' )
lrr1<1/!ir111r:y
t h at
"''P.ilLl
illustrated
ra i n forests nnd rivers, the presence of h n t c rogen c ou s rac ial groups. What
Ju l i o
lit;;ary
modern
c'.'
a n rl
as
E u r o p ea n s p i r i t . I n o rd er to lwl ieve,
fait h.
I .u t in
wh i<'h he d es cr i b es ( i n l lopscotrli)
's
as
is a l so somewhat a n a logous
to C a r p e n I i c r's c h ron o l og i r a l m a n i p u l at i o n i n
11 1 i s a p paren t l y parmlox ic:al rejtcl ion of t. hns! whose i u fl 1 1em:c is olivibe considered a s
ca n
h lic
'.
establishin
&
1s
ta0 ifij
ar ic t lc d ue t o t he i n vit a hl f'>
xi
.
. ,
c t 1e . flut what
s1g111hcanl
1s the
!.!![! 1 1e1 .c
o '
s11d1
Edw
pn l 1 r
lect
aml
Kingdom of this
does not c
i roduccs
i s not
license a nd structurol e x p e r i rr w n t at i o n . I I
chall1nges t he t l omi 11 a n t
d on e m p i r i l ' i s m , a nd
sc-
hi:ito
ternal ret u r
t hern
;;:rl 111!
t a lit ies. Ch ronological h i st oriographical " re a l it y" is onl one oft he i n ti n itc
t h e most
.
as i 1 1 f i ct i o n a l narrnt ives. '!.:!!
mcrtly Parisia n nr i P t y
g
1
irodmes
him.35
h a
llo group of figurcs,t l ','._ l is t he product
r_i_ t he i mli_vidual i ma gi nat ion . Cort:iza r's s hort story 1:ntit lcd " l .ct t 1 : r lo
You n g Lady in Paris" develops a d i fferent st ra t rgy.3 ' 111 e p ro t a go n i s t . who
s t a n t ly
:han i n g "co n s t e
ahlc rn h h i t s t h a t
of h is
a hs1 n t
i l rig
rn at N i a l t"omfort of t l 11! you ng
l a dy, t he n arra t i ve presents t h rm a s a r . l 1 1 a l l y occ ur r i n g. C o n t rary l o l
s
ra t i on a I 1x p l a n a l i n n
nf I lw 1 v c n t
5 as t l w
p ate n t l y
1 '1.0
6';1:.'l
Am.nryll Chanady
\)
"
u p pu rc nt l y
i ne x p l i i : a h l c
stu d i es, wh ich would trace Cortazar's fa t a st ic fief ion to s ources such as
Kafka's "The Metamorphosis" (written, by t h e way, hy an a u t hor who was
on t he margin in sevel'ill respects, as has Leen poi nted out hy Deleuze
and Gu uttari ).38 Ruther, one m i ht reread the ohvious fi l i at ion from t he
oe
m.
h o n l
dt
d(flcs1ra
cJ. '\/ . , t-
nou s voices in
as e'l 1 1 al l y
'""'rzino,..,
am\ prrsc11ts it
the restricted
rn at ural is portrayl!d
as
c rn
x o t i o : i "m and
f2 rmal
nl
1e
wod11ccd a ri h l i terar
rigi n a ity. R u t w h a t is i m
second half of the twent ieth century in Lat i n America can not be att rib -
est in oriental p h ilosophical and religious systems i n d icates t hat Cort :i zar
i s e n aged i n a gen e ra l relat i vizat ion o I r, emonic Western models.
es t h a t at tempt t o!recreatc an a u
t!!cht hnnous worl dviw, ne c a n a l s o est a h l is h.1!_1e i m pnrt. a nce J' Europ,.an
i n fhwnec. The G uate r n u la n a u t hor M i g 1 1 1 l Ang1l A s t u r i as, for exa 11 1 pl t-,
T n t h e case of magical rea l ist
rou nd
p opu l ut on is cond i t i o
ned\ b.Y
European
P rs pe1't i ve
Brnton
em
us
Ast urias' m a i a l
Men
of values and 1:onc1:pl. 11al fra meworks of the past few decades.
Notes
Control of tlw /11111/!irwry: flecrsorr 11nd lmagi1111tim1 i11 M"'l
er11 Times, t ra n s. Ronald W. Sousa ( M i n m:apol is: U n i versity of M i n nesota Prss,
H)!IB), PP 4 , 24.
2 Angel Flores, " M a g ic a l Real ism i n Spanish Aml'rii:an Fiction," lfisf'n11ia ]ll, 2
(May 195!)): 187-92. (Sulis(''llll'lll page n'ferenccs arc tu t he rrprinl of Flnri
essay i n t h is vol u me.)
3 Luis Leal, " E l rculismo m ag i co en l a l i t craturu h ispannamcrica na," Cuadnno.
nmericanos 26, 4 (jul io-agosto 1 967) : 230-35. (Suhsequcnt rcfercna ari: to
1 I .11iz Costa Lirna,
......-- ----....
--
..
20 Octa v i o Puz, 77re T.uhyri11rlt of Soliturle, t rnns. l .ysu111l1r K""'I' (11) ;,n; rev . .,,J.
5 For n detailed shuly of rlefam il iarizut ion i11 t he fic'l ion of Carda M1ir1111cz, sec
1968).
t h at of t he worst E u rope a n inst itut ions, such as fascism anti t he l 1111uisit ion.
22 For a critical discussion of t h e development of et h n og ra ph y, sec M ichel de Ccr
textuelle, c J.
colonial ist fiction is carried out by Abdul It Jan Mohamed i n "1l1e Economy
of M anichean A l l egory: The Function of Raci al Difference in Colonialist Lit
Aesthetics: 17rP
Colonial Afrirn (Amherst: lln i vcrs ity of Massachurtt.
Nik las Luh mann, 771e Di.ffere11tiation of Soci1ty, t rans. Stephen Holmes anrl
Po/irics of T.itemture in
T.e
i;n
ri'ti1
r1 11 tosti q11 e:
Prf'SS, 1 98:\).
23 'lzvct u n 'lbrlnrov, T/1e Con queM of Americn, t rans. llidoanl I Iowa rd ( New Ynrk :
l l arper & Row, 1 9R7). For an analysis of th<! e t h nocentric para d igm s under
Larousse, 1974), for her explanution o f t he cmcrg4'nce o f the fu ntast ii: i n the
wh idr rwt ural arul su pe rn a t ura l logic arc e x pl i c i tl y op p osed , u rul hn defi nit ion
re
21 Leopoldo Zcu, nisrurso desde l u mllrginnriri11 _ y !ti lw rliu riP (Rarc,,)01111: Ant hrn
.-n A 111.-- r i . - a
l . a t ina y cl C a ri l i e ,"
A m fri ca , vnl.
Vi11ewda
sof"ialcs, 11)72), p. 3 1 1 .
1 7 For
25 Fredric J a meson, "TI1i rd-Worltl Literature in t he Era of Mult i nat ional Capital
sec
1sT0Mn, 1 <J72).
' ""'
t ra n s . Didi"r
19
96-1 2 1 .
ro
pp.
2B1-:\25, Paz att ributes his country's con t i n u in g harharism to the legacy of the
2. t :l. .
Ol l oemr's urul the 'Nat ional All egory" Sori11/ 'frxt 17 ( u1ll7 ) : 3 - 2;,.
26 For a d i scussion of t h i s s uhj ec t , sec H ohc rt o
Or her l:ssa.Ys, t rans. E1lwarJ Baker ( M inneapol i.: IJniv<:-rsity of M i n nesota Press.
I'
I
n a i n l Wort.I l itnuture as irll cgnricul irnd lois tl idwtnm iwt ion of t he First uncl
eralurc. 1 985).
:\o l rl . , m a r C h i ampi, in "Carpr.nt i n y cI s11 rrca lis mo," R1evisrn Un{!lw e f.iterot11m
<) ( 1 9!10): 1 ;,5-74, examines t he strikinl!: simila rit ies J.ctwc1n
.-isrn o f Surrealism and t he crit ical a t t it ude of Frc 11d1 Surrealists such a s Pierre
M a l i i lle, whom the Cu loan
1 14
31
Amaryll
ChanrI<l)'
su vuelo f11gitiva: C a rp en t i er
y cl
re a
lisrno m ;
S CO T T S I In P K. I N S
32 For an
currents
( not
sourtoe), ontl
a n d communal historical
t he '"l""'"ivc
33
34 For
jcc:tivc
ch a nce) , or subjective l i n k i ng
of p revi ou s sign
and
s u b seq u e nt
evllllt.
in
f,e surreolimie
35
PP 3 9 - 5o .
37 Jaime
Tiluckb11rn
( 1 9711;
New
of tlie
but t h i s appearance i tsel f i l lust rates the representational hind which ham
pers its desired success. And thus the magic realists, always t rying to over
"""'" c111d
come
How, 11)711),
st rategics
Qu ixote h i mself, in
"magic" - a lt l1nugh
ner - Miguel
41 Miguel
Angel
A ngel
M a rt i n
cho betrays the creaky machi nat ions t hat. fool t he l e ss - w a r y reader ( Don
Analysis of l.iterary '/b:ts: Current Tre11rls i11 Methodnlof!:Y, ctl. R a ndolph ll Pope
40 "Hearing
I n non
39
Avon, 1 973).
3 6 Julio Cort :izar, "Le t te r t o
a problem a r ising
1 96 6), P 489.
Heu/i.mt
t h is i nstance).
Don
ences on the contemporary magic rea l ism movment which has flou rished
this century.1
And, indeed,
Borges'
deal o f t he m a g i c a l s t rategics em