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Complex Numbers 1
Complex Numbers 1
H2 Mathematics (9740)
Complex Numbers 1 Tutorial:
Complex Numbers in Cartesian Form
1
z2
= 1 + i.
z
The complex number z and w are such that w = 1 + a i, z = b + i , where a and b are
real and positive. Given that wz* = 3 4i, find the exact values of a and b.
Solution:
wz* = 3 4i
(1 + ai )( b i ) = 3 4i
b i abi + a = 3 4i
b + a + ( 1 ab ) i = 3 4i
Equating real parts: b + a = 3 a = 3 + b ---------- (1)
Equating imaginary parts: 1 ab = 4 ab = 3 ---------- (2)
Substitute (1) into (2):
Key Learning Points:
(3 + b)b = 3
Equality of complex numbers [two
complex numbers are equal their
b 2 + 3b 3 = 0
real and imaginary parts are equal
3 9 4(1)(3)
Equate real and imaginary parts to
b=
obtain pair of equations
2
Solve pair of equations simult to obtain
3 21
b=
a and b
2
Students have to choose the correct
value and give the relevant reason why
3 + 21
Since b > 0, b =
[in this case since b > 0]
2
3 + 21 3 + 21
From equation (1): a = 3 +
=
2
2
Page 1 of 10
z = 2i , w = 2 i, z = i ,
w = 2 4i] this gives the
z zi + 2 = 0
2
i (i) 2 4(1)(2) i 9 i 3i
z=
=
=
2
2
2
z = 2i or z = i
w = 2i 3i 2 = 2 i
when z = i, w = i 3i 2 = 2 4i
z = 2i , w = 2 i
z = i , w = 2 4i
Page 2 of 10
Given that ( x + yi) 2 = 5 + 12i , where x and y are real, find the possible values of x + yi.
Hence, solve z 2 + 4 z = 9 + 12i .
Solution:
( x + yi)2 = 5 + 12i
[Without GC]:
x 2 y 2 + 2 xyi = 5 + 12i
x 2 y 2 = 5
4
x + 5 x 36 = 0
x2 + 9 x2 4 = 0
)(
x = 2 [since x is real]
For x = 2, y = 3 . For x = 2, y = 3 .
the solutions are: 2 + 3i or 2 3i .
(z + 2 )2 = 5 + 12i
(z + 2 ) = 5 + 12i
z + 2 = (2 + 3i )
z = 3i
or
or
z + 2 = 2 3i
z = 4 3i
Second Part
Hence means we use previous part
Trick is to complete the squarethen
the use of previous part becomes
obvious
Students should remember the
Why is x + 9 = 0
rejected? [since x ]
Solutions are to be given
in the form x + yi
Use GC to check
blahblah
Page 3 of 10
Solution:
5
7
5
7
Since
5
7
A possible cubic equation is ( z + 2 ) z +
i
4 4
( z + 2) ( 2z 2 5z + 4) = 0
5
7
i =0
z
4 4
2z 3 z 2 6z + 8 = 0
a = 2, b = 1, c = 6, d = 8
| {0} is acceptable.
5
7
5
7
+
i [Since
i is one of
4 4
4 4
5
7
+
i is also a root [since the polynomial has real
4 4
k ( 2 z 3 z 2 6 z + 8 ) = 0 where k
| {0}
Use GC to check
Page 4 of 10
2 5
2 5
i is one of the roots
+ i is also a root [since the polynomial has
3 3
3 3
real coefficientsinsist that the students give this reason]
Since
Hence, x
2 5
i
3 3
2 5
+ i
3 3
= x2
4
29
is a factor of
x+
3
9
9 x 3 + 6 x 2 + 5 x + 58 .
4
29
x+
3
9
By comparing coefficients of
x3 : a = 9
9 x 3 + 6 x 2 + 5 x + 58 = x 2
( ax + b )
x 0 : b = 18
9 x 3 + 6 x 2 + 5 x + 58 = x 2
4
29
x+
3
9
( 9 x + 18)
2 5
+ i.
3 3
Method 2
Let f(x) = 9 x 3 + 6 x 2 + 5 x + 58
By trial and error, f(2) = 0
Since
2 5
i is one of the roots
3 3
x + 2 is a factor of f(x)
x = 2 is a root of f(x) = 0
2 5
+ i is also a root.
3 3
2 5
+ i.
3 3
[Note: If the use of GC were allowed, then we can use the APPS [Poly Root
Finder] to obtain the roots easily.]
Page 5 of 10
N2005/II/1
[A graphic calculator is not to be used in answering this question.]
Solution:
Let f ( z ) = z 4 2 z 3 + 6 z 2 2 z + 5 = 0
For:
2i 6 2i + 5 = 0,thus .
Again students should use GC to check their answers
IF GC was allowed then solutions could be found directly using the GC
Page 6 of 10
2( 4) 4( 2 2i ) + 3( 2i ) + 2 2i + k = 0
k = 2
Since x = 1 i is a root of the equation, x = 1 + i is also a root [since the polynomial
has real coefficientsinsist that the students give this reason]
f(x) = 2 x 4 4 x 3 + 3 x 2 + 2 x 2 = (x 1 + i )( x 1 i ) 2 x 2 + ax + b
)(
= x 2 2 x + 2 2 x 2 + ax 1
(
= (x
)(
)
2 x + 2 )( 2 x + 1)(
f(x) = x 2 2 x + 2 2 x 2 1
a=0
Similar to Q5-7
same concepts and
learning points
2x 1
Solution:
Since x = 2 + ai is a root of the equation, x = 2 ai is also a root [since the polynomial
has real coefficientsinsist that the students give this reason]
.
Hence, x ( 2 + ai ) x ( 2 ai ) = = x 2 4 x + 4 + a 2 is a quadratic factor of
x3 x 2 + ( a 2 8 ) x + 12 + 3a 2 .
x3 x 2 + ( a 2 8 ) x + 12 + 3a 2 = ( x 2 4 x + 4 + a 2 ) ( x + k )
Page 7 of 10
10 N2007/I/3(b)
The complex number w is such that ww * +2 w = 3 + 4i, where w * is the complex conjugate
of w . Find w in the form a + ib, where a and b are real.
Solution:
ww * +2 w = 3 + 4i,
Letting w = a + ib we get:
a 2 + b 2 + 2 ( a + bi ) = 3 + 4i a 2 + b 2 + 2a + 2bi = 3 + 4i ----------(1)
Comparing real and imaginary parts of (1) we get:
a 2 + b 2 + 2a = 3 --------------------(2)
2b = 4 -------------------------------(3)
From (3): b = 2
Substituting b = 2 we get:
a 2 + 2a + 4 = 3
a 2 + 2a + 1 = 0
( a + 1)2 = 0
a = 1
w = 1 + 2i
Key Learning Points:
Equality of complex numbers
Equality of complex numbers [two complex numbers are equal their real
and imaginary parts are equal
Let w = a + ib to simply your work w = a + ib
Equate real and imaginary parts to obtain pair of equations
Solve pair of equations simultaneously to obtain a and b
Students should remember to give w in the form w = a + ib
Page 8 of 10
= z 2 3z 2iz 3z + 2iz + ( 9 + 4 )
= z 2 6 z + 13 [Shown]
(ii) Note: 2 z 3 + az 2 + bz + 39 = ( z 2 6 z + 13) ( 2 z + 3) [By inspection]
= 2 z 3 9 z 2 + 8 z + 39
Similar to Q5-8Same concepts and learning
points
___________________________________________________________________________
Assignment:
1
Find, in the form x + yi where x and y are real, the two complex numbers z
z 3 4
satisfying the equations
= + i and zz* = 5 .
z* 5 5
Solution:
Multiply the two equations:
z
3 4
zz* = + i 5
z*
5 5
Using GC, z = (2 + i ) .
z 2 = 3 + 4i
z = 3 + 4i
Page 9 of 10
N2004/I/12(a)
Express (3 i)2 in the form a + ib.
Hence, or otherwise, find the roots of the equation (z + i)2 = 8 + 6i.
Solution:
Using GC, (3 i)2 = 8 6i
(z + i)2 = 8 + 6i
(z + i)2 = (8 6i)
(z + i)2 = (3 i)2
(z + i)2 = i2 (3 i)2
(z + i) = i (3 i)
Thus: ( z + i) = 1 + 3i or ( z + i) = 1 3i
z = 1 + 2i
or
z = 1 4i
N2006/I/6
[A graphic calculator is not to be used in answering this question.]
b=2
f ( z ) = ( z 2 + 4 )( z 2 2 z + 2 ) = 0
For: z 2 2 z + 2 = 0 .
z=
2 4 4(1)(2) 2 2i
=
= 1 i
2
2
z = 2i or 2i or 1 + i or 1 i
Page 10 of 10