789 F.

2d 74

RHODE ISLAND HOSPITAL TRUST NATIONAL BANK,

Plaintiff, Appellee,
v.
The OHIO CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant,
Appellant.
No. 85-1876.

United States Court of Appeals,

First Circuit.
Argued Feb. 6, 1986.
Decided April 25, 1986.

Louis J. Burnett, Birmingham, Mich., with whom Anthony F. Muri,

Barbara S. Cohen, Licht & Semonoff, Providence, R.I., were on brief, for
defendant, appellant.
George Vetter, with whom Gordon P. Cleary, Vetter & White,
Providence, R.I., were on brief, for plaintiff, appellee.
Before COFFIN and BOWNES, Circuit Judges, MAZZONE, District
Judge* .
COFFIN, Circuit Judge.

This case involves the complex world of suretyship law and its impact on the
rights of two financial institutions who are parties here because of their
relationships with the buyer and seller of wood burning stoves. The district
court found that appellant, Ohio Casualty Insurance Company (Ohio Casualty),
was required to pay to appellee, Rhode Island Hospital Trust National Bank
(the Bank), $325,000 on a bond that Ohio Casualty had issued on behalf of the
stove buyer, Franklin America. The bond originally had been issued to the
seller of the wood stoves, Franklin Cast (Cast),1 but Cast had assigned its right
to collect to the Bank. After a careful review of the authorities and the facts, we
reverse.

I. Facts

In November 1979, Cast, a Rhode Island corporation, entered into an

agreement with Franklin America, a Michigan corporation, under which
Franklin America was to distribute wood burning stoves imported from Taiwan
by Cast. Cast's ability to import the stoves was dependent in the first instance
on financing from the Bank. Since 1977, the Bank had been issuing letters of
credit to Cast's supplier in Taiwan to secure Cast's purchases. In turn, the Bank
would request a letter of credit from Cast's customers as security for the money
it had advanced for the import purchases. In this case, however, Franklin
America proposed the use of surety credit rather than a bank letter of credit, and
the Bank agreed. Although there were other bonds issued and cancelled, the
two bonds relevant here were issued by Ohio Casualty on behalf of Franklin
America on December 15, 1979, in the amounts of $325,000 and $350,000.2

On December 20, 1979, Cast informed Ohio Casualty, Franklin America's

surety, that it had assigned all of its claims on the bonds to the Bank. Ohio
"acknowledged" receipt of the notice of assignment, although it previously had
asserted that this type of bond could not be assigned, prompting the Bank to
withdraw an earlier assignment.

On June 9, 1981, Cast notified Ohio Casualty that it intended to proceed against
the bonds if Franklin America's balance of $625,257.74 for stoves shipped as of
December 31, 1980, was not paid by the end of 1981. Before Cast took any
such action against Franklin America and Ohio Casualty, Franklin America
took the initiative. In July 1981, it sued Cast in the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Michigan, alleging, inter alia, breach of contract and
misrepresentation in connection with the stove shipments, and seeking $1
million in damages. Cast, which went out of business in November 1981, did
not appear to defend the Michigan suit, and a default judgment was entered
against it in the amount of $901,949.

The Bank, which had been a co-defendant in the Michigan lawsuit, had
successfully sought dismissal from that case on jurisdictional grounds. In April
1982, it brought the action that is the subject of this appeal, seeking payment
from Ohio Casualty on the two bonds issued in December 1979. The district
court, 613 F.Supp. 1197, found that the $350,000 bond had been legitimately
cancelled by Ohio Casualty, but that Ohio Casualty was obligated to pay on the
$325,000 bond. The district court found that, under the principles of suretyship
applicable to this case, Ohio Casualty was unconditionally liable on the bonds
once Franklin America failed to pay for the stoves it received. Ohio Casualty
filed this appeal, claiming, inter alia, that the district court's view of suretyship
law was in error.

II. Summary
6

Because the law and the relationships of the parties here are complex, we
believe it is helpful at the outset to summarize our discussion. We first address
briefly and generally the law of suretyship, describing the two types of surety
arrangements that may have been used in this case, a suretyship as a primary
obligation or a guaranty. The district court held that the type of suretyship
determined whether Ohio Casualty was obligated to pay the Bank on the bonds.
We disagree that that question is pivotal, and so we do not discuss the question
of whether Ohio Casualty served as a surety or as a guarantor for Franklin
America. Instead, we move directly from our general discussion of the types of
suretyship to a discussion of the defenses available to sureties and guarantors.
We conclude that, whatever the nature of the suretyship here, Ohio Casualty
was entitled to raise certain defenses available to its principal, among them a
prior judgment in favor of the principal. This conclusion leads us to find that
the original creditor, Cast, is barred from collecting on the bonds as a result of
the default judgment in favor of Franklin America in Michigan.

Finally, after the discussion of defenses, we shall turn to the assignment issue.
Although Cast, as the original creditor, would be barred from collecting on the
bonds, we must consider whether its assignee, the Bank, which was dismissed
from the Michigan action, is subject to the same defense. We conclude that it
is, and we explain the principles of res judicata, assignment and suretyship law
that lead us to such a conclusion.3

III. Discussion
8

Our primary task in this case is to answer a purely legal question: whether a
surety such as Ohio Casualty may assert the defenses of its principal in a suit by
the beneficiary of the suretyship agreement. We thus begin with a general
discussion of suretyship law, and then discuss its application to the facts of this
case.
A. Suretyship and Its Defenses

A suretyship is a contractual arrangement in which one party, the "surety",

agrees to back up the obligation of another, termed the "principal" or "principal
debtor", the latter bearing the primary burden of performing for the creditor.
See, e.g., 10 W. Jaeger, Williston on Contracts Sec. 1211, at 683 (3d ed. 1967)
(hereinafter Williston ) at 683; L. Simpson, Simpson on Suretyship 4-7 (1950)
(hereinafter Simpson ). The term "surety" is often used broadly to include all

forms of suretyship, including the "guaranty". It also is used in a narrow sense

to indicate a direct, primary obligation to pay someone else's debt, as
distinguished from the secondary, collateral obligation of a "guarantor".
Simpson 6-9; Williston Sec. 1211, at 684-686; E. Arnold, Suretyship and
Guaranty Sec. 4, at 7 (1927) (hereinafter Arnold). The difference between the
primary obligation of the surety and the secondary obligation of the guarantor
is that the surety joins the original contract with the principal and may be sued
as an unconditional promisor along with the principal; the guarantor's liability
arises from an independent agreement and is expressly conditioned upon
default by the principal. 38 Am.Jur.2d Guaranty Sec. 15 (1968); Simpson 1011.
10

The district court found that Ohio Casualty served in the role of a guarantor. It
also ruled that sureties who bear a primary obligation to the creditor may assert
the defenses of their principals, but guarantors may not do so. The court
therefore refused to allow Ohio Casualty to use the Michigan default judgment
as an affirmative defense against the Bank's claims on the two bonds.

11

We conclude that the district court's distinction between the defenses available
to a guarantor and those available to a surety who has a primary obligation
reflects an erroneous view of the law. The distinction between a surety serving
as a primary obligor and a guarantor--that is, the primary vs. the secondary
obligation--is relevant to defenses only in that a guarantor sued by a creditor has
one potential defense that a surety does not: the defense that the principal has
not yet defaulted. We think it is contrary to both precedent and logic to treat
sureties and guarantors differently when the defense concerns the continuing
viability of the underlying obligation. In fact, the terms "surety" and
"guarantor" often are used interchangeably, reflecting their nearly identical
characteristics. Restatement of Security Sec. 82 (1941); Simpson 8; Williston
Sec. 1211, at 687; J. Elder, The Law of Suretyship Sec. 1.5, at 4 (5th ed. 1951)
(hereinafter Law of Suretyship ); see also C-E Building Products, Inc. v. SealRite Aluminum Products of N.H., 114 N.H. 150, 316 A.2d 198, 198-99 (1974)
(using terms interchangeably); Morris & Co. v. Lucker, 158 Mich. 518, 123
N.W. 21, 22 (1909). As a leading commentator points out:

12 rights of the surety and the guarantor against the creditor are the same,
"The
provided that the creditor knows that the relation of suretyship exists. The
outstanding and perhaps only important respect in which the guarantor's undertaking
differs from that of the surety is that it is expressly conditioned on the principal's
nonperformance of duty." Simpson 22.4
13

Because the liability of sureties and guarantors is virtually identical, 5 we need

not decide which obligation Ohio Casualty agreed to undertake. Instead, we

turn to the question of suretyship defenses. The basic rule on the liability of
sureties is that "the surety is not liable to the creditor unless his principal is
liable"[;] thus he may plead the defenses which are available to his principal",
Williston Sec. 1214, at 714; Law of Suretyship Sec. 7.1, at 200. See Asociacion
de Azucareros de Guatemala v. United States National Bank of Oregon, 423
F.2d 638, 641 (9th Cir.1970); Stephens v. First Bank and Trust of Richardson,
540 S.W.2d 572, 574 (C.C.A.Tex.1976); C-E Building Products, Inc. v. SealRite Aluminum Products of N.H., 316 A.2d 198, 199, 114 N.H. 150 (1974);
The Bomud Co. v. Yockey Oil Co., 180 Kan. 109, 299 P.2d 72, 76 (1956);
Krekel v. Thomasma, 255 Mich. 283, 238 N.W. 255, 256 (1931) (the liability
of guarantors "depends on the liability of their principal"); Stifel Estate Co. v.
Cella, 220 Mo.App. 657, 291 S.W. 515, 519 (1927) ("If the guarantee has no
cause of action against the principal, certainly there could be no obligation on
the part of the guarantors to pay.").
14

There are some limitations on this broad rule. None, however, is applicable
here. 6 Rather, it seems to us that this case involves a specific defense that is
widely recognized as available to a surety:7 a prior judgment in favor of the
principal debtor. "It is almost invariably held that a judgment in favor of the
principal debtor is a conclusive answer to a suit by the creditor against the
surety," Simpson 326; Restatement of Security Sec. 139; Williston Sec. 1255,
at 814-815; New Paltz Central School District v. Reliance Insurance Co., 97
A.D.2d 566, 467 N.Y.S.2d 937, 938 (1983). The rationale for this principle is
that "since the judgment in favor of the principal determines either that he owed
no duty or that there was no breach of it, it is a defense to the surety". Simpson
326-27.8

15

This rule on the preclusive impact of a prior judgment for the principal does not
apply in every case. There is one category of suretyships in which the surety's
promise is made unconditionally, so that the surety promises to pay no matter
how valid the reason for the principal's failure. Williston Sec. 1255, at 814;
Simpson 327.9 When that form of suretyship is used, the surety's only defenses
are in equity. Williston Sec. 1255, at 814.

16

In applying these legal principles to the facts before us, we note first that the
Michigan default judgment determined that Franklin America is no longer
indebted to Cast. Under the basic tenet of suretyship law, Ohio Casualty, as
Franklin America's surety, would no longer be liable if its principal is not
liable. If, however, Ohio Casualty's suretyship promise was unconditional, it
would be liable regardless of its principal's liability, unless it could raise an
equitable defense.

17

Although we need not decide the issue, we doubt that the suretyship here
involved an unconditional promise. First, although the bonds do not expressly
condition Ohio Casualty's obligation on Franklin America's improper default,
neither do they state that they are unconditional. Cf. Robey v. Walton Lumber
Co., 17 Wash.2d 242, 135 P.2d 95, 97 (1943); Warner v. Caldwell, 354 So.2d
91, 96 (Fla.App.1977). The bonds state that they remain in effect unless the
principal receives merchandise and makes payment "according to the terms of
the agreement". According to the Bank, this language means that once Franklin
America failed to pay according to the payment terms specified in the
distributorship agreement, the bonds were actionable. The Bank contends that
any other failure by any party--such as the alleged breach of contract here by
Cast--has no impact on the validity of the bonds. The problem is that the
quoted language also can easily be read to mean that no payment is due under
the bonds unless Franklin America both received appropriate merchandise (i.e.,
merchandise living up to contract conditions) and failed to pay for it in
accordance with the contract provisions. In any case, there is no express
statement that the bonds are unconditional and the language, therefore, is of
little practical help.

18

Second, according to testimony presented at trial, the Bank knew when it

accepted a surety bond that it would be more difficult to collect on it than on a
letter of credit because "the insurance company would fight having to make
payment." This concession suggests that the Bank realized the bonds were not
unconditional, in contrast to the letter of credit it usually required in these
circumstances. See J. White and R. Summers, Uniform Commercial Code Sec.
18-2, at 712 (2d ed. 1980).

19

Third, and most significantly, the commercial context strongly refutes the
notion that this is an unconditional suretyship. The security device typically
considered the alternative to a letter of credit is the guaranty. See, e.g., Barclays
Bank D.C.O. v. Mercantile National Bank, 481 F.2d 1224, 1236 n. 18 (5th
Cir.1973); Bank of North Carolina, N.A. v. The Rock Island Bank, 570 F.2d
202, 206 and n. 7 (7th Cir.1978); Uniform Commercial Code Sec. 18-2, at 712713. The guaranty is undoubtedly preferred over the suretyship as a primary
obligation because financial institutions are not in the business of entering into
commercial transactions jointly with the businesses they are securing. Rather,
the business of a financial institution is that of the classic suretyship--to bear
the risk of an improper default by the principal. If it would be unusual for an
independent financial institution like Ohio Casualty to serve as a surety in the
role of a primary obligor, it would be far more unusual for it to unconditionally
secure another business's debt. Cf. Castle & Co. v. Public Service Underwriters,
198 Wash. 576, 89 P.2d 506, 512-513 (1939) (court found unconditional

promise by surety; surety was, in effect, alter ego of the principal).

20

Whether or not this suretyship was conditional, however, we conclude that the
principles of equity operate so as to bar the Bank's claim against Ohio Casualty.
As we noted above, even the surety who makes an unconditional promise to
pay may invoke equitable defenses. We draw upon both general suretyship
doctrine and the facts of this case to reach our conclusion that Ohio Casualty is
entitled to such a defense.

21

First, the purpose of a suretyship in commercial transactions is to protect the

creditor against the possible unjustified nonpayment by the principal debtor.
Law of Suretyship Sec. 1.1, at 1. Once a court has held that the debtor has no
debt resulting from a given transaction, when the reason for the extinction of
the claim stems from behavior of the creditor, it would be unjust then to allow
the creditor to collect from the debtor's surety. The surety presumably entered
the transaction on the basis of its evaluation of the principal's ability and
willingness to fulfill the obligation in the first instance. And yet, that evaluation
would be meaningless if the surety's obligation were not at least dependent
upon the creditor fulfilling its end of the bargain in good faith. When the
creditor has defaulted in some manner, it makes sense to impose on the creditor
the cost of an error in business judgment, rather than to add to the surety's risks
the burden of a deficient performance by the creditor. See Warner v. Caldwell,
354 So.2d 91, 96 (Fla.1977) (notwithstanding fact that contract said guaranty
was unconditional, "the law imposes on the creditor an obligation not to deal
with the debtor, or any security for the debt, in such a manner as to harm the
interest of the guarantors"); New York Indemnity Co. v. Hurst, 252 Ky. 59, 66
S.W.2d 8, 15 (1933); Simpson 3.

22

The logic is significantly different when the principal's nonperformance is

based on a personal defense; in such a case, the creditor has done all that it
agreed to do, the principal's nonperformance is due to no fault of the creditor,
and the risk is more appropriately allocated to the surety, who had agreed to
back up the obligation of the nonperforming debtor. Simpson 328.

23

We therefore hold that even if Ohio Casualty's surety obligation was

unconditional, it is entitled to assert as a release from its obligation the
Michigan judgment in favor of its principal, Franklin America, which was
predicated on Cast's breach of contract in the transaction that Ohio Casualty
secured. This conclusion, however, does not end the case. Although the
Michigan judgment unquestionably is conclusive as to Cast, the original
creditor and a party in the prior case,10 we must consider whether the prior
judgment may be used against the Bank, Cast's assignee.

B. Assignment
24

Ohio Casualty offers two different arguments as to the effect of assignment on

the transaction here. First, it claims that the bonds could not be assigned to the
Bank at all, and so the Bank has no right to collect on them. The second
argument is that, as Cast's assignee, the Bank is subject to the doctrine of res
judicata as it relates to the Michigan default judgment. We think the first issue
is a close call, and choose not to decide it. Instead, we shall analyze the impact
of the Michigan judgment on the Bank's right to collect on the bonds from the
three different legal perspectives that are relevant here. First, under suretyship
law, where the surety's responsibility is to secure an obligation of the principal,
the extinction of the obligation logically should extinguish the surety's
responsibility no matter who seeks to assert the claim. See 18 C. Wright, A.
Miller and E. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure Sec. 4460, at 531 (1981)
(in special contract relationships of guaranty and suretyship, "the power to
conduct litigation that binds others must be found or denied as simply one more
incident of the underlying relationships. A prior judgment, indeed, is often
important as an event that affects the substantive relationships of the parties
rather than as an adjudication."). Second, under contract principles, an
"assignee 'stands in the shoes' of the assignor", Williston Sec. 432, at 182, and
"acquires a right against the obligor only to the extent that the obligor is under a
duty to the assignor", Restatement (Second) of Contracts Sec. 336(1) (1981).
Finally, under principles of res judicata, a judgment against an assignor may in
certain circumstances bind the assignee. 1B J. Moore, J. Lucas and T. Currier,
Moore's Federal Practice p 0.411 (2d ed. 1984).

25

Under whatever theory we use to analyze this case, the result is the same. As
for suretyship law, little more needs to be said in light of our previous
discussion on defenses. If the claim that Cast had assigned to the Bank was
extinguished by the Michigan judgment, thus barring Cast from collecting on
the bonds, we see no logic or justification under which the obligation would
return to life when asserted by the Bank rather than Cast.

26

Under assignment principles, an assignee is not bound by any defense resulting

from an agreement or discharge made by the assignor after the obligor has
received notice of the assignment. J. Calamari and J. Perillo, The Law of
Contracts 650 (2d ed. 1977). That doctrine is inapplicable here. Although Ohio
Casualty, the obligor, had notice of the assignment before the Michigan lawsuit
was even filed, the assignor, Cast, neither made an agreement nor executed a
discharge to relieve Franklin America of its debt. Instead, the claim that Cast
assigned to the Bank was rendered valueless involuntarily by circumstances
connected "to that transaction upon which the assigned right depends for its

existence", A. Corbin, Corbin on Contracts Sec. 895, at 591.

27 assignee must know at his peril the conditional character of the right that is
"The
assigned to him. As in the case of the purchase of a horse, the rule is caveat emptor,
except that here the rule is used in favor of the obligor, instead of the seller, and is
applied in full vigor." Id.
28

An assignor obviously can not avoid the consequences of its breach of contract
by shifting its right to payment to a third party. This is the classic case in which
the assignee, standing in the shoes of the assignor, is stuck holding less than
what the assignor purported to convey. See, e.g., Caribbean Steamship Co. v.
Sonmez Denizcilik Ve Ticaret A.S., 598 F.2d 1264 (2d Cir.1979).

29

Finally, the principles of res judicata suggest the same result. A prior judgment
is conclusive against a party to the action in which it was rendered, or the
party's "privy", 1B Moore's Federal Practice, p 0.411. An assignee is usually
considered in privity with the assignor, id. at p 0.411. There are exceptions,
however, to the privity status between an assignor and assignee. For example,
there is no preclusion if the assignment took place before the litigation that is
now raised as conclusive of its rights; logically, the assignee should not be
bound by a judgment rendered against the assignor once the assignor no longer
has the incentive to defend vigorously.

30

While it is true that, in this case, the Michigan judgment occurred after Cast had
assigned the bonds to the Bank, that fact does not help the Bank in this
particular factual context. Whether a party is in privity with another depends
largely on the specific circumstances at issue; privity, in fact, has been
described as any "relationship that justifies binding someone not a party".
Moore's Federal Practice p 0.411, at 392. Here, the Bank originally was a party
to the Michigan litigation. It successfully argued for dismissal of the claims
against it in the Michigan forum on the basis of 12 U.S.C. Sec. 94, which
establishes the venue for a civil action against a national bank as the district in
which the bank headquarters is located. The jurisdictional dismissal occurred at
the hearing on Franklin America's motion for default judgment, with counsel
from the Bank in attendance. The Bank thus voluntarily spurned the
opportunity to defend a suit that it knew would otherwise end with a default
judgment against its assignor. Under those circumstances, notwithstanding the
fact that the bank properly invoked 12 U.S.C. Sec. 94, we are dubious that the
Bank can avoid the res judicata effect of the earlier judgment against its
assignor. See 1B Moore's Federal Practice p 0.411 and n. 17 ("in some cases
the opportunity to intervene may be enough to bind a person not a party"). It
may well have been the Bank's erroneous view of the law relative to suretyship

defenses that led it to seek dismissal rather than to mount a defense. But the
Bank's legal error seems insufficient justification to deny Ohio Casualty the
benefit of the prior litigation.
31

"We have stressed that '[the] doctrine of res judicata is not a mere matter of
practice or procedure inherited from a more technical time than ours. It is a rule
of fundamental and substantial justice, 'of public policy and private peace,'
which should be cordially regarded and enforced by the courts....' Hart Steel
Co. v. Railroad Supply Co., 244 U.S. 294, 299 [37 S.Ct. 506, 507, 61 L.Ed.
1148] (1917)." Federated Department Stores v. Moitie, 452 U.S. 394, 401, 101
S.Ct. 2424, 2429, 69 L.Ed.2d 103 (1981).

32

In light of the facts here, we suspect that justice would be served by giving
effect to the doctrine of res judicata on behalf of Ohio Casualty. 11 In any case,
under the laws of suretyship and assignment, the Bank is subject to Ohio
Casualty's defense based on the Michigan judgment.

33

In conclusion, we reverse the judgment of the district court for the following
reasons: first, whether Ohio Casualty served in the role of a surety as primary
obligor or guarantor, it was entitled to raise the Michigan default judgment to
avoid the Bank's claim; second, that prior judgment effectively extinguished
Ohio Casualty's obligations under the bond at issue; and, finally, the principles
of suretyship and assignment law, and perhaps res judicata as well, operate so
as to make Ohio Casualty's defense applicable to the Bank, as Cast's assignee.

34

Reversed.

Of the District of Massachusetts, sitting by designation

We refer to Franklin Cast by the second word of its name to avoid confusion
with its distributor, Franklin America

In fact, we are concerned only with one of those two bonds. The district court
held that the Bank could not collect on the $350,000 bond because Ohio
Casualty had refused to consent to an extension of payment under that bond and
cancelled it in July 1980. Appellee does not appeal this aspect of the district
court's judgment. We therefore consider only appellant's arguments that the
$325,000 bond also should not be honored

Our disposition of this case means we need not discuss appellant's other

arguments regarding admission into evidence of business records, and

prejudgment interest
4

There is a difference between sureties as primary obligors and guarantors in

their right to set-offs. Commentators uniformly state that if a creditor sues the
surety alone, the surety may not set off the principal's independent claims
against the creditor. Williston Sec. 1214, at 716; Simpson 319-20; Law of
Suretyship Sec. 7.21, at 234-235. See also Stifel Estate Co. v. Cella, 220
Mo.App. 657, 291 S.W. 515, 518 (1927). When both principal and surety are
sued jointly, however, the surety is allowed to set off the principal's claims.
Simpson 324-325. In contrast, since a guarantor and principal usually may not
be sued together, because they usually are involved in separate contracts, the
guarantor almost never is able to set off the principal's claims against the
creditor
This difference between sureties and guarantors has no relevance here,
however, because a guarantor (or surety) may raise set-offs or counterclaims of
its principal if these have been assigned to it, or if the principal consents to their
use. See Continental Group v. Justice, 536 F.Supp. 658, 661 (D.Del.1982).
Franklin America assigned the Michigan default judgment to Ohio Casualty.
Therefore, Ohio Casualty's ability to raise the Michigan default judgment in the
instant case is the same whether it served as a surety or guarantor.

There is no claim here related to the Bank's alleged failure to seek payment first
from Franklin America, which would be a requirement of a guaranty
arrangement

For example, a surety may not assert personal defenses of its principal, such as
insanity, infancy, or duress, and also may not claim defenses that arise by
operation of law, such as the statute of limitations. Williston Sec. 1214, at 715716; Law of Suretyship Sec. 7.1, at 201; 38 C.J.S. Guaranty Sec. 88 (1943). A
surety is sometimes barred from raising the principal's defense of fraud in the
inducement of the contract, Simpson 278-79, and some courts have held that a
breach of warranty claim may not be asserted by a surety in an action against
the surety alone. Simpson 319; 38 Am.Jur.2d Guaranty Sec. 52 (1968)

Even if Franklin America's contract claims against Cast are viewed as

counterclaims, rather than as the basis for an affirmative defense, it would
make no difference in the outcome of this case because Ohio Casualty still
would be able to raise the Michigan judgment as a bar to its liability. See note 4
supra

We recognize that this is not the typical case in which a creditor sues his
principal, judgment goes against the creditor, and the creditor next tries to sue

the surety. Nevertheless, we believe the principle operates in this case as well
since the Michigan judgment established that Cast was indebted to Franklin
America as a result of the stove contract transaction in an amount well in excess
of what Cast attempted to collect in the later suit
9

Simpson, while acknowledging the existence of transactions involving such a

promise, questions whether they are, in fact, suretyships. See Simpson 327 n.
10

10

The fact that the Michigan judgment was in the form of a default does not
matter. Morris v. Jones, 329 U.S. 545, 550-51, 67 S.Ct. 451, 455, 91 L.Ed. 488
(1947) (" 'A judgment of a court having jurisdiction of the parties and of the
subject matter operates as res judicata, in the absence of fraud or collusion,
even if obtained upon a default' "); 1B J. Moore, J. Lucas and T. Currier,
Moore's Federal Practice p 0.409 (2d ed. 1984). See Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(c)

11

The Bank in its brief barely recognizes the res judicata issue, asserting only that
under Restatement (Second) of Judgments Sec. 55 and Restatement of
Judgments Sec. 89, the Bank would "in no event" be bound by the Michigan
judgment. We disagree. We assume that the Bank was making reference to
subsection (2) of Sec. 55, which states that "[t]he determination of issues in an
action by or against either assignee or assignor is not preclusive against the
other of them in a subsequent action", with exceptions not applicable here. The
entire section does not apply here because we are concerned not with a question
of relitigating issues in a new action, but of the preclusive effect of the entire
judgment