Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the PACIFIC REPORTER.

Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email
[email protected].

THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

STATE OF ALASKA, OFFICE OF )

PUBLIC ADVOCACY, OFFICE OF )

ELDER FRAUD & ASSISTANCE, )

)
Appellant and
)
Cross-Appellee, )
)
v.
)
)
ESTATE OF JEAN R., Deceased,
)

and SIDNEY F.,

)

Appellees and
)

Cross-Appellants. )

Supreme Court Nos. S-15326/15356

Superior Court No. 1JU-12-00179 PR
OPINION
No. 7098 April 22, 2016

Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, First

Judicial District, Juneau, Philip M. Pallenberg, Judge.
Appearances: Ruth Botstein and Dario Borghesan, Assistant
Attorneys General, Anchorage, and Michael C. Geraghty,
Attorney General, Juneau, for Appellant/Cross-Appellee.
Robert S. Spitzfaden, Gruening & Spitzfaden, APC, Juneau,
for Appellees/Cross-Appellants. Deborah A. Holbrook,
Juneau, Co-Counsel for Appellee/Cross-Appellant Sidney F.
Before: Fabe, Chief Justice, Winfree, Stowers, Maassen, and
Bolger, Justices.
FABE, Chief Justice.

I.

INTRODUCTION
The State Office of Public Advocacy (OPA) filed a petition for an ex parte

protective order on behalf of an elderly woman against her adult daughter and caregiver,
after receiving allegations of financial abuse made by the elderly womans other family
members. The superior court found those allegations to be unfounded and denied the
protective order. The elderly womans other daughter had previously initiated a
conservatorship proceeding, in which the State then participated in support of the
conservatorship after the denial of the protective order.

Ultimately the

conservatorship case was settled through mediation. The elderly womans estate and the
caregiver daughter sought attorneys fees against the State in connection with both the
protective order and conservatorship proceedings.
The superior court awarded full reasonable fees arising from the denial of
the protective order, finding that OPAs protective order petition was brought without
just cause, under the fee-shifting provision of AS 13.26.131(d). The superior court
declined to award attorneys fees arising from the proceeding to establish a
conservatorship because the State had not initiated the conservatorship proceeding as
required for fees under AS 13.26.131(d). The State appeals the first award, and the
caregiver daughter and the estate of the woman, who is now deceased, cross-appeal the
denial of the second award.
But we conclude that AS 13.26.131 does not apply to elder fraud protective
order proceedings; nor does Alaska Civil Rule 82 apply. Instead, AS 44.21.415 sets up
a cost-recovery mechanism that does not allow private parties to recover attorneys fees
against the State in such proceedings. So we vacate the superior courts fee award in the
elder fraud protective order proceeding. And because the State did not initiate the
conservatorship proceeding here, no attorneys fees are available against the State in that

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proceeding. We therefore affirm the superior courts denial of fees in connection with
the conservatorship proceeding.
II.

FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

When this case first arose in 2012, 92-year-old Jean R.1 lived in Juneau

with her 55-year-old daughter Sidney F., who served as her caregiver. Sidney had
moved from Anchorage to Juneau in 2004 to care for her mother and father. In 2009 her
parents requested that Sidney quit her job to provide full-time care, and Sidney did so in
April 2010. Later that year Jean was diagnosed with dementia, and in October 2010
Jeans husband (Sidneys father) died. Sidney continued to live with her mother full
time, providing care and holding a power of attorney authorizing her to manage all of
Jeans personal affairs. This case arises out of allegations about Sidneys expenditures
raised by two of Jeans other children, Shelley and Geoffrey, who lived outside of
Alaska.
In July 2012 Shelley petitioned to establish a conservatorship for her
mother, alleging that Sidney was wasting and dissipating Jeans money and assets
without benefit to Jean, and that Sidney was financially exploiting Jean. Shelley sought
a third party to serve as a full guardian with the powers of a conservator to protect the
rights and well-being of [Jean]. Through this action the Office of Elder Fraud and
Assistance, a section of OPA, learned of Shelleys allegations about Sidneys conduct.
In August 2012 OPA filed an ex parte petition for an elder fraud protective
order under AS 13.26.207-.208 to protect Jean from alleged financial abuse by Sidney.
Prior to filing the petition, OPA examined Jeans bank records and other financial
documents, which largely correlated with the allegations made by Shelley. OPA also

We use initials in lieu of the parties last names to protect the familys

privacy.
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interviewed Shelley and Geoffrey. But OPA evidently did not interview Sidney or Jean,
even though it knew that they were both already aware of the allegations of fraud
because similar allegations had been made in Shelleys conservatorship petition.
In its petition OPA asserted that ownership of Jeans home had been
transferred to Sidney; that Jeans bank accounts had been overdrawn by $2,623 between
January and August of 2012; that large expenditures had been made for the sole benefit
of Sidney, including airline tickets to Seattle and Minnesota, supplies used to repair a
trailer for Sidneys boyfriend, and veterinarian bills for Sidneys pet; and that Sidney had
generated inordinately high grocery bills. OPA estimated the value at risk to be
$54,000 per year and declared the risk to be immediate or urgent, citing recent
overdrafts and checks made out to Sidney from Jeans bank account totaling $1,500.
OPA requested that the court limit Sidneys powers of attorney to medical decisions; that
housing decisions be shared between Sidney, Shelley, and Geoffrey; and that a
temporary six-month conservatorship be established to handle all financial matters
following the initial 20-day ex parte protective period.
Jean received a copy of OPAs protective order petition the day after it was
filed, and she quickly filed a brief opposing the petition.2 She explained that the home
had been deeded to Sidney in order to help secure additional government assistance for
Jean in her old age. She also dispute[d] the factual basis of the allegations relating to
the airplane tickets, trailer repair, and veterinarian bills. She maintained that she was
well taken care of and that no financial abuse had taken place.
The superior court denied the ex parte petition three days after it was filed.
The court briefly explained that it reached this decision because it d[id] not find that

It does not appear from the record that Sidney, the respondent, received a
copy of the ex parte petition or filed a response to it.
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there ha[d] been a showing of probable cause demonstrating that an ex parte order was
necessary to prevent fraud by Sidney against Jean. But the superior court indicated that
it would convert OPAs ex parte petition into a petition for a six-month protective order
under AS 13.26.208.3 So OPA continued to proceed with this petition for a six-month
protective order, even after the courts denial of the ex parte petition.
The superior court consolidated OPAs ongoing protective order petition
and the earlier conservatorship petition filed by Shelley, and it scheduled an evidentiary
hearing in September 2012. At that hearing, the court heard testimony that the home was
transferred on advice of counsel; that the alleged flight to Minnesota by Sidney and her
boyfriend was in fact a trip to Juneau that Shelley took to help care for Jean; that Sidney
had reimbursed money to her mothers account for a flight she had taken to Seattle to
obtain medical treatment; and that the money spent on Sidneys boyfriends trailer was
actually compensation in exchange for re-roofing and painting Jeans house. The court
also heard testimony from Sidney explaining that the money she spent and the checks she
drew from Jeans account were compensation under an agreement reached between
Sidney and her parents before Sidney quit her job and became their full-time caregiver.

Although the superior court stated that it would consider whether to issue
a 6-month order under AS 13.26.209, we assume it intended to refer to a temporary
protective order as defined under AS 13.26.208. We note that AS 13.26.209 deals with
modifications to existing protective orders, while AS 13.26.208 provides for the
conversion of a 20-day ex parte protective order into a six-month temporary protective
order. AS 13.26.208 provides, in part: On application filed with the court before the
expiration of a 20-day ex parte protective order issued under AS 13.26.207, the court
shall schedule a hearing on whether to convert the protective order to a temporary order
effective for up to six months. Briefing from OPA, which focuses on AS 13.26.207
.208, confirms that these were the provisions under which OPA sought a protective order
here.
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At the end of the hearing, the superior court entered an oral order denying
OPAs petition for an elder fraud protective order. The court credited Jeans and
Sidneys explanations for the expenditures OPA had challenged, explaining that it found
Jeans and Sidneys testimony more credible than the testimony from Jeans other
children and OPAs staff. The superior court thus found that OPA had failed to
demonstrate fraud by a preponderance of the evidence and had not made any showing
that there [had] been fraud in this case. The court allowed that a more formalized
compensation arrangement might have been better but noted that it did not find the
current arrangement to be exploitation, and that it was hard to understand how one gets
to [the] place where it is felt to be exploitation. The superior court therefore denied
OPAs petition for an elder fraud protective order. The court allowed litigation of the
conservatorship issue to continue, however.
After the superior courts ruling, Sidney filed a motion seeking an award
of $14,025 for attorneys fees and costs against OPA. Jean moved for a separate
attorneys fees award against OPA for $8,607.75. Sidney alleged that a fee award was
justified under Alaska Civil Rule 82, the standard fee-shifting scheme for civil cases;
AS 13.26.131, the fee-shifting statute for guardianship and conservatorship cases; or
AS 13.26.353(c), which provides a cause of action for failure to honor a power of
attorney. Jean asserted that AS 13.26.131 was not applicable but that an award was
justified under Rule 82 or AS 13.26.353(c). OPA opposed the motions, denying that it
had filed its petition for a protective order in bad faith or without just cause.
Meanwhile, the parties continued to litigate the conservatorship petition that
Shelley had filed. OPA, participating in this proceeding as an interested party, sought
additional discovery and opposed Sidney and Jeans motion for summary judgment. In
December the parties settled the remaining issues from the conservatorship petition
through the Adult Guardianship Mediation Program. The parties agreed to dismiss the
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conservatorship petition with prejudice and agreed to support Jeans wish to remain in
her Juneau home until her death. They established a formal compensation scheme for
Sidney, and Sidney agreed to make monthly reports to Shelley and Geoffrey about her
expenditures as caregiver. Sidney also agreed to put the home up for sale upon Jeans
death. Finally, Sidney and Jean agreed not to pursue an attorneys fee award against
Shelley or Geoffrey. Sidney and Jean explicitly reserved their right to seek attorneys
fees from OPA.
Following the settlement of the conservatorship action, Jean again filed a
motion for a fee award against OPA. She argued that OPAs continued litigation of the
conservatorship proceeding was in bad faith, vexatious, frivolous, and without just
cause, thereby justifying a fee award. She argued that all factual issues had been
resolved by the denial of the protective order and that continuing to litigate the
conservatorship petition violated principles of collateral estoppel and res judicata.
Sidney moved to join and supplement Jeans motion shortly thereafter. She asserted that
the sum of her total incurred fees had risen to $36,195 and reiterated that Civil Rule 82,
AS 13.26.131(d) and AS 13.26.353(c) justified a fee award. In response OPA argued
that nothing in the Probate Rules, Title 13, or applicable case law . . . support[s the]
view that interested parties are subject to attorney fees under Rule 82 and argued that
AS 13.26.353(c) did not apply.
The superior court awarded full reasonable fees against OPA in the elder
fraud protective order proceeding, finding that OPAs elder fraud petition was brought
without just cause because an objective observer who made reasonable inquiries would
[not] conclude that there was just cause for believing that there was fraud or financial
exploitation. In fact the superior court found that, far from committing fraud, Sidney
had been providing loving care for her mother after quitting her job and moving home
at her parents request. It was evident that the proceedings arising from the allegations
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of fraud had cost the family significant time and expense, which the superior court
sought to rectify with this award of attorneys fees.
In the conservatorship proceeding, however, the superior court declined to
award attorneys fees. There the superior court found that by continuing to litigate the
conservatorship proceeding filed by the family members, OPA had not initiated a
proceeding that was malicious, frivolous, or without just cause as required for a fee
award under AS 13.26.131(d). OPA appeals the fee award in the protective order action,
while Sidney and Jean (now Jeans estate) cross-appeal the denial of fees related to the
conservatorship action.
III.

STANDARD OF REVIEW
Although we review the reasonableness of fee awards for abuse of

discretion,4 we independently review whether the trial court properly applied the law
when awarding attorneys fees.5 When such an inquiry rests on a question of statutory
interpretation, we apply our independent judgment in interpreting the statute.6 In doing
so, we look to the meaning of the language, the legislative history, and the purpose of
the statute and adopt the rule of law that is most persuasive in light of precedent, reason,
and policy.7
4

Foster v. Profl Guardian Servs. Corp., 258 P.3d 102, 107 (Alaska 2011)
(citing DeNardo v. Cutler, 167 P.3d 674, 677-78 (Alaska 2007)).
5

Baker v. Ryan Air, Inc., 345 P.3d 101, 106 (Alaska 2015) (quoting
DeNardo, 167 P.3d at 677).
6

Adamson v. Municipality of Anchorage, 333 P.3d 5, 11 (Alaska 2014)

(citing Pouzanova v. Morton, 327 P.3d 865, 867 (Alaska 2014)) (applying this standard
to a question of statutory interpretation on an issue that is normally reviewed for abuse
of discretion).
7

In re Protective Proceedings of Vernon H., 332 P.3d 565, 572 (Alaska

(continued...)
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IV.

DISCUSSION
A.

It Was Error To Award Attorneys Fees In The Elder Fraud

Proceeding Because Neither AS 13.26.131 Nor Civil Rule 82 Applies.
Alaska Statute 13.26.131(d) provides for fee shifting in guardianship

proceedings if the court finds that the proceeding was malicious, frivolous, or without
just cause. The superior court applied this fee-shifting provision to the elder fraud
protective proceeding at issue here, interpreting the text of the statute as suggesting that
it should apply. Our decision in In re Vernon H., which was decided after the superior
courts order in this case, explained that AS 13.26.131(d) applies to conservatorship
proceedings as well as guardianship proceedings and that it displaces Civil Rule 82 in
both types of proceedings.8 But we have not yet addressed the question whether our
holding in Vernon H. also encompasses elder fraud protective order proceedings. We
conclude that elder fraud protective order proceedings are subject to a separate
cost-recovery scheme that was established with the creation of the Office of Elder Fraud
and Assistance, the office that prosecutes elder fraud cases and seeks protective orders
on behalf of vulnerable elders. Accordingly, these proceedings are not subject to
AS 13.26.131 or Civil Rule 82.
1.

The fee-shifting provision of AS 13.26.131(d) does not apply to

elder fraud protective order proceedings.

Title 13, Chapter 26 of the Alaska Statutes sets up a statutory regime for
protective proceedings, including guardianship, conservatorship, and other protective
order cases. The set of provisions under which OPA filed its elder fraud petition,
AS 13.26.207-.209, was added to this chapter in 2012 in an effort to address the growing

(...continued)
2014) (quoting Enders v. Parker, 66 P.3d 11, 13-14 (Alaska 2003)).
8

Id. at 577.
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problem of fraud against elders in Alaska.9 These provisions do not contain their own
fee-shifting scheme; instead they rely on fee-shifting provisions codified elsewhere in
the statutory regime.
The cost-allocation statute applied by the superior court, AS 13.26.131,
generally allocates costs in a guardianship or conservatorship proceeding between the
petitioner, the respondent, and the State:
(a) Subject to (d) of this section, the [S]tate shall bear the
costs of the visitor and expert appointed under
AS 13.26.106(c).
(b) Subject to (c) and (d) of this section, the respondent
shall bear the costs of the attorney appointed under
AS 13.26.106(b), of the expert appointed under
AS 13.26.109(d), of the guardian ad litem appointed under
AS 13.26.025, and of other court and guardianship costs
incurred under this chapter.
(c) The [S]tate shall pay all or part of the costs described
in (b) of this section if the court finds that the payment is
necessary to prevent the respondent from suffering financial
hardship or from becoming dependent upon a government
agency or a private person or agency.
The final section of AS 13.26.131 then provides for cost-shifting in certain limited
circumstances:
(d) The court may require the petitioner to pay all or some
of the costs described in (a) and (b) of this section if the court
finds that the petitioner initiated a proceeding under this
chapter that was malicious, frivolous, or without just cause.

Ch. 71, 10, SLA 2012; see Minutes, S. Judiciary Comm. Hearing on
Senate Bill (S.B.) 86, 27th Leg., 1st Sess. 1:40-1:46 (Feb. 21, 2011) (testimony of Kelly
Henriksen, Assistant Atty Gen.) (describing the problem of elder fraud in Alaska as the
motivation for the bill).
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Alaska Statute 13.26.131 falls within chapter 13.26, which also includes the protective
order provisions of AS 13.26.207-.209 under which OPA filed the elder fraud protective
order in this case. And the text of AS 13.26.131(d) suggests that this cost-shifting
provision applies to all proceedings under this chapter. By this logic, the superior
court concluded that the cost-shifting provision applied to the protective order
proceeding here. Jeans estate urges us to adopt this reasoning as well. But although it
is understandable that the superior court focused on the plain text of this provision, our
analysis does not end there.
When interpreting a statute, we begin with the plain meaning of the
statutory text.10 Then we apply a sliding scale approach, where [t]he plainer the
statutory language is, the more convincing the evidence of contrary legislative purpose
or intent must be in order for us to conclude that an alternative interpretation of the
statute is more appropriate.11 Here, although the meaning of the phrase under this
chapter at first appears plain, the text of the other sections within AS 13.26.131
convinces us that the legislature could not have intended for that statute to apply in elder
fraud proceedings. Specifically, subsections (a)-(c) of the statute allocate costs between
the State and the respondent, but the definition of respondent in the elder fraud context
is entirely different from the definition in the guardianship or conservatorship context.
The guardianship statutes define respondent as the person who allegedly needs

10

Hendricks-Pearce v. State, Dept of Corr., 323 P.3d 30, 35 (Alaska 2014)

(citing Ward v. State, Dept of Pub. Safety, 288 P.3d 94, 98 (Alaska 2012)).
11

State, Commercial Fisheries Entry Commn v. Carlson, 270 P.3d 755, 762
(Alaska 2012), as modified on rehg (Apr. 13, 2012) (quoting Govt Emps. Ins. Co. v.
Graham-Gonzalez, 107 P.3d 279, 284 (Alaska 2005)).
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protection.12 But the person who allegedly needs protection is not mentioned as a party
in an elder fraud protective order proceeding. Instead, the elder fraud protective order
statute refers to the respondent as the person who is accused of committing the fraud.13
It would make little sense for the cost-allocation provisions of AS 13.26.131 to apply
equally to both sets of respondents, because the parties are in entirely different
positions with respect to the proceedings.
If we try to harmonize this conflict by applying a uniform definition of
respondent under AS 13.26.131, it could lead to absurd results. What happens if we
try to apply the elder fraud statutes definition of respondent to the guardianship cost
statute? Under subsection (b), the accused is then required to pay the costs of appointed
counsel, a respondents expert, a guardian ad litem, and all other court and guardianship
costs incurred under this chapter.14 The accused respondent must pay these costs,
whether innocent or guilty, unless the costs are shifted to the petitioner under the rare
circumstances described in subsection (d).15 On the other hand, under subsection (c) the
State may be required to pay any of these costs if such an order is necessary to prevent
the [accused] fromsuffering financial hardship or otherwise becoming dependent. Such

12

AS 13.26.005(11).

13

See AS 13.26.207(a) (If the court finds that the [protective order] petition
establishes probable cause that the respondent is financially defrauding the petitioner . . .
the court shall . . . issue a protective order.).
14

AS 13.26.131(b).

15

See AS 13.26.131(d).
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an outcome is entirely inconsistent with the elder fraud statutes goal of protecting the
financial well-being of fraud victims.16
Different problems would arise if we tried to apply the definition of
respondent from the guardianship cost statute. Under this alternative, the respondent
would be the person who allegedly needs protection, that is, the vulnerable adult in a
protective order proceeding.17 Under AS 13.26.131, the vulnerable adult would then be
responsible for paying the costs of appointed counsel, a respondents expert, a guardian
ad litem, and all other court and guardianship costs incurred under this chapter, even
though the vulnerable adult is not typically a named party in an elder fraud proceeding.18
If the vulnerable adult cannot afford to pay these costs, then the State would pay, even
if it is not party to the proceeding.19 The petitioner could be required to pay only if the
filing was malicious, frivolous, or without just cause.20 In this scenario, the accused
would never be required to pay any costs, even if he or she were found guilty of fraud.
Ultimately both of these interpretations could lead to absurd results that
would conflict with the purpose of elder fraud proceedings, which is to protect elders
against financial abuse.21 As a rule of statutory interpretation, we disfavor statutory

16

AS 13.26.131(c).

17

AS 13.26.005(11).

18

AS 13.26.131(b).

19

AS 13.26.131(c).

20

AS 13.26.131(d).

21

Minutes, S. Judiciary Comm. Hearing on S.B. 86, 27th Leg., 1st Sess. 1:40
1:46 (Feb. 21, 2011) (testimony of Kelly Henriksen, Assistant Atty Gen.).
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constructions that reach absurd results.22 Moreover, Alaska Probate Rule 1(e) mandates
that any procedure applied to probate proceedings including the elder fraud protective
orders at issue here23 may not . . . interfere with the unique character and purpose of
probate proceedings.24 Thus we conclude that AS 13.26.131, when read as a whole,
cannot apply to elder fraud protective order proceedings.
This conclusion is confirmed by the title of AS 13.26.131, which can be
an interpretive tool . . . where legislative meaning is left in doubt.25 The provision is
titled Costs in guardianship proceedings, as the superior court noted, and indeed most
of the costs described in subsections (a) and (b) are unique to guardianship and
conservatorship proceedings.26 It makes sense for AS 13.26.131 to apply to guardianship
and conservatorship proceedings but not to elder fraud cases. Guardianship and
conservatorship proceedings are closely related: A guardianship covers all aspects of the
protected persons legal and financial rights, and a conservatorship involves similar
powers but deals only with financial protection. They are often described together in
statutory provisions and the probate rules.27 Elder fraud proceedings, on the other hand,

22

See Premera Blue Cross v. State, Dept of Commerce, Cmty. &Econ. Dev.,
Div. of Ins., 171 P.3d 1110, 1120 (Alaska 2007) .
23

See Alaska R. Prob. P. 1(b) (governing all proceedings within Title 13 of

the Alaska Statutes).
24

Alaska R. Prob. P. 1(e).

25

Tweedy v. Matanuska-Susitna Borough Bd. of Adjustment & Appeals, 332

P.3d 12, 18 (Alaska 2014) (citing Boyd v. State, 210 P.3d 1229, 1232 (Alaska 2009)).
26

See In re Protective Proceedings of Vernon H., 332 P.3d 565, 577 (Alaska
2014) (concluding that AS 13.26.131(d) applies in conservatorship cases).
27

See, e.g., AS 13.26.380 (c)(1) (The public guardian shall . . . establish and
(continued...)
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are more prosecutorial in nature and are targeted at the perpetrator of the fraud rather
than the protected person.28 We therefore conclude that, while AS 13.26.131 applies to
guardianship and conservatorship proceedings, it does not apply to elder fraud
proceedings.
2.

Alaska Statute 44.21.415 creates a specific cost-recovery scheme

for elder fraud proceedings, which displaces Civil Rule 82.

To understand how the legislature intended to allocate costs in elder fraud

proceedings, we look to the text and history of the statute that created the Office of Elder
Fraud and Assistance (the Office). The 2006 enactment of AS 44.21.415 created the
Office as a division of OPA to investigate and prosecute elder fraud cases.29 The statute
contains a cost-recovery provision allowing the Office to collect its litigation costs and
fees from the defendant (the person accused of fraud) or from the protected elder when
the Office prevails on behalf of the elder:
Subject to the discretion of the court and standards
established in regulation . . . and taking into consideration the
financial condition of the parties to a civil suit brought under
this section, the office of public advocacy may seek recovery
of all or part of litigation costs and fees from any party,
including costs incurred during the investigation of the case,

27

(...continued)
maintain relationships with governmental, public, and private agencies, institutions, and
organizations to assure the most effective guardianship or conservatorship program for
each ward and protected person); Alaska R. Prob. P. 14(e) (Guardianship and
conservatorship proceedings may be combined.).
28

See AS 13.26.207.

29

Ch. 64, 2, SLA 2006.

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when the office of public advocacy is found to be a prevailing

party after trial or settlement negotiation.[30]
This section also provides that the Office must generally enter into a fee agreement with
a client,31 who is defined to be the elder in need of protection.32 The statute does not
provide for any award of attorneys fees against OPA.33
Although not determinative of the legislatures intent, the regulation
implementing this statute further supports our interpretation of this cost-recovery
scheme. The regulation clarifies that if the client prevails, the [Office] will first seek
recovery of [its] attorneys fee from the defendant and then, if the defendant is unable
to satisfy the award of the [Offices] attorneys fee, the [Office] will next seek recovery
from the client [the protected elder].34 Like the statute itself, the regulation contains no
provision for a fee award against the Office even if the Office does not prevail in the
case.35
Thus, this statute sets up a cost-recovery scheme that allows OPA to
recover its costs first from the perpetrator of the fraud and then from the protected person
who benefited from the elder fraud proceeding.

And although the legislature

contemplated that the Office might not always prevail in the elder fraud proceedings it
30

AS 44.21.415(e).

31

Id.

32

2 Alaska Administrative Code (AAC) 60.390.

33

AS 44.21.415(e).

34

2 AAC 60.310(1). The regulation also suggests that Rule 82 might apply
in addition to the cost-recovery scheme described in AS 44.21.415(e), but we conclude
that the legislature intended for this statutory cost-recovery scheme to displace Rule 82,
as discussed further below. See infra pp. 20-23.
35

2 AAC 60.310(2).
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initiated,36 the legislature nonetheless chose not to allow other parties to recover
attorneys fees from the Office. This outcome is consistent with the legislative history
surrounding the passage of AS 44.21.415, which expressed concern with keeping the
Offices costs low. For instance, one legislator inquired about how to make the Office
as efficient and effective as possible and noted that questions regarding who will be
responsible and how the costs will be borne were important to address in crafting the
bill.37 Similarly, the OPA directors testimony before the legislature called attention to
the conservative fiscal note on the bill, seeming to indicate that the creation of this new
Office would not raise OPAs costs significantly.38 And the OPA director specifically
suggested adding a cost-recovery mechanism to keep the Offices costs low.39 In
response to this request, legislators drafted an amendment that ultimately created the
cost-recovery provision contained in the final statute.40 We recognize that this outcome
may appear harsh in cases where the Office does not prevail and the court finds that no
fraud occurred, leaving the accused and sometimes the protected person who was not

36

See AS 44.21.415(e) (providing for cost recovery only when the [Office]
is found to be a prevailing party).
37

Minutes, H. State Affairs Comm. Hearing on House Bill (H.B.) 399, 24th
Leg., 2d Sess. 8:39-8:44 (Feb. 7, 2006) (testimony of Rep. Max Gruenberg).
38

Minutes, H. Finance Comm. Hearing on H.B. 399, 24th Leg., 2d Sess. 9:25
9:34 (Mar. 7, 2006) (testimony of Josh Fink, Director, OPA).
39

Minutes, H. State Affairs Comm. Hearing on H.B. 399, 24th Leg., 2d Sess.
8:30-8:31 (Feb. 7, 2006) (testimony of Josh Fink, Director, OPA) (The committee may
want to consider if we litigate on behalf of individuals that thered be some mechanism
by which, if we were successful, we could recover our actual costs, if there was not
financial hardship on the individual we were litigating for.).
40

Compare H.B. 399, 24th Leg., 2d Sess. (Jan. 27, 2006) (lacking costrecovery provision), with ch. 64, 2, SLA 2006 (containing cost-recovery provision).
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in fact in need of protection to bear their own costs. But we must also recognize that
the legislature evidently trusted the Office to focus its efforts on the most meritorious
cases, and it structured the cost-recovery scheme accordingly.
Sidney argues that AS 44.21.415 could not have intended to set up a
one-way cost-recovery mechanism. But this is not the only context in which such a
mechanism exists. In domestic violence proceedings, for example, the court may require
the respondent to pay the petitioners attorneys fees if a protective order is granted; yet
there is no parallel provision allowing the respondent in a domestic violence proceeding
to collect attorneys fees from the petitioner if the petitioner does not prevail.41 The
legislative history of the elder fraud protective order provisions indicates that the
legislature modeled these provisions on the domestic violence statutes,42 so it makes
sense that the legislature chose to create a similar one-way fee mechanism in elder fraud
proceedings.43

41

AS 18.66.100(c)(14).

42

Minutes, H. Finance Comm. Hearing on S.B. 86, 27th Leg., 2d Sess. 1:44
1:48 (Mar. 1, 2012) (testimony of Kelly Henriksen, Assistant Atty Gen.); Minutes,
S. Judiciary Comm. Hearing on S.B. 86, 27th Leg., 1st Sess. 1:35-1:36 (Apr. 11, 2011)
(testimony of Sen. Hollis French); Minutes, S. Judiciary Comm. Hearing on S.B. 86,
27th Leg., 1st Sess. 1:53-1:55 (Feb. 21, 2011) (testimony of Kelly Henriksen, Assistant
Atty Gen.).
43

In bar discipline proceedings, similarly, an attorney is liable for attorneys

fees and costs when there is a finding of misconduct. Alaska Bar R. 16(c)(3). But if it
is ultimately determined that the attorney did not engage in misconduct, the rule contains
no provision that would enable the attorney to recover from the Disciplinary Board any
costs or fees incurred in defending against the allegations. See id. Thus, far from being
an anomaly here, one-way fee schemes are used in several other types of quasi
prosecutorial proceedings.
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A number of other states use a similar approach in the elder fraud and elder
abuse context. Oregon, for instance, allows the State to recover costs of investigation
and penalties of up to $25,000 if it prevails in an elder fraud case, but it has no parallel
provision allowing cost recovery if the accused prevails.44 In fact, Oregon law
specifically provides civil immunity to [a]nyone participating in good faith in the
making of a report of elder abuse and who has reasonable grounds for making the
report.45 Washington, similarly, provides that a prevailing plaintiff in an elder fraud
or abuse case shall be awarded his or her actual damages, together with the costs of the
suit, including a reasonable attorneys fee,46 but it makes no provision for cost recovery
in the other direction47 and in fact provides immunity from civil liability for anyone who
makes a good-faith report of elder fraud.48 California uses the same approach, allowing
the State to recover costs from the other parties but not allowing these other parties to
recover costs from the State if they prevail.49 So the cost-recovery mechanism described
in AS 44.21.415(e) is consistent with the approach used by other states, the approach
used in at least one other relevant area of Alaska law, and the intent of the legislature in
adopting AS 44.21.415 and creating the Office to prosecute elder fraud cases. For all of
these reasons, we conclude that the cost-recovery mechanism of AS 44.21.415(e) applies
to elder fraud protective order proceedings brought under AS 13.26.207-.209.

44

OR. REV. STAT. 124.125 (2015).

45

OR. REV. STAT. 124.075 (2015).

46

WASH. REV. CODE 74.34.200 (2016).

47

See id.

48

WASH. REV. CODE 74.34.050 (2016).

49

CAL. WELF. & INST. CODE 15657.5(a) (West 2016).

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Having concluded that AS 44.21.415(e) applies to these protective order

proceedings, we reason that Civil Rule 82 cannot also apply. First, Rule 82(a) itself
dictates that Rule 82 does not apply when fee shifting is otherwise provided by law.
In Vernon H., we concluded that the fee-shifting provision of AS 13.26.131(d)
constitutes a specific statutory scheme that triggers Civil Rule 82(a)s provision that
Civil Rule 82 shall not apply when fee shifting is otherwise provided by law. 50 Thus
we reasoned that AS 13.26.131(d) entirely displaces Civil Rule 82 in guardianship and
conservatorship proceedings.51 Here, similarly, the cost-recovery mechanism in
AS 44.21.415(e) and 2 AAC 60.310 constitutes a specific statutory scheme that
entirely displaces Rule 82 in elder fraud protective order proceedings.
An examination of the Probate Rules leads us to the same conclusion.
Probate Rule 1(e) prohibits the application of procedures that would interfere with the
unique character and purpose of a probate proceeding, including the elder fraud
protective proceedings at issue here.52 As OPA has pointed out, the legislatures purpose
in enacting the elder fraud protective order provisions was to enhance OPAs ability to
address elder fraud cases in Alaska.53 The legislature gave OPA multiple tools to achieve

50

In re Protective Proceedings of Vernon H., 332 P.3d 565, 577 (Alaska

51

Id.

2014).

52

The elder fraud protective order provisions, AS 13.26.207-.209, are

governed by the Probate Rules because they fall within Title 13 of the Alaska Statutes.
See Alaska Rule Prob. P. 1(b) (These rules govern practice and procedure in the trial
courts in all phases of proceedings brought under Title 13 of the Alaska Statutes . . . .).
53

Ch. 71, 10, SLA 2012; see Minutes, S. Judiciary Comm. Hearing on
S.B. 86, 27th Leg., 1st Sess. 1:40-1:46 (Feb. 21, 2011) (testimony of Kelly Henriksen,
Assistant Atty Gen.) (describing the problem of elder fraud in Alaska as the motivation
(continued...)
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this goal; the provision for ex parte protective orders, in particular, indicates that the
legislature clearly intended to give OPA significant power to address the problem.54
Because Rule 82 allows an award of attorneys fees to the prevailing party in every civil
case,55 applying Rule 82 to these proceedings would subject the Office to significant
liability for attorneys fees. We have concluded in similar contexts that the fear of an
adverse award could significantly chill the willingness of a petitioner to commence
protective proceedings in the public interest.56 Here, too, the specter of Rule 82 fees in
any case where OPA does not prevail could significantly chill OPAs willingness and
ability to pursue cases under the elder fraud provisions. Such a result would undermine
the legislatures very purpose in creating this mechanism for addressing elder fraud. In
sum, applying Rule 82 to the elder fraud protective order provisions would interfere
with the unique character and purpose of these proceedings.57 Probate Rule 1(e)
therefore dictates that Rule 82 must not apply here.

53

(...continued)
for the bill).
54

See AS 13.26.207.

55

Alaska R. Civ. P. 82(a).

56

See Wetherhorn v. Alaska Psychiatric Inst., 167 P.3d 701, 703 (Alaska
2007) (concluding that there is no basis for an attorneys fee award in civil commitment
actions); Cooper v. State, 638 P.2d 174, 178 (Alaska 1981) (declining to award such fees
in CINA cases).
57

We reached a similar conclusion in Vernon H., where we explained that

Civil Rule 82 could not apply because it would interfere with the unique character and
purpose of guardianship and conservatorship proceedings in violation of Probate
Rule 1(e). In re Protective Proceedings of Vernon H., 332 P.3d 565, 577 (Alaska 2014)
(quoting Alaska Rule Prob. P. 1(e)).
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Applying Rule 82 would also conflict with the legislatures evident intent
to keep costs low while giving OPA these tools for addressing elder fraud. As discussed
above, this concern was the precise reason the legislature created a cost-recovery
mechanism when it established the Office of Elder Fraud and Assistance. Applying
Rule 82 to elder fraud cases brought by the Office would entirely undermine the
legislatures purpose in creating this cost-recovery scheme. In addition, our conclusion
that Rule 82 does not apply is consistent with the legislatures decision to model the elder
fraud protective order statute on the provisions for domestic violence protective orders,58
which again do not provide for an award of attorneys fees against the petitioner.59
Accordingly, in the context of elder fraud protective orders under
AS 13.26.207-.209, we conclude that the cost-recovery mechanism established by
AS 44.21.415(e) entirely displaces Civil Rule 82.60 And because that cost-recovery
mechanism does not allow either the person accused of elder fraud or the protected

58

Minutes, H. Finance Comm. Hearing on S.B. 86, 27th Leg., 2d Sess. 1:44
1:48 (Mar. 1, 2012) (testimony of Kelly Henriksen, Assistant Atty Gen.); Minutes,
S. Judiciary Comm. Hearing on S.B. 86, 27th Leg., 1st Sess. 1:35-1:36 (Apr. 11, 2011)
(testimony of Sen. Hollis French); Minutes, S. Judiciary Comm. Hearing on S.B. 86,
27th Leg., 1st Sess. 1:53-1:55 (Feb. 21, 2011) (testimony of Kelly Henriksen, Assistant
Atty Gen.).
59

AS 18.66.100(c)(14) (providing that a domestic violence protective order

may require the respondent to pay costs and fees incurred by the petitioner).
60

Although the regulation interpreting AS 44.21.415 suggests that Rule 82

might apply in proceedings brought by the Office, specifying that the Office can seek a
standard fee recovery from the defendant unless the court finds justification for a higher
award under Alaska Rule of Civil Procedure 82, for the reasons explained above we
conclude that a fee award under Rule 82 would be inconsistent with the statutory scheme
established by AS 44.21.415. See 2 AAC 60.310; AS 44.21.415(e).
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person to recover attorneys fees from OPA, no fees are available to Sidney or Jean R.
in this case.
Jeans estate argues that a fee scheme that does not provide for a fee award
against OPA promotes unnecessary or vindictive litigation sin[c]e the petitioner need
not worry about an adverse fees award. But again, the legislature chose not to create
a fee-shifting mechanism that might act as such a check on OPAs elder fraud
prosecutions, evidently trusting that the States limited resources and OPAs
prosecutorial discretion would lead the Office to focus on the most meritorious elder
fraud cases. Here, the superior court was understandably concerned that OPA had
imposed significant costs on Jean and Sidney by pursuing an elder fraud protective order
based on allegations that were ultimately found to be entirely without merit. On the
other hand, OPA did have some evidentiary basis for its petition at the time of filing:
The record indicates that the Office reviewed bank statements, subpoenaed and reviewed
financial records, interviewed Shelley and Geoffrey, communicated with the Adult
Protective Services case worker in contact with Jean, and reviewed documents related
to the financial expenditures at issue. Further investigation, of course, eventually led the
court to conclude that Sidneys expenditures were not fraudulent and that Sidney had in
fact provided loving care to her mother. But this ultimate result cannot change the fact
that the legislature created a cost-allocation scheme under AS 44.21.415(e) that does not
permit an award of attorneys fees against OPA.
We therefore reverse the superior courts award of attorneys fees in
connection with the elder fraud protective order proceeding.

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B.

The Superior Court Did Not Err In Denying Attorneys Fees Against
OPA In The Conservatorship Proceeding.
On cross-appeal, Jeans estate and Sidney also challenge the superior

courts denial of fees in the separate conservatorship proceeding. In reviewing this

decision, we first note that the superior court properly concluded that AS 13.26.131(d)
is the applicable statute. If there was any doubt as to its applicability at the time of the
superior courts order, our opinion in Vernon H. has since clarified that AS 13.26.131(d)
applies in every guardianship or conservatorship case.61 Accordingly,
AS 13.26.131(d) entirely displaces Civil Rule 82 in [this] conservatorship
proceeding[].62
By its plain terms, AS 13.26.131(d) allows a fee award only against a party
who initiated a proceeding under this chapter that was malicious, frivolous, or without
just cause.63 The superior court found that OPA, by continuing to litigate the
conservatorship proceeding that was brought by Shelley, did not initiate a proceeding
within the meaning of that provision. In continuing to litigate the conservatorship, OPA
took the role of an interested party, but that involvement did not convert OPA into the
initiator of the proceeding.
Sidney now argues that OPA acted as a party from the very beginning of
the case because OPAs lawyers consulted with Shelley and, according to Sidneys
allegations, OPAs lawyers actually prepared the revised conservatorship petition that
was submitted in Shelleys name. But the superior court found that even Shelleys
amended petition was signed personally by [Shelley], and not by counsel for OPA[]

61

Vernon H., 332 P.3d at 577.

62

Id.

63

Emphasis added.
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and that [t]he case was initially filed by [Shelley] . . . and [there was] no reason to
believe that she was prompted to do so by OPA[]. Given that Shelley filed the
conservatorship petition, it is clear that she initiated the proceeding within the meaning
of AS 13.26.131(d). Thus the superior court correctly concluded that OPA had not
initiated the proceeding, and therefore no fee award against OPA was available under
AS 13.26.131(d).
The superior court was justifiably puzzled by OPAs decision to continue
the litigation, particularly when facts such as the correct names of the passengers on the
airline tickets had already come to light, and the superior court aptly noted that [o]ne
could second guess the way this case was litigated. But we agree that OPAs decision
to continue litigating the conservatorship cannot trigger the provision for fees against the
initiator of the proceeding, even if that decision may have prolonged the case and raised
costs for all parties involved.

And in the settlement agreement reached in the

conservatorship proceeding, Jean and Sidney agreed not to seek fees against Shelley, the
only party who might otherwise be subject to fees as the initiator of that proceeding.
Jeans estate and Sidney also argue that a fee award is justified because
collateral estoppel or res judicata should have barred OPAs continued litigation of the
conservatorship petition after the elder fraud proceeding was closed, making OPAs
continued litigation vexatious, frivolous, not in good faith and without just cause. But
we need not reach this issue given our conclusion that, as a threshold matter, a fee award
under AS 13.26.131(d) is not available against a party who did not initiate the
proceeding.64

64

We also note that AS 13.26.230 provides that, unless otherwise

compensated for services rendered, any visitor, lawyer, physician, conservator, or special
conservator appointed in a protective proceeding is entitled to reasonable compensation
(continued...)
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Lastly, Sidney and Jeans estate argue that AS 13.26.353(c) justifies a fee
award. But AS 13.26.353(c) is not a fee-shifting statute. Rather, it provides a statutory
cause of action against third part[ies] who fail[] to honor a properly executed statutory
form power of attorney. . . .65 Pursuing formal adjudication of a conservatorship
petition through the court system is not a fail[ure] to honor a power of attorney but
rather an explicit recognition of its legitimacy. Here, accordingly, no fees are available
under AS 13.26.353(c).
For these reasons, we conclude that the superior court did not err in
declining to award fees against OPA in the conservatorship proceeding.
V.

CONCLUSION
We REVERSE and VACATE the superior courts fee award in the elder

fraud protective order proceeding. We AFFIRM the denial of attorneys fees in the
conservatorship proceeding.

64

(...continued)
from the estate. See In re S.H., 987 P.2d 735, 742 (Alaska 1999) (holding that the
petitioners costs in a conservatorship proceeding should be charged against the
respondents estate). None of the parties has cited this statute, and it does not appear to
affect the result in this case. We therefore express no opinion on the relationship
between AS 13.26.131 and AS 13.26.230 in other cases.
65

AS 13.26.353(c).
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